PHP and MySql Unit-1

www.anuupdates.
org
UNIT-I
Building blocks of PHP: Variables, Data Types, Operators and Expressions, Constants.
Flow Control Functions in PHP: Switching Flow, Loops, Code Blocks and Browser Output.
Working with Functions: Defining Functions, Calling functions, returning the values from User-
Defined Functions, Variable Scope, Saving State between Function calls with the Static statement,
more about arguments.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction to PHP:
What is PHP?
• PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"
• PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
• PHP scripts are executed on the server
• PHP is free to download and use
What is a PHP File?

• PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
• PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain
HTML
• PHP files have extension ".php"
What Can PHP Do?
• PHP can generate dynamic page content
• PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
• PHP can collect form data
• PHP can send and receive cookies
• PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
• PHP can be used to control user-access
• PHP can encrypt data
With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files, and even Flash
movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.
Why PHP?
• PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
• PHP supports a wide range of databases
• PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent back to the browser.
Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

www.anuupdates.org
Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.
A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.
Below, we have an example of a simple PHP file, with a PHP script that uses a built-in PHP function
"echo" to output the text "Hello World!" on a web page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>

www.anuupdates.org
Chapter-I (Building Blocks of PHP)

1. Variables in PHP
A variable is a special container that you can define, which then “holds” a value, such as a number,
string, object, array, or a Boolean. Variables are fundamental to programming. without variables,
you would be forced to hard-code each specific value used in your scripts.
1.1 Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables
In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>
After the execution of the statements above, the variable $txt will hold the value Hello world!, the
variable $x will hold the value 5, and the variable $y will hold the value 10.5.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, put quotes around the value.
Note: Unlike other programming languages, PHP has no command for declaring a variable. It is
created the moment you first assign a value to it.
1.2 PHP Variables

A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname, tota_
volume).
Rules for PHP variables:
• A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _
)
• Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables)
Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!
1.3 Output Variables

The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen. The following example will
show how to output text and a variable:
Example-1:

www.anuupdates.org
<?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love $txt!";
?>
The following example will produce the same output as the example above:
Example-2:
<?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
?>
Example-3:
The following example will output the sum of two variables:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is.
PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on its value.
In other languages such as C, C++, and Java, the programmer must declare the name and type of
the variable before using it.
1.4 PHP Variables Scope

In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.
The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be referenced/used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
• local
• global
• static
Global and Local Scope

A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be accessed outside a
function:
<?php
$x = 5; // global scope
function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";

www.anuupdates.org
}
myTest();
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

?>
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed within that
function:
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
// using x outside the function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because local variables are
only recognized by the function in which they are declared.
PHP The global Keyword

The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function. To do this, use the
global keyword before the variables (inside the function):
Example:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the name of
the variable. This array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to update global
variables directly. The example above can be rewritten like this:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
function myTest() {
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}

www.anuupdates.org
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP the static Keyword

Normally, when a function is completed /executed, all of its variables are deleted. However,
sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted. We need it for a further job.
To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable:
<?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>
Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the information it contained from
the last time the function was called.
Note: The variable is still local to the function.
-----------------------------------------------------
2. PHP Data Types
Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things.
PHP supports the following data types:
• String
• Integer
• Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
• Boolean
• Array
• Object
• NULL
• Resource
PHP String

www.anuupdates.org
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!". A string can be any text inside quotes. You
can use single or double quotes:
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';
echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
PHP Integer
An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.
Rules for integers:
• An integer must have at least one digit
• An integer must not have a decimal point
• An integer can be either positive or negative
• Integers can be specified in three formats: decimal (10-based), hexadecimal (16-based -
prefixed with 0x) or octal (8-based - prefixed with 0)
PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential form.
A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

$x = true;
$y = false;
Booleans are often used in conditional testing. You will learn more about conditional testing in a
later chapter of this tutorial.
PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and
value:
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
OUTPUT:
array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "Volvo" [1]=> string(3) "BMW" [2]=> string(6) "Toyota" }
PHP Object

www.anuupdates.org
An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to process that data.
In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared.
First we must declare a class of object. For this, we use the class keyword. A class is a structure that
can contain properties and methods:
<?php
class Car {
function Car() {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}
// create an object
$herbie = new Car();
// show object properties

echo $herbie->model;
?>
PHP NULL Value

Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL. A variable of data type NULL is a
variable that has no value assigned to it. If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically
assigned a value of NULL. Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Resource
The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference to functions and
resources external to PHP.
A common example of using the resource data type is a database call.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. PHP Operators and Expressions
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Increment/Decrement operators
• Logical operators

www.anuupdates.org
• String operators
• Array operators
PHP Arithmetic Operators

The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common arithmetical
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th power
(Introduced in PHP 5.6)
PHP Assignment Operators

The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value of
the assignment expression on the right
Assignment Same as... Description

x=y x=y
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x-y Subtraction
x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
x /= y x=x/ y Division
x %= y x=x% y Modulus
PHP Comparison Operators

The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
$x ===
=== Identical Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they are of the same type
$y
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are not of the same
!== Not identical $x !== $y
type
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y

www.anuupdates.org
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y

Greater than or equal
>= $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal to $y
to
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to $y
HP Increment / Decrement Operators

The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value. The PHP decrement
operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one
PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
PHP String Operators
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.

. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $txt1 and $txt2
.= Concatenation assignment $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1
PHP Array Operators
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same

www.anuupdates.org
key/value pairs
=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same
key/value pairs in the same order and of the
same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4. PHP Constants.
Constants are like variables except that once they are defined they cannot be changed or
undefined.
A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value cannot be changed during the script.
A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no $ sign before the constant name).
Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically global across the entire script.
Create a PHP Constant
To create a constant, use the define() function.
Syntax
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
Where
• name: Specifies the name of the constant
• value: Specifies the value of the constant
• case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should be case-insensitive. Default is
false
è Constants are case sensitive in PHP
Constants are Global
Constants are automatically global and can be used across the entire script.
The example below uses a constant inside a function, even if it is defined outside the function:
<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
function myTest() {
echo GREETING;
}
myTest();
?>
Predefined Constants
PHP automatically provides some built-in constants for you. For example, the constant __FILE__
returns the name of the file that the PHP engine is currently reading. The constant __LINE__ returns
the current line number of the file. These are but two examples of what are called “magic

www.anuupdates.org
constants,” because they are not statically predefined and instead change depending on the
context in which they are used.
Chapter-I Questions
1. What is variable? Explain scope of variable.

2. Write about different data types available in PHP.
3. Write about different operators in PHP.
4. What are constants? How they are differing from variable? Explain

www.anuupdates.org
Chapter-II (Flow Control in PHP)
PHP Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different conditions. You
can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
• if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
• if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another code if that
condition is false
• if...elseif....else statement - executes different codes for more than two conditions
• switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed
1. PHP - The if Statement
The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time (HOUR) is less than 20:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$t = date("H");
if ($t < "20") {

echo "Have a good day!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

www.anuupdates.org
2. PHP - The if...else Statement
The if....else statement executes some code if a condition is true and another code if that condition
is false.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time is less than 20, and "Have a
good night!" otherwise:
<?php
$t = date("H");
if ($t < "20") {
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>
3. PHP - The if...elseif....else Statement
The if....elseif...else statement executes different codes for more than two conditions.
Syntax
if (condition) {
Code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
Code to be executed if this condition is true;
} else {
Code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}

www.anuupdates.org
The example below will output "Have a good morning!" if the current time is less than 10, and
"Have a good day!" if the current time is less than 20. Otherwise it will output "Have a good night!":
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$t = date("H");
echo "<p>The hour (of the server) is " . $t;
echo ", and will give the following message:</p>";
if ($t < "10") {
echo "Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t < "20") {
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
4. PHP 5 switch Statement
The switch statement is used to perform different actions based on different conditions. Use the
switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
break;
case label3:
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}

www.anuupdates.org
This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated
once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If
there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the
code from running into the next case automatically. The default statement is used if no match is
found.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Using the ?: Operator
The ?: or ternary operator is similar to the if statement, except that it returns a value derived from
one of two expressions separated by a colon. This construct provides you with three parts of the
whole, hence the name ternary. The expression used to generate the returned value depends on
the result of a test expression:
(expression) ? returned_if_expression_is_true : returned_if_expression_is_false;
If the test expression evaluates to true, the result of the second expression is returned; otherwise,
the value of the third expression is returned.
Example:
<?php
$mood = “sad”;
$text = ($mood == “happy”) ? “I am in a good mood!” : “I am in a $mood mood.”;
echo “$text”;
?>

www.anuupdates.org
PHP Looping / Iterative Statements

Scripts can also decide how many times to execute a block of code. Loop statements are
specifically designed to enable you to perform repetitive tasks because they continue to operate
until a specified condition is achieved or until you explicitly choose to exit the loop.
Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row.
Instead of adding several almost equal code-lines in a script, we can use loops to perform a task like
this.
In PHP, we have the following looping statements:
• while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true
• do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as the
specified condition is true
• for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
• foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array
PHP 5 while Loops
The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is true.
Syntax
while (condition is true) {
code to be executed;
The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the while loop will continue to run as
long as $x is less than, or equal to 5 ($x <= 5). $x will increase by 1 each time the loop runs ($x++):
<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <= 5) {
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
?>

www.anuupdates.org
The PHP do...while Loop
The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it will then check the condition, and
repeat the loop while the specified condition is true.
Syntax
do {
} while (condition is true);
The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the do while loop will write some
output, and then increment the variable $x with 1. Then the condition is checked (is $x less than, or
equal to 5?), and the loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5:
<?php
$x = 1;
do {
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>
Notice that in a do while loop the condition is tested AFTER executing the statements within the
loop. This means that the do while loop would execute its statements at least once, even if the
condition is false the first time.
The example below sets the $x variable to 6, then it runs the loop, and then the condition is
checked:
<?php
$x = 6;
do {
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

www.anuupdates.org
The PHP for Loop
PHP for loops execute a block of code a specified number of times. The for loop is used when you
know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter) {
Parameters:
• init counter: Initialize the loop counter value
• test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues. If it
evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
• increment counter: Increases the loop counter value
The example below displays the numbers from 0 to 10:
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
}
?>
The PHP foreach Loop

The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through each key/value pair in an
array.
Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {
}
For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value and the array
pointer is moved by one, until it reaches the last array element.
The following example demonstrates a loop that will output the values of the given array
($colors):
<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");
foreach ($colors as $value) {
echo "$value <br>";
}
?>

www.anuupdates.org
Code Blocks and Browser Output

Imagine a script that outputs a table of values only when a variable is set to the Boolean value true.
The following code shows a simplified HTML table constructed with the code block of an if
statement.
<?php
$display_prices = true;
if ($display_prices) {
echo “<table border=\”1\”>\n”;
echo “<tr><td colspan=\”3\”>”;
echo “today’s prices in dollars”;
echo “</td></tr>”;
echo “<tr><td>\$14.00</td><td>\$32.00</td><td>\$71.00</td></tr>\n”;
echo “</table>”;
}
?>
If the value of $display_prices is set to true in line 2, the table is printed. Put these lines into a text
file called testmultiecho.php and place this file in your web server document root.

www.anuupdates.org
There’s nothing wrong with the way this is coded, but you can save yourself some typing by simply
slipping back into HTML mode within the code block.
<?php
$display_prices = true;
if ($display_prices) {
?>
<table border=”1”>
<tr><td colspan=”3”>today’s prices in dollars</td></tr>
<tr><td>$14.00</td><td>$32.00</td><td>$71.00</td></tr>
</table>
<?php
}
?>
The important thing to note here is that the shift to HTML mode on line 4 occurs only if the
condition of the if statement is fulfilled. This can save you the bother of escaping quotation marks
and wrapping our output in echo() statements. This approach might, however, affect the readability
of the code in the long run, especially if the script grows larger.
Chapter-II Questions:
1. Explain conditional statements in PHP

2. Explain Switch flow control in PHP.
3. Explain looping / iterative statements in PHP
4. Write about PHP code blocks and browser outputs.

www.anuupdates.org
Chapter-III ( Working with Functions)
Syllabus: Defining Functions, Calling functions, returning the values from User-Defined Functions,
Variable Scope, and Saving State between Function calls with the Static statement, more about
arguments.
……………………………………………………………… @@@ ……………………………………………………………...................
What is function?
A function is a self-contained block of code that can be called by your scripts. When called, the
function’s code is executed and performs a particular task. You can pass values to a function, which
then uses the values appropriately—storing them, transforming them, displaying them, whatever
the function is told to do. When finished, a function can also pass a value back to the original code
that called it into action.
1. Defining functions:
Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can create our own functions.
• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.
• A function will not execute immediately when a page loads.
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.
A user defined function declaration starts with the word "function":
Syntax
function functionName() {
Note: A function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number).
Tip: Give the function a name that reflects what the function does!
Function names are NOT case-sensitive.
In the example below, we create a function named "writeMsg()". The opening curly brace ( { )
indicates the beginning of the function code and the closing curly brace ( } ) indicates the end of the
function. The function outputs "Hello world!". To call the function, just write its name:
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function
?>

www.anuupdates.org
2. Calling functions
Functions come in two flavors: those built in to the language and those you define yourself. PHP has
hundreds of built-in functions. Look at the following snippet for an example of a function in use:
strtoupper(“Hello Web!”);
A function call consists of the function name (strtoupper in this case) followed by parentheses. If
you want to pass information to the function, you place it between these parentheses. A piece of
information passed to a function in this way is called an argument. Some functions require that
more than one argument be passed to them, separated by commas:
some_function($an_argument, $another_argument);
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function
?>
The function writeMsg() is called without any parameters, however you can also pass parameters to
PHP functions and you can also set default values to PHP functions.
PHP Function Arguments
Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just like a variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many
arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.
The following example has a function with one argument ($fname). When the familyName()
function is called, we also pass along a name (e.g. Jani), and the name is used inside the function,
which outputs several different first names, but an equal last name:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes.<br>";
}
familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");

www.anuupdates.org
familyName("Borge");
?>
</body>
</html>
3. Returning Values from User-Defined Functions
A function can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a value. The return
statement stops the execution of the function and sends the value back to the calling code.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
function sum($x, $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5,10) . "<br>";
echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7,13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2,4);
?>
</body>
</html>
4. Variable Scope
A variable declared within a function remains local to that function. In other words, it is not
available outside the function or within other functions. In larger projects, this can save you from
accidentally overwriting the contents of a variable when you declare two variables with the same
name in separate functions.
<?php
Function_test()
{
$testvariable = “this is a test variable”;
}
echo “test variable: “.$testvariable.”<br/>”;
?>
Put these lines into a text file called scopetest.php and place this file in your webserver document
root. When you access this script through your web browser, it should look like

www.anuupdates.org
Figure: Variable Scope: A Variable Declared Within a Function Is Unavailable Outside the Function.
The value of the variable $testvariable is not printed because no such variable exists outside the
test() function.
Accessing Variables with the global Statement
From within one function, you cannot (by default) access a variable defined in another function or
elsewhere in the script. Within a function, if you attempt to use a variable with the same name, you
will only set or access a local variable.
<?php
$life = 42;
function meaningOfLife()
{
echo “The meaning of life is “.$life”;
}
meaningOfLife();
?>
Put these lines into a text file called scopetest2.php and place this file in your web server document
root. When you access this script through your web browser, it should look like

www.anuupdates.org
Fig: Variables Defined Outside Functions Are Inaccessible from Within a Function by Default.
As you might expect, the meaningOfLife() function does not have access to the $life variable in line
2; $life is empty when the function attempts to print it. On the whole, this is a good thing because it
saves you from potential clashes between identically named variables, and a function can always
demand an argument if it needs information about the outside world. Occasionally, you might want
to access an important variable from within a function without passing it in as an argument. This is
where the global statement comes into play.
<?php
$life = 42;
function meaningOfLife()
{
global $life;
echo “The meaning of life is “.$life”;
}
meaningOfLife();
?>
Put these lines into a text file called scopetest3.php and place this file in your web server document
root. When you access this script through your web browser, it should look like.

www.anuupdates.org
Fig: Accessing Global Variables with the global Statement
• You need to use the global statement within every function that needs to access a particular
named global variable.
• You can declare more than one variable at a time with the global statement by simply
separating each of the variables you want to access with commas:
global $var1, $var2, $var3
5. Saving State Between Function Calls with the static Statement

Local variables within functions have a short but happy life—they come into being when the
function is called and die when execution is finished, as they should. Occasionally, however, you
might want to give a function a rudimentary memory. Assume that you want a function to keep
track of the number of times it has been called so that numbered headings can be created by a
script.
If you declare a variable within a function in conjunction with the static statement, the variable
remains local to the function, and the function “remembers” the value of the variable from
execution to execution.
<?php
function numberedHeading($txt)
{
static $num_of_calls = 0;
$num_of_calls++;
echo “<h1>”.$num_of_calls.” “. $txt.”</h1>”;
}

www.anuupdates.org
numberedHeading(“Widgets”);
echo “<p>We build a fine range of widgets.</p>”;
numberedHeading(“Doodads”);
echo “<p>Finest in the world.</p>”;
?>
6. More About Arguments
Rather than just passing values as arguments to functions, PHP allows you to pass arguments as
default values and by references.
a) Setting Default Values for Arguments
PHP provides a nifty feature to help build flexible functions. Until now, you’ve heard that some
functions require one or more arguments. By making some arguments optional, you can render
your functions a little less autocratic.
<?php
function fontWrap($txt, $fontsize)
{
echo “<span style=\”font-size:$fontsize\”>”.$txt.”</span>”;
}
fontWrap(“A Heading<br/>”,”24pt”);
fontWrap(“some body text<br/>”,”16pt”);
fontWrap(“smaller body text<br/>”,”12pt”);
fontWrap(“even smaller body text<br/>”,”10pt”);
?>
In above program a useful little function that wraps a string in an HTML span element (at line 4).
To give the user of the function the chance to change the font-size style, you can demand a
$fontsize argument in addition to the string( at line 2). The above program generates the following
output.

www.anuupdates.org
Passing Variable References to Functions
When you pass arguments to functions, they are stored as copies in parameter variables. Any
changes made to these variables in the body of the function are local to that function and are not
reflected beyond it.
You can change this behavior by creating a reference to your original variable. You can think of a
reference as a signpost that points to a variable. In working with the reference, you are
manipulating the value to which it points. This can be implemented as
<?php
function addFive(&$num)
{
$num += 5;
}
$orignum = 10;
addFive($orignum);
echo $orignum;
?
When you pass an argument to a function by reference, as in line 7, the contents of the variable
you pass ($orignum) are accessed by the argument variable and manipulated within the function,
rather than just a copy of the variable’s value (10). Any changes made to an argument in these
cases change the value of the original variable. You can pass an argument by reference by adding an
ampersand to the argument name in the function definition, as shown in line 2.

PHP and MySql Unit-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHP and MySql Unit-1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHP and MySql Unit-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.anuupdates.

What is a PHP File?

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

Basic PHP Syntax

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

<h1>My first PHP page</h1>

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

Chapter-I (Building Blocks of PHP)

1.1 Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

1.2 PHP Variables

1.3 Output Variables

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

1.4 PHP Variables Scope

Global and Local Scope

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

PHP The global Keyword

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

PHP the static Keyword

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

// show object properties

PHP NULL Value

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

PHP Arithmetic Operators

Operator Name Example Result

PHP Assignment Operators

Assignment Same as... Description

PHP Comparison Operators

Operator Name Example Result

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y

HP Increment / Decrement Operators

Operator Name Description

PHP Logical Operators

The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

PHP String Operators

Operator Name Example Result

PHP Array Operators

The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.

Operator Name Example Result

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same

key/value pairs in the same order and of the

!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

1. What is variable? Explain scope of variable.

Prepared By D.Venkata Reddy., M.Tech., Lecturer in Computers

Chapter-II (Flow Control in PHP)

PHP Conditional Statements

In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

• if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

• switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed