PHP PPT

Introduction to Server-Side Programming
Charles Liu
Overview
1.  Basics of HTTP
2.  PHP syntax
3.  Server-side programming
4.  Connecting to MySQL
Request to a Static Site
Server:
1.  Homepage
lookup
2.  Send as HTTP
Response
HTTP Request: GET www.xkcd.com
You (client) Web server
HTTP Response: web content (HTML file) IP: 72.26.203.99

Client-side code: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
Request to a Dynamic Site
!  The server must respond dynamically if it needs to provide
different client-side code depending on the situation
!  Date and time
!  Specifics of the user’s request
!  Database contents – forms and authentication
Server:
HTTP Request: GET www.facebook.com
1.  Look up things that go on
user’s profile, such as
wall posts and friends "
caches, database
lookups
You (client) Web server
2.  Generate client-side
HTTP Response: web content (HTML file) code containing these
things
Client-side code: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
3.  Send as HTTP response
(dynamically generated by server)
sample http interactions
› GET, data passed as query string

sample http interactions
› POST, data passed as form data

http methods
idempotent all
safe PUT
GET DELETE
HEAD
POST
› safe: no side effects

› idempotent: doing twice same as once
› PUT vs POST: PUT typically names a created object
› PUT & DELETE used in APIs but not usually in browsers
response status codes
categories of codes
› 1xx informational
› 2xx success
› 3xx redirect
› 4xx client error
› 5xx server error
most common codes
› 200 OK (request succeeded, resource is in message body)
› 404 Not Found (resource doesn’t exist)
› 303 See Other (resource moved, see location header)
› 500 Server Error (web app implementer messed up)
Server-side options
!  PHP – today
!  Easy to start, lower learning curve
!  Potentially messy as your site grows
!  Javascript frameworks – node.js and Meteor.js

!  Ruby on Rails
!  Other options – Django, Flask, Sinatra…

PHP
Introduction and Basic Syntax
Charles Liu
What is PHP?
!  PHP = PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

!  Server-side scripting language that may be
embedded into HTML

!  Ultimate goal is to get PHP files to generate client-
side code
!  mustend up with HTML, CSS, JavaScript, other client-
side code!
Side-by-side
PHP File: Output: resulting HTML

<html> <html>
<head> <head>
<title> PHP Introduction </title> <title> PHP Introduction </title>
</head> </head>
<body> <body>
This is HTML! <br /> This is HTML! <br />
<?php This is PHP! <br /></body>
echo 'This is PHP! <br />'; </html>
?>
</body>
</html>
A closer look
<html>
<head>
<title> PHP Introduction </title>
</head>
<body>
This is HTML! <br />
<?php
echo 'This is PHP! <br />'; // prints to screen
/*
Here's a longer
comment
that spans multiple
lines.
*/
?>
</body> !  PHP tags: <?php and ?>
</html>
!  The echo command
!  Single line comment ( // )
!  Multiple line comment (/* and */)
Viewing PHP files
!  PHP files executed on the web server
!  Save .php files in subdirectory of web server
!  /var/www/ on many Linux configurations

!  web_scripts directory of your user directory on Athena
!  Make call to web server via domain name

(google.com), IP address (72.26.203.99), or localhost
if on your own computer
PHP
Syntax: Variables, Operators, and Strings
Charles Liu
Variables
!  Store values for future reference, use variable name
to refer to the value stored in it
$x = 42; // store the value 42 in $x
echo $x; // prints 42
echo $x+1; // prints 43, value of $x is still 42
$x = ‘hello!’ // type of $x can change
!  PHP is a loosely-typed language

!  Do not need to declare the type of a variable
!  Type can change throughout the program
Operators
!  Arithmetic operators
!  +, -, *, /, % (modulus – remainder after division)
!  Logical AND (&&), OR (||), NOT (!)
!  Assignment operators (=)
!  Shorthand for assignment operators:
!  $x += $y equivalent to $x = $x + $y
!  Also works with subtraction, multiplication, division,
modulus, and string concatenation
== versus ===
!  Two “equality” operators
!  ==tests for “equality” in value but not necessarily type
!  === tests for “identity” in value AND type
!  == ignores the distinction between:

!  Integers,floating point numbers, and strings containing
the same numerical value
!  Nonzero numbers and boolean TRUE
!  Zero and boolean FALSE
!  Empty string, the string ‘0’ and boolean FALSE
!  Any other non-empty string and boolean TRUE
Strings
!  Concatenation of strings – the . operator
$a = ‘hello’;
$b = ‘world’;
echo $a . ‘ ‘ . $b . ‘!’; // prints ‘hello world!’
!  String functions
!  Length: strlen()
!  Position of substring: strpos()
!  More on string functions:

http://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_string.asp
PHP
Syntax: Conditional and Looping Statements
Charles Liu
Conditional Statements
if (condition / boolean expression) {
statements
}
else if (another condition) {
statements
}
// there may be more than one else if block
else {
statements
}
$x = 5;
if ($x == 5) {
echo ‘The variable x has value 5!’;
}
Loops
$x = 2;
while ($x < 1000) {
echo $x . “\n”; // \n is newline character
$x = $x * $x;
}
do {
echo $x . “\n”;
$x = $x * $x;
} while ($x < 1000); // note the semicolon
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {

echo $i . “:” . ($i * $i) . “\n”;
}
PHP
Syntax: Functions and Global Variables
Charles Liu
Defining your own functions
function function_name ($arg1, $arg2) {
function code function parameters
return $var // optional
}
Example: a simple multiply function

function multiply($x, $y) {
echo $x * $y;
echo “\n”;
}
multiply(5, 1.2); " prints 6
$a = 5;
$b = 1.2;
multiply($a, $b); " prints 6
$a = array(1,2,3);
multiply($a, $b); " error
$a = “string”
multiply($a, $b); " prints 0 (?!)
Return values
!  A function can return a value after it is done
!  Usethis value in future computation, use like a variable,
assign value to a variable
function multiply($x, $y) {

return $x * $y;
}
multiply(2,3); " prints nothing! returns value, but we don’t store anywhere
echo multiply(2,3); " prints 6
$a = multiply(2,3); " assigns the value 6 to the variable $a
$b = multiply(multiply(2,3), multiply(3,4)); " assigns the
value 72 to the variable $b
Variable scope
!  Variables declared within a function have local scope
!  Can only be accessed from within the function
<?php
function function1() {
… // some code
$local_var = 5; // this variable is LOCAL to
// function1()
echo $local_var + 3; // prints 8
}
… // some code
function1();
echo $local_var; // does nothing, since $local_var is
// out of scope
?>
Global variable scope
!  Variables declared outside a function have global
scope
!  Use global keyword to gain access within functions
<?php
function function1() {
echo $a; // does nothing, $a is out of scope
global $a; // gain access to $a within function
echo $a; // prints 4
}
… // some code
$a = 4; // $a is a global variable
function1();
?>
PHP
Syntax: Arrays
Charles Liu
Arrays as a list of elements
!  Use arrays to keep track of a list of elements using
the same variable name, identifying each element by
its index, starting with 0
$colors = array(‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘green’, ‘black’, ‘yellow’);
!  To add an element to the array:

$colors[] = ‘purple’;
!  To remove an element from the array:
unset($colors[2]);
$colors = array_values($colors);
Arrays as key-value mappings
!  Use arrays to keep track of a set of unique keys and the
values that they map to – called an associative array
$favorite_colors = array(‘Joe’ => ‘blue’, ‘Elena’ =>
‘green’,
‘Mark’ => ‘brown’, ‘Adrian’ => ‘black’, ‘Charles’ =>
‘red’);
!  To add an element to the array:
$favorite_colors[‘Bob’] = ‘purple’;
!  To remove an element from the array:
unset($favorite_colors[‘Charles’]);
!  Keys must be unique:
$favorite_colors[‘Joe’] = ‘purple’ overwrites ‘blue’
The for-each loop
!  The for-each loops allow for easy iteration over all
elements of an array.
foreach ($colors as $color) {

echo $color; // simply prints each color
}
foreach ($colors as $number => color) {
echo “$number => $color”; // prints color with index
// to change an element:
// $colors[$number] = $new_color;
PHP
HTTP Requests and Forms
Charles Liu
Superglobals
!  A few special associative arrays that can be
accessed from anywhere in a PHP file
!  The $_SERVER superglobal gives information about

server and client
!  $_SERVER[‘SERVER_ADDR’]" server IP
!  $_SERVER[‘REMOTE_ADDR’] " client IP
!  $_SERVER[‘HTTP_USER_AGENT’] " client OS and

browser
Passing information to the server
!  Sometimes, we require additional values be passed
from client to server
!  Login:username and password
!  Form information to be stored on server
!  GET request: pass information via the URL

!  http://www.yourdomain.com/yourpage.php?
firstparam=firstvalue&secondparam=secondvalue
!  Access values server-side using $_GET superglobal
#  $_GET[‘firstparam’]
=> ‘firstvalue’
#  $_GET[‘secondparam’] => ‘secondvalue’
When to use $_GET vs. $_POST
!  GET requests are sent via the URL, and can thus be
cached, bookmarked, shared, etc
!  GET requests are limited by the length of the URL
!  POST requests are not exposed in the URL and
should be used for sensitive data

!  There is no limit to the amount of information passed
via POST
Dealing with forms
!  Forms are generally used to collect data, whether
the data needs to be stored on the server
(registration) or checked against the server (login)
!  2 components to a form:
!  The HTML generating the form itself

!  The server-side script that the form data is sent to (via
GET or POST), taking care of the processing involved
#  Servershould respond appropriately, redirecting the user to
the appropriate destination or generating the appropriate
page
Forms: client-side
<html>
<head>
<title> A Form Example </title>
</head><body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <br /> <input type="text" name="name" /><br />
Phone Number: <br /> <input type="text" name="phone" /><br /
>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
!  form action – where to send the form data
!  method – how to send the data (GET or POST)
!  Name attributes become the keys used to access the
corresponding fields in the $_GET or $_POST arrays
Forms: server-side
<html>
<head><title>This is welcome.php</title></head>
<body>
The name that was submitted was:
<?php echo $_POST['name']; ?><br />
The phone number that was submitted was:
<?php echo $_POST['phone']; ?><br />
</body>
</html>
!  A simple PHP file that displays what was entered

into the form
!  Can do many other things server-side depending on the
situation
PHP
Cookies and Sessions
Charles Liu
Cookies and sessions
!  HTTP is stateless – it does not keep track of the

client between requests
!  But sometimes we need to keep track of this
information
!  Shoppingcart
!  “Remember me” on login sites
!  2 solutions to this issue

!  Cookies – small file stored client-side
!  Sessions – relevant data stored on the server
cookies in http
cookie is
› name-value pair
› expiration, path & domain
server sends
› using set-cookie header
browser sends back
› all unexpired cookies
› with matching path
a funny cookie tale
expiration nytimes.com used cookies
› session cookies: on quit to count #articles read, so
› persistent cookies: on expire viewers just deleted
cookies...
Cookies
!  Cookies are stored on the user’s browser, and are

sent to the server on every relevant request
!  The $_COOKIE superglobal makes a cookie a key-
value pairing
!  Store user information as a value with a known key
!  Never assume a cookie has been set. Always check with
isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name]) before trying to use
the cookie’s value
The setcookie() function
!  To set a cookie in PHP:
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain);
!  Name and value correspond to $_COOKIE[$name] =
$value
!  Expiration – cookie will no longer be read after the
expiration
!  Useful to use time in seconds relative to the present:
#  time() + time in seconds until expiration
!  Path and domain refer to where on the site the cookie is
valid
!  Usually ‘/’ for path and the top-level domain (yoursitename.com)
!  To delete a cookie, set a new cookie with same arguments
but expiration in the past
Setting cookies
!  Cookies are set via the HTTP header

!  Must be sent before the body – before any HTML, CSS,
JS, etc.
!  This code will not work:
if(isset($_COOKIE["6470"])) {
$value = $_COOKIE['6470'];
echo "Cookie is set to $value";
}
else {
$value = 0;
}
// after echo statement: will not work!
setcookie("6470", $value+1, time()+60*60);?>
Sessions
!  Two main disadvantages of cookies

!  Limitedin size by browser
!  Stored client-side " users / malicious people can change
!  Sessions store user data on the server

!  Limitedonly by server space
!  Cannot be modified by users
!  A potential downside to sessions is that they expire

when the browser is closed
!  Sessions are identified by a session id: often a small
cookie! But the rest of the data is still stored on the
server
Using sessions
!  Call session_start() at top of every page to start session

!  Sets
a cookie on the client: must follow same rules as cookies
(before any HTML, CSS, JS, echo or print statements)
!  Access data using the $_SESSION superglobal
<?php
session_start();
if (isset($_SESSION["count"])) {
$_SESSION["count"] += 1;
echo "You\'ve visited here {$_SESSION['count']}
times";
}
else {
$_SESSION["count"] = 1;
echo "You\'ve visited once";
}
?>
Removing sessions
!  Remove an individual element of the $_SESSION

superglobal
!  unset($_SESSION[‘key_name’]);
!  Destroy the entire session, remove all data

!  Use the function session_destroy()
!  $_SESSION no longer valid
!  Will need to call session_start() to start a new session

Recap: a comparison
COOKIES SESSIONS
Where is data stored? Locally on client Remotely on server
Expiration? Variable – determined Session is destroyed
when cookie is set when the browser is
closed
Size limit? Depends on browser Depends only on server
(practically no size
limit)
Accessing information? $_COOKIE $_SESSION
General use? Remember small things Remembering varying
about the user, such as amount of data about
login name. Remember the user in one
things after re-opening browsing “session”.
browser More sensitive info.
PHP
MySQL
Charles Liu
Databases and MySQL
!  Databases give us an easy way to issue

“commands” to insert, select, organize, and remove
data
!  MySQL: open-source database, relatively easy to

set up, easy to use with PHP
!  Other
SQL databases, as well as non-SQL options such
as MongoDB
Connecting to MySQL
!  MySQL database server can contain many

databases, each of which can contain many tables
!  Connecting to the server via PHP:
$db = mysql_connect(server, username, password);
if (!$db) {
// terminate and give error message
die(mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db(database_name, $db);
!  $db is a database resource type. We use this
variable to refer to the connection created
Making SQL queries
!  PHP function for making queries:

mysql_query(query_string, db_resource);
!  Queries that return information, such as SELECT:

returns a resource
$result = mysql_query(query_string, $db);
!  In this case, this resource is stored in the variable $result
!  Other queries, returns TRUE upon success.
!  All queries return FALSE on failure. Best practice is
to handle the error (e.g. die(mysql_error()))
Retrieving information from a query
!  Loop over the returned $result resource, row by row
$result = mysql_query(query, $db);

while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)) {
$col1 = $row['column_1_name'];
$col2 = $row['column_2_name'];
// and so forth...
}
A shared database resource
!  Don’t repeat code - put database connection, select

database code into the same file
!  Reference the connection resource ($db) in other
files (using include($file_path))

SQL queries
!  INSERT INTO table_name (col1, col2 …) VALUES
(val1, val2 …)
!  SELECT col1, col2 … FROM table_name WHERE
conditions
!  CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name
data_type(size), column_name data_type(size) …)

The relational model
!  Indicate relations between objects (rows) with an id
" a pointer to a row in a different table
!  The INNER JOIN
what is a relational database?
a relation is a set of tuples id first
users
last email password
› tuple is ordered, set isn’t 1 Ann Alert aa@mit aa
2 Chloe Closure cc@mit blah
a relational database is 3 Ben Bitdiddle ben@mit 1010
› a set of named relations id by

subjects
name category
› with named columns 1
2
3
2
Lucid
Clover
2
1
3 3 Cosi 1
reviews
id by content rating about
1 3 yummy! 5 2
2 2 neat 4 1
categories
id name
1 Food
2 Tech
3 Travel
query operators
relational algebra operators
› select: filter rows by a predicate
› project: filter by columns
› product: combine two tables
in SQL, all parts of select statement
-- show content and ratings of reviews about Clover
select content, rating from subjects, reviews
where subjects.id = reviews.about and name = "Clover"
deconstructing a query
subjects reviews
id by name category id by content rating about
1 3 Lucid 2 1 3 yummy! 5 2
2 2 Clover 1 2 2 neat 4 1
3 3 Cosi 1
-- product operator (implicit in list of tables)

select * from subjects, reviews
examples from RazorSQL: available at http://www.razorsql.com/

subjects reviews
1 3 Lucid 2 1 3 yummy! 5 2
3 3 Cosi 1
-- selection operator (where)

select * from subjects, reviews
subjects reviews
1 3 Lucid 2 1 3 yummy! 5 2
3 3 Cosi 1
-- projection operator (implicit in list of columns)

select content, rating from subjects, reviews
your turn
what does this query say?
select distinct name from subjects, reviews
where rating = 5
-- lists all subject names: oops!
categs
subjects users
reviews
special operators
› order by: sort the results by some column
› sum, avg, count, max, min
› group by: group rows before applying functions
-- show subjects and their average ratings
select name, avg(rating) from subjects, reviews
where reviews.about = subjects.id group by subjects.id
-- show reviews ordered by rating

select name, content, rating from subjects, reviews
where reviews.about = subjects.id order by rating
PHP
Conclusion
Charles Liu
What we’ve talked about…
!  Purpose of server-side programming

!  Basic PHP syntax, arrays, functions
!  Specifics to websites: cookies, sessions, HTTP
requests and forms, MySQL

!  Other server-side solutions:
!  ASP.NET
!  Python
!  PHP’s extensive documentation:

http://www.php.net/manual/en
PHP workshop and tomorrow
!  Mostly to get you set up with a PHP server, write
some simple code
!  Tomorrow: more server-side frameworks

!  Node.js
!  Meteor.js
!  35-225, 11AM

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Introduction to Server-Side Programming

You (client) Web server

HTTP Response: web content (HTML file) IP: 72.26.203.99

! Specifics of the user’s request

! Database contents – forms and authentication

› GET, data passed as query string

› POST, data passed as form data

› safe: no side effects

! Javascript frameworks – node.js and Meteor.js

! Other options – Django, Flask, Sinatra…

! PHP = PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

embedded into HTML

PHP File: Output: resulting HTML

! /var/www/ on many Linux configurations

! Make call to web server via domain name

! PHP is a loosely-typed language

! Shorthand for assignment operators:

! == ignores the distinction between:

! More on string functions:

for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {

Example: a simple multiply function

function multiply($x, $y) {

! To add an element to the array:

foreach ($colors as $color) {

! The $_SERVER superglobal gives information about

! $_SERVER[‘HTTP_USER_AGENT’] " client OS and

! GET request: pass information via the URL

! POST requests are not exposed in the URL and

should be used for sensitive data

! The HTML generating the form itself

! A simple PHP file that displays what was entered

! HTTP is stateless – it does not keep track of the

! 2 solutions to this issue

! Cookies are stored on the user’s browser, and are

! Cookies are set via the HTTP header

! Two main disadvantages of cookies

! Sessions store user data on the server

! A potential downside to sessions is that they expire

! Call session_start() at top of every page to start session

! Remove an individual element of the $_SESSION

! Destroy the entire session, remove all data

! Will need to call session_start() to start a new session

! Databases give us an easy way to issue

! MySQL: open-source database, relatively easy to

! MySQL database server can contain many

! PHP function for making queries:

! Queries that return information, such as SELECT:

! Loop over the returned $result resource, row by row

$result = mysql_query(query, $db);

! Don’t repeat code - put database connection, select

files (using include($file_path))

data_type(size), column_name data_type(size) …)

a relational database is 3 Ben Bitdiddle ben@mit 1010

› a set of named relations id by

-- product operator (implicit in list of tables)

examples from RazorSQL: available at http://www.razorsql.com/

-- selection operator (where)

-- projection operator (implicit in list of columns)

!  Specifics of the user’s request

!  Database contents – forms and authentication

!  Javascript frameworks – node.js and Meteor.js

!  Other options – Django, Flask, Sinatra…

!  PHP = PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

!  /var/www/ on many Linux configurations

!  Make call to web server via domain name

!  PHP is a loosely-typed language

!  Shorthand for assignment operators:

!  == ignores the distinction between:

!  More on string functions:

!  To add an element to the array:

!  The $_SERVER superglobal gives information about

!  $_SERVER[‘HTTP_USER_AGENT’] " client OS and

!  GET request: pass information via the URL

!  POST requests are not exposed in the URL and

!  The HTML generating the form itself

!  A simple PHP file that displays what was entered

!  HTTP is stateless – it does not keep track of the

!  2 solutions to this issue

!  Cookies are stored on the user’s browser, and are

!  Cookies are set via the HTTP header

!  Two main disadvantages of cookies

!  Sessions store user data on the server

!  A potential downside to sessions is that they expire

!  Call session_start() at top of every page to start session

!  Remove an individual element of the $_SESSION

!  Destroy the entire session, remove all data

!  Will need to call session_start() to start a new session

!  Databases give us an easy way to issue

!  MySQL: open-source database, relatively easy to

!  MySQL database server can contain many

!  PHP function for making queries:

!  Queries that return information, such as SELECT:

!  Loop over the returned $result resource, row by row

!  Don’t repeat code - put database connection, select

!  Purpose of server-side programming

!  Specifics to websites: cookies, sessions, HTTP

!  PHP’s extensive documentation:

!  Tomorrow: more server-side frameworks