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The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees
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Mexican
The Red List of
Cloud Forest Trees
Editors: Mario González-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave,
Francisco G. Lorea-Hernández, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez and Adrian C. Newton
Published by Fauna & Flora International,
Cambridge, UK.
© 2011 Fauna & Flora International
ISBN: 9781903703281
Reproduction of any part of the publication for

educational, conservation and other non-profit
purposes is authorized without prior permission from
the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully
acknowledged.
FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) protects threatened
Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes
species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are is prohibited without prior written permission from the
sustainable, based on sound science and take account of human copyright holder.
needs. Operating in more than 40 countries worldwide - mainly in the
The designation of geographical entities in this
developing world - FFI saves species from extinction and habitats from document and the presentation of the material do not
destruction, while improving the livelihoods of local people. Founded in imply any expression on the part of the authors or
1903, FFI is the world’s longest established international conservation Fauna & Flora International concerning the legal status
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EDITORS
Mario González-Espinosa is Senior Researcher in
Plant Ecology and Forest Conservation and Restoration
at El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) and a
member of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist
Group. [email protected]
Jorge A. Meave is Professor in Plant Ecology at the

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
and the President of the Botanical Society of Mexico.
is a membership organisation linking botanic gardens in over 100 [email protected]
countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,sustainable
use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens Francisco G. Lorea-Hernández is Professor and
Researcher in Plant Taxonomy at the Instituto de
and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of Ecología, A.C. [email protected]
people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC
Global Tree Specialist Group. Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez is Researcher in Plant
Ecology and Taxonomy at the Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the Vice
President of the Botanical Society of Mexico.
[email protected]
Adrian Newton is Professor in Conservation Ecology

at Bournemouth University and Vice Chair of the
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.
[email protected]
THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN exists to secure the future of the
world’s threatened tree species and their benefits for humans and the The opinion of the individual authors does not
wider environment. A joint initiative between FFI and BGCI, the Global necessarily reflect the opinion of either the editors or
Fauna & Flora International.
Trees Campaign is the only international campaign dedicated to saving
threatened trees. The editors and Fauna & Flora International take no
responsibility for any misrepresentation of material from
translation of this document into any other language.
COVER PHOTOS
Front cover: Ulmus mexicana tree with recently
flushed foliage and flowers, near Santa Cruz
Tepetotutla (Oaxaca). The habitat of this scarce cloud
forest tree has been largely cleared to give way to
THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP forms part maize fields and coffee plantations. The pictured tree
is 60 m but one individual in Chiapas in the 1950s
of the Species Survival Commission’s volunteer network of over 7000 was recorded at 87 m, making the species the tallest
volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. in Mexico. Photo by J. A. Meave.
SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN-The World Back cover: Interior view of an Oreomunnea
mexicana cloud forest stand in central Veracruz.
Conservation Union. It serves as the main source of advice to the Union Photo by C. Gallardo.
and its members on the technical aspects of species conservation. The
aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group are to promote and DESIGN
John Morgan, Seascape: www.seascapedesign.co.uk
implement global red listing for trees and act in an advisory capacity to
the Global Trees Campaign. Printed on 80% recycled, 20% FSC certified paper.
Mexican
The Red List of
Cloud Forest Trees
Editors: Mario González-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave,

Francisco G. Lorea-Hernández, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez and Adrian C. Newton
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 3
List of Acronyms 3
Foreword 4
Introduction 5
References 8
List of Assessors 10
Map 12
RED LIST OF MEXICAN CLOUD FOREST TREES 13
Species Evaluated as Least Concern 90
References 126
ANNEX 1
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1) 146
We dedicate this work to the insightful and treasured

teachings of Dr Faustino Miranda and Dr Jerzy Rzedowski,
whose seminal research has inspired and guided our interest
in the beautiful cloud forests of Mexico. It is also dedicated to
the memory of Dr Laura Arriaga, an indefatigable worker on
the ecology of cloud forests and early participant in the
production of this report.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS
he initial May 2007 workshop working sessions at their homes in THREE-LETTER ACRONYMS OF
T was
IUCN/SSC
convened by
Global
Specialist Group, represented by
the
Tree
Xalapa and Mexico City, respectively.
Angélica V. Pulido-Esparza provided
logistic support for the meetings held
THE MEXICAN FEDERAL STATES
Please note that México refers to the

Adrian Newton, and supported during 2007 in San Cristóbal de Las Federal State sometimes also identified
financially by Fauna & Flora Casas and Zacatecas. Marco Antonio as the State of Mexico (Estado de
International (FFI). The workshop was Romero-Romero and Alberto Gallardo- México), a territory surrounding nearly
organised by Adrian Newton of Cruz provided most helpful technical completely the Federal District (Distrito
Bournemouth University and Mario assistance with the organization of the Federal, where Mexico City is located)
González-Espinosa of ECOSUR, with information in databases. We are
advice from the Chair of the IUCN/SSC grateful for an invitation from Isolda AGS Aguascalientes
Global Tree Specialist Group. Luna-Vega and Martha Gual Díaz to BC Baja California
Workshop participants (who are present an earlier version of this report BCS Baja California Sur
referred to in the List as Expert Group before the Mexican botanical CAM Campeche
May 2007) included Antony Challenger, community in a symposium on CHS Chiapas
Rafael F. del Castillo, Duncan J. Mexican Cloud Forest at the XVIII CHI Chihuahua
Golicher, Mario González-Espinosa, Mexican Botanical Congress held in COA Coahuila
Mario Ishiki, José Luis León de la Luz, Guadalajara in November 2010. This COL Colima
Francisco G. Lorea-Hernández, Jorge was a prime opportunity to expose the DF Distrito Federal
A. Meave, Adrian C. Newton, and scope and contents of the report, DGO Durango
Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial. allowing us to receive valuable GTO Guanajuato
comments that have helped improve GRO Guerrero
We are grateful to the many members its content. Financial support was HGO Hidalgo
of the botanical community in Mexico initially provided by Fauna & Flora JAL Jalisco
who contributed to this report serving International (FFI, UK) during 2007 and MEX México
as assessors of plant groups in which 2008. Thereafter, our home institutions MIC Michoacán
they have taxonomical expertise or and other sources kindly provided time MOR Morelos
ecological familiarity (please see list and resources to complete this report NAY Nayarit
below). In addition, other colleagues as a side project. Finally, we are NL Nuevo León
offered comments that helped define thankful for the patience of Amy OAX Oaxaca
which species and information should Hinsley at FFI who heard from us on PUE Puebla
be included or deleted from the list: several occasions that the final version QRO Querétaro
Laura Arriaga (deceased), Antony was imminent, and whose comments QTR Quintana Roo
Challenger, Rafael Fernández-Nava, on the text greatly improved the SLP San Luis Potosí
Duncan J. Golicher, Martha Gual Díaz, presentation of this report. SIN Sinaloa
Jaime Jiménez-Ramírez, José Luis SON Sonora
León de la Luz, Miguel Martínez-Icó, TAB Tabasco
Daniel Tejero-Díez, Teresa Terrazas- TAM Tamaulipas
Salgado, and José Luis Villaseñor. TLA Tlaxcala
Guadalupe Williams-Linera and Jorge VER Veracruz
A. Meave kindly hosted several YUC Yucatán
ZAC Zacatecas
3
FOREWORD
he cloud forests of Mexico are The collection of information on tree
T immensely valuable for the

ecosystem goods and services
that they provide. The forests are
species of conservation concern is vital for
planning conservation action and the
restoration of forest ecosystems. The
exceptionally rich in botanical diversity secondary role of the IUCN/SSC Global
with over 2,800 plant species recorded Tree Specialist Group is to act as an
within them. The diversity of tree species, advisory body for the Global Trees
approximately 25% of the total botanical Campaign, which aims to save the world’s
diversity, defines the forest structure and most threatened tree species and the
contributes to the ecological function and habitats where they grow. The Global Trees
resilience of the forests. The trees also Campaign provides an important practical
provide a wide range of products valued mechanism for implementation of the
by local people. Unfortunately the cloud Global Plant Conservation Strategy of the
forests of Mexico, as elsewhere in the Convention on Biological Diversity. Global
world, are under severe threat. The tree red listing contributes directly to Target
component trees are also threatened with 2 of the Strategy, which calls for an
extinction to a varying degree. This report assessment of the conservation status of
presents a review of the conservation all known plant species, as far as possible,
status of the Mexican cloud forest trees, to guide conservation action by 2020.
undertaken by Mexican experts in
partnership with FFI and the IUCN/SSC Target 2 underpins the other ambitious
Global Tree Specialist Group. It is the targets which relate to in situ and ex situ
result of a remarkable collaborative conservation, ecological restoration,
process over four years bringing together sustainable use and trade in plants.
Upwards view of the trunk of an Oreomunnea botanists and ecologists who care about Projects of the Global Trees Campaign
mexicana tree with epiphytes, mosses and the future of the forests and trees of carried out in partnership with
lichens in a cloud forest stand in central Mexico. organizations and individuals around the
Veracruz. Photo by C. Gallardo. world help to deliver these various
Since its establishment in 2003 the targets. The projects contribute to halting
primary role of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree the loss of forest biodiversity and the
Specialist Group has been to assess the provision of support to rural livelihoods.
global conservation status of tree species
in selected geographical areas and The results of this assessment indicate
taxonomic groups. The Red List of that over 60% of the trees of Mexican
Mexican Cloud Forest Trees is the cloud forests are threatened with
seventh publication in the series. It is the extinction. Clearly action must be taken
ultimate aim of the Group to carry out a to conserve and restore the forests as a
full assessment of the status of the matter of urgency.
world’s trees. As a step towards this goal,
the Group is currently concentrating on
“Trees at the top of the World” – high
altitude trees that are likely to be
particularly impacted by the effects of
climate change. Sara Oldfield
Chair of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree
Specialist Group
4
INTRODUCTION
CLOUD FORESTS IN MEXICO the ecosystems most affected by global cloud forest (25, 31). Rzedowski (26)
The term cloud forest is used to refer to climatic change (11, 14, 21, 22, 29, 32). identified nine botanical families that
transitional forest communities occurring in Consequently, not only is the biodiversity are virtually restricted to cloud forest in
Mexico in tropical and subtropical humid of cloud forests in peril, but also the Mexico (Brunelliaceae, Chloranthaceae,
mountains located south of the 25° N environmental services that they provide to Cunoniaceae, Hamamelidaceae,
parallel, at elevations mostly between society at large: climate regulation, soil Illiciaceae, Podocarpaceae, Proteaceae,
1,500 and 2,500 m (1, 8, 30, 31). However, nutrient cycles, natural products, scenic Sabiaceae and Winteraceae), and quotes
Luna et al. (16) claim that topography and beauty, and most importantly, water the following genera as distinctive of this
the amount of humidity may account for supply. Furthermore, even if global forest type: Alfaroa (Juglandaceae),
the presence of cloud forests across a warming were not a major driver of species Carpinus (Betulaceae), Cornus
much broader elevational belt ranging extinctions in cloud forests, the biota of (Cornaceae), Meliosma (Sabiaceae),
between 600 and 3,200 m. Cloud forests these ecosystems remains highly Liquidambar (Altingiaceae), Oreomunnea
in Mexico are mostly found on steep vulnerable to exceptionally dry (Juglandaceae), Oreopanax (Araliaceae),
slopes and protected ravines. These areas meteorological events (2). Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), Quercus
are more humid than pine, pine-oak and (Fagaceae), Styrax (Styracaceae),
oak forests, warmer than high elevation The remarkable floristic richness of Symplocos (Symplocaceae) and
conifer forests, and cooler than those that Mexican cloud forests has been widely Zinowiewia (Celastraceae).
support the development of tropical plant recognized but there have been few
formations. systematic attempts at compiling an While it is difficult to pinpoint flagship
inventory (e.g. 26, 31). Rzedowski (26) lists species for the habitat, potential
Cloud forests in Mexico have an c. 2,500 vascular plant species restricted candidates are Carpinus caroliniana
archipelago-like distribution and are to cloud forests, belonging to 650 genera (Betulaceae), Chiranthodendron
floristically very rich, owing to the within 144 botanical families. In a more pentadactylon (Malvaceae), Liquidambar
enormous variety of habitats and the wide recent attempt to estimate their floristic styraciflua (Altingiaceae), Oreomunnea
contact between Holarctic and Neotropical richness, Villaseñor (31) applied digital mexicana (Juglandaceae), Oreopanax
floras in the country (18, 24, 25, 26). It has filters and geographic information systems echinops (Araliaceae), and Podocarpus
been estimated that cloud forests in to an exhaustive dataset derived from the matudae (Podocarpaceae), although
Mexico occupy 10,000–20,000 km2, existing cloud forest literature. Using a none of these species occurs throughout
which is 0.5–1.0% of the national territory broader definition of cloud forest than that this forest type in Mexico.
(8, 10, 15, 20, 24, 25). As in other regions adopted in this report, he reports
of the world where these forests occur, somewhat larger numbers: 2,822 vascular The largest cloud forest tracts in Mexico
their habitat is considered unique among plant species, 815 genera and 176 are located in the Sierra Madre Oriental,
terrestrial ecosystems: it is strongly linked botanical families. Broadly speaking, the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca (Northern
to processes of cloud formation and a around 10% of the species, 52% of the Oaxaca Range), the Sierra Madre del Sur,
resulting near constant atmospheric genera, and 82% of the plant families the Northern Mountains of Chiapas and
saturation. This provides the forests with recorded from Mexico are found in the the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Perhaps the
their characteristic high relative humidity in country’s cloud forests (31). The causes of most remarkable cloud forest region in
the form of clouds and mist (13, 28). the outstanding species diversity in Mexico is found in the very humid
Mexican cloud forests is yet to be fully mountains of northern Oaxaca, where the
Mexican cloud forests, together with other explained but factors proposed include average total annual precipitation generally
similar forests in the world, are recognized their biogeographical history, fragmented exceeds 5,000 mm in many places,
as one of the most globally threatened distribution, intimate contact with many particularly at elevations between 1,600
plant formations because of their naturally other vegetation types and patterns of and 2,500 m.
scattered distribution along a narrow human disturbance (8, 16, 23, 24, 31).
elevational belt in which intense land-use Cloud forests in Mexico and the notable
change continues to take place (1, 3, 6, 7, The contribution of cloud forests to biodiversity that they harbour currently face
8, 13, 30, 32). In addition to forest Mexico’s endemic plant species is also a number of severe threats. During the last
fragmentation owing to deforestation, high: an estimated 30–35% of the half-century the highest deforestation rates
cloud forests are expected to be among country’s endemic plants are from have been reported in cloud forests,
5
considering both Mexico as a whole (4, 5) Mexican cloud forest tree species. In 3. Plant morphological scope
and for regions that still have considerable October 2007 a second meeting, attended It was decided to restrict the assessment
cloud forest cover (6, 9). In addition to by more than 15 experts, was held in the to tree species. In addition to their
global climate change, threats to cloud city of Zacatecas, coinciding with the XVII ecological and structural importance, there
forest biodiversity derive from a poor Mexican Botanical Congress. Further is considerably more information available
representation of cloud forests within meetings of small regional specialist for trees compared to other growth forms.
protected areas, extensive changes in groups were held in Xalapa and Mexico A tree was defined as a monopodic woody
land-use patterns that do not favour City from 2007 to 2009. The editors plant with a crown height no less than 4 m.
biodiversity, continued human population compiled the final edition of the report from It was decided not to include palms,
expansion into mountainous regions, and October 2009 to early March 2011. cycads, arborescent ferns or large shrub
slow progress in alleviating poverty and species, although plants reported to have
marginalization. Experts at the two 2007 meetings agreed both tree and shrub growth forms are
on a number of points to guide the included.
CONABIO (8) and Toledo-Aceves et al. (30) process:
compiled recommendations made by a 4. Successional scope
large panel of experts on Mexican cloud 1. Geographical scope The report focuses on tree species that
forests. Most of these will be of limited It was decided not to focus exclusively on occur in old-growth cloud forests. Cloud
application unless reliable basic information Mexican endemic species, but to include forest specialists are expected to be highly
is made readily available to a wide group cloud forest tree species that are present in vulnerable to climate change. They are also
of stakeholders, including government Mexico but may also occur elsewhere in likely to be threatened because of the
officials, NGOs, academic institutions, North America, in Central or South restricted and fragmented distribution of
grassroots groups, and indigenous and America, or in the Caribbean. this forest type and its rapid rate of loss.
peasant communities. This report aims to Exceptionally, a few taxa also occur in SE Global warming and deforestation might
contribute to the provision of information Asia. The status assessment for each favour the expansion of disturbance-
needed to support the planning and species is aimed to be global and not only related species currently found in
implementation of more effective applicable to Mexico. secondary vegetation derived from old-
conservation and development in Mexican growth cloud forests and they are also
cloud forest regions. 2. Ecological scope included in the report. Information on these
In this report cloud forest mostly includes latter species may be helpful in predicting
HOW THIS RED LIST WAS COMPILED humid forests between 1,500 and 2,500 changes in the composition of cloud forest
The preparation of this report started with m elevation, but cloud forest stands may and other neighbouring plant formations.
a workshop held in May 2007 at El Colegio occur at elevations as low as 900 m or as
de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), in San high as 3,000 m; there are cases 5. Sources of taxonomical information
Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. of isolated mountains and outlying Taxonomic information on Mexican cloud
The workshop brought together experts ridges of major ranges where the forest tree species is highly heterogeneous,
knowledgeable on the flora of this ‘Massenerhebung’ effect (12) is evident with many groups urgently in need of
biodiversity hotspot to assess the global and elevational vegetation belts are revision. Whenever possible, experts with
conservation status of tree species in compressed. Cloud forest, as defined in first-hand knowledge on the taxonomy of
montane Mexico. The workshop aimed to this report, is also known in the literature Mexican cloud forest trees and its related
reach definitions and advances on: (i) the as tropical montane cloud forest and is literature were consulted. The description
scope and content of the assessment roughly equivalent to the term bosque and geographical distribution of each
described in this report; (ii) the application mesófilo de montaña, defined by species was obtained from relevant floras
of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria Rzedowski (24), which is widely used in and checklists, and in many cases involved
for species conservation assessment using Mexico. Whilst the report focuses on cloud the examination of herbarium voucher
a ‘pilot’ list of 506 candidate cloud forest forest trees, it was noted that many specimens. Contributing assessors were
tree species from Chiapas; and (iii) the species are also able to grow in other also advised to consult the TROPICOS®
steps required to promote the widest forest types, such as oak or pine-oak database (maintained by the Missouri
possible collaboration of relevant Mexican forests, or even humid or dry tropical Botanical Garden) as a useful information
scientists to compile an initial list of forests occurring at lower elevations. source. The adopted names of familes and
6
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
arrangement of the genera follows the A frequently used source of information on
system proposed by the Angiosperm common names was the remarkable Conservation Number of
Phylogeny Group II (APG II) (27). The encyclopedic compilation for Mexican status species (%)
authors in plant names follow The plants by Martínez (17). Only common Extinct 3 (0.4)
International Plant Names Index names used in Mexico are included Critically Endangered 83 (10.9)
(www.ipni.org [accessed from October (without indication of the native language). Endangered 206 (27.0)
2009 to March 2011]). An attempt was made to include as much Vulnerable 175 (23.0)
information as possible on current or Near Threatened 78 (10.2)
6. Sources of ecological information potential uses of the species as this may Data Deficient 2 (0.3)
Whenever possible, experts with first-hand help develop practices that promote their Least Concern 215 (28.3)
field knowledge of Mexican cloud forest sustainable use and conservation. For Not Evaluated 0 (0)
ecology and associated literature were some species information on techniques
consulted. Many cloud forest areas in useful for restoration of their populations is
Mexico are still poorly known, yet the provided.
amount of recent literature that includes rare occurrence or due to a lack of recent
plant lists and population size estimates for Assessors’ acronyms are listed in taxonomic treatments or experts in the
Mexican tree species was surprisingly high, decreasing order of their involvement in taxonomy of particular groups, (ii) not truly
as well as studies dealing with their actual the assessment of the species; this may trees, even if they were reported by
or potential uses and restoration practices. be useful for readers interested in collectors as surpassing the 4 m height
contacting assessors for further threshold, or (iii) species absent from
7. Information on each species information. An effort was made to cloud forest habitats. It is hoped that by
The report provides as much relevant provide an extensive literature guide for as adopting these criteria the repetition of
information on each species as possible. many species as possible, with the aim of mistakes in the literature can be
Readers will notice that there is contributing to design and implementation minimized.
considerable heterogeneity among species of more effective conservation and
entries, a consequence of the large management plans. It is important to note the uncertainty
number of people who participated in the associated with the Red List classifications
project. NUMERICAL SYNTHESIS AND FINAL presented here, arising from the lack of
REMARKS detailed information on the distribution
The list of federal states showing the The Red List of Mexican cloud forest trees and abundance of many species, and the
distribution of the taxon in Mexico is includes a total of 762 species, fact that expert judgement had to be relied
arranged in a general geographical representing 85 botanical families. The on as a principal source of information.
sequence from north to south and west to distribution of these species across the Such problems have consistently been
east. Whenever possible, the main text IUCN categories is indicated in the table encountered in Red List assessments of
contains information on growth form and below. These figures imply that over 60% tree species (19), as in assessments of
size, vegetation types where the species is of the tree flora of the Mexican cloud many other groups. These assessments
found in addition to cloud forest, notes on forests is threatened to some extent. This should therefore be viewed as provisional,
its taxonomy, and synonyms. The provides clear evidence of the need to and as providing a basis for future
elevational range is mostly based on the strengthen conservation efforts within the refinement. The editors welcome
records of species occurrence. It was region. suggestions for amendment or clarification
decided not to include distribution maps of and it is hoped this assessment will
the species based on georeferenced The Red List presented here is highly stimulate further work to remedy those
herbarium vouchers or floristic inventories, dependent on expert judgement. An areas of particular uncertainty.
as this information is still in the process of implication of this was the exclusion of a
being taxonomically and geographically number of species that have been The content of this report emerged from
verified; in addition, there are some formerly reported as Mexican cloud forest the collaboration between a large number
ongoing projects aimed at providing maps trees. This decision was made when the of colleagues, yet the editors take full
based on different models of species assessors considered them to be (i) responsibility for its contents and any
distributions. botanical misidentifications, rather than a omissions.
7
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Phylogeny Website. Version 9,
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http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/
research/APweb/.
9
LIST OF ASSESSORS
(acronyms used in the text, in alphabetical order)
ECG Eleazar CARRANZA GONZÁLEZ Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología,

A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán,
Mexico
FLH Francisco G. LOREA-HERNÁNDEZ Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología,

A.C., 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
GCT Guadalupe CORNEJO-TENORIO Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán,
Mexico
GIM Guillermo IBARRA-MANRÍQUEZ Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán,
Mexico
GWL Guadalupe WILLIAMS-LINERA Red de Biología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., 91070
Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
ILV Isolda LUNA-VEGA Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

México, 04510 México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
JAM Jorge A. MEAVE Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

JCS Jorge CALÓNICO-SOTO Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad

Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, Distrito
Federal, Mexico
LLM Lauro LÓPEZ-MATA Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230

Montecillo, Estado de México, Mexico
LMG Luz María GONZÁLEZ VILLARREAL Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de

Guadalajara, 44100 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Department
of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53744 WI, USA
LSV Lázaro Rafael SÁNCHEZ-VELÁZQUEZ Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad

Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
MII Mario ISHIKI ISHIHARA Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio

de la Frontera Sur, 29290 San Cristóbal de Las Casas,
Chiapas, Mexico
10
MGE Mario GONZÁLEZ-ESPINOSA Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio

Chiapas, Mexico
MJP María de Jesús PERALTA Red de Biología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., 91070
Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
MMG Martha J. MARTÍNEZ-GORDILLLO Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

NRM Neptalí RAMÍREZ-MARCIAL Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio

Chiapas, Mexico
RDC Rafael F. DEL CASTILLO Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo

Integral Regional-Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico
Nacional, 71230 Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
RDS Jesús Ricardo DE SANTIAGO Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

RPL María del Rosario PINEDA-LÓPEZ Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad
Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
SAC Salvador ACOSTA-CASTELLANOS Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico

Nacional, 11340 México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
SAR Silvia AGUILAR RODRÍGUEZ Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, 54090 Los Reyes Iztacala, Estado de
México, Mexico
SVA Susana VALENCIA-ÁVALOS Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

YVR Yalma L. VARGAS-RODRÍGUEZ Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de

Guadalajara, 44100 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Department
of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
70803 LA, USA
11
A. Location of the Mexican Federal States.

B. Distribution of montane cloud forest in Mexico (dark grey spots), based on a map by the Comisión
Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) (Toledo-Aceves et al. 2011).
Map credits: M.A. Romero-Romero.
12
THE RED LIST OF MEXICAN CLOUD FOREST TREES
ACANTHACEAE Saurauia aspera Turcz.

VU B1ab(iii,iv)
Spathacanthus hahnianus Baill. Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
VU A4c Nicaragua
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras An understorey tree, up to 10 m tall. This taxon is marginal in
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species occurs in cloud cloud forest, as it mainly occurs in tropical rainforest at lower
forest and tropical rainforest, rarely in oak forest and mostly elevations and in pine-oak forest. In Mexico it is known from very
along streams. Although the species is known from a large area few localities (< 5 sites). Synonyms: Saurauia englesingii
in Mexico, it has not been recorded as abundant in the places Standl., S. perseifolia Standl. & Steyerm. Common names: ma-
where it has been collected. Outside Mexico, this taxon is do-chay, mameyito, mo-do-tzá, palo de moco, pipicho,
known from a single collection each from Guatemala and taga-tzego. The fruit is edible and is used by several ethnic
Honduras. No uses for this species are known but it would make groups, who grow the species in gardens and around
an attractive ornamental or garden tree. settlements.
Elevational range: 150–1,650 m Elevational range: (20) 1,300-1,500 (2,400) m
Assessor: FLH Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [84, 85] Refs: [171, 185, 279, 333, 361]
Spathacanthus parviflorus Leonard Saurauia cana B.T.Keller & Breedlove

VU A4c VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, TAB)
Shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. A typical cloud forest taxon, Small tree, 5–12 m tall. This Mexican endemic species is
it also occurs infrequently in tropical rainforest. It grows along marginal in cloud forest, it occurs more frequently in tropical rain
streams, on slopes and ridges. Common name: hueso de or tropical semi-evergreen forests. It has a widespread
pollo. As with the previous species, no uses are known for this distribution in the central part of the country. Considered by
species but it also has potential as an attractive ornamental or [385] as a synonym of Saurauia scabrida Hemsl. Synonym:
garden tree. Saurauia villosa var. scabrida Buscal.
Elevational range: 1,400–2,000 m Elevational range: 400–1,500 m
Assessor: FLH Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [84, 85, 363] Refs: [171, 186, 361, 385]
ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia comitis-rossei R.E.Schult.

EN B1ab(ii,iii)
Saurauia angustifolia Turcz. Mexico (OAX)
VU B1ab(iii,iv) Small tree up to 12 m tall. A narrow endemic, this taxon is only
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras known from very few localities at the Sierra Madre del Sur in
A small understorey tree, up to 8 m tall. Fairly abundant in cloud Oaxaca.
forest but it also grows in other forest types at lower elevations. Elevational range: 1,050–2,290 m
Synonyms: Saurauia leucocarpa Schltdl. var. angustifolia Assessors: SAC, MGE
(Turcz.) Buscal., S. anisopoda Turcz., S. leucocarpa Schltdl. var. Refs: [171, 361]
stenophylla Buscal.
Elevational range: 1,700–2,500 m Saurauia conzattii Buscal.
Assessor: MGE EN B1ab(iii)
Ref: [185] Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Honduras
A small tree up to 9 m tall. In Mexico it has been reported from
a few localities in Oaxaca. Its populations are severely
fragmented. In a recent taxonomic treatment on species from
Chiapas it was reported that its Mexican distribution is restricted
to Oaxaca, separating it from Saurauia cuchumatanensis and
13
S. matudae, both of which were considered synonyms of Saurauia matudae Lundell

S. conzatti by Hunter (1966). Common names: ma-do-chay, EN B1ab(iii)
mameyito, pichito. Mexico (CHS)
Elevational range: 1,500–2,540 m A small tree, up to 7 m tall. Not an abundant species on cloud
Assessors: SAC, MGE forest-covered slopes and in montane rainforest at lower
Refs: [171, 185, 333, 361] elevations in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas.
Elevational range: 1,750–2,400 m
Saurauia cuchumatanensis Standl. & Steyerm. Assessor: MGE
EN B1ab(iii) Ref: [185]
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
A small tree up to 9 m tall. Occurs on slopes in cloud forest and Saurauia oreophila Hemsl.
in montane rainforest at lower elevations. VU B2ab(iii)
Elevational range: 1,500–2,540 m Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Assessor: MGE An understorey tree, up to 15 m tall, but rarely more than 12 m
Ref: [185] and with trunk up to 25 cm in diameter. In Mexico it is known
only from very few localities in Oaxaca (three sites) and Chiapas
Saurauia kegeliana Schltdl. (mostly in the Central Highlands). Very low germination rates
VU B1ab(ii,iv) have been reported (10–40%). Synonyms: Saurauia latipetala
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica Hemsl., S. pauciflora Donn.Sm., S. subalpina Donn.Sm.
A mid-canopy tree, up to 25 m tall. This species occurs in cloud Common name: ajoj.
forest but it is also present in other humid forest formations at Elevational range: (680) 1,500–2,500 (3,300) m
lower elevations. In Mexico this species has been reported from Assessors: SAC, MGE
only a few localities. Synonyms: Saurauia pauciserrata Hemsl., Refs: [124, 171, 185, 279, 309, 361, 363]
S. maxonii Donn.Sm., S. intermedia Buscal. Common names:
capulín, duraznillo, moco, moquillo. Fruit is edible but not highly Saurauia pedunculata Hook.
regarded. VU B2ab(ii,iii)
Elevational range: 550–3,000 m Mexico (VER, OAX)
Assessors: SAC, MGE A small tree, 5–8 m tall. Marginal to cloud forest, this species is
Refs: [171, 185, 241, 279, 361] also present in tropical semi-evergreen forest. Endemic to
Veracruz (where it has a broad distribution) and Oaxaca.
Saurauia leucocarpa Schltdl. Elevational range: 900–1,500 m
VU B1ab(ii,iii) Assessor: SAC
Mexico (HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), El Refs: [171, 209, 361]
Salvador, Honduras
An understorey tree, up to 10 m tall. This taxon is not restricted Saurauia pringlei Rose
to cloud forest, it also occurs in pine-oak forest, oak forest and VU B1ab(iii)
tropical dry forest. Known from a small number of specimens. Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Synonyms: Saurauia barbigera Hook., S. pseudopringlei A small tree, 5–6 m tall. This species is endemic to Guerrero
Buscal. Common name: ixlava. (Sierra Madre del Sur) and Oaxaca (Sierra Norte). Synonyms:
Elevational range: 130–1,700 m Saurauia buscalioniana S.F.Blake, S. willdemannii Buscal.
Assessors: SAC, MGE Elevational range: 1,800–2,800 m
Refs: [171, 185, 279, 361, 438, 445] Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [115, 171, 207, 236, 333, 361]
Saurauia madrensis B.T.Keller & Breedlove
EN B1ab(i,iii) Saurauia pustulata G.E.Hunter
Mexico (CHS) EN B1ab(iii)
A small to medium-sized understorey tree, up to 13 m tall. Mexico (TAB, CHS)
Endemic to Chiapas, where it is known from a few (14) localities A small tree up to 10 m tall. This species is endemic to Chiapas
at the Sierra Madre de Chiapas with cloud forest and pine-oak- and Tabasco, where it has been collected at very few localities
Liquidambar forest. Common name: moquillo. Soft timber. (four and one sites in those states, respectively).
Elevational range: 1,900–3,000 m Elevational range: c. 1,700 m
Assessors: SAC, MGE Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 186, 228, 361, 363] Refs: [171, 185, 361]
14
Saurauia rubiformis Vatke Saurauia villosa DC.

VU B2ab(iii) EN B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Rica, Panama An understorey tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is not
A small understorey tree, 3–9 m tall, present in humid primary restricted to cloud forests; it also occurs in pine–oak forests and
forests and secondary vegetation. Synonyms: Saurauia secondary vegetation. In Mexico this taxon is known only from
polyantha Gilg., S. pseudorubiformis Buscal., S. sarapiquensis a few localities in Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Synonyms:
Carrière Saurauia macrophylla Linden ex Lindl. & Paxton, Saurauia
Elevational range: (500)1,550–2,600 m obelanthera Turcz., Saurauia pseudopeduncularis Buscal., S.
Assessors: SAC, MGE speluncicola R.E.Schult. Common names: ajob, barba de toro,
Refs: [171, 185, 279, 361, 438] tzoni.
Elevational range: 550–2,065 m
Saurauia scabrida Hemsl. Assessors: SAC, MGE
NT Refs: [171, 185, 241, 279, 333, 361]
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras Saurauia zahlbruckneri Buscal.
An understorey tree up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 20 cm in VU B2ab(iii)
diameter. Found in cloud forest, this species also occurs in oak Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
and pine-oak forest, tropical rainforest, and in shade-grown A small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species is not restricted to
coffee plantations. Widely distributed in Veracruz and Chiapas. cloud forest. In Mexico it is known only from very few localities
Synonyms: Saurauia cana B.T.Keller & Breedlove [385], S. in Chiapas, in areas neighbouring Guatemala.
nelsonii Rose. Common names: acaluma, almendrillo, calama, Elevational range: 1,300–2,500 m
cerbatana, ixtlahuatl, mameycillo, mameyito, moco, moco Assessors: SAC, MGE
blanco, moquillo, muk’ul ahoh, nistamalillo, pipicho, ts’een xixte’, Refs: [171, 185, 361]
zapotillo. A source of firewood and fruit is edible.
Elevational range: (345) 500–2,100 (2,900) m ADOXACEAE
Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM
Refs: [58, 171, 173, 185, 228, 279, 285, 295, 333, 361, 385, Viburnum acutifolium Benth.
438] EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Saurauia selerorum Buscal. Small tree, 3–6 m tall. This species occurs mainly in high
NT elevation cloud forest. The taxonomy of several Mexican species
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras of Viburnum is still unsettled; V. acutifolium is one of those
An understorey tree up to 12 m tall. Fairly abundant in cloud species. As circumscribed here, the species is restricted to
forests of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas but also present in forest southern Mexico. Records from the state of México, Michoacán
formations at lower elevations. Similar to S. aspera. and Jalisco must be wrong.
Elevational range: 1,600–2,400 m Elevational range: (1,300) 1,750–2,500 (2,850) m
Assessor: MGE Assessor: FLH
Ref: [185] Ref: [237]
Saurauia serrata DC. Viburnum blandum C.V.Morton

VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
OAX, TAB, CHS) Small tree, 3–5 m tall. This species grows mostly in mixed pine-
A small tree, 6–15 m tall. This species is not restricted to cloud oak forest, its presence in cloud forest is occasional.
forest. Reported from a few localities in all states along the Elevational range: 1,300–2,800 m
Pacific coast from Sinaloa to Chiapas, as well as in Morelos. Assessor: FLH
Synonyms: Saurauia fluviatilis (Buscal.) Rose ex Buscal., S. Ref: [228]
pseudopedunculata Buscal., S. reticulata Rose. Common
names: mameyito, mameyito blanco, moquillo, níspero.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [2, 76, 79, 96, 171, 207, 234, 278, 288, 351, 356, 357,
361, 428, 429, 438]
15
Viburnum ciliatum Greenm. Viburnum microcarpum Schltdl. & Cham.

EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, PUE) Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Small tree, 3–6 m tall. It is commonly found in cloud forest but Small tree, 3–7 m tall. Apparently this taxon is rare in cloud
also in pine and oak forest. Sometimes locally abundant along forest, and it is more frequently found in oak forest, pine-oak
streams. This taxon is endemic to Mexico, with a distribution forest, pine forest, as well as in secondary vegetation derived
restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental. Common name: from these plant communities. Common name: negro.
platanillo. Elevational range: (900) 1,300–2,100 (2,800) m
Elevational range: 900–2,300 m Assessor: FLH
Assessor: FLH Ref: [437]
Refs: [4, 229, 236, 295, 437]
Viburnum obtusatum D.N.Gibson
Viburnum discolor Benth. CR B1ab(iii)
VU B1ab(iii) Mexico (CHS)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala Small tree, 3–7 m tall. Rare in high elevation cloud forest.
Small tree (2.5–6 m tall). This species is rare in cloud forest and Apparently endemic to a small area around the Tzontehuitz
it mostly grows in pine-oak forest or pine-fir forest. Volcano in Chiapas, an area where severe deforestation has
Elevational range: (1,800) 2,200–3,200 m occurred.
Assessor: FLH Elevational range: 2,500–2,800 m
Refs: [29, 254] Assessor: FLH
Ref: [254]
Viburnum disjunctum C.V.Morton var. mendax (C.V.Morton)
D.N.Gibson Viburnum tiliifolium (Oerst.) Hemsl.
EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Small tree, 3–5 m tall. A rare taxon of cloud forest. Small tree, 3–7 (10) m tall. Apparently rare in cloud forest, this
Elevational range: 1,600–2,500 m species is more frequent in oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak
Assessor: FLH forest, pine-fir forest, as well as in secondary vegetation derived
Ref: [254] from these plant communities. Synonyms: Oreinotinus tiliifolius
Oerst., Viburnum rhombifolium (Oerst.) Hemsl. Common name:
Viburnum elatum Benth. negro.
VU B1ab(iii) Elevational range: 400–2,800 m
Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, Assessor: FLH
MIC, MEX, DF, GRO, CHS) Refs: [4, 229, 437]
Small tree, 2–8 m tall. Rarely present in cloud forest, this species
is more frequent in mixed pine-oak forest. Endemic to Mexico ANACARDIACEAE
but widespread in the country. Common name: pasilla. Tree
used in folk medicine. Spondias radlkoferi Donn.Sm.
Elevational range: (1,600) 2,200–3,000 m NT
Assessor: FLH Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
Refs: [76, 135, 302, 436] El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela
Viburnum jucundum C.V.Morton Deciduous medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. Very
EN B1ab(iii) marginal as a cloud forest taxon, this species is relatively
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador abundant in lowland forests where it occurs preferentially.
Small tree, 3–6 m tall. A frequent cloud forest element, it also Common name: jobo. Used for making fence posts.
grows in pine-oak forest and pine-fir forest. Synonyms: Elevational range: 50–500 (900) m
Viburnum chiapense Lundell, V. matudae Morton. Common Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
names: isbón, tzop. Refs: [173, 279]
Elevational range: 1,700–3,100 (3,900) m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [124, 133, 135, 189, 228, 302, 309]
16
Tapirira mexicana Marchand Guatteria galeottiana Baill.

VU B1ab(iii) EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Belize, Costa Rica, Mexico (VER, OAX, CAM)
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 14 m tall. This narrow
Large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 70 cm in diameter, endemic species is only known from a few localities. Typical of
although usually smaller in cloud forest. This species used to be an primary forest but not restricted to cloud forest, as it also occurs
abundant canopy tree in cloud forest and adjacent tropical in lowland tropical rainforest and tropical evergreen forest.
montane rainforests. It occurs in the Gulf of Mexico slope and on Common names: cananga, ma-hum-sey.
the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur. Common names: Elevational range: 200–1,400 m
bienvenido, cacao, caobilla, duraznillo, huinchini, jobo, nompi. Its Assessors: JAM, GIM, SVA, ILV
wood, similar to mahogany or caoba (Swietenia macrophylla). It is Refs: [218, 225, 333, 376, 431]
used locally for making furniture, window frames and doors.
Elevational range: 500–1,400 (1,800) m Rollinia membranacea Triana & Planch.
Assessors: GWL, FLH, MJP VU A4c
Refs: [173, 225, 279, 285, 399] Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
ANNONACEAE Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. In addition to cloud
forest, this species also occurs in drier forest formations, such
Annona liebmanniana Baill. as tropical dry forest and tropical evergreen forest. Individuals of
EN A4c this species are typically scarce in the forest communities where
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize it is present, so that this species is normally considered to be
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 30 locally rare.
cm in diameter. This species grows in cloud forest and moist Elevational range: (0) 600–1,400 (1,700) m
tropical forests of lower elevations; yet its geographical range in Assessors: JAM, GIM, SVA, ILV
Mexico is highly restricted. Refs: [219, 279, 285, 358]
Elevational range: 100–850 m
Assessors: JAM, GIM, SVA, ILV APOCYNACEAE
Refs: [104, 218]
Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon
Desmopsis lanceolata Lundell VU A4c
CR A4c; B1ab(i,iii) Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Mexico (CHS) El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub or small tree. A narrow Mexican endemic species, it is Tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread cloud forest species, it also
known from three localities of the Sierra Madre of Chiapas only. occurs in tropical dry forest, pine-oak forest and riparian habitats
This rare cloud forest species also grows occasionally in of several vegetation types. Synonyms: Rauvolfia longifolia
adjacent lowland tropical rainforest. A.DC., Tonduzia longifolia (A.DC.) Markgr.
Elevational range: 750–1,500 m Elevational range: 200–1,800 m
Assessors: JAM, GIM, SVA, ILV Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV
Ref: [29] Refs: [95, 279, 450]
Desmopsis trunciflora (Schltdl. & Cham.) G.E.Schatz Alstonia pittieri (Donn.Sm.) A.H.Gentry
EN A4c VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS) Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. This Mexican endemic species has a Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
very marginal presence in cloud forest, and it is only found in Small tree, up to 4 m tall. A widespread cloud forest component,
Jalisco, within the limits of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere this species also grows in tropical dry forest, tropical semi-
Reserve, where populations have been recorded in the evergreen forest, oak forest and in riparian habitats. Some
understorey of this vegetation type. This tree normally grows in taxonomic treatments consider this species a synonym of
tropical rainforest and tropical evergreen forest of the lowland Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon.
Gulf of Mexico slope, where it is scarce. Population structure Elevational range: 250–1,800 m
analyses suggest that this species has good regeneration in Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV
cloud forest communities. Refs: [76, 95, 279, 450]
Assessors: JAM, GIM
Refs: [80, 173]
17
Stemmadenia litoralis (Kunth) L.Allorge Ilex quercetorum I.M.Johnst.

VU A4c VU B1ab(ii,iii)
United States, Mexico (NAY, HGO, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO, Mexico (DGO [?], VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Tree, 15–25 m tall. A frequently found species in cloud forest as
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica well as in tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, pine
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. In Mexico this species is forest, and pine-oak forest. Common name: palo verde.
rarely a cloud forest component (only in Chiapas and Hidalgo), Elevational range: 200–2,200 m
as it occurs more frequently in lowland and mid-elevation Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC
tropical forest formations. Synonyms: Stemmadenia galeottiana Refs: [173, 209, 279]
(A.Rich) Miers, S. greenmani Woodson, S. macrophylla Greenm.
Elevational range: 180–1,350 m Ilex servinii E.Carranza
Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV EN A4c
Ref: [246] Mexico (QRO)
Tree, 6–10 m tall, apparently dioecious. Specimens (three
Vallesia aurantiaca (M.Martens & Galeotti) J.F.Morales vouchers) were collected in 1990, all of which are from cloud
NT forest and pine-oak forest.
Mexico (SON, CHI, JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Elevational range: 1,300–1,500 m
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread cloud forest Ref: [53]
species, it is also present in seasonal formations such as tropical
dry forest, oak forest and pine forest. Synonyms: Vallesia ARALIACEAE
flexuosa Woodson, V. mexicana Müll.Arg.
Elevational range: 1,500–2,600 m Dendropanax hondurensis M.J.Cannon & Cannon
Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV CR A1cd; B2ab(iii)
Refs: [96, 115, 238, 248, 279, 451] Mexico (CHS), Honduras
Large tree, up to 36 m tall, self-standing but occasionally
Vallesia spectabilis El.Mey. ex J.F.Morales epiphytic. A typically highland tree species; for Mexico there is
CR B1ab(iii) a single record of this taxon from Chiapas, based on a specimen
Mexico (JAL) collected by F. Miranda in 1953. Unfortunately, this specimen
Small tree, up to 7 m. A very narrow cloud forest species, this lacks sufficient collecting information (an elevation of 1,700–
taxon is only known from the Las Joyas locality in the Sierra de 2,000 m near the locality of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán can
Manantlán Biosphere Reserve. be inferred through interpolation of Miranda’s other collecting
Elevation: 1,500 m numbers). Habitat destruction has been severe in the region
Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV since the 1950s.
Refs: [82, 245] Elevational range: 1,540–2,700 m
Assessors: MGE, GIM
AQUIFOLIACEAE Refs: [44, 45]
Ilex dugesii Fernald Dendropanax leptopodus (Donn.Sm.) A.C.Sm.

VU A1c EN A4c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, GTO, MIC) Mexico (SLP, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Tree, (5) 10–15 m tall, apparently dioecious. Formerly occurring Nicaragua, Panama
in cloud forest, oak forest and conifer forest, particuarly in Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 9 m tall. A typical cloud forest
riparian habitats, this species is extremely rare in the El Bajío element, this species is noteworthy for having a wide but
region of central Mexico where it has probably gone extinct (last notoriously disjunct distribution in the country. Synonym:
collected in the region in 1891). Common name: naranjillo. Gilibertia leptopoda Donn.Sm.
Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
Refs: [53, 142, 429] Refs: [45, 207, 279]
18
Dendropanax pallidus M.J.Cannon & Cannon Oreopanax echinops (Cham. & Schltdl.) Decne. & Planch.
CR A4; B2ab(iii) VU A4c
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud forest Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
species, its elevational range extends well into the lowlands, Large shrub or tree, up to 15 m tall, self-standing. This taxon is
particularly into the tropical rainforest region. Individuals of this not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in other mountain
species grow frequently on very steep slopes. In Mexico it is forest formations such as oak and pine forest. Synonym: Aralia
only known from the Sierra Madre of Chiapas. Narrowly endemic echinops Cham & Schltdl. Common name: cinco hojas.
to Guatemala and its close vicinity in neighbouring countries. Elevational range: (684) 1,100– 2,400 m
Elevational range: 800–2,200 m Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA Refs: [46, 72, 76, 79, 96, 115, 191, 192, 207, 209, 278, 279,
Ref: [45] 357, 429]
Dendropanax populifolius (Marchal) A.C.Sm. Oreopanax flaccidus Marchal

CR B2ab(iii,iv) CR A4c
Mexico (OAX, CHS) Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. Exclusive to old-growth, very wet Epiphytic shrub or tree, 6–8 m tall. This species is almost
forests in Chiapas (El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve) and Oaxaca (La exclusive to cloud forest communities but it may also be
Chinantla), on a very narrow elevational range of c. 300 m wide. occasionally found in pine forest and oak forest. The very low
This species is very likely to be at risk owing to climatic change, number of specimens deposited at herbaria suggests that this
as it would probably not withstand successfully shifts towards is a very scarce species.
drier conditions. Synonym: Gilibertia populifolia Marchal. Elevational range: 1,600– 2,900 m
Elevational range: 1,850–2,200 m Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA Refs: [4, 72, 229]
Refs: [45, 363]
Oreopanax guatemalensis (Lem. ex Bosse) Decne. &
Oreopanax arcanus A.C.Sm. Planch.
CR A4c NT
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Mexico (VER, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
Small tree, up to 12 m tall, self-standing but frequently epiphytic. El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
A narrowly endemic species restricted to the Central Highlands A hemiepiphytic or epiphytic large shrub or small tree, up to 20
and the Sierra Madre of Chiapas. There is one record from m tall. Although not restricted to cloud forest, this species has
Guatemala without indication of locality. This species is a strong preference for closed, humid forests, particularly in
frequently found on steep slopes in very humid areas, particularly tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. It can also
in cloud forest stands. be found in pine forest and on roadsides. It may be locally
Elevational range: 1,300–2,650 m abundant but its habitat is being largely affected by
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA deforestation. However, it often grows in secondary vegetation
Refs: [46, 279] stands. Synonyms: Aralia guatemalensis Lem. ex Bosse,
Oreopanax obtusifolius L.O.Williams.
Oreopanax capitatus (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch. Elevational range: 0–2,000 (2,800) m
NT Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Refs: [46, 72, 279]
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil,
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles
Medium-sized to very large tree, up to 40 m tall, terrestrial or
hemi-epiphytic. This species is a typical cloud forest component,
although it also occurs in humid lowland forests. Usually very
abundant in the communities where it occurs including
secondary vegetation stands. Synonyms: Aralia capitata Jacq.,
Oreopanax meiocephalum Donn.Sm. Common names:
cabellera de palo, choco, coamatl, coletón, matapalo.
Elevational range: 100–2,600 (3,100) m
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
Refs: [46, 72, 126, 225, 279, 347, 445]
19
Oreopanax liebmannii Marchal Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planch.

VU A4c NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Mexico (NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
Panama PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Large shrub or small tree, up to 9 m tall, almost always Costa Rica, Panama
epiphytic. Although this tree is not a cloud forest specialist, it is Medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall. In addition to its well-known
always associated with humid forests, including humid oak presence in cloud forest, this species is a frequent component
forest. The species is moderately abundant across its entire of tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical
elevational range but most records are from sites above 1,500 rainforest and oak forest. It is locally abundant but its habitats
m. In a recent taxonomic treatment it was suggested that this are being severely threatened by deforestation. Detailed
species could be a synonym of O. capitatus (Jacq.) Decne., demographic and genetic studies have been conducted in
based on the difficulty of separating the two species in material populations from the Central Plateau of Chiapas. Synonyms:
from Nicaragua. The decision to maintain this species in the list Aralia xalapensis Kunth, O. langlassei Standl (but at least in one
is based on the fact that such difficulty has not been locality in Oaxaca and one in Guerrero the two species are
encountered for Mexican material. Common name: oncoy. readily distinguished without any confusion, based on very
Elevational range: (100) 350–2,700 m different leaf morphologies), O. loesenerianus Harms, O.
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA taubertianum Donn.Sm. Common names: acubisi, jabnal,
Refs: [46, 72, 126, 279] macuilillo, mano de danta, mano de león, mano de santa, mano
de tigre, mazorca, pata de gallo, siete hojas, tamalcobaite de
Oreopanax peltatus Linden montaña, xocotamal, yich’akmut. This species is planted as an
NT ornamental and shade tree.
Mexico (SON, SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, Elevational range: (380) 800–3,000 (3,400) m
OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. A typical cloud forest Refs: [2, 4, 46, 70, 71, 76, 96, 115, 124, 126, 133, 135, 166,
species, it also occurs in several other forest formations 180, 191, 192, 207, 209, 225, 228, 229, 236, 238, 267, 277,
including tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, oak 279, 285, 295, 302, 309, 336, 356, 433, 444]
forest and pine forest. Synonyms: Oreopanax jaliscana S.Wats.,
O. salvinii Hemsl. Common names: coleto, mano de león, ASTERACEAE
papaya cimarrona, palo de coleto, tronador.
Elevational range: 100–2,500 m Critoniadelphus nubigenus (Benth.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA EN B1ab(iii)
Refs: [2, 46, 72, 76, 180, 191, 225, 277, 309, 351] Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Small tree, 4–9 m tall. This species is restricted to cloud forest
Oreopanax platyphyllus Marchal in Chiapas, the only Mexican state where it occurs. Synonyms:
CR A4c Critonia nubigena (Benth.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Eupatorium
Mexico (VER, OAX[?], CHS), Guatemala nubigenum Benth. Common name: árbol de miel. It is used in
Medium-sized tree, up to 16 m tall. A scarce cloud forest folk medicine.
species, it also occurs in pine-oak forest. Synonym: Oreopanax Elevational range: 1,300–3,000 m
ripicola L.O.Williams. Assessors: GIM, GCT
Elevational range: (50) 900–2,000 m Refs: [124, 279, 309, 440]
Ref: [46] Critoniopsis baadii (McVaugh) H.Rob.
EN B1ab(iii)
Oreopanax sanderianus Hemsl. Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC)
EN A4c Treelike shrub or small tree, 2–4 m tall and trunk up to 23 cm in
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras diameter. This species is present in cloud forest, oak forest and
Small tree, self-standing but more often epiphytic, up to 18 m pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Vernonia baadii (McVaugh)
tall. A fairly abundant cloud forest species, this taxon occurs in S.B.Jones, V. salicifolia (Mart.) Less. var. baadii McVaugh
less humid forest types as well. In Mexico most known Elevational range: 1,000–2,000 m
populations are located in Chiapas. Common name: coletillo Assessors: GIM, GCT
Elevational range: 550–2,300 m Refs: [76, 231, 438]
Refs: [46, 96, 115, 180, 191, 228, 236, 279]
20
Koanophyllon pittieri (Klatt) R.M.King & H.Rob. BERBERIDACEAE

VU B1ab(ii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Berberis gracilis Benth.
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama VU A4c
Small tree, 2–6 m tall. This is a pioneer species in the tropical Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, OAX)
rainforest successional dynamics and is probably rare in cloud Large shrub or small, slender tree, up to 7 m tall. This species
forest. Synonyms: Eupatorium galeottii B.L.Rob., E. pittieri Klatt, is nearly endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental range. A cloud
Koanophyllon galeottii (B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Common forest occasional taxon, more frequently found in pine-oak forest
name: leñador. The trunk is used for making fences. and pine-juniper forest, also commonly present in secondary
Elevational range: 150–1,500 m vegetation. Synonyms: Mahonia gracilis (Benth.) Fedde, M.
Assessors: GIM, GCT subintegrifolia Fedde, Odostemon gracilis (Benth.) Standl.
Refs: [173, 279, 439, 440] Common name: palo amarillo.
Montanoa revealii H.Rob. Assessor: JAM
EN B1ab(iii) Refs: [221, 225, 300]
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree (4) 10–15 m tall and trunk up to 15 Berberis hartwegii Benth.
cm in diameter. This taxon is equally abundant in cloud forest VU A4c
and pine-oak forest. Montanoa subtruncata A.Gray, M. Mexico (TAM, SLP, HGO, VER)
hexagona B.L.Rob. & Greenm. and M. karwinskii DC. are closely Small tree, up to 5 m tall. An endemic Mexican taxon whose
related species. distributional range is restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Elevational range: 1,830–3,000 m This is a typical primary cloud forest tree, although it also occurs
Assessors: GIM, GCT in pine forest and oak forest. Synonyms: Mahonia hartwegii
Refs: [180, 327, 438] (Benth.) Fedde, Odostemon hartwegii (Benth.) Standl. Common
names: chochoco, xoxoco.
Telanthophora cobanensis (J.M.Coult.) H.Rob. & Brettell Elevational range: 1,100–2,500 m
EN B1ab(ii) Assessor: JAM
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras Ref: [221]
Shrub or small tree, 1–9 m tall. This taxon is a cloud forest
specialist. Synonym: Senecio cobanensis J.M.Coult. Berberis incerta (Fedde) Marroquín
Elevational range: 1,325–2,400 m EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Assessors: GIM, GCT Mexico (HGO, VER)
Refs: [228, 279, 439] Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. This Mexican endemic taxon
is not restricted to cloud forest as it is also present in pine-oak
Telanthophora standleyi (Greenm.) H.Rob. & Brettell forest. Populations seem to always have low densities.
EN B1ab(iii) Synonyms: Mahonia incerta Fedde, Odostemon incertus Standl.
Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO) Elevational range: 2,250 m
Shrub or small tree, 3–8 m tall and trunk up to 12 cm in Assessor: JAM
diameter. A cloud forest specialist, this species has been Refs: [221, 356]
reported from very few localities. Synonyms: Senecio standleyi
Greenm., Telanthophora jaliscana (Greenm.) H.Rob. & Brettell Berberis moranensis Schult. & Schult.f.
Elevational range: 1,500–2,200 m VU A4c
Assessors: GIM, GCT Mexico (SIN, JAL, GTO, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX)
Refs: [76, 154, 231, 328, 429, 438] Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This is a fairly frequent
cloud forest species that also occurs in pine forest and oak
Verbesina lanata B.L.Rob. & Greenm. forest where it shows a strong preference for shaded, humid
EN B1ab(ii) ravines. The species is noteworthy for having a very high inter-
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, population morphological variation. Synonyms: Berberis
Costa Rica, Panama pinnata Sessé & Mociño, Mahonia moranensis (Schult. &
Small to medium-sized tree, 3–15 m tall. This species occurs in Schult.f.) I.M.Johnst., M. pinnata Kunth, Odostemon fascicularis
cloud forest, pine forest and tropical rainforest, frequently in (DC.) Abrams. Common names: agritos, ixcapul serrano, palo
riparian habitats. amarillo, palo de teñir, retamilla, yagabuxe.
Elevational range: 500–2,500 m Elevational range: (1,600) 1,800–3,150 m
Assessors: GIM, GCT Assessor: JAM
Ref: [392] Ref: [221]
21
BETULACEAE BIGNONIACEAE
Carpinus caroliniana Walter Amphitecna macrophylla (Seem.) Miers ex Baill.

NT VU A1c
Canada, United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, NAY, JAL, HGO, Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Small pachycaulous tree, 2–12 m tall. In addition to cloud forest,
Honduras, Nicaragua this species also occurs in oak forest and secondary vegetation.
A small to medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to This taxon is suspected to have become extinct in Veracruz.
100 cm in diameter, very typical of cloud forest but also found Synonym: Crescentia macrophylla Seem. Common name:
in oak, pine-oak and pine forest. Populations in the United huiro de montaña.
States and Canada are large but those in Mexico and Central Elevational range: 700–1,300 m
America are considerably more endangered because of Assessors: GIM, GCT
extensive deforestation of cloud forests. Seedlings can be Ref: [127]
produced from fruits collected from the trees; germination is low
(< 40%). Synonyms: Carpinus americana Michx., C. betulus L. Amphitecna montana L.O.Williams
var. virginiana Marsh., C. caroliniana var. tropicalis (Donn.Sm.) EN B1ab(iii)
Standl., C. caroliniana var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern., C. tropicalis Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
(Donn.Sm.) Lundell, C. tropicalis subsp. mexicana Furlowl. Medium-sized tree, 10–20 m tall. This species is narrowly
Common names: alisillo, c’ut bah té, capillero, caxin, dsuram restricted to cloud forest. Synonym: Dendrosicus montanus
cura, lechillo, mora blanca, mora de la sierra, moralillo, oreja de (L.O.Williams) A.H.Gentry.
ratón, palo barranco, palo blanco, palo de barranca, palo Elevational range: 1,500–2,600 m
barranco, palo borracho, palo liso, pepinque, pipinque, Assessors: GIM, GCT
tzaráracua-ucua, tzutcamay. Used as a source of fuelwood. Refs: [127, 228, 363]
Elevational range: 1,200–2,200 (2,600) m (close to sea level in
SE United States) Amphitecna steyermarkii (A.H.Gentry) A.H.Gentry
Assessors: ILV, NRM, MGE EN B1ab(iii)
Refs: [2, 4, 31, 57, 58, 76, 79, 96, 115, 135, 137, 143, 180, Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
207, 209, 213, 229, 236, 277–279, 285, 295, 309, 348, 356, Small tree, 8–10 m tall. This cloud forest species also occurs in
357, 363, 428, 429, 445] oak forest. Synonym: Dendrosicus steyermarkii A.H.Gentry.
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch Assessors: GIM, GCT
NT Ref: [127]
Canada, United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM,
SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, BORAGINACEAE
GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
A cloud forest tree species, up to 25 m tall and trunk up to 50 Tournefortia petiolaris A.DC.
cm in diameter, but also occurs on moist and shaded slopes EN A4c
covered with oak, pine-oak and pine forest at mid-elevations. Mexico (MIC, MEX, MOR, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Populations in Canada and the United States are large but those Honduras, Colombia
in Mexico and Central America are more endangered because Shrub or small, slender tree, up to 8 m tall. The preferred habitat
of deforestation. Seedlings can be readily produced from fruits of this species is cloud forest. Specimens of this species have
collected from the trees; germination is rather low (< 40%). been often misidentified as Tournefortia acutiflora Mart. &
Synonyms: Carpinus virginiana Mill., Ostrya guatemalensis Galeotti. Synonym: Tournefortia nelsonii Donn.Sm.
(H.J.P.Winkl.) Rose, O. mexicana Rose, O. virginiana var. Elevational range: (1,200) 1,500–2,000 (3,300) m
guatemalensis (Winkl.) Macbride. Common names: guapaque, Assessor: JAM
guichin, mora, mora roja, palo blanco moro, pepinque, petatillo, Refs: [29, 76, 255]
pipinque, tzutujté. The wood is dark and hard. Bark and leaves
are used in folk medicine; much sought after for timber. BURSERACEAE
Elevational range: 1,200–2,350 (2,800) m (below 200 m in
Canada and the United States). Protium copal (Schltdl. & Cham.) Engl. var. copal
Assessors: ILV, MGE NT
Refs: [4, 57, 58, 76, 79, 96, 115, 135, 137, 143, 180, 207, Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
209, 213, 228, 229, 236, 241, 279, 295, 300–302, 309, 348, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize
356, 357, 428, 429, 438, 445] Dioecious small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 (rarely 30) m tall.
22
This widespread taxon occasionally occurs in cloud forest, CELASTRACEAE

growing more frequently in lower elevation formations such as
tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest, and less frequently Euonymus mexicanus Benth.
in tropical dry forest. Its preferred habitat is primary forest. EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Synonyms: Icica copal Schltdl. & Cham., I. palmeri Rose, Mexico (HGO, VER, GRO, OAX)
Protium palmeri (Rose) Engl. Common names: aceitillo, copal, A shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A cloud forest species, also
copal aceitillo, copalillo, jom, jomte, pom, zapotillo. The resin of found in oak forest. Its preferred habitats are protected ravines
this tree has been traditionally used in religious ceremonies since and slopes but it has also been found on dry slopes. Its habitat
pre-Hispanic times and presently it is one of the most commonly is severely fragmented and threatened with further deforestation.
sold products for the festivities of the Day of the Dead (1 and 2 Synonym: Euonymus hernandezii Lundell.
November), and is deeply rooted in Mexican tradition. The resin Elevational range: 1,900–2,500 m
is also used for the production of varnish and lacquer, as well as Assessors: MGE, NRM
medicinal ointments. The fruit is seldom eaten and not highly Refs: [4, 217]
appreciated. The wood is used for multiple purposes including
the construction of rural houses, as a source of firewood and Quetzalia contracta (Lundell) Lundell
for making poles, furniture and small boats. EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2ab(i)
Elevational range: 0–1,200 m Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Assessor: JAM A small tree, to 7–10 m tall and trunk up to 30 cm in diameter.
Refs: [267, 285, 333, 339, 345] Found in old-growth, high elevation cloud forests, it is likely to be
susceptible to climatic change and habitat loss due to
BUXACEAE deforestation. Known only from the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes
(Guatemala), the Ixtlán region (Oaxaca), and a few localities in
Buxus moctezumae Eg.Köhler, R.Fernández & Zamudio the Central Highlands of Chiapas. The orange aril must be
CR B1ab(iii) removed and the seeds washed with cold water to induce
Mexico (QRO) germination (c. 60%). Seeds do not remain viable after seven
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. This extremely rare and months. Synonym: Microtropis contracta Lundell. Common
narrowly endemic species is known from tropical semi- name: mes te’ka’. It is used as a source of fuelwood and for
evergreen forest but it occasionally intrudes into adjacent cloud producing charcoal.
forest, mostly along ravines. Known from a single locality in Elevational range: 2,500–2,800 m
Landa de Matamoros municipio (county). Assessors: NRM, MGE
Elevational range: 300–900 m Refs: [124, 135, 177, 214, 309]
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Ref: [111] Quetzalia guatemalensis (Sprague) Lundell
EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2ab(i)
CANNABACEAE Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
A small tree in old-growth high elevation cloud forests. Likely to
Lozanella enantiophylla (Donn.Sm.) Killip & C.V.Morton be susceptible to climatic change and habitat loss due to
NT deforestation. In Mexico known only from a few localities in
Mexico (HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Oaxaca and the Central Highlands of Chiapas. Synonym:
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Microtropis guatemalensis Sprague.
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Elevational range: 1,200–2,760 m
Dioecious shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. Mostly a cloud Assessors: NRM, MGE
forest understorey species, this taxon also occurs in oak forest Ref: [214]
and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Global warming could
potentially represent a significant threat to this taxon as the Quetzalia occidentalis (Loes. ex Donn.Sm.) Lundell
majority of its populations grow at high elevations, making an VU B2ab(iii); C2ab(i)
upwards elevational shift of its range unlikely to occur. Synonyms: Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama
Lozanella trematoides Greenm., Trema enantiophylla Donn.Sm. A small cloud forest tree species with a restricted distribution in
Elevational range: (250) 1,100–3,000 (4,500) m Mexico (Ixtlán region, northern Oaxaca) but more widespread in
Assessor: JAM Costa Rica and Panama. Synonym: Microtropis occidentalis
Refs: [4, 29, 180, 259, 363, 402] (Loes. ex Donn.Sm.) Lundell.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [214, 229, 279]
23
Quetzalia schiedeana (Loes.) Lundell Wimmeria montana Lundell

VU B2ab(iii); C2ab(i) EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX) Mexico (CHS)
A small cloud forest tree species. A Mexican endemic taxon A small tree species of the cloud forest. The taxon is endemic
(type locality is Chiconquiaco, Veracruz). Synonym: Microtropis to the central and northern Highlands of Chiapas.
schiedeana Loes. Elevational range: 1,170–2,700 m
Elevational range: c. 2,000 m Assessors: NRM, MGE
Assessors: NRM, MGE Refs: [214, 363]
Refs: [4, 209, 214, 229]
Wimmeria sternii Lundell
Quetzalia stipitata (Lundell) Lundell VU A2c; B1ab(iii)
EN A2c; B1ab(iii) Mexico (OAX, CHS), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE) A small cloud forest tree, this species also occurs in other more
An arborescent shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall and trunk up seasonal forest formations. In Mexico it is known only from a
to 4 cm in diameter. Although this taxon can be found in old- few localities in Oaxaca and Chiapas where severe habitat loss
growth cloud forest, it is more frequently found in humid has been recorded in recent decades.
pine-oak forest. Its preferred habitats are protected ravines and Elevational range: 800–2,300 m
slopes with deep and well-drained soils. Sometimes abundant. Assessors: NRM, MGE
Its habitat is severely threatened by extensive, ongoing Ref: [214]
deforestation.
Elevational range: 1,700– 2,200 m Zinowiewia concinna Lundell
Assessors: NRM, MGE EN A1cd; B2ab(iii)
Ref: [126] Mexico (JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX)
This typical cloud forest tree is quite variable in size, from
Wimmeria chiapensis Lundell relatively short individuals to trees over 30 m tall with very wide
CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i) trunks. In addition to cloud forest this species is also present in
Mexico (CHS) other more seasonal forests. This species is endemic to Mexico,
A small tree species only known from a few localities in cloud mostly in the southern part of the country, in cloud forests of the
forest or pine-oak forest where severe habitat loss has recently Sierra Madre del Sur. Common names: gloria, palo blanco, tnu-
taken place. yahá, tun-yaa.
Elevational range: 700–1,930 m Elevational range: 1,800–2,450 m
Assessors: NRM, MGE Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [214] Refs: [2, 76, 79, 96, 115, 155, 207, 213, 214, 236, 277, 278,
348, 351, 356, 357, 429, 431, 438]
Wimmeria concolor Schltdl. & Cham.
NT Zinowiewia matudae Lundell
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), CR A2cd; B1ab(iii,iv,v)
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua Mexico (CHS)
An evergreen erect shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 15 (30) A small, typical cloud forest tree species. This taxon is a very
m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in diameter. This widely distributed narrow endemic with its geographical range restricted to
species grows in a variety of plant formations including cloud Chiapas (mostly on the Sierra Madre de Chiapas but with a few
forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest, tropical dry forest, and records from the Northern Mountains region). Possibly only one
tropical rainforest. Hill slopes and ravines are its preferred population under protection at the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve.
habitats, particularly in old-growth stands, but sometimes it is Elevational range: 900–2,540 m
also found in shady secondary vegetation or close to shade- Assessors: NRM, MGE
grown coffee plantations; this tree is abundant in a few places. Ref: [214]
Its habitat in relatively mature forests has been severely reduced
and it is threatened by further deforestation. Synonym: Zinowiewia rubra Lundell
Wimmeria discolor Schltdl. & Cham. Common names: EN B2ab(ii,iii)
algodoncillo, clashiste, huesillo, palo verde. Mexico (CHS), Guatemala.
Elevational range: (0) 200–1,600 m A small or medium-sized tree,10–20 m tall and trunk 30–60 cm
Assessors: NRM, MGE in diameter. A rare cloud forest species endemic to high
Refs: [29, 58, 249] elevation localities in Chiapas and Guatemala, rarely occurring in
more seasonal formations at lower elevations as well. Small-
24
scale operations use the wood for making guitars as well as Clethra conzattiana L.M.González
other small handicrafts and furniture. EN B2ab(iii)
Elevational range: 1,300–2,700 m Mexico (OAX)
Assessors: NRM, MGE Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a
Refs: [214, 309] typical cloud forest element but it is also found in pine-oak and
pine forest. The taxon is narrowly endemic to northern Oaxaca.
Zinowiewia tacanensis Lundell Deforestation is severe in many parts of its range but other areas
CR A2cd; B1ab(iii,iv,v) show an excellent degree of conservation. Common names:
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala jaboncillo, palo colorado.
A small, typical cloud forest tree species, although it also occurs at Elevational range: 1,700–2,500 m
a few localities with more seasonal forests in Chiapas. In Mexico it Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
is an endemic taxon to Chiapas. Elevational range: 1,300–2,700 m Refs: [141, 237, 431]
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [214] Clethra luzmariae L.M.González
EN A3c
CHRYSOBALANACEAE Mexico (OAX)
Shrub usually spreading by horizontal underground rhizomes;
Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose thicket-forming shrubs reaching 2 m tall, or less frequently a
VU A4c small tree up to 10 m tall. An endemic species to northern
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Oaxaca where it is fairly abundant. It is found in moist pine-oak
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa forest, dense ericaceous scrub, oak forest and cloud forest. Its
Rica, Panama main threat is climate change because of its narrow and high
Medium-sized tree. This species is not exclusive to cloud forest elevational range.
and it is more typical of the moist and dry tropical forests of the Elevational range: 2,400–3,100 m
lowlands. Regardless of the climatic zone, this tree is clearly a Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
primary forest specialist. Synonyms: Couepia dodecandra Ref: [139, 141]
(Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Hemsl., C. floccosa Fritsch, C. kunthiana
Benth. ex. Hemsl., Hirtella dodecandra Moc. & Sessé ex DC., H. Clethra oleoides L.O.Williams
polyandra Kunth. Common names: carnero, fraile, frailecillo, VU B2ab(iii)
guayabillo de tinta, guayo, olozapote, palo fraile, zapote amarillo. Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
This timber tree is used to provide shade for cattle in pastures. Small to medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall. In Mexico
The fruit is edible. it has a disjunct distribution in disturbed cloud forests areas.
Elevational range: 0–1,750 m Extensive deforestation has taken place throughout its
Assessor: JAM geographical range, particularly in Chiapas. Common names:
Refs: [100, 173, 279] k’ajk’ etez, shiorsh, tzotzniztez.
CLETHRACEAE Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [139, 148, 279, 434]
Clethra chiapensis L.M.González
EN B2ab(ii,iii) Clethra pachecoana Standl. & Steyerm.
Mexico (CHS) VU B2ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, usually up to 15 m, rarely 20 m tall. A Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
recently described species endemic to the Central Highlands of Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. In Mexico this
Chiapas. This species is frequently found in high-elevation cloud species is only known from the southernmost state where it
forests with Abies, although it is also present in moist pine-oak- grows on steep slopes covered with cloud forest, particularly on
Liquidambar forest; sometimes in riparian habitats. Extensive volcanic soils. Trees of this taxon can also be found in pine-oak
deforestation has taken place throughout its geographic range. forest and Abies forest. Material from Chiapas shows
Common name: kajkej’te. morphological differences from Central American specimens,
Elevational range: (1,500) 2,100–2,700 m which could lead to its recognition as a separate taxon in the
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM future. Common names: escobo, sapotilla, zapotillo.
Refs: [141, 309, 434] Elevational range: (1,600) 2,000–3,800 m
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [139, 148, 279, 434]
25
Clethra purpusii L.M.González CORNACEAE

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS, OAX[?]) Cornus disciflora DC.
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. A very narrow VU B1ab(iii)
endemic, this species is only known from its type locality, namely Mexico (SON, CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL,
Cerro Baúl, on the Chiapas-Oaxaca border (no records from GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE,
Oaxaca are available as yet). Its main habitat is montane GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa
rainforest (a low-elevation kind of cloud forest sensu lato), as Rica, Panama
well as pine-oak-Liquidambar forest. A widespread understorey or mid-canopy tree species up to 23
Elevational range: (1,000) 1,300–1,600 m m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. This species is found
Assessors: LMG, JAM in old-growth and mid-successional cloud forest, but also in oak
Ref: [148] and pine-oak forest. Large adult individuals (trunk diameter >
30 cm) are becoming increasingly rare. Populations can be
Clethra vicentina Standl. restored from seeds under a shallow layer of litter or planting
VU A4c seedlings produced in nurseries. Germination is high (80–100%)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and seed viability remains for one year under cold temperatures.
Medium to large tree, up to 20 m tall. This species has a strong Synonyms: Benthamia disciflora (DC.) Nakai, Cornus capitata
preference for cloud forest. Synonyms: Clethra johnstonii Standl Sessé & Moc., C. disciflora var. floccosa (Wangerin) Standl., C.
& Steyerm., C. molinae Standl. & L.O.Williams. Common disciflora fo. floccosa (Wangerin) Rickett. Common names:
names: garrapatillo, marquezotillo, palo de agua. abiodo, aceitunillo, aceituno, asintla, canelo, guardalagua,
Elevational range: (800) 1,200–2,600 m isimac, limoncillo, mimbre pasilla, mimbre prieto, palo canelo,
Assessors: LMG, JAM palo verde, pasilla blanca, pasilla blanco, pasilla negra,
Refs: [79, 139, 148, 277, 348, 356, 434] sacbayan té, sají, variador. Wood is used for handicrafts and
the foliage is used as forage.The dry bark of the root is used in
CLUSIACEAE traditional medicine as a tonic and as astringent.
Elevational range: (500) 1,000–2,930 m
Clusia guatemalensis Hemsl. Assessors: NRM, MGE
EN B1ab(iii) Refs: [2, 4, 43, 47, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 124, 134–137,
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, 140, 161, 166, 180, 207, 229, 236, 238, 239, 241, 277–279,
Honduras, Nicaragua 295, 300–302, 309, 348, 356, 357, 365, 428, 429, 438, 445]
A terrestrial or more often an epiphytic tree from cloud forest
that also occurs in other forest formations at elevations lower Cornus florida L. var. urbiniana (Rose) Wangerin
than 1,500 m. Synonym: Clusia mexicana Vesque. Common VU B1ab(ii,iii)
name: zapatillo. Mexico (NL, TAM, VER)
Elevational range: 180–2,000 m A small tree with a restricted distribution in cloud forests of the
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE north-eastern part of Mexico. Synonyms: Cornus florida subsp.
Refs: [130, 156, 209, 220, 279, 438] urbiniana (Rose) Rickett, C. urbiniana Rose. Common names:
corona de moctezuma, corona de san pedro.
Clusia lusoria Standl. & Steyerm. Elevational range: 1,735–2,345 m
CR B1ab(ii,iii) Assessors: NRM, MGE
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras Refs: [209, 365]
Tree, up to 18 m tall. This species is found in cloud forest but
also occurs in forest formations of lower elevations; restricted CUNONIACEAE
distribution. It has been categorized in Guatemala as a tree
species threatened with extinction. Weinmannia intermedia Schltdl. & Cham.
Elevational range: 700–2,100 m EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Assessor: MGE Mexico (HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX), Honduras
Ref: [279] Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. A typical cloud
forest species, it may also be found in oak forest and pine-oak
forest. There is a possibility that this taxon is endemic to Mexico
as there is only a single report from another country. Synonym:
Weinmannia liebmannii Engl.
Elevational range: (1,300) 1,750–2,500 m
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Ref: [257]
26
Weinmannia pinnata L. EBENACEAE

NT
Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Diospyros conzattii Standl.
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, VU A4c
Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Mexico (VER, OAX), Costa Rica
Brazil, Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This common cloud forest
Rico, Lesser Antilles taxon also occurs frequently in tropical dry forest, pine-oak forest
Tree very variable in size, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in and oak forest. Synonym: Diospyros pergamentacea Lundell.
diameter. This widely distributed species has received many Common names: zapote negro montés, zapote negro silvestre,
names. It is mainly a cloud forest species but it occasionally grows zapotillo. In addition to its edible, very tasty fruit, the wood is
in other forest types. This tree is usually a scarce forest component. also highly valued.
In Mexico its original habitat has been severely deforested and Elevational range: 900–2,200 m
could be classified as vulnerable on a national level. Synonyms: Assessor: JAM
Weinmannia glabra L.f., W. hirta Sw. Common names: achit, Refs: [298, 443]
cempoalchal, cempoalchial, garrapatito, tzitzim, yo-vela.
Elevational range: (650) 900–3,500 (4,000) m Diospyros digyna Jacq.
Assessors: JAM, SVA NT
Refs: [126, 135, 137, 225, 257, 279, 309, 347, 431, 452] Mexico (PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Weinmannia tuerckheimi Engl. Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
EN A4c Medium-sized to large tree, up to 35 m tall. Mostly occurring in
Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras humid lowland forests, and even in riparian habitats of tropical
Large shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This dry forest, this species has a marginal presence in cloud forest.
species is a cloud forest specialist and it has a highly restricted In fact, in Mexico cloud forest records are from the Central
known distribution in Mexico, as it only occurs in the La Plateau of Chiapas only (above 1,500 m), where severe
Chinantla region of northern Oaxaca, where it is scarce. deforestation has been observed in recent decades. Synonyms:
Elevational range: 1,450–2,580 (3,000) m Diospyros obtusifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., D. sapota Roxb.
Assessors: JAM, SVA Common names: biaahui, biaqui, bom-rza, bonza, cuputishi,
Refs: [237, 431] ébano, hunchuikle, inu, jünchúikl, malisuuruata, ma-ta-mui,
múnec, muneque, pillahui, sáual, sirunda-urata, ta-toho, tauch,
CYRILLACEAE tauch-yá, tauché, tilzápot, tlilzápotl, totocuitlzápotl, tzapultiltic,
tsupilul, xency, zapote negro, zapote prieto, xindé. The fruits of
Cyrilla racemiflora L. this tree are edible and produced at both a subsistence and local
NT commercial level, which is why the species is widely cultivated.
United States, Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, The wood is of excellent quality and it is used for manufacturing
Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, a variety of objects including golf clubs, umbrella handles, walking
Jamaica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser sticks, piano keys, fine furniture and musical instruments.
Antilles Elevational range: 0–1,930 m
A cloud forest species only known in Mexico from one small Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
isolated population near the Oaxacan locality of Santa Cruz Refs: [76, 173, 225, 267, 275, 443]
Tepetotutla, in the hyper-humid region of La Chinantla, where
mean annual precipitation is >5,500 mm. The species also grows Diospyros gomeziorum Provance & A.C.Sanders
to be a large tree in the cloud forest of Puerto Rico but it is always EN A4c
a much smaller plant in savanna habitats of Central and South Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO)
America and the United States. The conservation status and the Large shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall, facultatively
risk level of this taxon could change towards a more critical deciduous. The range of this Mexican endemic taxon is
category if the cloud forest populations were segregated as a restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental. A non-rare cloud forest
separate taxon. Synonyms: Andromeda plumata W.Bartram ex element, this species has also been collected in pine-oak forest,
Marshall, Cyrilla antillana Michx. C. arida Small, C. brevifolia oak forest and even in xerophytic scrub. This taxon has been
N.E.Br., C. cubensis P.Wilson, C. parvifolia Raf., Itea cyrilla L’Hér. frequently confused with Diospyros riojae Gómez Pompa.
Elevational range: 1,600–1,700 m in cloud forests, 0–2,800 m Common names: zapote de monte, zapote prieto, zapotillo.
overall Elevational range: 900–2,200 m
Assessor: JAM Assessor: JAM
Refs: [125, 237, 279] Refs: [52, 298]
27
Diospyros riojae Gómez Pompa Comarostaphylis longifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch

CR A3c EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, HGO, QRO, VER) Mexico (JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A scarce, old- Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
growth cloud forest tree species, it is also present in pine-oak forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest, or fir forest. Synonym:
forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Native habitats across Arctostaphylos longifolia Benth.
its geographical range are being lost rapidly. Elevational range: 1,700–3,300 m
Elevational range: 740–1,900 m Assessors: FLH, GIM, GCT
Assessors: ILV, JAM Refs: [70, 76, 96, 97, 138]
Refs: [52, 137, 229, 275, 300, 301]
Lyonia squamulosa M.Martens & Galeotti
Diospyros tuxtlensis Provance & A.C.Sanders NT
EN A4c Mexico (NL, SLP, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Honduras
Mexico (VER) Usually a shrub, 1–3 m tall, but also sometimes a small tree, 3–
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. The geographical distribution of this 5 m tall. This species is present in but not restricted to cloud
species is restricted to the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas in southern forest as it occurs in other drier mountain forest types such as
Veracruz, where it grows abundantly in cloud forest (low pine forest or oak forest. Almost restricted to Mexico in
evergreen or dwarf forest), as well as in tropical rainforest. distribution (one doubtful specimen from Honduras). Synonym:
Elevational range: 920–1,000 m Xolisma squamulosa (M.Martens & Galeotti) Small.
Assessor: JAM Elevational range: (200) 800–2,400 m
Ref: [298] Assessors: FLH, JAM
Refs: [4, 213, 229, 295]
ERICACEAE
Vaccinium consanguineum Klotzsch
Agarista mexicana (Hemsl.) Judd NT
NT Mexico (OAX), Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Small to medium-sized tree, 3–11 m tall. This species is
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua restricted to cloud forest. In Mexico it is only known from the
Shrub, 1–3 m, or tree, 3–15 m tall. Frequently occurs in oak very humid region of La Chinantla in northern Oaxaca, where it
forest, pine-oak forest and cloud forest, sometimes in secondary is rare. We suspect that the specimens recorded from Mexico
vegetation (pastures). There are two varieties of the species might be misidentified as the type of disjunct distribution shown
present in Mexico, namely A. mexicana var. mexicana, and A. is rare, albeit not unique (V. consanguineum is a Central
mexicana var. pinetorum (Standl. & L.O.Williams) Judd but as American species, found mainly in Costa Rica and Panama).
they thrive in the same vegetation types we have gathered the Elevational range: 1,800–2,800 m
information for both under the species name. Synonyms: Assessors: FLH, JAM
Andromeda mexicana Hemsl., Leucothoe mexicana (Hemsl.) Refs: [237, 431]
Small, L. pinetorum Standl. & L.O.Williams. Common names:
nacahuite, pellejo de lagarto. Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl.
Elevational range: 600–2,150 m EN A4c
Assessors: FLH, GIM Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Refs: [138, 183] Honduras
Mostly a shrub, 1–4 m, or a small to medium-sized tree, 4–12
Comarostaphylis arbutoides Lindl. subsp. arbutoides m tall. This species occurs primarily in cloud forest but also in
VU B1ab(ii) other tropical mountain forests, such as pine forest or oak forest.
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Common names: coscolín, axocopaconi, cahuichi, cahuitzi.
Panama Elevational range: 1,700–2,850 m
Small tree, 1–4 m tall., but in Costa Rica up to 20 m tall. This Assessors: FLH, JAM
taxon occurs both in cloud forest and in oak forest. Refs: [4, 58, 76, 126, 229, 295]
Assessors: FLH, GIM, GCT
Ref: [97]
28
Vaccinium stenophyllum Steud. Bernardia mollis Lundell

EN B1ab(iii) EN A3c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, GRO) Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree,1–6 m tall. This species is typical of montane A small or medium-sized tree species (sometimes referred to as
cloud forest and pine-oak forest. a shrub) up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 25 cm in diameter. A strict
Elevational range: 1,900–2,200 m cloud forest specialist, this species is only known from the slopes
Assessors: FLH, GIM of the Tacaná Volcano in Chiapas and Guatemala where its habitat
Refs: [79, 82, 138, 207, 335, 429] is rapidly dissapearing. Listed as Amenazada (Threatened) in the
Norma Oficial Mexicana (Mexican Official Norm).
EUPHORBIACEAE Elevational range: 1,550–2,430 m
Assessors: ILV, MMG
Bernardia dodecandra (Sessé ex Cav.) McVaugh Refs: [4, 224, 279]
VU B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, Bernardia oblanceolata Lundell
CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize EN A3c; B1ab(iii)
A small tree, up to 10 m tall and with a trunk up to 20 cm in Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this species also occurs A small tree up to 6 m tall and trunk with 20 cm in diameter.
in tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, oak forest and pine-oak This species is not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in
forest. It has a large range in Mexico. Synonyms: Acalypha oak forest and pine-oak forest.
interrupta Schltdl., Adelia dodecandra Sessé ex Cav., Alevia Elevational range: 1,500–2,300 m
leptostachya Baill., Bernardia aurantiaca Lundell, B. interrupta Assessors: ILV, MMG
(Schltdl.) Müll.Arg. Refs: [224, 279]
Assessors: ILV, MMG, MGE Croton rosarianus Mart.Gord. & Cruz Durán
Refs: [58, 63, 126, 137, 224, 279, 301, 363, 438] EN A4c; C1
Mexico (PUE)
Bernardia fonsecae A.Cerv. & J.Jiménez Ram. This species is known from only one specimen collected at
VU B2ab(iii) Cuetzalan (PUE), in the Sierra Madre Oriental, where it was
Mexico (GRO) found growing in a small thicket located within an area of shade-
This species is a cloud forest specialist with a very narrow grown coffee plantations.
geographic distribution. Elevational range: 1,000 m
Elevational range: 2,200–2,500 m. Assessors: MMG, MGE
Assessor: MMG Refs: [224, 441]
Ref: [224]
Croton stenopetalus G.L.Webster
Bernardia macrocarpa A.Cerv. & Flores-Olvera VU B2ab(iii,iv)
VU B2ab(iii) Mexico (JAL)
Mexico (VER, PUE) This species is only known from Sierra de Manatlán, Jalisco.
A small or medium-sized dioecious tree species, 5–15 m tall. Elevational range: 2,000–2,200 m
Restricted to cloud forest within a small area of eastern Mexico Assessor: MMG
(Misantla and Hueytamalco areas). Only six specimens known, Refs: [224, 441]
including type. It has been mistaken for Bernardia dodecandra
(Sessé ex. Cav) McVaugh. Gymnanthes longipes Müll.Arg.
Elevational range: 1,350–1,800 m VU A2c; B2ab(iii)
Assessors: GIM, MGE Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Refs: [64, 224] A small tree up to 15 m tall and trunk to more than 20 cm in
diameter; frequently reported as a shrub. This species occurs in
cloud forest, in protected ravines or riparian habitats. The
species also occurs in oak and pine-oak forest. Synonyms:
Ateramnus longipes (Müll.Arg.) Rothm., Sebastiania longipes
Müll.Arg.
Elevational range: (750) 900–1,500 m
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [58, 224]
29
Gymnanthes riparia (Schltdl.) Klotzsch Bauhinia chapulhuacania Wunderlin

VU A2c; B2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), El Salvador, Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, PUE)
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Small tree, 6–8 m tall. This species typically occurs in moist
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. Sometimes forests, such as cloud forest and tropical rainforest but it also
reported as a shrub when growing in secondary vegetation. A grows infrequently in oak forest. Synonym: Bauhinia dipetala
typical cloud forest species, frequently found on slopes and in Hemsl. var. macrophylla Wunderlin. The cooked flowers are
deep ravines or shaded canyons. The species is also present edible.
in seasonal tropical evergreen forest at lower elevations and in Elevational range: 700–1,700 m
oak forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Excoecaria riparia Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Schltdl., Gymnanthes guatemalensis Standl. & Steyerm., G. Refs: [4, 58, 340, 447]
schlechtendaliana Müll.Arg., Sebastiania schlechtendaliana
(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. Its wood is used for making tool handles Bauhinia dipetala Hemsl.
and fence posts. VU B1ab(iii)
Elevational range: 900–1,770 m Mexico (HGO, VER, MOR, PUE, OAX, CHS), Belize
Assessors: MGE, NRM Small tree, up to 6 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this species
Refs: [58, 224, 229, 351] is also present in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen
forest, and it has also been collected in secondary vegetation.
Sebastiania hintonii Lundell Naturalized in Cuba. This species is closely related to B.
VU A2c; B2ab(iii) ramosissima Benth. ex Hemsl. Synonym: Bauhinia unilateralis
Mexico (JAL, MOR, GRO) Britten & Baker f.
A small tree, up to 10 m tall and trunk up to 15 cm in diameter. Elevational range: 200–1,000 m
Although present in cloud forest, this species also grows in more Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
seasonal formations at lower elevations and in pine forest. It has Refs: [4, 279, 447]
been recorded as abundant in gorges.
Elevational range: 1,700– 2,000 m Bauhinia macranthera Benth. ex Hemsl.
Assessors: MGE, NRM VU B1ab(iii)
Refs: [224, 277, 278, 427] Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, HGO, VER)
Shrub or small tree, 4–7 m tall. The presence of this species in
FABACEAE cloud forest is marginal, it also occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
forest but is particularly abundant in oak forest. Synonyms:
Abarema zolleriana (Standl. & Steyerm.) Barneby & Bauhinia retifolia Standl., Casparia lunarioides A.Gray ex Britt. &
J.W.Grimes Rose. Common name: pata de cabra.
EN B1ab(iii) Elevational range: (300) 1,000–2,500 m
Mexico (OAX, CHS) Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Very large tree, up to 40 m tall. This species occurs in cloud Refs: [340, 447]
forest, pine forest and pine-oak forest. Synonym:
Pithecellobium zollerianum Standl. & Steyerm. Cercis canadensis L.
Elevational range: 950–1,400 m NT
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT United States, Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, PUE,
Ref: [375] VER)
Shrub or small tree 3–10 (15) m tall. Usually present in ravines
Ateleia pterocarpa Moc. & Sessé ex D.Dietr. and in riparian habitats both in cloud forest and pine-oak forest.
NT Synonyms: Cercis mexicana Rose, C. canadensis L. var.
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, mexicana (Rose) Hopkins. Common names: cuaresma, palo
Nicaragua, Costa Rica de judas, palo de rosa, pata de vaca. Timber and ornamental
Small to medium-sized tree, 6–20 m tall. The preferred habitat tree, used in traditional folk medicine. Flowers are edible and it
of this species is tropical rainforest and it is rare in oak forest is considered an excellent source of pollen and nectar for
and cloud forest. It can be found in riparian habitats. Synonym: honeybees.
Pterocarpus ateleia DC. Common names: gorgojo, jediondillo, Elevational range: 1,000–2,250 m
siete pellejos, tzaate, zaaté. Assessors: GIM, GCT
Elevational range: 10–1,250 m Refs: [4, 58, 229, 300, 340]
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Refs: [232, 442]
30
Cojoba arborea (L.) Britton & Rose Dalbergia palo-escrito Rzed. & Guridi-Gómez
NT CR A2; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO, Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, OAX)
OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Large tree, up to 35 m tall. A typical cloud forest element, the
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, species can be occasionally found in pine forest. Common
Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico names: escrito, palo escrito, tlacuilo, tlajilocuáhuitl, tzipil, tzipilín.
Medium-sized to very large tree, 12–30 (50) m tall. A marginal This species has an excellent wood for the manufacturing of
component of the cloud forest, this species more typically guitars and general joinery work. Wood of this species is more
occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, appreciated locally than that of red cedar (Cedrela odorata L.,
particularly in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Mimosa arborea L., Meliaceae).
Acacia arborea (L.) Willd., Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb. Elevational range: 900–1,900 m
Common names: aguacillo, aromillo, barba de jolote, Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
camaronero, cañamazo, coralillo, frijolillo, guacamayo, Refs: [58, 295, 346, 374]
guacastillo, itil, ecuahuitl, papalote, sombra fresca, stapunquivi,
tamarindillo. Timber and ornamental tree; the wood is also used Dalea leucostachya A.Gray var. eysenhardtioides (Hemsl.)
for making handicrafts. Flowers are a good source of pollen Barneby
and nectar for honeybees. Planted as a shade tree in coffee VU B1ab(iii)
plantations. Mexico (CHI, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Elevational range: 100–2,100 m Bushy shrub or small tree, 1–6 m tall. This taxon occurs only
Assessors: GIM, GCT occasionally in cloud forest, as it is more characteristic of oak
Refs: [126, 174, 209, 267, 268, 279, 285, 322, 323, 425] forest, pine-oak forest and fir (Abies) forest, with a strong habitat
preference for humid ravines. Synonym: Dalea eysenhardtioides
Cojoba escuintlensis (Lundell) L.Rico Hemsl.
EN B1ab(iii) Elevational range: (600) 1,000–2,500 m
Mexico (OAX, TAB, CHS) Assessors: GIM, GCT
Shrub or small tree, 2.5–10 m tall. Occasionally occurs in cloud Refs: [76, 232, 277]
forest and pine-oak forest, this taxon is more abundant in
tropical rainforest. This species is related to Cojoba recordii Diphysa floribunda Peyr.
Britton & Rose. Synonym: Pithecellobium escuintlense Lundell. NT
Elevational range: 1,250–1,600 (2,200) m Mexico (JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT El Salvador, Nicaragua
Ref: [324] Large shrub or small tree, 5–12 m tall. This species is not
restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in several other
Cojoba mariaelenae L.Rico vegetation types at lower elevations.
CR B1ab(iii) Elevational range: 700–2,000 m
Mexico (OAX) Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species is mainly known from the Refs: [232, 279, 351, 368]
cloud forest/pine-oak forest ecotone within an extremely narrow
elevational belt. Inga acrocephala Steud.
Elevational range: c. 1,300 m NT
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Refs: [324, 375] Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil
Cojoba matudae (Lundell) L.Rico Small to medium-sized tree, 8–20 m tall. This taxon occurs both
VU B1ab(iii) in cloud forest and in tropical evergreen forest. The species is
Mexico (GRO, CHS) closely related and easily mistaken for I. acreana Harms.
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. Having a very wide elevational range, Synonym: Inga brevipedicellata Harms. Common names:
the habitat of this species includes both cloud forest and tropical chalahuite, vaina. This plant is used as as shade tree in coffee
rainforest. Synonym: Pithecellobium matudae Lundell. plantations. The sarcotesta (the sweet pulp surrounding the
Elevational range: 120–2,200 m seed) is edible.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Elevational range: 0–1,400 m
Refs: [115, 324, 363] Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Refs: [174, 282, 333, 369, 371]
31
Inga cabrerae M.Sousa related to Inga micheliana Harms., the two species are difficult
CR A2; B1ab(iii) to distinguish and hence easily confused. Synonyms: Inga
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala pringlei Harms, I. schiediana Steud.
Treelet or small tree, 2–6 m tall. A cloud forest element, this Elevational range: (765) 1,200–2,250 m
species extends into adjacent tropical rainforest stands. The Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
species is a close relative of Inga dasycarpa M.Sousa, I. tenella Refs: [126, 207, 277, 282, 357, 369]
M.Sousa, and I. villosissima Benth., and it is often confused with
these taxa. Inga hintonii Sandwith
Elevational range: 1,600–2,000 m EN B1ab(iii)
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Mexico (DGO, NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX)
Refs: [282, 369] Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 1.5–12 (20) m tall and
trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. This cloud forest species also
Inga calderonii Standl. occurs in pine-oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest,
CR B1ab(iii) frequently in riparian habitats. Once considered a synonym of
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador Inga micheliana Harms [282], the good standing of this species
Medium-sized tree, 7–15 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this was recently clarified based on calyx and floral bract
species also occurs in pine forest and tropical semi-evergreen morphology, and on the number of leaflets [372]. This species
forest, often in riparian habitats. This species is related to Inga is related to I. flexuosa Schltdl. but it can be differentiated from
vera Willd. Common names: pepeto, pepeto de mico, zapato it based on its winged rhachis, campanulate calyx and flower
de mico. This tree is frequently used as a shade tree in El bud shape [372]. Common names: cuajinicuil hoja chica,
Salvador. guajilpil, jacanicuil, jaquinicuil.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Assessors: GIM, GCT
Ref: [282] Refs: [232, 282, 369, 372]
Inga colimana Padilla, Cuevas & Solís Inga huastecana M.Sousa

CR B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (COL) Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Medium-sized evergreen tree, 7–15 m tall and trunk up to 35 Small tree, 4–8 m tall. The geographical distribution of this
cm in diameter; sometimes with basal branches. A cloud forest Mexican endemic species is restricted to the Sierra Madre
species with a very narrow distribution. This species is a close Oriental, growing in cloud forest, oak forest and tropical
relative of, and often confused with, Inga jinicuil Schltdl., I. evergreen forest, frequently on rocky limestone substrates, along
paterno Harms and I. cinnamomea Spruce ex Benth. Common creeks, in moist ravines and on slopes. Apparently this species
name: cuil. The foliage is eaten by wild mammals such as deer regenerates well as numerous individuals were observed in a
and peccaries. secondary forest stand dominated by oak. Common names:
Elevational range: 1,500–1,800 m chalagüitillo, chalahuite, chalahuite chica, chalahuite chico.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT, MGE Elevational range: 850–1,300 m
Refs: [276, 278] Assessors: GIM, GCT, JAM
Refs: [58, 282, 295, 369, 370, 372]
Inga dasycarpa M.Sousa
CR B1ab(iii) Inga micheliana Harms
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras NT
Medium-sized tree, 4–15 m tall. Not exclusive to cloud forest, Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
this species is also found in pine-oak forest. Common name: El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama (not in Nicaragua)
sakil kok. Tree, 12–20 m and trunk up 50 cm in diameter. An abundant
Elevational range: 1,300–2,000 m cloud forest species, it also occurs in pine-oak forest and
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT tropical rainforest. This species is closely related to, and often
Refs: [282, 369] confused with, I. densiflora Benth. and I. flexuosa Schltdl.
Synonyms: Inga davidsoniae Standl., I. nubigena A.R.Molina, I.
Inga flexuosa Schltdl. tenella M.Sousa. Common names: chalum, chalum de
CR A2c montaña, jacanaquil, tzan.
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS) Elevational range: 400–1,600 (2,200) m
Small to medium-sized tree, 6–20 m tall. A cloud forest taxon, Assessors: GIM, GCT
this tree is also present in pine forest and oak forest. Closely Refs: [278, 279, 282, 369, 372, 429]
32
Inga tuerckheimii Pittier FAGACEAE

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. var. mexicana (Martínez) Little
Small to medium-sized tree, 5–10 m, occasionally up to 20 m EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
tall. This species is a cloud forest specialist, not found in other Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, PUE)
forest types. Once considered a synonym of I. oerstediana Large tree, up to 30 m tall. At the species level, this taxon has
Benth. [282], Sousa [369, 372] separated these taxa based on a disjunct distribution between Mexico and the United States.
their flower bracts. Sousa also proposed Inga × xalapensis The Mexican variety is restricted to very small stands (less than
Benth., a hybrid between I. tuerckheimii Pittier (I. latibracteata 1 ha scattered in very humid locations along the Sierra Madre
Harms) and I. vera Willd., whose oldest name is I. xalapensis Oriental). Considerable genetic differentiation has been reported
Benth. Synonyms: Inga cobanensis Pittier, I. latibracteata between the Mexican subspecies and F. grandifolia from the
Harms [372], although Pennington [282] listed previously this United States. This taxon faces further risks of habitat loss owing
latter name as a synonym of I. xalapensis Benth. and the former to human disturbance. Common names: acailite, guichín, haya,
as a synonym of I. oerstediana Benth., in both cases reflecting pepinque, tepeilitle, totolcal. The fruit is edible.
the complexity of this group’s taxonomy. The sarcotesta (the Elevational range: 1,440–2,000 m
sweet pulp surrounding the seed) is edible and the plant it is Assessors: SVA, YVR, JAM
used as a shade tree in shade-grown coffee plantations. Refs: [4, 151, 196, 289, 334, 397, 445, 446]
Assessors: GIM, GCT Quercus acherdophylla Trel.
Refs: [282, 369, 372] CR A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Inga xalapensis Benth. Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is restricted to
VU B1ab(iii) very humid ravines in cloud forest, mostly on the Sierra Madre
Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras Oriental reaching the Northern Oaxaca range. Its external
Small or medium-sized tree, 5–20 m tall. Although occurring in appearance is similar to Quercus laurina, particularly in leaf size,
cloud forest, this species is more frequently found in tropical but this species has an annual acorn maturation, in contrast to
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest of lower elevations, often the biennial maturation of fruits of Q. laurina.
in disturbed areas, roadsides and cattle pastures. Synonyms: Elevational range: 2,400–2,500 m
Feuilleea xalapensis (Benth.) Kuntze, Inga borealis T.S.Elias, I. Assessors: SVA, JAM
endlichii Harms, I. latibracteata Harms (but see Sousa [372]), I. Refs: [405, 406, 413]
sciadodendron Harms, I. zacuapanica Harms. Sousa [369, 372]
proposed Inga × xalapensis Benth., a hybrid between I. Quercus affinis Scheidw.
tuerckheimii Pittier (I. latibracteata Harms) and I. vera Willd. VU A4cd
Common names: chalahuite, chalahuite de hoja ancha, kon, Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER,
saan, saaukok, vainillo. Planted as a shade tree in shade-grown MIC, PUE, OAX, CHS)
coffee plantations. Medium-sized tree, up to 16 m tall. This species typically occurs
Elevational range: 0–1,900 m in cloud forest but it is also frequently found as an element in
Assessors: GIM, GCT oak forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest and conifer forest.
Refs: [58, 282, 369, 372] Common names: encino colorado, encino hasta, laurelillo.
Senna multifoliolata (P.G.Wilson) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Assessors: SVA, JAM
EN B1ab(iii) Refs: [4, 58, 137, 213, 229, 238, 295, 407, 408, 413]
Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 2–8 m. Not restricted to cloud forest, this Quercus benthamii A.DC.
species also occurs in fir (Abies) forest, pine forest and pine-oak EN A3c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)
forest. This species is only known from a few localities. Irwin & Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Barneby [176] treated this species under four varietal names. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Synonym: Cassia multifoliolata P.G.Wilson. Medium-sized or large tree, up to 50 m tall. This is a rare species
Elevational range: 1,700–2,400 m typical of cloud forest. In Mexico it is only known from the most
Assessors: GIM, GCT humid cloud forests of the La Chinantla region in Oaxaca and of
Refs: [176, 232, 313] Chiapas. Common name: chiquinib.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [279, 305, 309, 408, 413]
33
Quercus candicans Née Quercus delgadoana S.Valencia, Nixon & L.M.Kelly

VU A4acd EN A4c
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, HGO, Mexico (HGO,VER, PUE)
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is restricted to the very
Guatemala, El Salvador humid cloud forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. Although this is a typical cloud forest Mexico. Although it is fairly abundant in the forest communities
species, it is also found in oak forest and pine-oak forest, less where it grows, its native habitat has been largely reduced by
frequently in riparian habitats. Most of this species’ range has extensive deforestation to give way to traditional agriculture on
been strongly affected by extensive permanent deforestation. very steep slopes, and to coffee plantations.
However, good regeneration of this species has been observed Elevational range: 1,400–2,210 m
at forest edges with intermediate light conditions. Common Assessors: SVA, JAM
names: ahuahuaxtl, ahuamextli, encino blanco, encino cenizo, Ref: [415]
encino de agua, encino papatla, huilocualoni, popocamay, tzacui
blanco, tzaquioco. Quercus elliptica Née
Elevational range: 1,180–2,600 m VU A4cd
Assessors: SVA, JAM Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 106, 180, 194, 209, 213, 228, 238, 278, 279, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
305, 309, 348, 351, 356, 357, 413, 429] Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. The occurrence of
this species is not restricted to cloud forest, and in fact it is more
Quercus corrugata Hook. frequently found in oak forest and pine-fir (Abies) forest, in
EN A4c correspondence with its wide distribution in Mexico. Common
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, names: encino colorado, encino nanche, encino laurel, encino
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama tapahuite, tapahuile.
Very large tree, up to 60 m tall, with a long, clear trunk. This Elevational range: (30) 300–2,460 m
species is a cloud forest specialist, particularly in very humid Assessors: SVA, JAM
regions. The acorns are very large and the species appears to Refs: [76, 79, 209, 225, 228, 237, 279, 410, 413]
have episodic reproduction, perhaps in the form of mast-seeding.
Elevational range: 700–2,200 (2,500) m Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham.
Assessors: SVA, JAM CR A4acd
Refs: [126, 335, 409, 413] Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. A Mexican endemic,
Quercus cortesii Liebm. the species is typical of cloud forest and also grows in oak
NT forest. Individuals of this species are always very scarce. The
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, acorns are gathered as raw material for making handicrafts.
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Elevational range: 800–1,800 m
Large tree, up to 27 m tall. A typical cloud forest species with a Assessors: SVA, JAM
fragmented distribution in southern Mexico. Rarely found with Refs: [4, 10, 11, 58, 137, 209, 213, 229, 295, 300, 301, 409,
fruit, which appears to indicate infrequent reproductive events. 413]
Elevational range: (450) 800–2,400 (3,000) m
Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE Quercus glabrescens Benth.
Refs: [273, 279, 332, 409] VU A4c
Mexico (HGO, PUE, VER, MEX, OAX), Honduras
Quercus crispipilis Trel. Large tree, up to 30 m tall, with a long, clear trunk. This species
VU A4c;B1ab(ii,iii) occurs mainly in cloud forest but it is sometimes present in pine
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala forest of humid, cold regions.
Medium-sized tree, up to 27 m tall and trunk up to 30–60 cm in Elevational range: 2,450–3,300 m
diameter. This species grows in cloud forest but is not exclusive Assessors: SVA, JAM
to this forest type, as it also occurs in oak forest and pine-oak Refs: [4, 58, 76, 213, 229, 238, 413]
forest. It regenerates well in open areas inside the forest and in
abandoned fields. Populations are rather scarce and a little Quercus hirtifolia M.L.Vázquez, S.Valencia & Nixon
dense. Synonym: Quercus skutchii Trel. Common names: CR A4c
chiquinib, encino blanco. Mexico (HGO, PUE)
Elevational range: (1,600) 1,800–2,420 m Large shrub or small tree, up to 7 (rarely 9) m. A Mexican
Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE endemic cloud forest species but also present in oak forest and
Refs: [124, 279, 302, 303, 309, 413]
34
conifer forest. This species is found forming small allopatric Quercus mullerii Martínez
populations scattered along the Sierra Madre Oriental. EX
Elevational range: 2,000–2,400 m Mexico (OAX)
Assessors: SVA, JAM A narrowly endemic cloud forest species, this taxon is only
Refs: [409, 413, 424] known from the original collections of 1949, 1952, and 1953,
from a few localities in Oaxaca. It has not been collected or
Quercus insignis M.Martens & Galeotti observed since, despite efforts to search for it. Therefore, one
CR A4acd can reasonably assert that this species is extinct in the wild. We
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, are aware of recent unpublished reports of the presence of a
Costa Rica small population in a remote location where the species had
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. A typical cloud forest species forming been collected a long time ago; this fact remains to be
low-density populations, it seems to face regeneration confirmed.
problems. Because of their large size the acorns are highly Elevational range: 1,000–1,800 m
appreciated as ornamental objects. Assessors: SVA, JAM
Elevational range: 1,500–2,160 m Ref: [413]
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [279, 409, 413] Quercus nixoniana S.Valencia & Lozada-Pérez
CR A4cd
Quercus lancifolia Schltdl. & Cham. Mexico (JAL, GRO, OAX)
NT Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This is a rare cloud forest species
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, endemic to the Sierra Madre del Sur. Its habitat is severely
Honduras, Costa Rica disturbed by several factors.
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. A scarce cloud forest species with Elevational range: 1,300–2,300 m
an extensive range in the country and Central America. Assessors: SVA, JAM
Synonym: Quercus leiophylla A.DC. Refs: [207, 412, 413]
Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE Quercus oocarpa Liebm.
Refs: [273, 278, 279, 351, 413] CR A4c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (NAY, JAL, GRO), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Quercus macdougallii Martínez Costa Rica, Panama
CR A3; B1ab(iii) Large tree, up to 25 m tall or more. A scarce, typically old-
Mexico (OAX) growth cloud forest species. In Mexico it generally occurs in very
A tree, very variable in size, the species may attain a height of humid regions. Some specimens of Quercus insignis M.Martens
up to 30 m tall but it also occurs as a small-sized shrub capable & Galeotti from Chiapas have been confused with this species.
of reproduction. Known only from cloud forests and oak forests Elevational range: 1,400–2,000 m
of the Northern Oaxaca Range. It may form dense populations Assessors: SVA, JAM
but has an extremely restricted distribution. Refs: [230, 279, 363, 413]
Assessors: SVA, JAM Quercus paxtalensis C.H.Mull.
Refs: [237, 409, 413] CR A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, CHS)
Quercus martinezii C.H.Mull. Medium-sized tree. A Mexican endemic, this species is rare in
CR A4acd cloud forest. It also occurs in oak forest, conifer forest and high
Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX) elevation tropical dry forest. Local populations are usually small.
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. This species is a scarce cloud forest Frequently confused with Quercus sartori Liebm.
specialist, which occasionally grows in oak forest and pine-oak Elevational range: 1,100–1,800 m
forest. Its low-density populations are threatened by extensive Assessors: SVA, JAM
deforestation over much of its range. Ref: [413]
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 180, 207, 236, 406, 410]
35
Quercus pinnativenulosa C.H.Mull. name: zapotillo. It is used for poles to build rustic houses and
CR A4c fences, to make tool handles and as a source of firewood.
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, VER) Elevational range: 250–2,000 m
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a cloud forest Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE
specialist, frequently found in riparian habitats. The taxon is Refs: [213, 228, 238, 250, 279, 309, 363, 413]
endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental where it is represented by
few and scattered populations. Quercus sartorii Liebm.
Assessors: SVA, JAM Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Refs: [58, 413, 414] Medium-sized tree, up to 18 m tall. A Mexican endemic cloud
forest species, it is also present in humid oak forest. The
Quercus polymorpha Schltdl. & Cham. geographical range of this species includes the Sierra Madre
EN A4c Oriental and the Northern Oaxaca Range. Trees belonging to
United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, this taxon have been often confused with Quercus paxtalensis
OAX, CHS), Guatemala C.H.Mull. and Quercus xalapensis Bonpl.
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m, but commonly much Elevational range: 1,300–2,000 m
shorter. This species is an occasional element of cloud forest, as Assessors: SVA, JAM
it normally grows in drier vegetation types such as oak forest Refs: [4, 10, 11, 31, 58, 137, 213, 227, 229, 295, 300, 301,
and pine-oak forest, although it also occurs in tropical evergreen 413]
forest at lower elevations. Common name: lancín. This species
is heavily used as a source of firewood. Quercus segoviensis Liebm.
Elevational range: (450) 700–1,400 (2,000) m VU A3c
Assessors: SVA, JAM Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Refs: [137, 309, 413] Nicaragua
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 22 m tall and trunk up to 40
Quercus rubramenta Trel. cm in diameter. Occasionally present in cloud forest, this species
EN A3cd; B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v) is more frequently a canopy tree of oak forest and pine-oak
Mexico (GRO, OAX) forest. Its morphological characterisation is not yet well
Large tree, up to 40 m tall, with a long, clean trunk. This canopy- established. Widely distributed in the states where it occurs, it
dominant species grows in humid oak forests, cloud forest and shows a good regeneration in open areas and in forest edges.
occasionally in pine-oak forest. This species has been collected It has been confused with Quercus glabrescens Benth.
or observed in around 30 localities in Guerrero, and it is known Common name: k’antulán. Its hard timber is used for poles to
from a single locality in Oaxaca. build rustic houses and fences, to make tool handles, and as a
Elevational range: 2,200–2,800 m source of firewood.
Assessors: SVA, JAM Elevational range: 750–2,500 m
Refs: [96, 115, 411, 413] Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE
Refs: [180, 194, 279, 309, 413]
Quercus rysophylla Weath.
EN A4c Quercus skinneri Benth.
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER) CR A2c
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
typical cloud forest component but it also occurs in oak forest. Honduras
It is never very abundant in the communities where it occurs. Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. A scarce species
Elevational range: (500) 800–1,700 m usually present in old-growth cloud forests, it also occurs in
Assessors: SVA, JAM other humid forests types of southern Mexico. The low
Refs: [58, 137, 335, 413] abundance and size of the acorns suggest regeneration
problems. Common names: chicharro, cololté, roble, tzajalchit.
Quercus sapotifolia Liebm. Elevational range: 700–2,560 m
VU A3c Assessors: SVA, JAM
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Refs: [225, 238, 279, 332, 413]
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Tree, very variable in size, sometimes up to 30 m tall and trunk
up to 70 cm in diameter. A fairly abundant cloud forest species,
it also occurs in oak forest and tropical dry forest. Common
36
Quercus trinitatis Trel. GARRYACEAE

EN A2c
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador Garrya laurifolia Hartw. ex Benth.
Medium-sized or large tree, 15–30 m tall and trunk up to 80 cm VU A4c; B2ab(iii)
in diameter. A moderately abundant cloud forest species, this Mexico (CHI, NL, TAM, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS,
tree is also present in oak forest, pine-oak forest and conifer GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO,
forest. In Mexico its range includes the Sierra Madre Oriental OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama
and other mountainous areas of southern regions in the country. Shrub, small or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m and trunk up to
This species is often confused with Quercus laurina Bonpl., a 15 cm in diameter. This species typically occurs at high
species restricted to more humid and cooler sites. Common elevations and is a frequently found cloud forest species. It is
name: chiquinib. Used for poles to build rustic houses and also a frequent component of fir (Abies) forest, pine-oak forest
fences, to make tool handles, and as a source of firewood. and paramo vegetation. Chiapas populations are considered to
Elevational range: 1,750–3,000 m be a different subspecies, namely Garrya laurifolia Hartw. ex
Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE Benth. subsp. quichensis (Donn.Sm.) Dahling. This high-
Refs: [4, 309, 409] elevation taxon is potentially susceptible to the effects of climate
change. Synonyms: Fadyenia laurifolia (Hartw. ex Benth.) Endl.,
Quercus uxoris McVaugh Garrya macrophylla Benth., G. oblonga Benth., G. racemosa
CR A2c Ramírez. Common names: ajruch, azul, bi’tal ik’al,
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX) chichicuáhuitl, cuachichic, cuanchichi, guachichi ovitano,
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. This Mexican endemic oak is a hediondillo, ijk’al winik, ovitano, palo azul, palo de hueso, palo
scarce tree species typically present in cloud forest but also negro, quauchichic, tza’los te, zapotillo. Some medicinal uses
occurring in oak forest, conifer forest, and occasionally in tropical have been reported for the leaves and bark (which contains at
dry forest. Mostly restricted to very humid sites such as ravines. least four alkaloids) in treating diarrhoea.
Elevational range: 1,500–2,500 m Elevational range: (1,100) 1,500–3,900 m
Assessors: SVA, JAM Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 115, 180, 236, 238, 277, 278, 332, 351, Refs: [2, 50, 58, 76, 79, 105, 124, 135, 137, 144, 162, 225,
356, 357, 413] 267, 279, 302, 309, 356]
Quercus vicentensis Trel. HAMAMELIDACEAE

VU A2c
Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador Matudaea trinervia Lundell
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species has a marginal presence VU A3c; B1ab(iii)
in cloud forest as it prefers considerably drier sites. Most Mexican Mexico (JAL, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
specimens have been collected in Chiapas. This species appears El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia
to be closely related to Quercus martinezii C.H.Mull., and future Tree up to 35 m tall and trunk more than 1.5 m in diameter. This
taxonomic work is likely to reveal that this name is a synonym. is a widely distributed species. A typical cloud forest element,
Elevational range: 1,100–2,600 m this taxon also thrives in pine forest, pine-oak forest and tropical
Assessors: SVA, JAM rainforest, often with a clear preference for moist and shaded
Refs: [273, 279, 356, 413] ravines. Synonym: M. hirsuta Lundell. Based on pubescence of
petioles and branches, González-Villarreal et al. [150] divided
Quercus xalapensis Bonpl. this species into two sympatric subspecies: var. hirsuta (Lundell)
CR A2c L.M.González & N.Jiménez, endemic to Jalisco and Mexico, and
Mexico (TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, PUE) var. trinervia, found throughout the geographic range of the
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. A rare cloud forest species with a species. Common names: ajocoahuitl, cuencudo, guayabillo,
very restricted distribution along the Sierra Madre Oriental. It can montón, naranjillo, palo blanco, palo de barranco, quebracho.
be confused with Quercus sartorii Liebm. and Quercus Elevational range: 400–2,400 m
paxtalensis C.H.Mull. Numerous specimens collected in Central Assessors: ILV, JAM, GIM
America have been erroneously identified as Q. xalapensis but Refs: [79, 150, 225, 277, 279, 356, 363, 429, 444]
in fact they may belong to Q. paxtalensis. Common names:
barrilillo, encinar capulincillo, roble de duelas.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [4, 58, 79, 126, 209, 227, 277, 279, 300, 301, 316, 332,
356, 357, 409, 413, 429]
37
ICACINACEAE Common names: cacaté de mayo, tojancuquica.

Calatola costaricensis Standl. Assessor: JAM
VU A4c Refs: [225, 279]
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Oecopetalum mexicanum Greenm. & C.H.Thomps.
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil CR A4c
Small to medium-sized dioecious tree, up to 24 m tall. In Mexico Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
this species occurs in cloud forest but more frequently in tropical Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest at lower elevations. marginal to cloud forest as it occurs more frequently near the
Common name: nuez. lower limit of this vegetation type, in its ecotone with typical
Elevational range: 0–2,400 m lowland vegetation, such as tropical rainforest, tropical
Assessor: JAM evergreen forest and tropical semi-evergeen forest. In spite of its
Refs: [173, 357, 432] relatively restricted geographical range, this tree is more or less
abundant in the communities where it occurs. Synonym:
Calatola laevigata Standl. Oecopetalum guatemalense R.A.Howard. Common names:
EN B2ab(i,ii,iii) cacaté, cacaté de septiembre, cachichín, jamacuquiaca. Fruit
Mexico (JAL, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize is eaten occasionally (roasted).
Medium-sized dioecious tree, up to 25 m tall but usually smaller, Elevational range: 500–1,200 m
and trunk up to 30 cm. This species is very scarce in cloud Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
forest (it is known from about 10 localities). Conversely, it is more Refs: [157, 225, 279]
frequently found in tropical rainforest and tropical evergreen
forest of lower elevations. Common names: aguacate de ILLICIACEAE
mono, azulillo, boné, calate, calatola, calatolazno, duraznillo,
onmanchinté, palo de tinta, nuez de calatola. The fruit is edible Illicium mexicanum A.C.Sm.
but only when roasted. The wood is used for construction in VU A3c
rural areas but it has a short durability. Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, PUE)
Elevational range: (650) 800–2,300 m Shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. A cloud forest specialist, this
Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007 species has been treated as a synonym of Illicium floridanum
Refs: [79, 157, 173, 225, 267, 277, 279, 285, 351, 432] J.Ellis; however, there is strong morphological and genetic
evidence suggesting that both are good species, and that they
Calatola mollis Standl. should be therefore treated separately.
EN A4c Elevational range: 1,800–2,300 m
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS) Assessor: JAM
Medium-sized dioecious tree, up to 20 m tall. Although cloud Ref: [61]
forest is the preferred habitat of this species, it is also present in
some adjacent moist forests at lower elevations such as tropical JUGLANDACEAE
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest. Overall, it is scarce
where it occurs. Specimens of this species have been Alfaroa costaricensis Standl. subsp. septentrionalis
misidentified as Calatola costaricensis. Common names: D.E.Stone
calatola, calatolazno, colas de rata, duraznillo, durazno de VU B2ab(i,ii,iii)
mono, jicarilla, mata caballo, nuez de calatola, nuez montaña, Mexico (VER, GRO, CHS), Guatemala
palo de tinta, zapote de mono. The fruit is used sometimes as Large tree, up to 27 m tall. This subspecific taxon is restricted
medicine. to cloud forest in very humid mountainous regions of southern
Elevational range: (450) 700–1,100 (1,720) m Mexico and neighbouring Guatemala, where it tends to be
Assessor: JAM scarce. This taxon may be particularly vulnerable to climatic
Refs: [157, 225, 432] change, if conditions are to become drier than present ones.
Common name: chichiscua.
Oecopetalum greenmanii Standl. & Steyerm. Elevational range: 1,350–2,000 m
EN A4c Assessor: JAM
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica Refs: [207, 253, 391]
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. A cloud forest
species, it is also present in tropical humid forests of the
lowlands. In Mexico it is known only from southern localities.
38
Alfaroa mexicana D.E.Stone Juglans olanchana Standl. & L.O.Williams

VU B2ab(i,ii,iii) VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica Mexico (JAL, VER, COL), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Very large deciduous tree, up to 50 m tall. This species is a cloud Nicaragua, Costa Rica
forest specialist. Notwithstanding its relatively large geographical Large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to over 100 cm in
range, trees of this species only occur in scattered locations and diameter. This is a typical cloud forest species, although it also
always at very low densities. Common names: cash, cedrillo, occurs in drier forest types. Synonym: Juglans guatemalensis
palo de cedrillo. Manning. Common names: nogal, cedro nogal. The wood is
Elevational range: (850) 1,100–1,700 m used for decoration as wooden surfacing, the bark is sometimes
Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007 used in folk medicine.
Refs: [253, 267] Elevational range: 1,000–1,100 m
Assessor: JAM
Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch var. mexicana (Engelm. ex Hemsl.) Refs: [79, 253]
Manning
NT Juglans pyriformis Liebm.
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE) EN A2d; B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This taxon is relatively Mexico (TAM, VER, HGO, OAX, CHS)
abundant in pine forest and pine-oak forest but its occurrence Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall and trunk up to 90
in cloud forest is occasional. Synonyms: Carya mexicana cm in diameter. A rare species, this Mexican endemic taxon is
Engelm. ex Hemsl., Juglans ovata Mill. Common name: nogal almost completely restricted to cloud forest, but it has also been
cimarrón. The wood is used for making tools. found growing on very steep slopes and cliffs in areas of pine-
Elevational range: 1,100–1,800 m oak forest, pine forest and in riparian habitats. In Mexico it has
Assessor: JAM been reported from a few localities scattered across a large area.
Refs: [11, 31, 58, 137, 213, 229, 253, 286, 295, 300, 301] Common names: cedro nogal, nogal, nogal cimarrón. The
timber of this tree is of very high quality and and highly valued
Carya palmeri Manning for making furniture and musical instruments. This has led to
NT overexploitation and, at least in some places, this tree has
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, VER) become extremely scarce.
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall with a trunk up to 30 Elevational range: (1,000) 1,200–1,400 (1,900) m
cm in diameter. This Mexican endemic species occurs in cloud Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
forest in Veracruz but it is more frequently found in pine forest Refs: [76, 209, 253, 267, 445]
and pine-oak forest elsewhere. Common names: coamecate,
coní. The bark is used to make rope. Oreomunnea mexicana (Standl.) Leroy subsp. mexicana
Elevational range: 800–1,800 m EN A2d; B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Assessors: JAM, GIM Mexico (OAX, VER), Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Refs: [4, 58, 229, 253, 286, 295] Very large tree, up to 40 m tall or more, with massive trunks
reaching more than 100 cm in diameter. A cloud forest species
Juglans mollis Engelm. with a very restricted distribution in very humid regions. The
NT presence of this tree in Chiapas has been long suspected and
Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, MEX, even reported but so far it has not been proven. In some areas
MOR, PUE) this tree is the absolute dominant in the forest canopy and it
Medium-sized tree, up to 18 m tall. This Mexican endemic even forms monospecific stands. This taxon is considered to be
species occurs in cloud forest as well as in humid pine forest at great risk due to potential climate change to drier conditions.
and oak forest. Common names: denza, gä fani, nogal, nogal Very few individuals remain in Veracruz where its range has been
encarcelado, nuez de caballo, nuez meca. The wood is used for largely cleared for agriculture. Conversely, in Oaxaca, extensive
construction and for making fine furniture, handicrafts, and communities dominated by this species still remain, particularly
turned wood articles. There are records of this species being a in inaccessible areas. Synonyms: Engelhardtia mexicana
medicinal plant. Standl., E. nicaraguensis Ant.Molina. Common names:
Elevational range: 1,100–2,150 m nicoxcuauhitl, palo de zopilote, zopilote. The timber is very hard
Assessors: JAM, GIM and highly valued for making baseball bats and fine furniture.
Refs: [4, 58, 137, 229, 267, 286, 300, 301] Elevational range: (900) 1,100–2,000 m
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [225, 253, 267, 279, 347, 431, 445]
39
LACISTEMACEAE Beilschmiedia ovalioides Sa.Nishida

EN B1ab(iii)
Lacistema aggregatum (P.J.Bergius) Rusby Mexico (OAX, CHS)
NT Tree, up to 35 m tall. This is a narrowly Mexican endemic taxon
Mexico (SIN, TAM, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), that is restricted to cloud forest.
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Elevational range: 1,850–2,750 m
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Assessor: FLH
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Jamaica, Refs: [198, 269]
Lesser Antilles
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 11 m tall. Mostly growing near Beilschmiedia ovalis (S.F.Blake) C.K.Allen
the lower elevational limit of cloud forests, this species also VU B1ab(iii)
occurs in other vegetation types (mainly tropical rain forest but Mexico (OAX, CHS), Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
also savanna and riparian habitats). Always scarce and typically Tree, up to 30 m tall. This typical cloud forest species may also
a primary forest component. Synonyms: Lacistema myricoides be found in oak forest, at least in Mexico.
Sw., Piper aggregatum P.J.Bergius. Elevational range: 1,800–2,800 m
Assessor: JAM Refs: [198, 431]
Refs: [263, 279]
Cinnamomum areolatum (Lundell) Kosterm.
LAURACEAE EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), El Salvador (?)
Beilschmiedia angustielliptica Lorea-Hern. Small tree, 3–10 m tall. This species is frequently found in cloud
EN B1ab(iii) forest but it also occurs in pine and oak forest. Synonym:
Mexico (GRO) Phoebe areolata Lundell.
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. The distribution of this Mexican Elevational range: (1,200) 1,800–2,500 m
endemic species is restricted to cloud forest. Assessor: FLH
Elevational range: 1,350–1,650 m Ref: [198]
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 207, 269] Cinnamomum bractefoliaceum Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Beilschmiedia manantlanensis Cuevas & Cochrane Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO)
EN B1ab(iii) Small tree, 4–6 (10) m tall. This taxon is rare in cloud forest as it
Mexico (JAL) normally grows in oak and pine forest. Endemic to Mexico,
A large tree, 20–30 m tall. This species has so far been recorded particularly to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
only in cloud forest, in the Sierra de Manantlán region, where it Elevational range: 1,000–1,800 m.
mostly grows in humid ravines. Although the species is not Assessor: FLH
abundant, it has been reported to have a good recruitment rate Refs: [58, 197]
of young individuals.
Elevational range: 1,000–1,900 m Cinnamomum breedlovei (Lundell) Kosterm.
Assessor: FLH EN B1ab(iii)
Refs: [78, 269, 351] Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. This species is endemic to southern
Beilschmiedia mexicana (Mez) Kosterm. Mexico and ecologically restricted to cloud forest. Synonym:
EN B1ab(iii) Phoebe breedlovei Lundell.
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE) Elevational range: 1,500–2,000 m
Small to medium-sized tree, 4–10 (20?) m tall. In addition to Assessor: FLH
cloud forest, this species is also frequently found in tropical Ref: [198]
semi-evergreen forest and oak forest, rarely in pine forest.
Endemic to eastern Mexico (specimens ascribed to this taxon
from Guerrero, Chiapas and Belize might be a different species).
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 198, 269, 295]
40
Cinnamomum concinnum Lorea-Hern. Cinnamomum salicifolium (Nees) Kosterm.

CR B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX) Mexico (QRO, HGO)
Small tree, 3–5 m tall. Apparently a very local endemic, this A shrub, 1–3 m, or small tree, 3–6 m tall. Mainly found in oak
species is a very narrow cloud forest specialist. Although forest and oak-juniper forest, this species is rare in cloud forest.
unconfirmed, this taxon may now be extinct, as the only locality Synonym: Phoebe salicifolia Nees.
known in Oaxaca suffered a very severe fire in 1998. Specimens Elevational range: 1,000–1,900 m
ascribed to this taxon from Guerrero might be a different Assessor: FLH
species. Synonym: Phoebe elegans van der Werff. Refs: [58, 418]
Elevational range: 1,770 m
Assessor: FLH Cinnamomum zapatae Lorea-Hern.
Ref: [198] EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Cinnamomum effusum (Meisn.) Kosterm. Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species occurs
EN B1ab(iii) in cloud forest and pine-oak forest. Common name: canelillo.
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE) Elevational range: (1,300) 1,600–2,450 (2,750) m
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A fairly abundant cloud forest Assessor: FLH
element, this species also occurs in pine-oak forest. Endemic to Refs: [115, 197, 198, 363, 431]
the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico. Synonyms:
Phoebe effusa Meisn., P. barbeyana Mez, Cinnanomum Licaria campechiana (Standl.) Kosterm.
barbeyanum (Mez) Kosterm. Common names: aguacatillo, VU A2c; B1ab(iii)
aguacatillo blanco, aretillo colorado, laurelillo, palo de quesca, Mexico (QRO, VER, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize
sagkukata. Small to large tree, 4–10 (25) m. A very rare tree in cloud forest, this
Elevational range: 1,000–1,600 m species mostly grows in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical
Assessor: FLH rain forest. In fact, the occurrence of this taxon in cloud forest is
Refs: [58, 126, 198, 295] confirmed by just three records from Querétaro. However, the
specimens bear only fruit so may belong to another species as
Cinnamomum pachypodum (Nees) Kosterm. their identity cannot be fully ascertained. Synonyms: Ocotea
NT campechiana Standl., Misanteca campechiana (Standl.) Lundell.
Mexico (SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX) Elevational range: 100–260 (1,100) m
Small or medium-sized tree, 6–10 (15) m tall. In addition to cloud Assessor: FLH
forest, this taxon is found in several vegetation types, such as Refs: [58, 198, 418]
pine-oak forest, oak forest, and even (according to herbarium
data) tropical dry forest. This species is endemic to eastern and Licaria capitata (Schltdl. & Cham.) Kosterm.
central Mexico. Synonyms: Cinnamomum arsenei (C.K.Allen) EN B1ab(iii)
Kosterm., C. ehrenbergii (Mez) Kosterm., Phoebe arsenei Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
C.K.Allen, P. benthamiana (Nees) Mez, P. ehrenbergii Mez, P. Honduras
pachypoda (Nees) Mez. Small to medium-sized tree, 5–10 (20) m tall. Marginal in cloud
Elevational range: (300) 1,100–2,000 (2,200) m forest, this species mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
Assessor: FLH forest and tropical rainforest but it is also found in pine and oak
Refs: [58, 76, 79, 198, 348, 351, 356, 357] forest at lower elevations. Synonyms: Acrodiclidium capitatum
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Lundell, Misanteca capitata Schltdl. & Cham.
Cinnamomum padiforme (Standl. & Steyerm.) Kosterm. Elevational range: 50–1,000 (1,500) m
EN B1ab(iii) Assessor: FLH
Mexico (JAL, GRO), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua Ref: [198]
Small to medium-sized tree, 6–15 (25) m tall. This cloud forest
species also occurs in pine forest and oak forest. Further studies Licaria chinanteca Lorea-Hern.
may prove that the populations in western Mexico are in fact a EN B1ab(iii)
different species from those in Central America. Synonym: Mexico (OAX)
Phoebe padiformis Standl. & Steyerm. Small tree, 6–12 m tall. This cloud forest specialist is endemic to
Elevational range: (600) 1,200–2,100 m a small region in the Sierra Madre del Sur in Mexico.
Assessor: FLH Elevational range: 1,250–1,750 (2,000) m
Refs: [198, 209] Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
41
Licaria excelsa Kosterm. Litsea glaucescens Kunth

VU B1ab(iii) VU A2
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mexico (TAM, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX), Guatemala
Panama Small tree, up to 8 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this species
Large tree, up to 30 m. A frequently found cloud forest element, it is also found in oak forest and pine-oak forest. Germination in
is also present in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen nurseries is 30–60% but the seeds must be washed with
forest. Synonyms: Licaria alata Miranda, Misanteca alata (Miranda) lukewarm water and the pulp removed before being sown in an
Miranda, M. excelsa (Kosterm.) Lundell. Common name: canelillo. organically-enriched bed at 1 cm deep. Fruit should be collected
Elevational range: (100) 600–1,700 (2,000) m from the branches. Synonyms: Litsea acuminatissima Lundell,
Assessor: FLH L. cervantesii Kunth. Common names: ecapatli, laurel, laurel
Refs: [198, 333, 363] de olor, tzis-uch, tzajaltziltzil zujch. Used as a source of firewood
and the dried leaves are commonly used and sold as a
Licaria glaberrima (Lundell) C.K.Allen condiment. Some medicinal uses are reported.
EN B1ab(iii) Elevational range: 1,000–2,500 m
Mexico (CHS) Assessors: FLH, MGE
Small or medium-sized tree, 7–15 m tall. This species is nearly Refs: [4, 58, 76, 96, 115, 180, 209, 229, 277, 309, 429]
a cloud forest specialist but it has also been found (rarely) in
pine-oak forest. Endemic to Mexico. Synonym: Acrodiclidium Litsea guatemalensis Mez
glaberrimum Lundell. Common name: canelillo. NT
Elevational range: 1,800–2,100 m Mexico (DGO, ZAC, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
Assessor: FLH CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
Refs: [198, 363] Small to medium-sized tree, 2–6 (15) m tall. An infrequent
element of the cloud forest flora, this species mostly occurs in
Licaria mexicana (Brandegee) Kosterm. more seasonal vegetation types such as pine-oak forest and
EX oak forest. Synonyms: Litsea flavescens Bartlett, L. matudae
Mexico (VER) Lundell. Common names: laurel, laurel de olor.
Small tree. According to data of associated species, this taxon Elevational range: 1,500–3,000 m
probably grew in cloud forest, or at the contact with tropical Assessor: FLH
semi-evergreen forest. Endemic to Mexico but as it has not been
collected for over 80 years it is reasonable to consider it extinct. Mocinnodaphne cinnamomoidea Lorea-Hern.
Synonym: Acrodiclidium mexicanum Brandegee. EN B2ab(iii)
Elevational range: c. 1,200 m Mexico (GRO, OAX[?])
Assessor: FLH Small tree, 3–10 m tall. A taxon restricted to cloud forest. This
Ref: [198] species is the only representative of a monotypic genus endemic
to Mexico.
Licaria phymatosa Lorea-Hern. Elevational range: 1,600–1,800 m.
Mexico (GRO) Refs: [198, 201, 207]
Medium-sized to large tree, 15–20 (35) m tall. This species is a
restricted element of the cloud forest flora. Endemic to Mexico, Nectandra cuspidata Nees
where it is only known from the Sierra Madre del Sur. NT
Elevational range: (1,500) 1,800–2,300 m Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Assessor: FLH Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Refs: [198, 199] Suriname, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Medium-sized to large tree, 15– 30 m tall. Rare in cloud forest,
Licaria siphonantha Lorea-Hern. this species is mostly found in tropical rainforest and tropical
EN B1ab(iii) semi-evergreen forest. Synonym: Nectandra gentlei Lundell.
Mexico (GRO) Common names: laurel, aguacatillo.
Medium-sized tree, 10–15 (20) m tall. This cloud forest species Elevational range: 100–1,500 m
also occurs in tropical semi-evergreen forest. Endemic to Assessor: FLH
Mexico. Ref: [331]
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 199]
42
Nectandra lundellii C.K.Allen Nectandra salicina C.K.Allen

VU A2c EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL[?], VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (CHS), Costa Rica, Panama
Honduras Small to medium-sized tree, 5–10 (18) m tall. This species is known
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. Infrequent in tropical semi- to occur in cloud forest in Chiapas but in Central America it is also
evergreen forest and tropical rainforest, this species has so far found in other vegetation types. Common name: aguacatillo.
not been recorded in cloud forest along the Sierra Madre Elevational range: (370) 600–1,400 (2,000) m
Oriental in the Gulf of Mexico slope. The only existing record of Assessor: FLH
the species in cloud forest comes from a single locality at the Refs: [331, 363]
Sierra de Manantlán in Jalisco (western Mexico). However, the
identity of that record is in doubt as the specimen only has fruits Ocotea acuminatissima (Lundell) Rohwer
and lacks flowers. Synonyms: Persea gentlei Lundell, Phoebe VU B1ab(iii)
gentlei (Lundell) Standl. & Steyerm. Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Elevational range: 100–700 m Medium-sized tree, 5–10 (20) m tall. Mostly occurring in cloud
Assessor: FLH forest, this species is also found in pine-oak forest. Several
Refs: [331, 356] collections from areas located north of Guerrero (i.e. JAL, NAY)
may prove to be the same species. Synonyms: Phoebe
Nectandra reticulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez acuminatissima Lundell, P. saxchanalensis Lundell, P.
NT siltepecana Lundell. Common name: canelillo.
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Elevational range: (900) 1,600–2,000 (2,700) m
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Assessor: FLH
Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Refs: [198, 363]
Tree very variable in size, 6–15 (30?) m tall. With a marginal
presence in cloud forest, this species mostly occurs in tropical Ocotea atacta Lorea-Hern.
rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and oak forest. EN B1ab(iii)
Elevational range: 100–1,300 (2,500) m Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Assessor: FLH Medium-sized to large tree, 15–25 (35) m tall. This is a typical
Ref: [331] cloud forest species but it also occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
forest. Endemic to southern Mexico with a distribution restricted
Nectandra rudis C.K.Allen to the Sierra Madre del Sur.
EN B1ab(iii) Elevational range: 600–1,650 m
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador Assessor: FLH
Medium-sized to large tree, 15–20 (30) m tall. Cloud forest is Ref: [199]
largely the preferred habitat of this species. Common name:
aguacatillo. Ocotea botrantha Rohwer
Assessor: FLH Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Refs: [331, 363] Small to medium-sized tree, 8–15 (20) m tall. Mostly occurring
in cloud forest, this species has been also recorded from tropical
Nectandra salicifolia (Kunth) Nees semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest.
NT Synonym: Persea matudai Lundell.
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, Elevational range: 800–1,700 (2,500) m
MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), Assessor: FLH
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua Refs: [198, 228]
Small to medium-sized tree, 3–10 (20) m tall. Frequently found
in cloud forests of southern Mexico, this species also occurs in Ocotea bourgeauviana (Mez) van der Werff
tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest, oak forest and EN B1ab(iii)
pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Nectandra loeseneri Mez, Ocotea Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras
salicifolia Kunth, Persea salicifolia (Kunth) Spreng. Common Small tree, 4–8 (15) m tall, or shrub (2 m). This cloud forest
names: aguacatillo, laurel, laurelillo, puchitum. species also occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-
Elevational range: 50–1,500 (2,300) m evergreen forest. Synonyms: Phoebe bourgeauviana Mez, P.
Assessor: FLH chinantecorum R.E.Schult.
Refs: [58, 76, 137, 277, 331] Elevational range: (200) 670–1,200 m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
43
Ocotea candidovillosa Lorea-Hern. Ocotea iridescens Lorea-Hern. & van der Werff
EN B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX) Mexico (OAX, CHS[?])
Small to medium-sized tree, (4) 10–20 m tall. This species has Small tree, 3–5 (8) m tall. This taxon is endemic to southern
a very narrow distribution in high elevation cloud forest. Endemic Mexico and is narrowly restricted to cloud forest.
to southern Mexico. Elevational range: 1,500–1,800 m
Elevational range: (2,100) 2,400–2,600 (2,850) m Assessor: FLH
Refs: [96, 115, 198]
Ocotea klotzschiana (Nees) Hemsl.
Ocotea chiapensis (Lundell) Standl. & Steyerm. EN B1ab(iii)
EN B1ab(iii) Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Tree, 5–10 (15) m tall, or a shrub, 2–4 m. This cloud forest
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. In Mexico this species is also found in pine-oak forest. Endemic to Mexico
species is a cloud forest specialist. Synonym: Nectandra where it is restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
chiapensis Lundell. Common name: tepeaguacate. Elevational range: 1,300–1,950 (2,260) m
Elevational range: (1,250) 1,850–2,100 (2,700) m Assessor: FLH
Assessor: FLH Refs: [4, 58, 198, 229]
Refs: [96, 198, 228, 363]
Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Laness.
Ocotea disjuncta Lorea-Hern. NT
EN B1ab(iii) Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX) Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Small to medium-sized tree, (6) 15–20 m tall. This species is Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
endemic to Mexico where it is narrowly restricted to cloud forest. Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles
Common name: vara negra. Small to medium-sized dioecious tree, 6–15 m tall. In addition
Elevational range: 1,700–2,500 m to cloud forest, this taxon is also known from tropical rainforest
Assessor: FLH and tropical semi-evergreen forest. In spite of the large
Refs: [126, 198] geographical range of this species, it is usually not abundant
locally. Synonym: Ocotea lenticellata Lundell.
Ocotea effusa (Meisn.) Hemsl. Elevational range: (200) 1,200–1,500 m
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize Refs: [198, 416]
Small to medium-sized tree, 5–20 m tall. This cloud forest
species also occurs in tropical rainforest. Ocotea matudae Lundell
Elevational range: (150) 650–1,700 (1,900) m EN B2ab(iii)
Assessor: FLH Mexico (CHS)
Refs: [126, 198, 416, 431] Small tree, 4–6 m. A strictly cloud forest specialist, this taxon is
endemic to southern Mexico where its habitat is severely
Ocotea helicterifolia (Meisn.) Hemsl. threatened.
VU B1ab(iii) Elevational range: 1,300–2,000 (2,700?) m
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Assessor: FLH
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Refs: [198, 416]
Small tree, 3–8 (15) m tall, or shrub, 2–4 m. This species is not
a cloud forest specialist as it also occurs in pine forest, oak Ocotea parvula (Lundell) van der Werff
forest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: Phoebe EN B2ab(iii)
helicterifolia (Meisn.) Mez, P. nectandroides Mez. Mexico (OAX[?], CHS)
Elevational range: (150) 950–1,700 (2,300) m Treelet, 3–6 m tall. Restricted to cloud forest, this species is
Assessor: FLH endemic to southern Mexico where its habitat is severely
Refs: [198, 295, 333, 416, 431] threatened. Synonym: Phoebe parvula Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
44
Ocotea platyphylla (Lundell) Rohwer Ocotea sarcodes Lorea-Hern.

EN B1ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador Mexico (OAX)
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is restricted to Medium-sized tree, 15–20 m tall. This taxon is narrowly endemic
cloud forest, at least in Mexico, where its habitat is severely to southern Mexico where it grows in cloud forest and oak
threatened. Synonyms: Nectandra platyphylla (Lundell) forest. Its habitat is severely threatened.
C.K.Allen, Phoebe platyphylla Lundell. Common name: Elevational range: 1,600–2,500 m
aguacatillo. Assessor: FLH
Elevational range: 1,600–1,900 m Refs: [198, 199]
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 363, 416] Ocotea sauroderma Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Ocotea psychotrioides Kunth Mexico (OAX)
EN B1ab(iii) Small or medium-sized tree, 15–25 m tall. This species is only
Mexico (VER, PUE) known from the hyper-humid Northern Oaxaca mountain range.
Small tree, 3–6 (8) m, or shrub, 1–3 m. This Mexican endemic Elevational range: 1,650–2,000 m
species mostly occurs in cloud forest but it is also found in oak Assessor: FLH
forest. Specimens from Hidalgo and Querétaro collected in Ref: [198]
cloud forest might be a different species. Synonym: Phoebe
psychotrioides (Kunth) Mez. Ocotea sinuata (Mez) Rohwer
Elevational range: (700) 1,100–1,600 (1,800) m VU B1ab(iii)
Assessor: FLH Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Refs: [58, 126, 198] Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Medium-sized tree, 10–20 m tall. This species is rare in cloud
Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees forest and mostly occurs in oak forest, tropical rainforest and
NT tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonym: Nectandra sinuata
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Mez. Common names: aguacatillo, tepeaguacate.
Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Elevational range: 180–1,400 m
Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay Assessor: FLH
Dioecious tree, 4–15 (25) m tall. Marginal to cloud forest, this Ref: [198]
species mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen forest. A
species of wide distribution but not locally abundant. Synonym: Ocotea standleyi C.K.Allen
Ocotea pyramidata S.F.Blake. EN B1ab(iii)
Elevational range: 150–1,600 m Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Assessor: FLH Medium-sized to large tree, 10–25 m tall. At least in Mexico, this
Refs: [198, 416] taxon is a cloud forest specialist. Its habitat is severely
threatened by land-use change. Synonym: Phoebe macrophylla
Ocotea salvinii Mez Standl. & Steyerm.
EN B2ab(iii) Elevational range: (800)1,500–2,100 m
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Assessor: FLH
Medium-sized tree, 12–20 m tall. This is a typical species of high Ref: [198]
elevation cloud forest, although is also occurs in pine-oak forest
of those elevations. Its habitat is severely threatened by land- Ocotea subalata Lundell
use change. Synonym: Phoebe salvinii (Mez) Lundell. EX
Elevational range: 2,500–3,000 m Mexico (CHS)
Assessor: FLH The information available for this species, a narrowly endemic
Refs: [198, 416] taxon from southern Mexico, clearly indicates that it was
restricted to cloud forest. The species is only known from two
collections that come from a region that has been heavily
deforested. Thereafter, it has not been collected for the last 60
years, hence it is presumably extinct.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
45
Ocotea tonii (Lundell) van der Werff elsewhere in Central America. The fruit can be collected under the
EN B1ab(iii) tree shortly after it falls and seedlings can be readily produced in
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS) nurseries. The seeds should be washed and then allowed to dry
Small tree, 4–10 m tall. This is an occasional element in the for 12–24 hours. Germination is high (70–95%) if the seeds are
cloud forest flora as it mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen sown to half of their length (3–5 cm deep) in humid and organically-
forest and tropical rainforest. The taxon is endemic to Mexico rich soil, which is exposed to intermediate light. Seeds must be
where it is geographically restricted to the southern portions of germinated shortly after being cleaned as they cannot be stored.
the country. This is a rare species that is represented by few Synonyms: Persea drymifolia Cham. & Schltdl., P. floccosa Mez.
collections in herbaria. In Chiapas at least its habitat is severely Common names: aguacate, aguacate oloroso, aguacatillo, on,
threatened. Synonym: Nectandra tonii Lundell. tsits-mut. The wood is white and soft and is occasionally used to
Elevational range: (300) 800–1,600 m make poles and boards for building, and less frequently as a
Assessor: FLH source of firewood or to produce charcoal. The role of improved
Refs: [198, 207] cultivars in both Mexican and international cuisine is world-
renowned but the fruits from wild populations are rarely eaten.
Ocotea truncata Lundell Elevational range: 1,300–2,500 m (of wild populations)
EN B1ab(iii) Assessors: FLH, MGE
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Refs: [4, 43, 115, 124, 126, 135, 198, 207, 228, 238, 305,
Small tree, 3–12 m tall. In Mexico this taxon is clearly a cloud 309, 312, 335, 417, 431, 445]
forest specialist. Its habitat is severely threatened.
Elevational range: 750–1,300 m Persea chamissonis Mez
Assessor: FLH VU A2c
Ref: [198] Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
A shrub or more frequently a tree, 5–15 m tall. This is a rare
Ocotea zoque Lorea-Hern. element of the cloud forest flora as it frequently grows in oak
EN B2ab(iii) forest and pine-oak forest.
Mexico (OAX) Elevational range: 1,650–2,600 m
A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This taxon is narrowly Assessor: FLH
endemic to Mexico and is restricted to cloud forest. Refs: [4, 198]
Elevational range: c. 1,650 m
Assessor: FLH Persea chrysantha Lorea-Hern.
Refs: [198, 199] CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO)
Persea albida Kosterm. Small tree, 7–18 m tall. This little known Mexican endemic
EN B1ab(iii) species is restricted to cloud forest. The taxon is known only
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica through two collections from the same locality.
Medium-sized to large tree, 12–20 (30) m tall. The available Elevational range: c. 2,200 m
information indicates that this taxon is restricted to cloud forest, Assessor: FLH
at least in Mexico. In Chiapas its habitat is severely threatened. Ref: [199]
Synonym: Persea guatemalensis Lundell.
Elevational range: 1,200–2,100 m Persea donnell-smithii Mez
Assessor: FLH VU B1ab(iii)
Ref: [198] Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica
Persea americana Mill. Small to medium-sized tree, 6–15 (20) m tall. This species
EN B1ab(iii) occurs mostly in oak forest or pine forest and infrequently in
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala cloud forest. Germination is high (80–90%) if the seeds are sown
Medium-sized to large tree, 10–20 (rarely to more than 30) m tall. at 2–3 cm deep in a humid and organically-rich soil bed exposed
A widely cultivated species, its wild populations normally occur in to intermediate illumination. Seeds must be germinated shortly
cloud forest, in humid pine-oak forest and oak forest, as well as in after being cleaned as they cannot be stored. Common name:
tropical semi-evergreen forest and (apparently) in tropical rainforest. aguacatillo. The fruit is edible, though on a small scale. It is used
This species is cultivated throughout tropical America, where as a shade tree in shade-grown coffee plantations.
different cultivars have been developed over centuries, yet most Elevational range: (900) 1,250–2,200 m
of the habitat of the very scattered wild populations is severely Assessors: FLH, MGE
threatened. In addition to Guatemala, wild populations may occur Refs: [198, 309, 417]
46
Persea liebmannii Mez Persea rufescens Lundell

NT EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, DGO, SLP, JAL, QRO, VER, PUE, Mexico (OAX, CHS)
OAX, CHS), Guatemala Small to medium-sized tree, 6–18 m tall. This species is endemic
Small to medium-sized tree, 3–15 m tall. This species grows to southern Mexico and a strict cloud forest specialist. At least
frequently in cloud forest but can also be found in oak forest, in Chiapas, its habitat is severely threatened.
tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest. The Elevational range: 1,500–2,550 m
concept of P. liebmannii used here includes P. podadenia Assessor: FLH
S.F.Blake, both the typical variety and P. podadenia var. Refs: [198, 417, 431]
glabriramea I.M.Johnst.; further studies may prove that these
taxa are indeed distinct species, which would result in a range Persea schiedeana Nees
reduction of P. liebmannii to Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guatemala, VU B1ab(iii)
Should this be the case, the IUCN category of this taxon would Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
have to be changed to EN as its habitat there is severely Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
threatened. Synonym: Persea flavifolia Lundell. Small to medium-sized tree, 4–15 (25) m tall. This typical cloud
Elevational range: (400) 700–2,300 (2,700) m forest species also occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-
Assessor: FLH evergreen forest. Cultivated for its edible fruits in places outside
Refs: [31, 58, 137, 198, 295, 417] of its native range. Germination is relatively high (80%) if the
seeds are sown at 2–3 cm deep in a humid and organically-rich
Persea longipes (Schltdl.) Meisn. soil bed exposed to intermediate illumination; seeds must be
EN B1ab(iii) germinated shortly after being cleaned as they cannot be stored.
Mexico (VER, CHS) Common names: aguacatillo, chinín, chinine, chiníni, pagua,
Medium-sized tree, 10–20 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this ziwtez.
species also occurs in oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen Elevational range: (250) 800–1,600 (2,300) m
forest. Endemic to Mexico. Its habitat is severely threatened. Assessors: FLH, MGE
Elevational range: 650–1,400 m Refs: [198, 305, 309, 417, 445]
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198] MAGNOLIACEAE
Persea obscura Lorea-Hern. Magnolia dealbata Zucc.

EN B2ab(iii) EN B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (OAX) Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Medium-sized tree, 12–20 m tall. This species is a strict cloud A cloud forest species but also in pine-oak forest. It regenerates
forest specialist and narrowly endemic to Mexico where it is in open areas and its regeneration has been studied in the wild.
known only from Oaxaca state. Common names: elosúchil, eloxóchitl, guía-lachi, guie-zehe,
Elevational range: 1,400–1,700 m quije-zehe, yo-zaba.
Refs: [198, 199] Assessor: ILV
Refs: [58, 66, 353, 354, 426, 430, 438, 445]
Persea pallescens (Mez) Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii) Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX), Guatemala Durán
Small to medium-sized tree, 4–8 (15) m tall. At least in Mexico, EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
this species is restricted to cloud forest. In most of its distribution Mexico (GRO)
its habitat is severely threatened. Synonyms: Persea parvifolia This Mexican endemic and recently described species is only
L.O.Williams, Phoebe pallescens Mez. known from cloud forest in Guerrero. It was not listed in the Red
Elevational range: 1,650–1,900 m List of Magnolia by Cicuzza et al. [66].
Refs: [198, 200] Assessor: ILV
Ref: [179]
47
Magnolia iltisiana A.Vázquez Magnolia pacifica A.Vázquez subsp. pacifica

VU B1ab(i,iii) EN B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC, GRO) Mexico (NAY, JAL)
A large tree, up to 20–40 (45) m tall and trunk up to 60–150 cm Medium-sized tree, up to 15–25 m tall and trunk up to 40–80
in diameter. Locally abundant in moist subdeciduous cloud cm in diameter. This species is found in cloud forest but also
forest, mostly in ravines. Known from a few localities, mostly in occurs in pine-oak forest, tropical evergreen forest and tropical
Jalisco with a disjunct population in Guerrero. It has several semi-evergreen forest. Frequently on steep slopes and ravines.
mechanisms of seed dormancy; a successful treatment includes It may be locally abundant. Only known from a few localities from
removal of the seed pulp cover after maceration. The tree is southern Nayarit (Acaponeta) to southwestern Jalisco (the San
used as a source of firewood and the timber is valued for Sebastián-Talpa de Allende-Cuale range). Common names:
furniture. Some uses in folk medicine are reported, thought to corpus, magnolia.
strengthen the heart as a remedy for high blood pressure. Elevational range: 790–1,900 (2,250) m
Common names: ahuatoso, laurel, magnolia, yoloxóchitl. Assessors: ILV, MGE
Elevational range: 800–2,440 m Refs: [66, 426]
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 76, 278, 348–351, 356, 357, 426, 428, 438] Magnolia pugana (Iltis & A.Vázquez) A.Vázquez &
Carvajal
Magnolia krusei J.Jiménez Ram.& Cruz Durán CR B1ab(i,iii)
EN B2ab(i,ii,iii) Mexico (ZAC, JAL)
Mexico (GRO) Medium-sized tree, 15–25 m tall and with a trunk up to 40–80
A cloud forest species mostly known from only one locality in cm in diameter. This species occurs in cloud forest but more
central Guerrero (also at the limit with the state of Oaxaca; J. frequently in more seasonal formations at lower elevations; in
Jiménez Ramírez, pers. com.). All vouchers collected within an deep ravines with forested margins along permanent streams.
area of 11 km radius. Used for timber and handicrafts. A species with a very restricted distribution. Synonym: Magnolia
Conservation measures may be complicated because of pacifica A.Vázquez subsp. pugana Iltis & A.Vázquez. Common
cultivation of illegal crops in the vicinity of wild populations. names: almacasusco, magnolia, manolia.
Elevational range: c. 1,150 m Elevational range: 1,300–1,600 m
Assessor: ILV Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 181] Refs: [66, 426, 429, 429a]
Magnolia mexicana DC. Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl.

VU B2ab(i,ii,iii) EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, Mexico (HGO, VER, MIC, OAX)
OAX, CHS), Guatemala A species found in cloud forest in the eastern states of Mexico;
A large tree, up to 30 m tall and with trunk up to 100 cm in records from the Pacific region are incorrect identifications and
diameter. A rare species not restricted to cloud forest but also actually represent either Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jiménez Ram.,
occurring in other old-growth forest formations at lower K.Vega & Cruz Durán or Magnolia vazquezii Cruz Durán &
elevations. Synonym: Talauma mexicana (DC.) G.Don. K.Vega. Recent genetic analyses indicate a high variation and
Common names: anonillo, cocté, flor de corazón, flor del degree of population differentiation in central Veracruz.
corazón, yo-lachi, guía-lacha-yati, quije-lechiyate, holmashté, Common names: corpus, elo-xóchitl, magnolia, palo de
jolmashté, hualhua, laurel tulipán, tzocoijoyó, tzucoijoyó, cacique, quie-lachi, yaga-zaha, yolosúchil.
chocoijoyo, chocoijoyó, yolosúchil, yolosóchitl, yoloxóchitl. There Elevational range: 1,230–2,250 (2,580) m
are reports of its use for flavouring chocolate and other food, Assessors: ILV, MGE
and on medicinal uses of bark to treat fever. Flowers are highly Refs: [4, 58, 66, 76, 79, 126, 179, 265, 335, 426, 445]
valued as ornamental, for their scent and medicinally as an
antispasmodic. The high quality timber has industrial uses. Magnolia sharpii Miranda
Elevational range: 150-2,000 m EN B1ab(i,iii); C2a(i)
Assessors: ILV, MGE Mexico (CHS)
Refs: [114, 173, 241, 279, 426, 438] A large tree, up to 25 m tall and with a trunk more than 50 cm
in diameter. Found in cloud forest, moist oak forest and pine-oak
forest. Only known from a few localities in the central highlands
and northern mountains of Chiapas where severe deforestation
is still occurring. Published data on the area of potential forest
distribution with M. sharpii (Cicuzza et al. [66]) are highly
48
misleading; the area of occupancy is very likely to be far less may remain viable for up to seven months at 4°C and less than
than this. Recent genetic analyses with isozymes indicate a large 12% relative humidity. Seedlings can be obtained from seeds
variation within its populations and a low degree of genetic placed on damp soil beds with a thin litter cover. Synonyms:
differentiation between them. Other results suggest inbreeding Cheirostemon platanoides Bonpl., Chiranthodendron
in its populations. This species regenerates well in moderately platanoides (Bonpl.) Baill. Common names: árbol de la manita,
open stands, and can be propagated from seed to allow árbol de las manitas, camxóchitl, canaco, canague,
population restoration through the planting of seedlings and huiahuonahua, lechillo, li-ma-ne-shmu, macpalxochicuáhuitl,
saplings. Seed viability decreases after three months of storage. macpalxóchitl, mano de dragón, mano de león, mapasúchil,
Common names: magnolia, tajchac, tojchó. mora, palo de mecate, palo liso, teyacua, teyeque. Flowers used
Elevational range: 1,700–2,400 m as a remedy for some heart diseases in folk medicine, bark used
Assessors: ILV, NRM, MGE as rope and leaves used to wrap food. A tree with religious
Refs: [66, 124, 133–136, 265, 302, 305, 306, 308, 309] significance to pre-Columbian Aztec people. A drawing of the
flowering branch of this species has been the iconic symbol of
Magnolia tamaulipana A.Vázquez the Botanical Society of Mexico since the early 1940s.
EN B1ab(i,iii) Elevational range: 1,830–2,740 m
Mexico (NL, TAM) Assessors: SAC, NRM, MGE, FLH, JAM
A cloud forest species known mostly from southern Tamaulipas. Refs: [96, 115, 134, 180, 238, 239, 241, 274, 279, 307–309,
Elevational range: 1,180–1,500 m 403, 438]
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 137, 426] Hampea breedlovei Fryxell
CR A1b
Magnolia vazquezii Cruz Durán & K.Vega Mexico (CHS)
EN B2ab(i,ii,iii) A small dioecious tree species, up to 7 m tall. Found in cloud
Mexico (GRO) forest, endemic to a small number of localities in the Northern
A cloud forest species with a very restricted distribution in Mountains region of Chiapas.
Guerrero, near its boundary with Oaxaca. It resembles Magnolia Elevational range: 1,700–1,900 m
schiedeana Schltdl. but it differs in a number of macroscopic Assessors: NRM, MGE
characters. Ref: [120]
Assessors: ILV, MGE Hampea integerrima Schltdl.
Ref: [75] NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB)
Magnolia yoroconte Dandy A small tree marginal to cloud forest that also occurs in forest
VU B1ab(i,iii) formations at lower elevations. Common names: jonote blanco,
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras jonote colorado, majagua, majagua de playa, tsutsocoshunuc,
A large tree not restricted to cloud forest but also occurs in tsutsucoshunuc.
mixed forest at lower elevations. Elevational range: 950–1,700 m
Elevational range: 800–2,120 m Assessors: NRM, MGE
Assessors: ILV, MGE Refs: [121, 209]
Refs: [66, 426]
Hampea montebellensis Fryxell
MALVACEAE EN A3c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreat. Presumably dioecious tree, up to 20 m tall. Endemic to a small
VU A2cd region in Chiapas with montane rainforest and pine-oak-
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Liquidambar forest.
A large tree, up to 30 m tall and 200 cm in diameter. Although Elevational range: 1,100–1,500 m
it is a typical cloud forest tree, this species is not restricted to this Assessor: NRM
vegetation type as it also occurs in oak and pine-oak forests. Ref: [120]
Specimens have been reported from a number of other states
in central Mexico but they are most probably from cultivated
trees. Restoring populations with planted seedlings and saplings
seems possible. Seeds must be collected from slightly open
fruits on the distal parts of the branches of the tree. The seeds
49
Mortoniodendron ruizii Miranda Conostegia volcanalis Standl. & Steyerm.

CR B2ab(ii,iii) VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS) Mexico (JAL, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Small tree or large shrub. Known only from the cloud forest in Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica(?)
the Northern Mountains of Chiapas. Most of the areas where Small to medium-sized tree, 3–20 m tall. Found in cloud forest,
the species has been recorded have now been severely tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest. Specimens
deforested (over 80% in recent decades). Synonym: M. from Costa Rica are taxonomically uncertain. Closely related to
palaciosii Miranda, also from Chiapas and Veracruz; yet this is Conostegia arborea (Schltdl.) Steud. Synonym: Conostegia
unlikely because the latter occurs at considerably lower orbeliana Almeda. Common name: uva.
elevations. This species appears to be ill-defined taxonomically. Elevational range: 1,100–2,200 m
Described in 1956 by Faustino Miranda, there are no other Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
records since this date in TROPICOS. To the best of current Refs: [8, 79, 96, 207, 209, 356, 357, 363, 377, 429, 444]
knowledge it is a genuine species. Common name: cedrillo.
Elevational range: 800–1,900 m Graffenrieda galeottii (Naudin) L.O.Williams
Assessors: NRM, MGE, Expert Group May 2007 VU B2ab(iii)
Refs: [29, 242, 314, 362] Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
Tilia americana L. var. mexicana (Schltdl.) Hardin Small to medium-sized tree, 3–16 m tall. This cloud forest
VU A4c species also occurs in tropical rainforest and is not uncommon
Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, in disturbed vegetation. Synonym: Calyptrella cycliophylla
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS) Donn.Sm.
A large tree, up to 25 m tall or higher. Not only found in cloud Elevational range: 0–1,200 m
forest but also in oak forest, pine-oak forest, tropical dry forest Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
and tropical evergreen forest. Not very abundant locally but Refs: [8, 383]
widespread in Mexico. Synonyms: Tilia houghii Rose, T.
mexicana Schltdl., T. pringlei Rose. Common names: cirimo, Meriania macrophylla (Benth.) Triana subsp. macrophylla
sirimo, tila, tilia, tirimo, tzirimo, tzirimu, yaca, yaco. EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Elevational range: 1,100–2,500 m Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Assessors: ILV, JAM, SVA, MGE Venezuela
Refs: [2, 4, 58, 76, 79, 115, 137, 166, 180, 229, 277, 300, Small to medium-sized tree, 6–21 m tall. A species restricted to
301, 348, 356, 357, 428, 429, 438] cloud forest. Synonym: Conostegia excelsa Pittier.
MELASTOMATACEAE Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Ref: [8]
Blakea purpusii Brandegee
CR A4c; B1ab(iii) Miconia chinantlana (Naudin) Almeda
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Tree or shrub, epiphytic, 6–18 m tall. This cloud forest species Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
extends its presence down into tropical semi-evergreen forest and Shrub and probably small tree, 1.5–4 m tall. Found in cloud
tropical rainforest. This taxon has a highly restricted distribution on forest and tropical rainforest. Although this taxon was first
the slopes of the Tacaná volcano at the Mexico-Guatemala border. described more than 150 years ago, in the TROPICOS digital
Elevational range: 1,300–2,700 m database only two specimens from Mexico are recorded.
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS Synonyms: Clidemia chinantlana (Naudin) Triana, Miconia
Refs: [8, 377, 383] echinoidea Standl. & Steyerm., Staphidium chinantlanum
Naudin. This species is closely related to Miconia globulifera
Conostegia arborea (Schltdl.) Steud. Naudin.
Mexico (PUE, VER) Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A common species in Refs: [7, 8]
undisturbed forest. Mostly found in cloud forest but occasionally
in tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [8]
50
Miconia donaeana Naudin Miconia lonchophylla Naudin

NT VU A4c
Mexico (GRO), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Honduras, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
Small tree, 2–8 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest, Shrub or small tree, 1–6 m tall (up to 20 m in Venezuela).
tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest, frequently Besides cloud forest this species also occurs in tropical
in riparian habitats. With a notably disjunct distribution, this evergreen forest. Synonym: Miconia sylvicola Pittier.
species is rare in Mexico but more common in Central America. Elevational range: 600–1,700 (2,700) m
Synonyms: Chitonia caudata D.Don non Miconia caudata Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
(Bonpl.) DC., M. leucantha Gleason. Ref: [8]
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS Miconia matthaei Naudin
Refs: [8, 86, 207] NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Miconia elata (Sw.) DC. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
NT Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles
Mexico (VER, CHS), Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 3–15 m tall. Marginal in
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, cloud forest, mostly occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica semi-evergreen forest.
Small tree, 4–12 m tall. Only found in lower limits of cloud forest Elevational range: 0–1,200 m
in Mexico and Ecuador, otherwise the species is found in tropical Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Often confused Refs: [8, 383]
with Miconia punctata (Desr.) D.Don ex DC.
Elevational range: 20–1,300 m Miconia mexicana (Bonpl.) Naudin
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS VU A4c; B1ab(iii)
Refs: [8, 377] Mexico (JAL, HGO, PUE, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Miconia fulvostellata L.O.Williams Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest,
VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) this species also occurs in pine forest, pine-oak forest and
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: Conostegia
Shrub or small tree, 2–10 m tall. This species occurs both in mexicana (Bonpl.) Ser. ex DC., Melastoma mexicanum Bonpl.,
cloud forest and in tropical rainforest. Miconia humilis Cogn., M. lauriformis Naudin, M. purpusii
Elevational range: 200–1,300 m Brandegee, M. tococoides Naudin, M. tunicata (Bonpl.) Naudin.
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS Elevational range: 700–2,800 m
Refs: [8, 377] Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Refs: [8, 86, 126, 207, 229, 295, 383]
Miconia hemenostigma Naudin
EN A4c; B1ab(iii) Miconia militis Wurdack
Mexico (HGO, VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, CR A4c
Honduras Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 1–9 m tall. In addition to cloud forest this Shrub or small tree, 1.5–7 m tall. Although occurring in cloud
species is also found in pine forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest. forest, this species is also found in oak forest, pine forest and
Elevational range: 1,800–3,200 m pine-oak forest.
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS Elevational range: 2,000–3,100 m
Refs: [8, 86, 302, 383] Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Refs: [86, 96, 115]
Miconia heterothrix Gleason & Wurdack
CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (MIC, GRO)
Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. A typical but rare cloud forest
and pine forest species.
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Ref: [86]
51
Miconia oligotricha (DC.) Naudin MELIACEAE

NT
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX), Guatemala, Honduras, Guarea glabra Vahl
Costa Rica NT
Shrub or small understorey tree, 2–4 m tall. Not restricted to Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
cloud forest, this species also occurs in pine forest, pine-oak CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
forest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French
Elevational range: 1,200–3,200 m Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Lesser Antilles
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS Dioecious medium-sized tree, 6–10 (25) m tall. Not restricted to
Refs: [4, 126, 229, 236, 383] cloud forest, this species also occurs in tropical evergreen forest,
tropical dry forests and pine-oak forest, often in riparian habitats.
Miconia teotepecensis de Santiago This is apparently the most variable species in the genus, and it
CR A4c is closely related to G. guidonia (L.) Sleumer. Synonyms: Guarea
Mexico (GRO, OAX) excelsa Kunth, G. filiformis C.DC., G. filiformis C.DC. var. pallida
Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m tall. Mostly a cloud forest species, C.DC., G. glabrescens (Hook. & Arn.) S.F.Blake, G. heterophylla
this taxon also occurs occasionally in pine-oak forest and S.F.Blake, G. matudae Lundell, G. makrinii S.F.Blake, G.
tropical semi-evergreen forest. obtusata S.F.Blake, G. palmeri Rose ex C.DC., G. polyantha
Elevational range: 1,000–2,000 m S.F.Blake, G. purpurea C.DC., G. rovirosae C.DC., G. virescens
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS C.DC. Common names: bejuco, bejuco de blanco, bejuco
Refs: [87, 207] colorado, bolero, cedrillo, chilillo, cagal, gaga, palo de bejuco,
remo, trompillo de arenal, trompillo blanco, trompillo de monte,
Stanmarkia medialis (Standl. & Steyerm.) Almeda trompillo de playa, zapotillo. Used locally for timber.
CR A4c; B1ab(iii) Elevational range: 0–1,800 (3,000) m
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Assessors: GIM, GCT, LSV, RPL
Shrub or tree, up to 4 m tall. A cloud forest specialist. The Refs: [79, 115, 172, 173, 180, 207, 236, 278, 280, 333, 351,
geographical distribution of this species is highly restricted to 356, 357, 363]
the Mexico–Guatemala border.
Elevational range: 1,600–3,000 m MONIMIACEAE
Ref: [8] Mollinedia pallida Lundell
EN B1ab(iii)
Topobea laevigata (D.Don.) Naudin Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
EN A4c;B2ab(iii) Small tree, 4–8 (12) m tall. A typical but scarce cloud forest
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize species. Synonyms: Mollinedia flavida Lundell, M. pauciflora
Epiphytic shrub or tree, 3–12 m tall. In addition to cloud forest Lundell.
this species is also found in pine-oak forest and tropical Elevational range: 600–1,900 m
rainforest. Assessor: FLH
Elevational range: 150–1,850 m Ref: [29]
Ref: [8] Mollinedia viridiflora Tul.
VU B1ab(iii)
Topobea maurofernandeziana Cogn. Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
VU A4c; B1ab(iii) Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Mexico (GRO, OAX), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Dioecious small tree, 3–10 m tall. A typical cloud forest species
Epiphytic, hemi-epiphytic and sometimes rupicolous shrub or also present in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical
small tree, 2–5 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest, also occurs rainforest. Synonyms: Mollinedia mexicana Perkins, M.
frequently in riparian habitats of other forest formations. nigrescens Tul., M. orizabae Perkins.
Synonyms: Blakea intercepta Gleason, Topobaea durandiana Elevational range: 100–2,700 m
Cogn. This species is closely related to Topobaea watsonii Assessor: FLH
Cogn. Refs: [174, 431]
Refs: [5, 8, 207]
52
MORACEAE Ficus rzedowskiana Carvajal & Cuevas-Figueroa

EN B1ab(ii)
Ficus apollinaris Dugand Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Hemi-epiphytic or rupicolous tree, up to 40 m tall. This Mexican
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Costa endemic species is marginal in cloud forest and oak forest, and
Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia it occurs more frequently in tropical rainforest and riparian
Medium-sized to large tree, (8) 15–35 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, habitats. Common names: amate, amate capulín, chalamal,
this species mostly occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical higuera, higuerón, injerto, matapalo, suja. The fruit is sometimes
semi-evergreen forest, particularly in riparian habitats. eaten and occasionally people cut the branches as fodder for
Synonym: Ficus petenensis Lundell. Common names: amate, cattle.
amate blanco, amate hoja menuda, amatillo, amatillo lechero, Elevational range: 100–700 (1,300) m
jun, ojochín blanco. Tall individuals are maintained in pastures Assessors: GIM, GCT
as shade trees and their syconia serve as fodder for cattle. Refs: [59]
Elevational range: 50–700 (1,150) m
Assessors: GIM, GCT Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.
Refs: [174, 175, 359] VU B1ab(ii)
Mexico (CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa
Ficus colubrinae Standl. Rica, Panama, Jamaica, Dominican Republic
VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Dioecious medium-sized tree, 6–20 m tall. A rare species in
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, cloud forest and tropical rainforest. Common names: asta
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia amarilla, asta maría.
Epiphytic or strangler tree, 10–30 m tall. Present in cloud forest, Elevational range: 300–1,000 (1,900) m
oak forest and pine forest but more abundant in tropical Assessors: GIM, GCT
rainforest, particularly in riparian habitats. Common names: Refs: [17, 333, 389]
amate capulín, matapalo, tzajal mutut. Used as fodder and
shade tree in pastures for cattle. Trophis cuspidata Lundell
Elevational range: 130–1,700 m VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Assessors: GIM, GCT Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Refs: [174, 359, 401] Dioecious tree, 3–12 tall. Present in cloud forest and oak forest,
particularly in riparian habitats. Related to Trophis mexicana
Ficus lapathifolia (Liebm.) Miq. (Liebm.) Bureau. Common name: aretillo.
EN B1ab(ii) Elevational range: 1,600–2,600 m
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS) Assessors: GIM, GCT
Large tree, up to 40 m tall. Not frequent in cloud forest but more Refs: [17, 363]
common in tropical rainforest, particularly in riparian habitats.
Common names: amacuautl, amate, amate blanco, amate Trophis noraminervae Cuevas & Carvajal
caballo, amate de hoja ancha, higo, higo durazno, higuera, EN B2ab(ii,iii)
huichilama. Mexico (JAL, COL)
Elevational range: 30–1,800 m Dioecious tree, 6–12 m tall. Found in cloud forest and also
Assessors: GIM, GCT occurs in riparian habitats in other forest types in the Sierra de
Refs: [175, 359] Manantlán Biosphere Reserve. This species is closely related
with Trophis cuspidata Lundell. Common name: ramoncillo.
Ficus membranacea C.Wright The foliage is sometimes used as fodder.
VU B1ab(iii) Elevational range: 1,650–1,800 m
Mexico (SIN, ZAC, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, OAX), Assessors: GIM, GCT
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba, Jamaica Refs: [77, 79, 81, 278, 356]
Hemi-epiphytic or rupicolous tree, 10–30 m tall. Marginal
species in cloud forest and temperate vegetation such as conifer
forest and oak forest, it is more typical of tropical dry forest,
particularly in riparian habitats. Common names: amate, amate
blanco, amate fruto rojo, higuera, matapalo, saiba, tescalama,
tezcalama, tiscalama, tlaligo, zalate.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [21, 101, 132, 292]
53
MYRSINACEAE Ardisia nigrescens Oerst. subsp. nigrescens

VU A2c
Ardisia bracteosa A.DC. Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Nicaragua
NT Small tree, up to 5 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this is a frequent
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, taxon in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Jamaica Synonyms: Icacorea nigrescens (Oerst.) Standl.,
Small tree, 3–8 (12) m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species is Oerstedianthus nigrescens (Oerst.) Lundell.
more typical of tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: Elevational range: 50–1,000 m
Ardisia densiflora Krug et Urb., A. esculenta Pav. ex A.DC., A. Assessor: FLH
gentlei Lundell, A. spicigera Donn.Sm., Icacorea spicigera Ref: [319]
(Donn.Sm.) Standl., Tinus bracteosa (A.DC.) Kuntze.
Elevational range: 1,300–1,400 m Ardisia rarescens Standl.
Assessor: FLH EN B1ab(iii)
Ref: [321] Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Small tree, up to 12 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest. This
Ardisia breedlovei Lundell species is the only representative of the subgenus Acrardisia
EN B1ab(ii) found in the Americas; the rest (c. 35 species) grow in the Indo-
Mexico (CHS) Malayan region. Synonym: Amatlania rarescens (Standl.)
Tree, 8–25 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and tropical Lundell. Common name: cereza morada.
rainforest. Apparently endemic to Mexico. Elevational range: 1,300–2,400 m
Ref: [215]
Ardisia revoluta Kunth
Ardisia liebmannii Oerst. NT
VU A2c Mexico (SON, SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, GRO,
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS) OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Rarely a small tree, 3–6 m tall, mostly a shrub. Not frequently Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
found in cloud forest, usually occurs in tropical semi-evergreen Shrub or small tree, 4–8 (rarely 12) m tall. Rare in cloud forest,
forest, tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest. Two subspecies typically found in tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry
are recognized: Ardisia liebmannii subsp. jalapensis (Lundell) forest and pine-oak forest. Mostly occurs along streams.
Ricketson & Pipoly, and A. liebmannii subsp. liebmannii, both Synonym: Icacorea revoluta (Kunth) Standl.
reaching the lower cloud forest on the Sierra Madre Oriental. Elevational range: 10–1,400 (2,000) m
Synonyms: Amatlania crenipetala (Mez) Lundell, A. elliptica Assessor: FLH
Lundell, A. jalapensis (Lundell) Lundell, A. liebmannii (Oerst.) Refs: [76, 207, 351]
Lundell, Ardisia crenipetala Mez, A. elliptifolia Lundell, A.
jalapensis Lundell, A. rekoi Lundell, Icacorea liebmannii (Oerst.) Ardisia tuerckheimii Donn.Sm.
Standl. VU A2c
Elevational range: 550–1,700 m Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras
Assessor: FLH Shrub or small tree, 5–15 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
Ref: [320] forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Ardisia brevipes Lundell,
A. carlsonae Steyerm., A. trinitariae Lundell, A. tuxtepecana
Ardisia mexicana Lundell subsp. siltepecana (Lundell) Lundell, Oerstedianthus brevipes (Lundell) Lundell, O. carlsonae
Pipoly & Ricketson (Steyerm.) Lundell, O. trinitariae (Lundell) Lundell, O. tuerckheimii
EN B1ab(iii) (Donn.Sm.) Lundell, O. tuxtepecanus (Lundell) Lundell.
Mexico (CHS) Elevational range: 800–1,500 m
Small tree, up to 5 m tall. Occasionally found in cloud forest, Assessor: FLH
more common in tropical dry forest. Synonyms: Ardisia Ref: [319]
siltepecana Lundell, Icacorea siltepecana (Lundell) Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [294, 363]
54
Ardisia verapazensis Donn.Sm. var. verapazensis Gentlea tacanensis (Lundell) Lundell

VU A2c EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX, TAB[?], CHS), Guatemala, Honduras Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Shrub to medium-sized tree, 5–15 (20) m tall. Mostly occurs in Small tree, up to 5 m tall. Mostly occurs in cloud forest.
cloud forest but also found in tropical semi-evergreen forest and Synonym: Ardisia tacanensis Lundell.
tropical rainforest. Besides the typical variety there is A. Elevational range: 1,300–3,000 m
verapazensis Donn.Sm. var. cucullata (Lundell) Pipoly & Assessor: FLH
Ricketson, which occurs only in central Chiapas within the Refs: [318, 363]
elevational range and habitat of the typical form. Synonyms:
Ardisia alba Lundell, A. eciliata (Lundell) Pipoly & Ricketson, A. Myrsine juergensenii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly
feniana Pipoly & Ricketson, Zunilia alba (Lundell) Lundell, Z. NT
eciliata Lundell, Z. purpusii Lundell, Z. verapazensis (Donn.Sm.) Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Lundell. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Elevational range: (650) 900–1,600 (2,600) m Panama
Assessor: FLH Small tree, 3–10 m tall. A locally abundant cloud forest species,
Refs: [207, 293] it also occurs in oak forest and pine-oak forest. It regenerates
well in open habitats but seedlings are more frequent under
Ctenardisia purpusii (Brandegee) Lundell open canopy. Synonyms: Myrsine chiapensis Lundell, M. gillyi
EN B2ab(iii) Lundell, M. jaliscensis Lundell, M. mexicana (Lundell) Lundell,
Mexico (CHS) Rapanea chiapensis (Lundell) Lundell, R. gillyi (Lundell) Lundell,
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. Habitat not recorded by collectors but R. jaliscensis (Lundell) Lundell, R. juergensenii Mez, R. mexicana
it can safely assumed to be (from location data) a cloud forest Lundell. Common name: tilil.
and tropical rainforest species. Known through very few Elevational range: (450) 1,500–3,200 m
collections from central Chiapas, and not collected for the last Assessors: FLH, Expert Group May 2007
70 years. Synonyms: Ardisia ovandensis Lundell, Ardisia Refs: [2, 22, 76, 79, 124, 133, 135, 180, 207, 228, 237, 238,
purpusii Brandegee, Ctenardisia ovandensis (Lundell) Lundell, 304, 309, 317, 348, 356, 357, 363, 431]
Yunckeria ovandensis (Lundell) Lundell, Y. purpusii (Brandegee)
Lundell. Parathesis chiapensis Fernald
Elevational range: 700–2,400 m VU B1ab(iii)
Assessor: FLH Mexico (NAY, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Ref: [321] Small tree, 3–6 m tall. Occurs in cloud forest and pine-oak
forest.
Gentlea micranthera (Donn.Sm.) Lundell Elevational range: 1,450–1,800 (2,350) m
NT Assessor: FLH
Mexico (JAL, VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Ref: [228]
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species occurs Parathesis cintalapana Lundell
in cloud forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: CR B1ab(iii)
Ardisia cuneifolia (Lundell) Lundell, A. mcvaughii Lundell, Gentlea Mexico (CHS)
cuneifolia Lundell, G. mcvaughii (Lundell) Lundell, Parathesis Small tree, up to 7 m tall. A taxon restricted to cloud forest. Only
micranthera Donn.Sm. known from the type collection, this appears to be a very rare
Elevational range: 900–2,000 m species.
Assessor: FLH Elevational range: 1,250 m
Ref: [318] Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Gentlea penduliflora (A.DC.) Pipoly & Ricketson
VU B1ab(iii) Parathesis columnaris Lundell
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS) EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 4–5 m tall. A rare species in cloud forest and pine- Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
oak forest. Endemic to Mexico. Synonym: Heberdenia Small tree, 3–7 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and
penduliflora (A.DC.) Mez tropical rainforest. Synonym: Parathesis mirandae Lundell.
Assessor: FLH Assessor: FLH
Ref: [318] Ref: [321]
55
Parathesis donnellsmithii Mez Parathesis subcoriacea Lundell

NT EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, Mexico (CHS)
CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica Small tree, 3–7 m tall. This taxon is restricted to cloud forest.
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 1–15 m tall. Present in The species is known from a few records, all from Chiapas.
tropical semi-evergreen forest, pine forest, and pine-oak forest, Records from Guatemala and Honduras are misidentifications.
this species is marginal to cloud forest. Synonyms: Parathesis Elevational range: 1,950–2,700 m
brevipes Lundell, P. elliptica Lundell, P. oaxacana Lundell, P. Assessor: FLH
oblongifolia Lundell, P. oxyphylla Lundell. Ref: [321]
Assessor: FLH Parathesis subulata Lundell
Ref: [321] EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Parathesis lanceolata Brandegee Shrub to small tree, 3–7 m tall. This species is found in high-
EN B1ab(iii) elevation cloud forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms:
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Parathesis lunata Lundell, P. nigropunctata Lundell.
Shrub or small tree, 3–5 m tall. Found in cloud forest and tropical Elevational range: 1,800–2,600 m
semi-evergreen forest. Assessor: FLH
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321] Parathesis trichogyne Hemsl.
VU B1ab(iii)
Parathesis leptopa Lundell Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
EN B1ab(iii) Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. Mostly found in
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras tropical rainforest. Synonym: Parathesis chrysophylla Lundell.
Small tree, 6–9 m tall. This species is a cloud forest specialist. Elevational range: 60–1,580 m
Synonyms: Parathesis oroana Lundell, P. tonana Lundell, Assessor: FLH
P. violacea Lundell. Ref: [321]
Assessor: FLH Parathesis villosa Lundell
Refs: [58, 302] EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC)
Parathesis melanosticta (Schltdl.) Hemsl. A shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. This species occurs in pine-
VU A2c oak forest and cloud forest. Records of the species from eastern
Mexico (VER, MIC, MEX, OAX, CHS) Mexico must be incorrect identifications.
Shrub or tree, 1–7 m tall. This species is found in cloud forest Elevational range: 1,600–1,950 m
but also occurs in oak forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Assessor: FLH
Parathesis matudae Lundell, P. violacea Lundell. Refs: [76, 180, 209, 277, 278, 348, 429]
Elevational range: (950) 1,300–2,400 (2,700) m
Assessor: FLH Synardisia venosa (Mast.) Lundell
Refs: [76, 126] NT
Mexico (JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Parathesis pseudocalophylla Ricketson & Pipoly Honduras, Nicaragua
CR B1ab(iii) Shrub to medium-sized tree, 4–15 m tall. This species occurs
Mexico (CHS) mostly in cloud forest, marginal in tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. So far only known from the type Common name: chime.
collection, growing in cloud forest. The fact that it has not been Elevational range: 1,300–2,700 m
collected in the last 30 years suggests that the species is rare Assessors: FLH, Expert Group May 2007
and that it has a highly restricted distribution. Refs: [76, 79, 115, 135, 180, 228, 236, 348, 356, 357, 363,
Elevational range: c. 2,300 m 429]
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
56
MYRTACEAE Eugenia chiapensis Lundell

VU B1ab(iii)
Calyptranthes schiediana O.Berg Mexico (CHS), Guatemala[?], Costa Rica
EN A2c Small tree up to 4 m high. This species is found in cloud forest,
Mexico (VER) but also in other forest types at lower elevations. One population
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this under protection in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas;
species is more typical of tropical dry forest and tropical semi- other populations in non-protected areas may face severe risks
evergreen forest, occasional in oak forest. Endemic to Mexico. owing to land-use change.
Specimens cited from Nayarit and Oaxaca must belong to a Elevational range: 1,300–2,200 m
different species. Common names: guayabillo, petcoy. Assessors: MGE, NRM
Elevational range: 100–1,400 m Refs: [13, 190, 279, 363]
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [347, 355, 431] Eugenia citroides Lundell
EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Calyptranthes schlechtendaliana O.Berg Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
EN A2c Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m high. This species is a cloud
Mexico (VER) forest specialist. Collections known only from the Sierra Madre
Small tree, 2–6 m tall. Rare in cloud forest but common in de Chiapas and the neighbouring Huehuetenango, San Marcos
tropical dry forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Endemic and Quiché departments in Guatemala. In both areas
to Mexico. Specimens cited from Oaxaca must be a different populations may face severe risks owing to land-use change.
species. This species could just be a variety of Calyptranthes Elevational range: (1,400) 2,000–3,000 m
schiediana. Common name: guayabillo. Assessors: MGE, NRM
Elevational range: 100−1,400 m Refs: [13, 279]
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [355] Eugenia crenularis Lundell
VU B1ab(iii)
Calyptranthes tenuipes McVaugh Mexico (QRO, VER, MIC, MEX)
EN B1ab(iii) A shrub or small tree, 2–5 (10) m tall. This species occurs in
Mexico (VER, PUE) cloud forest, pine-oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Small tree, 3–5 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and Frequently found in humid gorges near streams. Common
oak forest. Endemic to Mexico, known from very few collections. name: arrajiancillo.
Elevational range: 1,400–1,800 m Elevational range: (500) 1,100–1,750 m
Ref: [355] Ref: [58]
Calyptranthes tonii Lundell Eugenia culminicola McVaugh

EN A2; B2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Mexico (JAL, MEX)
A medium-sized tree, up to 13 m high. A cloud forest species Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
known in Mexico from very few localities in the Central Highlands forest and alder (Alnus) forest.
of Chiapas, a region where cloud forests and other related Elevational range: 1,800–2,100 m
vegetation formations have been severely reduced by land-use Assessor: FLH
change. Also present in pine-oak and oak-fir forests. One Refs: [236, 348]
collection from Guatemala. Very similar to Calyptranthes mayana
Lundell from Central America. Eugenia guatemalensis Donn.Sm.
Elevational range: 2,600–2,700 m VU A2c; B1ab(iii)
Assessors: NRM, MGE Mexico (SIN, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Ref: [169] Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 6 m (very rarely up to
30 m) tall. This species occurs in cloud forest but more frequently
in pine-oak forest and other forest types at lower elevations.
Deforestation is widespread in most of its range. Synonyms:
Eugenia laughlinii Lundell, E. patalensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [13, 279]
57
Eugenia letreroana Lundell Eugenia tonii Lundell

EN A2c; B1ab(iii) CR A2c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Mexico (CHS)
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. This Small tree, up to 12 m tall. A species exclusive to cloud forest.
species occurs in old-growth cloud forest but more often in Collections from only one locality (Paraje Ach’lum, Tenejapa) where
pine-oak-Liquidambar forest and other forest types at lower severe deforestation has been recorded over the last two decades.
elevations. Known from very few localities. Deforestation is Elevational range: 2,700–2,800 m
widespread throughout most of its range. Synonyms: Eugenia Assessors: MGE, NRM
coffeoides Lundell. Ref: [13]
Assessors: MGE, NRM Eugenia trunciflora (Schltdl. & Cham.) O.Berg
Refs: [13, 279] VU A2c
Mexico (SLP, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS)
Eugenia mexicana Steud. Small tree, 4–8 m tall. A typical cloud forest species, it is also
VU A2c present in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest.
Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, CHS), Costa Rica[?] Endemic to Mexico. Common names: cojón de gato,
Shrub to medium sized tree, 6–15 m tall. This species occurs in manzanita cimarrona.
cloud forest, tropical rainforest, and tropical semi-evergreen Elevational range: (200) 800–1,500 m
forest. Apparently this species has a disjunct distribution but Assessor: FLH
there is only one collection known from Central America. Ref: [355]
Common names: escobilla, escobilla real, huesillo.
Elevational range: 150–1,300 m Eugenia xalapensis (Kunth) DC.
Assessor: FLH VU A2c
Refs: [174, 355] Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, GRO)
Shrub or small tree, 2–6 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
Eugenia ovandensis Lundell forest, oak forest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Common
CR A2c; B1ab(iii) name: capulín, escobillo.
Mexico (CHS) Elevational range: (750) 1,100–1,950 m
Small tree. This species is a cloud forest specialist. Only known Assessor: FLH
from the type collection from Monte Ovando in the Sierra Madre Refs: [58, 137, 207, 295, 355, 445]
de Chiapas. Its habitat is severely fragmented and threatened
with further deforestation. Eugenia xilitlensis McVaugh
Assessors: MGE, NRM Mexico (SLP, QRO, VER)
Ref: [13] Small tree, to 6 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and
adjacent tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Eugenia ravenii Lundell Elevational range: 900–1,200 m
EN A2c; B1ab(iii) Assessor: FLH
Mexico (CHS) Ref: [58]
Shrub or small tree, up to 13 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest but also in neighboring humid pine-oak forest. Only known OLACACEAE
from the Northern Mountains of Chiapas, where severe
deforestation has taken place in recent decades. Heisteria media S.F.Blake
Elevational range: 1,900–2,100 m VU A4c
Assessors: MGE, NRM Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Ref: [13] Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall but usually shorter. A cloud
forest and tropical rainforest understorey species, it is common in
dense, shady forest conditions. Usually rare. Mexican specimens
have sometimes been confused with Heisteria acuminata (Humb.
& Bonpl.) Benth. & Hook., a Colombian species. Synonyms:
Heisteria chippiana Standl., H. macrophylla Standl.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [279, 352]
58
1. Mollinedia viridiflora (Monimiaceae).

An endangered small tree of old-growth cloud
forests of Chiapas and Guatemala. Close-up of
leaves and fruits. Photo by G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
2. Ocotea helicterifolia (Lauraceae). A vulnerable
small tree or shrub of montane forests of
Mexico and Central America. Close-up of
leaves and inflorescence.
Photo by G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
3. Conostegia arborea (Melastomataceae).
A showy, medium sized tree, endangered and
endemic to eastern Mexico. Photo by
C. Gallardo.
1 2
59
4. Magnolia mexicana (Magnoliaceae).
A vulnerable large tree of old-growth
cloud forests in Mexico and Central
America. Close-up of flower. Photo by
L. Martínez-Torres.
5. Cojoba arborea (Fabaceae). A medium
or large, near threatened tree, common
in wet ravines of the cloud forest (in
fruit). Photo by F. Lorea.
6. Heavy load of epiphytes on Quercus
laurina in a cloud forest in the Central
Highlands of Chiapas. Photo by
N. Ramírez-Marcial.
7. Symplocos longipes (Symplocaceae).
An endangered small or medium-sized
tree typical in the cloud forest. Photo
by C. Gallardo.
8. Spathacanthus hahnianus
(Acanthaceae). A vulnerable species of
the cloud forest quasi-endemic to
Mexico. Close-up of a branchlet with
flowers. Photo by F. Lorea.
9. Quercus candicans (Fagaceae).
A vulnerable large tree typical of cloud
forests in Mexico and Central America.
Close-up of leaves and mature acorn.
60
7 8
61
10 11
12
62
10. Chirantodendron pentadactylon

(Malvaceae). A vulnerable large tree
typical of southern Mexican cloud
forests. Close-up of a flowering
branch. The flower inspired the icon
of the Botanical Society of Mexico
since the early 1940s. Photo by
G. Ibarra-Manríquez.
11. Dalbergia palo-escrito (Fabaceae).
A critically endangered large tree
endemic to Mexican cloud forests.
Close-up of flowering branch. Photo
by G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
12. Symplocos coccinea (Symplocaceae).
An endangered and rare small tree of
cloud forests endemic to Mexico.
Close-up of flower. Photo by
G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
13. Cloud forest interior in the hyper-
humid region of the Northern Oaxaca
Range. Photo by J. A. Meave.
14. Ficus apollinaris (Moraceae).
A vulnerable, medium-sized to large
tree, rare in cloud forests of Mexico,
and Central and South America.
Close-up of fruiting branch. Photo
by G. Ibarra-Manríquez.
15. Bauhinia chapulhuacania (Fabaceae).
An endangered small tree of cloud
forests. Close-up of inflorescence.
13
14 15
63
16
16. A steep slope of cloud forest in 17 18

Bachajón, Chiapas, southern
Mexico. Photo by N. Ramírez-
Marcial.
17. Ocotea sauroderma
(Lauraceae). One of the several
endangered species in the
Lauraceae, endemic to the wet
cloud forest in Oaxaca. Branch
with fruits. Photo by F. Lorea.
18. Nectandra reticulata
(Lauraceae). A near threatened
tree marginal to cloud forests of
Mexico and Central and South America. Close-up of leaves and
flowers. Photo by G. Ibarra-Manríquez.
19. Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae). An endangered very tall tree
found in a few wet places of cloud forest. Branch with fruits. Photo
by M. Muñiz.
20. Psychotria galeottiana (Rubiaceae). A vulnerable small tree. Branch
with flowers buds and open flower. Photo by C. Gallardo.
21. Matudaea trinervia (Hamamelidaceae). A vulnerable large tree typical
of cloud forests in Mexico, and Central and northern South America.
Close-up of fruiting branch. Photo by L. Martínez-Torres.
64
19 20
21
65
22. Acer negundo subsp. mexicanum (Sapindaceae). A vulnerable small

to medium-sized tree. Close-up of fruiting branch.
Photo by N. Ramírez-Marcial.
23. Understorey of an oak-dominated cloud forest stand in the Central
Highlands of Chiapas. Photo by N. Ramírez-Marcial.
24. Side view of the canopy of a cloud forest stand dominated by
Oreomunnea mexicana in winter time in central Veracruz.
Photo by C. Gallardo.
22 23
24 25
25. Lacistema aggregatum

(Lacistemaceae). A near
threatened small to medium-
sized tree typical of old-growth
cloud forests of Mexico, and
Central and South America.
Close-up of flowering branch;
inset showing fruits.
66
OLEACEAE PAPAVERACEAE
Osmanthus americanus (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray Bocconia glaucifolia Hutch.
NT EN B2ab(iii)
United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, NL, TAM, DGO, SLP, JAL, Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS) Small tree, up to 4 m tall. Present in Mexico apparently only in
A medium-sized tree species, up to 22 m tall. Typically found in the Central Plateau of Chiapas in pine-oak forest (one record)
old-growth cloud forests in Mexico, but also occurs in forest and cloud forest (three records). All specimens recorded in
formations at lower elevations. It has a disjunct distribution, TROPICOS are from Central America.
being widespread at low elevations in the southeastern United Elevational range: 1,500–2,600 m
States. Synonyms: Olea mexicana L., Osmanthus americanus Assessors: SAC, MGE
var. microphyllus P.S.Green, O. mexicanus Lundell. Common Refs: [29, 279]
names: chichito, huesillo, tliltsapocuahuitl. Its timber is regarded
as high quality. Bocconia gracilis Hutch.
Elevational range: (0)1,200-2,500 m EN B2ab(iii)
Assessors: RDC, MGE Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Refs: [31, 58, 79, 89, 137, 153, 241, 279, 295, 335, 343, 429, Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. Restricted to cloud forest. In
438] Mexico it is only known from localities in the Northern Mountains
and the Central Plateau of Chiapas.
ONAGRACEAE Elevational range: (550) 1,100–2,400 m
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Hauya elegans DC. subsp. cornuta (Hemsl.) P.H.Raven & Refs: [29, 279]
Breedlove
VU A2(iii); B1ab(iii) Bocconia vulcanica Donn.Sm.
Mexico (PUE, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Rica Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
A small or medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 25 m tall, more Small tree, up to 8 m tall. A cloud forest species but also found
frequently smaller; trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. This in conifer forests at higher elevations. Abundant in Guatemala.
subspecies is found in cloud forest but also occurs in oak, pine- Synonym: Bocconia oblanceolata Lundell. Seeds or fruits used
oak, pine forest and tropical dry forest, sometimes in riparian as a remedy for toothache.
and in open disturbed habitats. Hoch [168] recognizes four Elevational range: 2,000–3,800 m
subspecies of Hauya elegans DC. of which only subsp. cornuta Assessor: SAC
is a cloud forest tree. The typical subspecies is restricted to Refs: [29, 279]
mountain ranges bordering the southern edge of the
Chihuahuan Desert in San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo states in PENTAPHYLACACEAE
central Mexico. Hauya cornuta Hemsl., a synonym, is
considered, in Guatemala, as threatened with extinction Cleyera cernua (Tul.) Kobuski
predicted to occur in the near future. The subspecies lucida CR A3c; B1ab(ii,iv)
(Donn.Sm. & Rose) P.H.Raven & Breedlove is a Central Mexico (VER, OAX)
American taxon (no Mexican collections in the TROPICOS Small tree, up to 6 m tall. This is a typical cloud forest species
database). Subspecies barcenae (Hemsl.) P.H.Raven & with a very restricted distribution. The taxon is known from five
Breedlove seems not to be a cloud forest taxon as it is common herbarium specimens only. Synonym: Freziera cernua Tul.
in tropical dry forest at lower elvations. Synonyms: Elevational range: 1,500–1,700 m
Hauya cornuta Hemsl. H. hemsleyana Loes., H. lemnophila Assessors: ILV, JAM
Donn.Sm. & Rose, H. longicornuta Loes. var. oblongifolia Loes., Ref: [212]
H. longicornuta Loes. var. ovalifolia Loes., H. matudae Lundell,
H. microcerata Donn.Sm. & Rose, H. pedicellata Loes.,
H. quercetorum Donn.Sm. & Rose, H. rodriguezii Donn.Sm.,
H. ruacophilia Donn.Sm. & Rose.
Assessor: MGE
Refs: [76, 168, 279]
67
Cleyera theoides (Sw.) Choisy Symplococarpon purpusii (Brandegee) Kobuski

NT VU A3c
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Jamaica, Cuba Panama, Colombia
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a common Medium-sized tree, 10–20 m tall. This cloud forest species can
cloud forest component but it also occurs in oak forest, pine-oak also be found in oak forest, pine-oak forest and tropical
forest, pine forest and tropical dry forest. Fully mature individuals rainforest. A very variable species that usually grows at low
are rare. Common names: copal, coshosh té, naranjillo, densities. Synonym: Symplococarpon flavifolium Lundell, S.
taonabo, trompillo, trompillo colorado, yshinché. It regenerates hintonii (Bullock) Airy Shaw. Common name: palo colorado.
well after fire and it can be established from seedlings. Seeds are Elevational range: 800–2,600 m
moderately tolerant to cold and low humidity and it is Assessors: ILV, JAM
recommended to sow them shortly after being collected. Refs: [79, 145, 207, 278, 279, 348, 349, 351, 356, 357, 363,
Germination can be very high on damp beds; seedlings are frost 428, 444]
intolerant. Its timber has been traditionally valued for making
poles and recently as a source of charcoal. Ternstroemia dentisepala B.M.Barthol.
Elevational range: 900–2,800 m EN B1ab(iii)
Assessors: ILV, MGE, JAM Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL)
Refs: [4, 51, 124, 133–135, 212, 229, 238, 295, 302, 305– Medium-sized tree, 10–20 m tall. This Mexican endemic species
309, 312] is restricted in its distribution to the Western region of the
country. It occurs in cloud forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest and
Cleyera velutina B.M.Barthol. fir forest. Synonym: Ternstroemia maltbyana Standl.
Mexico (GRO, OAX) Assessors: ILV, JAM
Medium-sized tree, 5–15 m tall. This Mexican endemic species Refs: [79, 145, 212, 348, 356, 357]
has a narrow range that is restricted to the Sierra Madre del Sur
where it forms part of cloud forest and other montane forest Ternstroemia huasteca B.M.Barthol.
formations. EN B1ab(iii)
Elevational range: 2,100–3,000 m Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Assessors: ILV, JAM Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall but usually
Refs: [96, 115, 211, 212] much smaller. The geographical range of this Mexican endemic
species is restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental. In addition to
Freziera candicans Tul. cloud forest, this taxon is also known from oak forest, pine-oak
EN A4c; B1ab(iii) forest and pine forest. Common names: clavito, ministro,
Mexico (OAX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, trompillo, trueno.
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela Elevational range: 900–2,100 m
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. This species is a rare component of Assessors: ILV, JAM
cloud forests; in Mexico it is only known from seven vouchers. Refs: [4, 14, 51, 58, 212, 229, 295]
Synonym: Freziera macrophylla Tul.
Elevational range: 1,725–2,000 m Ternstroemia lineata DC. subsp. lineata
Assessors: ILV, JAM NT
Refs: [207, 210, 211] Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
GRO, OAX, CHS)
Freziera guatemalensis (Donn.Sm.) Kobuski Medium-sized tree, 10-20 m tall. This subspecific taxon is
EN A2c+3c; B2ab(ii,iii) endemic to Mexico and it grows in cloud forest, oak forest and
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua pine-oak forest. It belongs to the most widely distributed species
Medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. A common cloud forest of this genus in Mexico. Synonym: Ternstroemia pringlei (Rose)
component, this species also occurs in other forest types typical Standl. Common names: charapit uku, cucharillo, flor de tila,
of lower elevations. Its populations normally grow at low hierba del cura, jaboncillo, jazmín, palo rojo, palo colorado, tila,
densities and land-use change is the main threat to them. In trompillo. The flowers are widely used in folk medicine.
Mexico this species is very scarce and it is known only from Elevational range: 300–3,300 m
southern locations. Synonym: Eurya guatemalensis Donn.Sm. Assessors: ILV, JAM
Elevational range: 1,200–1,900 m Refs: [2, 15, 51, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 145, 166, 180, 211,
Assessors: ILV, JAM 212, 228, 236, 302, 335, 356, 428, 429]
Refs: [212, 279]
68
Ternstroemia lineata DC. subsp. chalicophila (Loes.) cloud forest element but it also occurs in many other montane
B.M.Barthol. and lowland vegetation types. It is a highly variable species that
EN A2cd+3c; B2ab(ii,iii) represents a taxonomic complex as yet not well understood.
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Honduras The species is best represented at lower altitudes. Synonyms:
Small tree, usually around 5 m tall, occasionally up to 12 m. This Ternstroemia seleriana Loes., T. hemsleyi Hochr., and possibly
species has a very restricted geographical range and it occurs T. seemannii Triana & Planch. Common names: hierba del cura,
in cloud forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest and pine forest. The limoncillo, ma-ta-ne-no, mo-ta-ne, matapiojo, memela,
species tends to be fairly abundant in those communities where memelita, naranjillo, tepetsapotl, tepezapote, tilil, trompilllo,
it occurs but its habitat is becoming increasingly less available zapotillo. This species is widely used in folk medicine but some
owing to logging and permanent forest clearing for agriculture. toxicity has also been suggested.
Synonym: Ternstroemia chalicophila Loes. Common name: Elevational range: 0–2,370 m
coshoshté. Seeds should be exposed to cold water for 1–2 Assessors: ILV, JAM
days before they are allowed to germinate; germination on Refs: [96, 115, 211, 212, 225, 228, 238, 309, 431, 444]
covered damp beds with organic matter in nurseries is variable
(30–95%). Seedlings are intolerant to direct insolation. The wood PHYLLANTHACEAE
is used in the manufacture of guitar parts. The flower is known
as “té de tila” and it is used to make a medicinal tea. Phyllanthus purpusii Brandegee
Assessors: ILV, MGE, JAM Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Refs: [15, 43, 124, 135, 211, 212, 304, 309] Small tree, up to 4 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest but also
found in pine-oak forest. In Mexico known only from Chiapas
Ternstroemia oocarpa (Rose) Melch. but reported as abundant in Suchitepéquez (Guatemala).
VU B2ab(ii,iii) Elevational range: 2,100–2,700 m
Mexico (VER, TAB, OAX, CHS, QTR) Assessor: MMG
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 22 m tall but usually smaller. Refs: [224, 279, 441]
This species is not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in
pine-oak forest, tropical humid forest, savanna and sclerophyllous Phyllanthus tuerckheimii G.L.Webster
scrub. As with other species of this genus, this one is taxonomically DD
difficult to delimit. The main threat faced by it is habitat loss owing Mexico (OAX, CHS), Honduras
to land cover change. This tree is used as a source of firewood. Marginal to cloud forest, mostly found in forest formations at
Elevational range: 0–2,700 m lower elevations.
Assessors: ILV, JAM Elevational range: 150–1,500 m
Refs: [135, 212] Assessor: MMG
Refs: [224, 441]
Ternstroemia sylvatica Schltdl. & Cham.
VU A4c; B1ab(iii) PHYLLONOMACEAE
Mexico (TAM, SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, DF, PUE,
GRO, OAX), Belize, El Salvador Phyllonoma laticuspis (Turcz.) Engl.
Large shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species occurs VU A4c
in cloud forest but it can also be found in oak forest, pine-oak Mexico (SIN, DGO, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
forest, pine forest and fir forest. Synonym: Mokofua CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
sylvatica (Schltdl. & Cham.) Kuntze. Common names: hierba Rica, Panama, Peru, Bolivia
del cura, ixquefé, limoncillo de meztitlán, ministro, palo agrio, Shrub or small, slender tree, up to 13 m tall. This species is a
tepezapote, tilia grande, trompillo. The flowers are used to make frequent cloud forest understorey component but it also occurs in
infusions with relaxing properties. pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and secondary
Elevational range: 900–2,950 m vegetation. It tends to be abundant in those communities where
Assessors: ILV, JAM it grows. Morphological analyses show a high vegetative variability
Refs: [4, 51, 58, 126, 137, 180, 211, 212, 225, 300, 301, 445] for this species across its range. Synonyms: Dulongia laticuspis
Turcz., Phyllonoma coriacea L.Riley. Common names: cuendilla,
Ternstroemia tepezapote Schltdl. & Cham. guixi-yetza-bidao, yaga-lope, hierba de la viruela.
NT Elevational range: 1,200–2,800 m
Mexico (VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Assessor: JAM
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Refs: [76, 96, 99, 126, 207, 225, 333]
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is a typical
69
PICRAMNIACEAE PINACEAE
Picramnia guerrerensis W.W.Thomas Abies guatemalensis Rehder

EN A4c VU B1ab(i); C1; D2
Mexico (SIN, JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO) Mexico (NL, TAM, JAL, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Small, slender tree, up to 8 m tall. This is a typical cloud forest Honduras
species, where it forms small dense populations, mostly Very large tree, up to 45 m tall. A rare species of old-growth
concentrated in moist, shady habitats. Occasionally occurs in cloud forests that sometimes forms monospecific stands
wet oak forest and pine oak forest. covering small areas, probably because of regeneration waves
Elevational range: (1,700) 2,000–2,250 (3,500) m in forest gaps. It regenerates well in open areas but its saplings
Assessor: JAM are shade-tolerant. Original habitats have suffered severe
Refs: [76, 277, 400] deforestation. Overexploitation of this species has been
reported, which is a consequence of its valuable timber.
Picramnia polyantha (Benth.) Planch. Restoration of populations in the wild from seedlings may be
VU A4c straightforward. In Mexico it has a disjunct distribution and it is
Mexico (QRO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras known from small and isolated populations. Listed as
Large shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. A rare species in cloud Endangered by the Mexican Government (NOM-ECOL-059-94)
forest and oak forest. Apparently restricted to limestone and listed in CITES Appendix I. Very popular as a Christmas tree
substrate. Synonym: Rhus polyantha Benth. and for holiday decorations. Synonyms: Abies guatemalensis
Elevational range: (650) 1,600–2,400 m Rehder var. jaliscana Martínez, Abies tacanensis Lundell.
Assessor: JAM Common names: abeto de guatemala, oyamel, pinabete,
Refs: [29, 341, 400] plumajatzin, romerillo, temtoj. Used as source of timber.
Picramnia teapensis Tul. Assessors: RDC, NRM, MGE, JAM
VU A4c Refs: [31, 76, 107, 115, 225, 279, 304, 306, 307, 309, 429]
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, QTR), Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador Abies hickelii Flous & Gaussen
Shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. This species typically occurs VU B2ab(i,iv)
in cloud forest but it is also present in adjacent montane tropical Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest. It shows a strong Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A rare cloud forests species.
preference for very humid habitats. It is more abundant in Listed as ‘Endangered’ by the Mexican Government (NOM-
Central American countries than in Mexican locations. ECOL-059-94). Synonym: Abies oaxacana Mart. Common
Synonym: Picramnia carpinterae Pol. names: laga-axi, lasha-ual-co, ocopetla, pinabete, plumajillo,
Elevational range: (0) 500–1,800 m plumajillo de montaña, yaga-laga-xe.
Assessor: JAM Elevational range: 1,650–3,000 m
Ref: [400] Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [107, 115, 225]
Picramnia xalapensis Planch.
EN A4c Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham.
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX) NT
Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This Mexican endemic Mexico (NL, SIN, SLP, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR,
taxon is largely restricted to Veracruz state, with few collections TLA, PUE)
from close-by regions in neighbouring states. A typical but very Large tree, usually attaining a height of 35 m or more. This tree
scarce cloud forest component, it can also be found in oak frequently forms mono-dominated pure stands in cool, moist
forest. It shows a strong preference for moist shady habitats. areas of very high elevation, and its presence in cloud forest is
Common name: cacahuatillo. The fruit is edible. marginal. This species always occurs at high elevation locations.
Elevational range: 1,200–1,750 m Synonym: Pinus religiosa Kunth. Common names: abeto,
Assessor: JAM oyamel, pinabete. The wood is used in house construction and
Refs: [4, 209, 295, 341, 400] for paper pulp.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [76, 233, 252, 267, 277]
70
Pinus ayacahuite C.Ehrenb. ex Schltdl. its potential in plantation forestry for production of timber in
VU A4ad; B1ab(i) tropical areas. Seed collection has been carried out throughout
Mexico (NL, SIN, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, its range.
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Elevational range: (300) 550–2,500 (2,900) m
El Salvador Assessors: MGE, NRM
Very large tree, up to 50 m tall and trunk up to 2 m in diameter. Refs: [107, 124, 291, 295, 305, 309]
This is a typical pine of high-elevation cloud forests and conifer
forests. It often forms small monospecific stands, probably PLATANACEAE
because of regeneration waves in forest gaps. Although widely
distributed, this species may face local risks of extinction owing Platanus mexicana Moric.
to overexploitation and global climate change. Its populations NT
may be easily restored from seedlings planted in open areas or Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, DF, PUE,
with light cover. In Mexico it has a notoriously disjunct OAX, CHS), Guatemala
distribution. Common names: acalocahuite, acalocote, Large tree, up to more than 40 m tall and trunk up to 2 m in
a’cxua’t, ayacahuite, ayaucuáhuitl, ocote, ocote blanco, ocote diameter. Found only on riversides - a restricted habitat in
gretado, pinabete, pinabeto, pino, pino cahuite, pino real, pino Mexico. Also found at disturbed sites. Nearly endemic to
tabla, salacahuite. This species is highly valued for its timber. Mexico, very few specimens are known from outside the
Elevational range: (300) 950–2,500 (3,000) m country. Widespread in eastern, central and southern Mexico.
Assessors: RDC, NRM, MGE, JAM Synonyms: Platanus chiapensis Standl., P. lindeniana
Refs: [76, 96, 107, 115, 124, 180, 207, 225, 236, 291, 302, M.Martens & Galeotti, P. oaxacana Standl. Common names:
304, 306–310] acuáhuitl, álamo, álamo blanco, chicolcohuite, guayabillo, haya,
olivo, papalotcuáhuit, papalote.
Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen Elevational range: (175) 700–2,400 m
VU B1ab(i,iii) Assessor: Expert Group May 2007
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Refs: [48, 209, 228, 229, 279, 295, 309, 363, 445]
Tall tree, up to 40 m and trunk up to 1 m in diameter. This pine
is widespread in southern Mexico, whereas there are very few PODOCARPACEAE
records from neighbouring Guatemala. Although a common
cloud forest species, it also thrives in pine-oak forest. It shows Podocarpus matudae Lundell
good regeneration in open areas and highly disturbed sites, e.g. EN B2ab(ii,iii)
areas affected by landslides. Very frequent in areas with very Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX,
steep slopes. Synonym: Pinus strobus L. var. chiapensis CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Martínez. Common names: acalocote, k’uj toj, pinabete, pino A medium-sized or large dioecious tree, up to 30 m tall and
blanco, tonotzin. Its wood is used for furniture and other hand- trunk more than 1.5 m in diameter. This Mexican endemic
made objects such as doors and window frames. species is restricted to cloud forest. It occurs at very low
Elevational range: (500) 700–2,700 m densities in old-growth, undisturbed forest. More taxonomical
Assessors: RDC, JAM studies are needed in order to clearly differentiate it from
Refs: [88–92, 107, 124, 180, 207, 238, 291, 306–309, 393, Podocarpus reichei. In Mexico mostly known from Chiapas,
431, 452] where its habitat has been drastically reduced, and from
Oaxaca. Synonym: Podocarpus reichei J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray.
Pinus tecunumanii F.Schwerdtf. ex Eguiluz & J.P.Perry All varieties listed by CONABIO are considered in TROPICOS
NT as synonyms of P. matudae Lundell. Common name: cedro
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, prieto, chusnito, lengua de pájaro, olivo, palmilla, palmillo,
Honduras, Nicaragua palmito, sabina, tabla. The timber may have desirable qualities.
Large tree, up to 50–55 m tall and trunk up to 120 cm in Elevational range: (800) 2,200-2465 m
diameter. A pine species marginal to cloud forest; more Assessors: ILV, MGE, GIM
commonly found in mesic habitats of more seasonal formations Refs: [4, 11, 68, 69, 76, 135, 137, 207, 228, 229, 241, 279,
like oak forest and pine-oak forest but also in conifer forest at 300, 301, 309, 311, 335, 347, 356, 429, 445, 449, 452]
higher elevations. Not a widely distributed species, its scattered
presence in mesic habitats in Mexico is threatened by illegal
deforestation. Synonyms: Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenae
Martínez, P. patula Schltdl. & Cham. subsp. tecunumanii
(F.Schwerdtf ex Eguiluz & J.P.Perry) Styles. Common name:
pino, ocote. This species has received considerable interest for
71
POLYGONACEAE RHAMNACEAE
Coccoloba hirtella Lundell Rhamnus betulifolia Greene

CR A4ac VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX), Belize[?], Panama[?] United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, DGO,
A small tree restricted in Mexico to cloud forest (lower montane HGO)
forest) at La Chinantla (Oaxaca) and around Xalapa (Veracruz). A tree or shrub species with a marginal distribution in cloud
Specimens from Belize and Panama seem to be doubtful forest but also occurs in other vegetation types under
identifications. considerably drier conditions, mostly in the northern states of
Elevational range: 1,000–1,200 m Mexico in moist canyons. Synonyms: Rhamnus californica
Assessor: JAM Eschs. var. betulifolia (Greene) Trel. ex A.Gray, R. purshiana DC.
Ref: [170] var. betulifolia (Greene) Cory; closely related and probably
conspecific with R. caroliniana Walt.
Coccoloba montana Standl. Elevational range: 1370–2,600 m
EN A4c Assessors: SAC, MGE
Mexico (VER, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Refs: [73, 110, 300, 301]
Honduras
A small tree, 4–15 m tall, that in Mexico only occurs in the Rhamnus breedlovei M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
southern part of the country. Not abundant. Synonym: EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Coccoloba matudae Lundell. Common names: carnero, uvero. Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Used as a source of firewood and the fruit is edible. A small tree or shrub of cloud forest this species also occurs in
Elevational range: 0–1,200 m humid oak forest. Known in Chiapas from a few localities nearby
Assessor: JAM the Tzontehuitz volcano where its habitat has been severely
Ref: [174] disturbed in recent decades.
PROTEACEAE Assessors: SAC, MII, MGE
Refs: [110, 182]
Roupala montana Aubl.
NT Rhamnus capreifolia Schltdl. var. matudae M.C.Johnst. &
Mexico (QRO, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, L.A.Johnst.
Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, VU A4c
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Mexico (QRO, VER)
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Lesser Antilles A small tree, 5–6 m tall. This Mexican endemic variety is not
A widespread, small or large tree, up to 30 m tall with a trunk 30 restricted to cloud forest but is also present in pine-oak forest,
cm or more in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this mainly in open habitats. Common name: palo amarillo.
species also occurs in other forest formations at lower Elevational range: 800–1,400 m
elevations. Synonyms: Roupala borealis Hemsl., R. repanda Assessors: SAC, MGE
Lundell. Common names: palo de cucaracha, palo del muerto, Refs: [4, 58, 109, 110, 112, 182, 229, 445]
palo de zorrillo.
Elevational range: 0–2,550 m Rhamnus hintonii M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Refs: [40, 58, 279] Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO)
A small tree, up to 4.5 m tall, endemic to Mexico. This species
is found on moist and rocky slopes in cloud forest, pine-oak
forest, occasionally fir forest, and in second growth vegetation.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [79, 110, 112, 182, 277, 278, 348, 356, 357]
72
Rhamnus longistyla C.B.Wolf Photinia mexicana (Baill.) Hemsl.

VU B1ab(ii,iii) VU A4c
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE) Mexico (QRO, VER, MIC, OAX, CHS)
A small tree up to 5 m tall, endemic to Mexico. Not restricted to A small, rare tree species that is restricted to cloud forest.
cloud forest it is also present in oak forest and pine-oak forest. Synonym: Chamaemeles mexicana Baill. Common name:
Occurs on hillsides or along ravines, usually in deep soils. peral silvestre.
Common name: capulincillo. Elevational range: 2,000–4,000 m
Elevational range: (1,450) 1,700–2,100 (2,880) m Assessor: NRM
Assessors: SAC, MGE Ref: [58]
Refs: [4, 109, 110, 112, 126, 182, 209, 229, 295]
Photinia microcarpa Standl. subsp. microcarpa
Rhamnus pompana M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst. VU A4c
VU A2c Mexico (JAL, QRO, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE) Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
A small tree, 6–12 m tall, endemic to eastern Mexico. A cloud A small tree, up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in diameter.
forest species but also found in oak forest and pine-oak forest A rare cloud forest taxon, it is also found in oak forest and pine-
and in their second-growth vegetation, frequently in riparian oak forest. A small number of fruits are usually produced by
habitats. Its habitat in the higher Huasteca region is very each tree, therefore seeds must be obtained from several
fragmented. individuals. Seedlings can be obtained from seeds placed in
Elevational range: 1,200–2,150 m humid soil to germinate (45–60% germination). Common
Assessors: SAC, MGE names: manzana de ratón, tzon’te.
Refs: [4, 109, 110, 182] Elevational range: (800) 1,100–2,500 m
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Rhamnus sphaerosperma Sw. var. mesoamericana Refs: [76, 207, 279, 309, 344]
M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
VU B1ab(ii,iii) Photinia microcarpa Standl. subsp. hintonii J.B.Phipps
Mexico (JAL, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras VU A4c
A small or medium-sized tree, 8–15 m tall. Not restricted to Mexico (JAL, QRO, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
cloud forest, this taxon also occurs in secondary vegetation in Honduras
humid habitats of oak and pine-oak forest. In Mexico most Tree, 3–15 m tall. This cloud forest taxon is also present in oak
specimens are from Chiapas. forest and pine-oak forest. Common names: encinillo, naranjillo.
Elevational range: (1,000) 1,500–2,200 (2,700) m Elevational range: 900–2,480 m
Assessors: NRM, MGE Assessors: JAM, MGE, GIM
Ref: [182] Refs. [207, 344]
ROSACEAE Prunus barbata Koehne

EN A1c; B2ab(i,iii)
Photinia matudae Lundell Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
CR A1c; B1ab(iii) A small tree, up to 11 m tall. A scarce species in cloud forest, it
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala also occurs in oak forest, pine-oak forest and montane
A small cloud forest tree, this species is found only in a few high rainforest. Its original habitat has been severely deforested. In
elevation localities in the Central Plateau of Chiapas and near Mexico it is only known from the Central Plateau and the Sierra
the Tacaná Volcano, making it particularly sensitive to climatic Madre de Chiapas. Easily propagated from seed in nurseries;
change. seeds are difficult to find but have a high germination rate (90–
Elevational range: 2,400–2,800 m 100%). Common name: cerezo. Its timber is used for poles, to
Assessor: NRM make tool handles, and to build wooden supporting structures
Ref: [279] in vineyards.
Elevational range: (1,500) 1,800–2,700 (3,200) m
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [279, 306, 307, 309]
73
Prunus brachybotrya Zucc. Prunus lundelliana Standl.

VU A1c;B1ab(i,iii) EN B2ab(ii,iii); C1
Mexico (NL, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, GRO, OAX, Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama El Salvador
A large tree, up to 35 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in diameter. A small or medium-sized tree, 5–18 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm
This species is found in cloud forest but is also present in oak in diameter. A cloud forest species that is also found at lower
forest. Widely distributed with small isolated populations. A elevations and in secondary vegetation. Seeds have a high
doubtful record from Leimebamba, Amazonas Department, germination rate (90–100%) and they can be stored for up to
Peru (2,100–2,300 m). A highly variable entity in need of a three months in cold temperatures. Its populations can be
detailed systematic study across its entire range. Easily restored by planting seedlings, which are susceptible to frost in
propagated in nursery from seeds but seedlings are frost open areas. Common name: cerezo, escobo, taquicuí. Timber
intolerant. Synonyms: Prunus laurifolia Schltdl., P. prionophylla used for poles, to make tool handles, and to build wooden
Standl. Common names: aguacatillo, aguacatero, capulincillo, support for vine crops.
cerezo, cerezo montés, cochoc, duraznillo, eucaz, huevo de Elevational range: (500) 1,300–2,400 (2,620) m
gato, naranjillo colorado, palo barranco, sarzafrás, ucase. Used Assessors: NRM, MGE
as a shade tree in coffee plantations, Wood used for making Refs: [134, 207, 241, 279, 306, 307, 309]
poles and as a source of firewood.
Elevational range: (380) 1,200-2,260 (2,400) m Prunus rhamnoides Koehne
Assessors: NRM, MGE VU A1c; B1ab(iii)
Refs: [2, 4, 76, 79, 96, 174, 180, 236, 238, 277–279, 295, Mexico (CHI, TAM, DGO, SLP, JAL, GTO, HGO, VER, MIC,
309, 344, 347, 351, 363, 431] GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama
A small to medium-sized tree, 8–20 m tall and trunk up to 14 cm
Prunus cortapico Kerber ex Koehne in diameter. Rare in cloud forest, this species is also present in
VU A1c; B1ab(i,iii) oak forest and conifer forest. Easily propagated from seed in
Mexico (SIN, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), nurseries; seedlings are frost-intolerant. Common names:
Guatemala capulín, capulín loco, cerezo, iza, mataiza. Used for firewood.
A small tree, up to 15 m tall. This rare cloud forest species is Elevational range: (950) 1,500–2,400 (2,700) m
also found in protected ravines, gorges, canyons, and cliffs with Assessors: NRM, MGE
oak forest and tropical dry forest, sometimes in riparian habitats. Refs: [76, 96, 124, 134, 207, 279, 306, 307, 309, 344]
It grows on well-drained soils. Its natural habitat has been largely
removed to establish coffee plantations. It grows in open Prunus samydoides Schltdl.
disturbed areas like roadsides but it does not regenerate in NT
pastures. Common name: cortapico. Leaves are reported to Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
be poisonous to cattle. Medicinal uses have been reported for Evergreen small tree, up to 8 (rarely 12) m tall, frequently growing
the fruit and seed. as a shrub. Relatively abundant in ravines and steep slopes in
Elevational range: 750–1,900 m cloud forest but also occurs in humid oak forest and tropical dry
Assessors: MGE, NRM and humid forests at lower elevations; common in disturbed
Refs: [167, 278, 351, 427] habitats. A species endemic to eastern Mexico; records from
Oaxaca are probably misidentifications. Synonym: Prunus
Prunus guatemalensis I.M.Johnst. potosina Lundell. It is used in traditional medicine in the
CR A1c;B1ab(iii) Huasteca Potosina region (San Luis Potosí state). Common
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala name: tsak te’.
A medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in Elevational range: 500–1,650 m
diameter. A rare cloud forest species. Found in steep canyons Assessors: MGE, NRM
and riparian habitats. In Mexico it has been collected only in the Refs: [4, 295, 344]
Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the Northern Mountains of this
state. The original habitat has been severely deforested and the
species has not been collected in the last 35 years, which
suggests that this species could be extinct in the wild in Mexico.
Common name: hormiguillo negro. Its timber is considered to
be of good quality and is used for construction.
Elevational range: 1,800–2,300 (2,700) m
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [241, 279]
74
Prunus tetradenia Koehne Arachnothryx laniflora (Benth.) Planch.

VU A1c; B1ab(iii) VU A4c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MEX, OAX, CHS) Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
A small to medium-sized tree, 3–15 (–25) m tall. A cloud forest Small tree, 2–8 m tall. A cloud forest species but also present in
species, occasionally present in secondary vegetation. drier forest types. Synonyms: Arachnothryx albida (Lundell)
Sometimes locally abundant. Often misidentified as Prunus Borhidi, A. bourgaei (Standl.) Borhidi, Rondeletia albida Lundell,
brachybotrya Zucc. Similar to Prunus megacarpa Pérez-Zab. R. bourgaei Standl., R. laniflora Benth.
from Colombia. Many collection localities for this species have Elevational range: 1,250–2,900 m
suffered intense human disturbance in recent decades. At least Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
one population is currently under protection in the El Triunfo Refs: [27, 202, 228, 279]
Biosphere Reserve in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Common
name: zapotillo. Arachnothryx latiloba Borhidi
Elevational range: (100) 1,000–2,400 m CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv)
Assessors: NRM, MGE Mexico (GRO)
Refs: [62, 229, 290, 356, 363, 427] Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. Apparently this taxon is
completely restricted to cloud forest, from where it is only known
RUBIACEAE from the type specimen.
Elevational range: c. 1,900 m
Arachnothryx buddleioides (Benth.) Planch. Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
VU A4c Refs: [27, 28]
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, TAB,
CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Arachnothryx manantlanensis (Lorence) Borhidi
Panama CR A4c
Shrub or small tree, 1–9 (–12) m. This species occurs in cloud Mexico (JAL, COL)
forest and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Arachnothryx Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist
longipetiolata (Lundell) Borhidi, Rondeletia affinis Hemsl., R. with a restricted geographical range. Synonym: Rondeletia
buddleioides Benth., R. longipetiolata Lundell, R. rothschuhii manantlanensis Lorence.
Loes. Tree used for firewood. Elevational range: c. 1,850 m
Elevational range: 0–2,200 m Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Refs: [27, 202, 277, 279, 356, 357]
Refs: [27, 96, 174, 202, 207, 279]
Arachnothryx monticola Borhidi
Arachnothryx capitellata (Hemsl.) Borhidi CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv)
EN A4c Mexico (GRO)
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Shrub or small tree, 2–4 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist,
Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest this species appears to be very rare as it is only known from the
and pine-oak forest. Borhidi [27] proposed two subspecies with type specimen.
vicariant areas (subsp. capitellata, found throughout the range Elevational range: c. 1,950 m
of the species, excepting Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, whereas Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
the subsp. pringlei (Lorence) Borhidi is restricted to these latter Refs: [27, 28]
states). Synonyms: Arachnothryx pringlei (Lorence) Borhidi,
Rondeletia capitellata Hemsl., R. pringlei Lorence. Arachnothryx nitida (Hemsl.) Borhidi
Elevational range: 1,400–2,400 m CR A4c
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Refs: [27, 126, 209, 229] Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A cloud forest specialist.
Synonym: Rondeletia nitida Hemsl. Common name: mimosa.
Arachnothryx guerrerensis (Lorence) Borhidi Elevational range: 1,600–2,800 m
CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv) Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Mexico (GRO) Ref: [27]
Shrub or small tree, 2.5–4 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist. Synonym: Rondeletia guerrerensis Lorence.
Refs: [27, 202, 207]
75
Arachnothryx pauciflora Borhidi Arachnothryx tenorioi (Lorence) Borhidi

CR B1ab(ii) CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv)
Mexico (CHS) Mexico (OAX)
Small tree, 3–5 m tall. This strict cloud forest specialist has a Shrub or small tree, 2–4 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist
highly restricted geographical range. with a very small geographical range. Synonym: Rondeletia
Elevational range: c. 1,600 m tenorioi Lorence. Closely related to Arachnothryx tacanensis
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT (Lundell) Borhidi.
Refs: [27] Elevational range: c. 1,900 m
Arachnothryx purpurea (Lorence) Borhidi Refs: [27, 202]
CR A4c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv)
Mexico (OAX) Arachnothryx tuxtlensis (Lorence & Cast.-Campos) Borhidi
Shrub or small tree, 2–6 m tall. A cloud forest specialist, this CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv)
species has only been collected in the Northern Oaxaca Range. Mexico (VER)
Synonym: Rondeletia purpurea Lorence. Shrub or tree, 3–12 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest
Elevational range: 1,100–1,900 m and tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonym:
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Rondeletia tuxtlensis Lorence & Cast.-Campos. Closely related
Refs: [27, 202] to R. zolleriana Standl. & Steyerm.
Arachnothryx pyramidalis (Lundell) Borhidi Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
VU A4c Refs: [27, 202, 203]
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS)
Small to medium-sized tree, 5–13 m tall. This species is a strict Balmea stormae Martínez
cloud forest specialist. Synonym: Rondeletia pyramidalis EN A4c
Lundell. Mexico (NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
Elevational range: 1,300–2,500 m CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Shrub or medium-sized tree, 2–20 m tall, sometimes epiphytic
Refs: [27, 28, 228, 363, 444] or lithophytic. This species occurs in cloud forest and oak forest,
often in riparian habitats. Used for timber and floral
Arachnothryx rzedowskii (Lorence) Borhidi arrangements.
CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv) Elevational range: 1,300–2,300 m
Mexico (GRO) Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Small tree, 3–6 m tall. This strict cloud forest specialist is only Refs: [27, 76, 79, 277, 279]
known from a reduced area in the municipality of Atoyac de
Álvarez. Synonym: Rondeletia rzedowskii Lorence. Bellizinca scoti (J.H.Kirkbr.) Borhidi
Elevational range: 1,700–1,950 m CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv)
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Mexico (PUE, OAX)
Refs: [27, 28, 202, 207] Shrub or small tree, 2–4 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist. Synonyms: Deppea scoti (J.H.Kirkbr.) Lorence,
Arachnothryx tacanensis (Lundell) Borhidi Omiltemia scoti J.H.Kirkbr. Related to Deppea oaxacana
CR A4c Lorence.
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Elevational range: 2,000–3250 m
Shrub or small tree, 2–4 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
with a very small geographical range. Synonym: Rondeletia Refs: [27, 206]
tacanensis Lundell.
Elevational range: 1,600–2,700 m Cosmibuena matudae (Standl.) L.O.Williams
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT EN A4c
Ref: [27] Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Usually an epiphytic tree, 4–20 m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Cosmibuena
holdridgei Monach., Hillia matudae Standl.
Refs: [27, 279]
76
Chiococca phaenostemon Schltdl. Deppea cornifolia (Benth.) Benth.

DD VU A4c
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico (NL, DGO, SLP, JAL, HGO, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO,
Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama OAX)
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A cloud forest species, but Shrub or small tree, 2–5 m tall. Present in cloud forest, oak
also occurs in many other vegetation types. Its taxonomic status forest, pine forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Choristes
is unclear owing to inconsistencies in growth form and lack of cornifolia (Benth.) Benth, Rondeletia cornifolia Benth. Closely
diagnostic characters. related to to Deppea guerrerensis Dwyer & Lorence.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Refs: [27, 33, 279] Refs: [27, 76, 115, 206]
Chione venosa (Sw.) Urb. subsp. mexicana (Standl.) Borhidi Deppea grandiflora Schltdl.
EN A4c VU A4c
Mexico (VER, TAM) Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Small to medium-sized tree, 4–15 m tall. Present in cloud forest, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest. Synonym: Chione Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
mexicana Standl. forest and tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Elevational range: 0–2,300 m Synonyms: Deppea floribunda Hemsl., D. costaricensis Pol.,
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT D. longipes Standl.
Refs: [27, 33, 202, 300, 301] Elevational range: 1,200–2,900 m
Chomelia brachypoda Donn.Sm. Refs: [27, 33, 96, 206, 207]
EN A4c
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala Deppea guerrerensis Dwyer & Lorence
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 3–13 m tall. Present in VU B1ab(iii)
cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest. Synonym: Mexico (JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO)
Anisomeris brachypoda (Donn.Sm.) Standl. Shrub or small tree, 3–7 m tall. A cloud forest specialist, this
Elevational range: 300–1,600 m species is closely related to Deppea cornifolia (Benth.) Benth.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT and to D. grandiflora Schltdl.
Refs: [27, 202, 279] Elevational range: 1,750–2,700 m
Chomelia protracta (Bart. ex DC.) Standl. Refs: [27, 76, 206]
VU A4c
Mexico (NAY, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Deppea obtusiflora (Benth.) Benth.
Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv)
Small tree, 3-6 (10) m tall. Mostly occurs in cloud forest. Mexico (OAX)
Synonyms: Anisomeris protracta (Bartl. ex DC.) Standl., Shrub or small tree, 1.5–4 m tall. This species occurs exclusively
Guettarda protracta Bartl. ex DC., G. galeottii Standl. in cloud forest. Closely related to Deppea cornifolia (Benth.)
Elevational range: 0–1,500 m Benth. Synonym: Choristes obtusiflora Benth.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Elevational range: 1,860–2,600 m
Refs: [27, 202, 279] Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Refs: [27, 202, 206]
Csapodya splendens (Breedlove & Lorence) Borhidi
CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv) Faramea cobana Donn.Sm.
Mexico (CHS) CR A4c
Small understory tree, 5–8 m tall. This species is a strict cloud Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
forest specialist. Synonym: Deppea splendens Breedlove & Shrub or small tree, 1–4 m tall. This species is a cloud forest
Lorence. specialist with a relatively small geographical range.
Elevational range: c. 2,100 m Elevational range: 1,200–1,800 m
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Refs: [27, 206] Ref: [27]
77
Faramea schultesii Standl. habitats. Synonyms: Coutaportla guatemalensis (Standl.)

CR A4c Lorence, Portlandia guatemalensis Standl.
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS) Elevational range: 150–1,300 m
Shrub or small tree, 2–8 m tall. This species occurs in cloud Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
forest and tropical rainforest. Deforestation throughout its range Refs: [27, 279]
is widespread.
Elevational range: 700–1,800 m Palicourea macrantha Loes.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT VU A4c
Refs: [27, 202, 333, 347] Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree, 1–5 m tall. This is a strict cloud forest
Glossostipula concinna (Standl.) Lorence specialist. Synonym: Palicourea purpusii Standl.
EN A4c Elevational range: 1,000–1,900 m
Mexico (JAL, QRO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Refs: [27, 279]
Small tree, 3–15 m tall. A cloud forest specialist. Synonyms:
Genipa vulcanicola Standl., Randia concinna Standl. Psychotria breedlovei Lorence
Elevational range: (760) 1,100–2,200 m CR A4c
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Refs: [27, 207, 228, 279, 444] Shrub or small tree, (1) 4-8 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist.
Gonzalagunia chiapasensis (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. Elevational range: 1,300–1,400 m
EN A4c Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Mexico (VER, GRO, TAB, CHS), Guatemala Refs: [27]
Shrub or small tree, 2–6 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist.
Synonym: Rondeletia chiapasensis Standl. Common name: Psychotria chiapensis Standl.
almendrillo. VU A4c
Elevational range: 1,100–2,400 m Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Refs: [27, 279] Shrub or small tree, 2–10 m tall. A marginal cloud forest species,
it usually grows in tropical rainforest, frequently occurs in riparian
Gonzalagunia thyrsoidea (Donn.Sm.) B.L.Rob. habitats. Common names: cacaté cimarrón, yoale prieto.
CR A4c Elevational range: 160–1,000 (1,700) m
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Shrub or small tree, 3–10 m tall. Nearly exclusive to cloud forest, Refs: [27, 33, 135, 174, 279]
its range extends into lower elevations. Synonyms: Gonzalea
thyrsoidea Donn.Sm., Gonzalagunia tacanensis Lundell. Psychotria flava Oerst. ex Standl.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Refs: [27, 202, 279] El Salvador [other countries in Central America are doubtful]
Shrub or small tree, 2–10 m tall. Although present in cloud forest,
Hamelia barbata Standl. this species is more typical of tropical rainforest, frequently in
CR A4c riparian habitats. Common name: tepecajete blanco.
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala Elevational range: 50–1,600 m
Shrub or small tree, 3–8 m tall. A cloud forest and tropical Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
rainforest species, frequently found in riparian habitats. Refs: [27, 158, 174, 279]
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Psychotria galeottiana (M.Martens) C.M.Taylor & Lorence
Refs: [27, 279] VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Lorencea guatemalensis (Standl.) Borhidi El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
EN A4c Shrub or small tree, 1-4 (7) m tall. This species grows in cloud
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Palicourea galeottiana
Small to medium-sized tree, 9–19 m. This species grows in M.Martens, P. seleri Loes.
cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest, often in riparian Elevational range: 1,500–2,800 m
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [27, 126, 238, 279]
78
Psychotria megalantha Lorence Randia matudae Lorence & Dwyer

CR A4c VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX) Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Small to medium-sized tree, 5–12 m tall. This species is a cloud Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
forest specialist. Tree, varying in size between 3–30 m tall. This species occurs in
Elevational range: 720–1,600 m cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest. Synonym: Randia
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT chiapensis Standl.
Ref: [27] Elevational range: 150–2,300 m
Psychotria panamensis Standl. var. ixtlanensis C.W.Ham. Refs: [27, 33, 205, 279]
CR A4c
Mexico (OAX) Randia pterocarpa Lorence & Dwyer
Shrub or small tree, 2–4 m tall. This taxon is a narrow cloud EN A4c
forest specialist. Mexico (VER, OAX)
Elevational range: 700–2,000 m Shrub or small tree, 2–5 m tall. Found in cloud forest and tropical
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT rainforest. Closely related to Randia oaxacana Standl.
Refs: [27, 159] Elevational range: 150–1,200 m
Psychotria panamensis Standl. var. panamensis Refs: [27, 174, 204]
VU A4c
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Rogiera amoena Planch.
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, VU B1ab(iii)
Panama, Colombia Mexico (SIN, JAL, OAX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Shrub or small tree, 2–13 m tall. This taxon occurs in cloud El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
forest and tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats. Shrub or small tree, 1.5 (–10) m tall. Present in cloud forest, pine
Synonyms: Psychotria durilancifolia Dwyer, P. grandistipula forest and pine-oak forest, along streams. Synonym: Rondeletia
Standl., P. molinae Standl., P. yunckeri Standl. amoena (Planch.) Hemsl. Common names: sakiltzop, sakilltzop.
Elevational range: 350–2,460 m This species has been used as an ornamental plant in gardens
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT and temperate greenhouses.
Refs: [27, 33, 159, 279] Elevational range: 1,500–2,600 m
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Psychotria phanerandra (Standl. & Steyerm.) Lorence Refs: [27, 33, 279, 356]
VU A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Rogiera cordata (Benth.) Planch.
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama EN A4c
Shrub or small tree, 3–6 m tall. Cloud forest and tropical Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Palicourea Small tree, 2–10 m tall. This common cloud forest species is
phanerandra Standl. & Steyerm., Psychotria luteotuba Lorence. also present in oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak forest and
Elevational range: 20–1,700 m tropical rainforest. Borhidi [27] proposed two varieties.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Synonyms: Rondeletia aprica Lundell, R. cordata Benth., R.
Refs: [27, 33, 205, 207] intermedia Hemsl., Rogiera aprica (Lundell) Borhidi.
Psychotria sousae Lorence & Dwyer Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
CR A4c Refs: [27, 279]
Mexico (VER, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 3–6 m tall. This species occurs in Rogiera stenosiphon (Hemsl.) Borhidi
cloudforest and tropical rainforest, particularly in riparian VU A4c
habitats. Mexico (TAM, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, YUC), Guatemala,
Elevational range: 400–1,560 m Belize
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Shrub or tree, 1–9 m. This species occurs in cloud forest but is
Refs: [27, 205] also present in humid and dry forests at lower elevations.
Synonym: Rondeletia stenosiphon Hemsl. Common names:
cangrejo, eisitatz, ejsitotz.
Refs: [27, 28, 279]
79
Sommera arborescens Schltdl. Peltostigma pteleoides (Hook.) Walp.

EN A4c NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Mexico (SIN, DGO, HGO, VER, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Shrub or small tree, 2–6 m tall. This species occurs in cloud Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Jamaica
forest, tropical rainforest and riparian forest. Synonym: Shrub to medium-sized tree, 3-10 (20) m tall. Rare in cloud
Sommera zygocalyx L.O.Williams. Common names: capulín, forest, this species usually grows in oak forest and pine-oak
capulincillo. forest.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Assessor: FLH
Refs: [28, 333] Ref: [29]
Sommera chiapensis Brandegee Stauranthus perforatus Liebm.

EN A4c VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras Mexico (VER), Costa Rica, Panama
Small tree, 6–12 m tall. This species is a cloud forest specialist. Shrub to small tree, 5 m tall. In Mexico this is an exclusive cloud
Elevational range: 1,200–1,500 m forest component. Apparently a disjunct species, it is known
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT from very few collections in Mexico. Synonym: Zanthoxylum
Refs: [28, 279, 384] ghiesbreghtii Turcz.
Sommera grandis (Bartl. ex DC.) Standl. Assessor: FLH
VU A4c
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX) SABIACEAE
Small tree, 3–8 m tall. A cloud forest species, also present in
oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently found Meliosma alba (Schltdl.) Walp.
in riparian habitats. Common name: palo colorado. EN B1ab(iii)
Elevational range: 300–1,400 m Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE), Guatemala
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Medium-size tree, 6–15 m, seldom up to 40 m tall. This species
Refs: [28, 207, 351] is mainly found in cloud forest but also occurs in oak forest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest. The range of this species in
RUTACEAE Mexico is largely restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Interestingly, this species has also been reported from SE Asia.
Amyris rekoi S.F.Blake Synonyms: Meliosma beaniana Rehder & E.H.Wilson,
VU B1ab(iii) Millingtonia alba Schltdl. Common names: cedrillo, cedro
Mexico (JAL, COL, GRO, OAX) blanco, fresno, palo blanco, sauco. This tree is a source of
A shrub or small tree, 4-7 (10) m tall. Common in tropical semi- timber and used as an ornamental tree.
evergreen forest, this species is marginal to cloud forest. Elevational range: 700–1,900 m
Frequently occurs along stream beds. Common names: Assessors: JAM, GIM
comida de chachalaca, tepetaca, zorrillo. Refs: [4, 98, 126, 137, 225, 229, 300, 301, 388, 445]
Assessor: FLH Meliosma dentata (Liebm.) Urb.
Ref: [278] NT
Mexico (CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF,
Decatropis bicolor (Zucc.) Radlk. MOR, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
NT Small to medium-size tree, 8–22 m tall. A common cloud forest
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, CHS) species, it also occurs in pine-oak forest, pine forest and tropical
Shrub to small tree, 2–10 m tall. Very rare in cloud forest, it is rainforest. It is a common component in secondary vegetation
more frequent in oak forest and arid tropical scrub, sometimes stands. Synonyms: Lorenzeana dentana Liebm., Meliosma
in tropical dry forest. According to current nomenclatural rules oaxacana Standl. Common names: aguacatillo, colorao,
the species name is invalid, yet we use it since it is widely cited cupanda, encinillo, haya, palo de aguacate.
as such and there is still no valid publication that updates the Elevational range: 600–3,100 m
binomial. Assessors: FLH, JAM
Elevational range: (300) 800–1,900 (2,400) m Refs: [2, 11, 76, 79, 96, 98, 115, 166, 180, 236, 238, 277,
Assessor: FLH 279, 300, 301, 309, 348, 356, 357, 388]
Ref: [4]
80
Meliosma idiopoda S.F.Blake Casearia tacanensis Lundell

VU B1ab(iii) NT
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Panama Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Small to medium-sized tree, 5–20 m. A typical cloud forest Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud forest tree,
species, it also occurs in humid pine-oak forest. Synonym: this species is not restricted to this vegetation type, and in fact
Meliosma dives Standl. & Steyerm. its preferred habitat is tropical rainforest. Like other species in
Elevational range: (400) 900–2,200 m this genus, this is a very common plant in secondary vegetation.
Assessor: FLH Common name: granadillo.
Meliosma mexicana V.W.Steinm. Assessors: JAM, SVA
EN B2ab(iii) Refs: [173, 263]
Mexico (TAM, QRO)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This endemic Mexican taxon Hasseltia guatemalensis Warb.
is restricted to mountainous habitats of the Sierra Madre Oriental EN A4c
where it occurs in cloud forest as well as humid pine-oak forest. Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Elevational range: 800–1,900 m Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
Assessors: GIM, JAM Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud forest
Refs: [387, 388] species, it also occurs in lower elevation tropical forest
formations. Synonym: Hasseltia floribunda Kunth var.
Meliosma nesites I.M.Johnst. nicaraguensis Sleumer. Common name: citeito.
EN A4c; B1ab(iii) Elevational range: (15) 600–2,400 m
Mexico (JAL, COL) Assessors: JAM, SVA
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. A typical component of the cloud forest Refs: [225, 297]
of Jalisco, this is a very rare and narrowly endemic Western
Mexican taxon. Hasseltiopsis dioica (Benth.) Sleumer
Assessor: JAM Mexico (JAL, VER, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Refs: [277, 429] Costa Rica
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. This rare species occurs in cloud
SALICACEAE forest and lower montane semi-evergreen forest. It is so rare
that it is only known by fewer than 10 records in the country,
Abatia mexicana Standl. although its geographical range is not so restricted. Synonyms:
EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Banara dioica Benth., Hasseltia costaricensis Standl., H. dioica
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX) (Benth.) Sleumer.
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A narrowly endemic species Elevational range: 700–2,200 m
and a typical cloud forest taxon, it also occurs in oak forest and Assessors: JAM, SVA
pine forest. Refs: [79, 263, 297, 356, 357]
Assessors: GIM, JAM Lunania mexicana Brandegee
Refs: [94, 263] VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Casearia arguta Kunth Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
NT Slender tree, up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 30 cm in diameter.
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Rare in cloud forest, its preferred habitat is the lowland tropical
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa region, particularly the tropical rainforest. Scarce in the
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia communities where it occurs. Synonym: Lunania piperoides
Large shrub or small tree, up to 14 m tall. A rare cloud forest Standl. Common name: mierda de loro.
component, this species normally occurs in tropical lowland rain Elevational range: 0–2,000 (2,460) m
and dry forests, savanna and riparian forest. Common names: Assessors: JAM, SVA
cedrón, chatilla, coacoyolillo, guayabillo, fruto de loro, mierda Refs: [174, 263, 279]
de loro, pie de venado, tu-yuu.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [76, 225, 263, 279, 351]
81
Olmediella betschleriana (Göpp.) Loes. SAPINDACEAE

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Acer negundo L. subsp. mexicanum (DC.) Wesmael
Nicaragua VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)
Medium-sized tree, 15 m tall or more. A typical cloud forest Mexico (COA, NL, SLP, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, PUE, TLA,
species, this tree is usually rare and shows little regeneration in CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
the wild, but it can easily be propagated from seed. Populations Small to medium-sized tree, up to 23 m tall and trunk up to 45
have been successfully restored from transplanted juveniles into cm in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this species is
open and lightly shaded habitats. Synonyms: Ilex betschleriana also known from oak and pine-oak forests on sites both at
Göpp., Licopolia sincephala Rippa., Olmediella cesatiana Baill., relatively low and high elevations. Never abundant where it
Xylosma aquifolia Sprague. Common names: capelcoy, occurs, it does not form pure stands. Frequently in riparian
huececilla, ixtulán, kolmash, k’olomash, manzana de burro, habitats. Deforestation and habitat degradation are its major
manzana de judas, zapote blanco. threats. The category assigned here updates the one made by
Elevational range: (700) 1,000–2,700 m Gibbs and Chen [128], who erroneously pointed out the number
Assessors: JAM, MGE of populations and the extent of the distribution. It is a protected
Refs: [124, 134, 136, 225, 279, 297, 306, 308, 309] taxon in Mexico and Guatemala. The seed wing must be
removed in order to break dormancy. Germination is high (over
Populus guzmanantlensis A.Vázquez & R.Cuevas 80%) and viability in storage is limited (less than seven months).
VU B2ab(iii) Seedlings are vulnerable to herbivory and drought. Synonyms:
Mexico (JAL) Acer mexicanum (DC.) Pax, A. serratum Pax, Negundo
Large dioecious tree, up to 45 m tall. An occasional cloud forest mexicanum DC. Common names: acecinte, acezintle,
component, this species typically grows in tropical semi- amargoso, arce mexicano, ceibillo, granado, icoj, kantela, palo
evergreen forest. It is always associated with streams. Common blanco, palo de azúcar, palo de caballo, palo de vinagre, zarcillo.
names: alamillo, álamo, algodoncillo. The bark has medicinal The trees are used in hedges. The wood is soft and is used for
uses. fence construction and for making traditional Christmas scenes.
Assessors: JAM, GIM Assessors: YVR, MGE
Refs: [423] Refs: [4, 36, 76, 115, 128, 135, 229, 279, 309]
Populus mexicana Wesm. ex DC. Acer skutchii Rehder

VU A4c VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, HGO, VER, CHS) Mexico (TAM, JAL, GRO, CHS), Guatemala
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species has a marginal Exclusive to cloud forest. Nearly endemic to Mexico, TROPICOS
occurrence in cloud forest. It usually grows in riparian habitats lists only one specimen from Guatemala. This species is found
of other climatic regions, mainly associated with tropical semi- along streams, often in ravines. Known from eight disjunct
evergreen forest. It is considered vulnerable to increasing populations, five in Mexico and three in Guatemala. In Mexico it
drought resulting from climate change. is known from Jalisco (two populations), Tamaulipas, Guerrero,
Elevational range: 0–1,700 m and Chiapas (one population each); in Guatemala it is known
Assessors: JAM, ILV from Sierra de las Minas (two populations) and El Quiché;
Refs: [102, 258] specimens from Coahuila cited in Jardel-Peláez et al. [178] are
misidentifications. The species merits Vulnerable status given
Populus simaroa Rzed. that the extent of the distribution is less than 20,000 km2, and
VU A4c contains fragmented populations in no more than 10 locations.
Mexico (MIC, MEX, GRO) This category updates a recent assessment by Gibbs and Chen
Very large tree, up to 45 m tall. This Mexican endemic cloud [128] as Endangered, which erroneously pointed out the number
forest species is reported to have an unorthodox leafing pattern and location of populations, as well as the extent of the
as it sheds the leaves at the onset of the rainy season and distribution. It is a protected species in Mexico and Guatemala.
flushes the new ones in the cold, dry season. Common names: Four populations are included in Biosphere Reserves and one is
álamo, simaroa, tepolcoxtli. proposed for its inclusion in a state park. Forest fires and
Elevational range: (1,700) 2,000–2,500 m establishment of coffee plantations and corn fields are the main
Assessors: JAM, ILV threats for populations. Synonym: Acer saccharum Marshall
Refs: [76, 96, 115, 180, 207, 337] subsp. skutchii (Rehder) A.E.Murray. Common names: álamo
plateado, algodoncillo. Mechanic dormancy can be overcome
by removing the seed wing. Used as a source of firewood in
82
parts of Mexico (Chiapas), and never observed as a source tropical semi-evergreen forest. In drier forest types it is restricted
of sugar or for construction as was reported by Gibbs and to humid sites. Synonyms: Bumelia matudae (Lundell) Stearn,
Chen [128]. B. minutiflora (Pittier) Baehni, B. tabascensis Lundell, Dipholis
Elevational range: 1,260–2,300 (2,600) m matudae (Lundell) Lundell, D. minutiflora Pittier. Common
Assessor: YVR names: pionche, zapote prieto, zapotillo. Timber tree; the wood
Refs: [76, 79, 128, 137, 178, 251, 279, 300, 301, 348–350, also is used as firewood.
356, 420–422, 429] Elevational range: (0) 300–2,100 m
Assessors: FLH, GIM, JAM, MGE
Billia hippocastanum Peyr. Refs: [79, 174, 225, 279, 283, 295, 351, 356]
VU A2d; B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, SCROPHULARIACEAE
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. A species Buddleja cordata subsp. ovandensis (Lundell ex.
restricted to mature, undisturbed cloud forest. Usually recorded E.M.Norman) E.M.Norman
in relatively low densities. Synonym: Aesculus mexicana Benth. EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
& Hook.f. ex Hemsl. Common names: castaño de la sierra, Mexico (CHS)
hueljalau, jaboncillo. A species valued for its timber. This subspecies has a restricted distribution to cloud forest. Only
Elevational range: 550 (1,500)–2,900 m known from a few southern localities on the Northern Mountains
Assessors: Expert Group May 2007 and the Sierra Madre of Chiapas. Synonym: B. ovandensis
Refs: [207, 241, 347, 381] Lundell ex E.M.Norman.
Cupania mollis Standl. Assessors: LLM, SAR
NT Refs: [3, 270, 398]
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
A medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. Not restricted to cloud Buddleja megalocephala Donn.Sm.
forest, this species also occurs in lowland tropical forests. EN A4c; B1ac(ii)
Elevational range: 220–1,500 (1,790) m Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Assessors: JCS, SAC, MGE Restricted to open stands in cloud forest areas. Only known
Refs: [279, 382] from the Tacaná Volcano at the Mexico-Guatemala border and
in the Sierra de Los Cuchumatanes in Guatemala. Synonyms:
SAPOTACEAE Buddleja hypsophila I.M.Johnst., Buddleja megalocephala
Donn.Sm fo. albilanata Moldenke.
Sideroxylon contrerasii (Lundell) T.D.Penn. Elevational range: 2,700–3,200 (4,000) m
VU B1ab(iii) Assessors: LLM, SAR, MGE
Mexico (QRO, HGO, PUE, VER, OAX), Guatemala, Honduras, Refs: [3, 270, 398]
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Medium-sized or sometimes a large tree, 6–10 (rarely 40) m tall Buddleja skutchii C.V.Morton
and trunk up to 70 cm in diameter. Occasionally found in cloud VU B2ab(iii)
forest and oak forest, more often in tropical rainforest. Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama
Synonyms: Bumelia contrerasii Lundell, Dipholis contrerasii A secondary species marginal to cloud forest, mostly found in
(Lundell) Lundell, Pouteria odorata Lundell. Common names: pine-oak forest. In Mexico it is known from many specimens
Cquej, quej, tempiste. collected in Chiapas at the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre.
Elevational range: (100) 800–1,800 m It possibly hybridizes with Buddleja crotonoides A. Gray in part
Assessors: GIM, GCT of its range in central Chiapas. Synonym: Buddleja matudae
Refs: [56, 279, 281, 284] Standl.
Sideroxylon portoricense Urb. subsp. minutiflorum Assessors: LLM, SAR, MGE
(Pittier) T.D.Penn. Refs: [3, 135, 270, 398]
VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, VER, MEX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Tall canopy tree, reaching 20–40 m in height and trunk up to
150 cm in diameter. This subspecies is common in cloud forest
but also found in tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest and
83
SIPARUNACEAE Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G.Don subsp. occidentalis

NT
Siparuna gesneriodes (Kunth) A.DC. Mexico (TAM, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX,
VU B1ab(iii) CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Costa Rica, Panama, Rica, Panama
Colombia, Venezuela Medium-sized to large tree, 12–25 m tall. In Mexico only known
Shrub or small tree, 3-6 (10) m tall. This species is marginal to from a few cloud forest localities; this taxon is more common in
cloud forest, more frequently found in tropical semi-evergreen lowland forests. Synonyms: Turpinia paniculata Vent., Staphylea
forest and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Siparuna heterophylla Ruiz & Pav. Synonyms of the species (not of the
austromexicana Lorence, S. scandens Lorence. subspecies) are Turpinia paniculata Vent. and T. pinnata (Schltdl.)
Elevational range: 300–1,600 m Hemsl. Common names: chijilte te, manzanillo, manzanito, palo
Assessor: FLH verde, shauc, zarzafrán.
Ref: [315] Elevational range: (700) 1,000–1,800 (3,000) m
Assessors: JAM, GIM, GCT
SOLANACEAE Refs: [4, 11, 55, 58, 79, 137, 149, 174, 180, 207, 225, 229,
236, 238, 278, 295, 300, 301, 309, 333, 348, 356, 367]
Cestrum oblongifolium Schltdl.
NT Turpinia parvifoliola L.O.Williams
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX) CR A4c
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A relatively common species in Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
cloud forest, it is also found in pine-oak forest, pine forest and oak Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. A very narrow
forest. Occasionally present in montane rainforest. Synonyms: endemic, in Mexico, this species occurs only in areas located in
Cestrum decurrens Francey, C. ehrenbergii Dunal, C. multinervium the vicinity of the Guatemalan border. This taxon is a cloud forest
Dunal. This species could be used as an ornamental plant. specialist.
Elevational range: (750) 1,000–2,300 m Elevational range: c. 2,300 m
Assessor: JAM Assessor: JAM
Ref: [261] Ref: [279]
Solanum brevipedicellatum K.E.Roe Turpinia tricornuta Lundell

EN A4c CR A4c
Mexico (JAL, COL, CHS), Guatemala Mexico (GRO[?], CHS), Guatemala
Large shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This taxon Medium-sized tree, up to 11 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
occurs mostly in cloud forest but it can also be found in pine-oak forest specialist with a very small geographical range. Common
forest, rarely in tropical dry forest. Its geographical range is name: chijilte te.
notoriously disjunct, with a western population at the limits of Elevational range: 1,300–3,000 m
Jalisco and Colima, and several eastern populations in Chiapas Assessor: JAM
and Guatemala. Refs: [115, 279, 309]
Assessor: JAM STYRACACEAE
Ref: [278]
Styrax conterminus Donn.Sm.
STAPHYLEACEAE EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2a(i)
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador
Turpinia insignis (Kunth) Tul. An evergreen medium-sized tree, up to 18 m tall. A rather scarce
EN A4c species in cloud forest it is also found in pine-oak forest. It has
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala been collected in fewer than ten localities on the Sierra Madre
Large shrub or small to medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 15 del Sur. Its habitat has suffered severe degradation in recent
m tall but usually less than 10 m. Nearly endemic to Mexico, decades.
there are a few records from neighbouring areas in Guatemala. Elevational range: 2,200–2,800 m
Mostly a cloud forest specialist, this species is very rare in Assessors: NRM, MGE
lowland vegetation. Synonym: Lacepedea insignis Kunth. Refs: [96, 116–118]
Common name: huevo de gato.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [126, 209, 279, 333, 367, 445]
84
Styrax glabrescens Benth. SYMPLOCACEAE

VU A1cd; C2a(i); D1
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Symplocos breedlovei Lundell
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica EN A2c
Marginal in cloud forest, this species is more common in Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
vegetation at lower elevation and in pine-oak forest. Present in Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This scarce cloud
secondary vegetation, on banks of waterways and on steep forest species is endemic to Chiapas and Guatemala.
slopes. Synonyms: Styrax glabrescens var. pilosus Perkins, S. Elevational range: (1,200) 2,200–3,100 m
guatemalensis Donn.Sm., S. pilosus (Perkins) Standl., S. Assessors: ILV, JAM
vestitus Lundell. Common names: azahar de monte, capulín, Refs: [187, 279]
sajarillo.
Elevational range: 500–2,600 m Symplocos citrea Lex. ex La Llave & Lex.
Assessors: NRM, MGE NT
Refs: [4, 58, 116–118, 126, 207, 209, 229, 236, 363, 445] Mexico (NAY, JAL, GTO, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, GRO, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. In addition to cloud
Styrax magnus Lundell forest, this species also occurs in pine forest and oak forest.
EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2a(i); E Synonyms: Symplocos prionophylla Hemsl., S. pringlei Rob.
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala Common names: aile, ambaro, chico, chocoyolillo, cucharo,
A scarce large evergreen tree, up to 26 m tall. Endemic to high garrapato, jaboncillo, jaboncillo blanco, mamuyo, memelita, palo
elevation cloud forest and oak forest in Chiapas and Guatemala. blanco, tchcari-urapiti, urapít ucu, uruapiti akun. The wood of
Isolated populations with few mature individuals. To obtain viable this species is used for making handicrafts and small pieces of
seeds the fruit should be exposed to lukewarm water or furniture, and apparently the fruit is edible.
fermented in plastic bags for 4–7 days immediately after removal Elevational range: 1,350–2,650 m
from the tree. Seeds are recalcitrant and seedlings can be readily Assessors: GIM, JAM
obtained from them. Seedlings survive and grow well in Refs: [2, 37, 76, 79, 93, 146, 166, 180, 207, 213, 348, 351,
shrublands but not in open areas. Synonym: Styrax vulcanicola 356, 357, 429]
Standl. & Steyerm. Some authors consider it as a synonym of
Styrax argenteus C.Presl. and S. argenteus var. hintonii (Bullock) Symplocos coccinea Bonpl.
Gonsoulin. EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Elevational range: 1,700–2,700 (3,000) m Mexico (HGO, PUE, VER, OAX)
Assessors: NRM, MGE Small tree, up to 12 m tall. A Mexican endemic, this species is
Refs: [116–118, 307, 309] considered to be a rare component of cloud forest and pine-
oak forest. Common name: limoncillo.
Styrax radians P.W.Fritsch Elevational range: 1,100–2,450 m
NT Assessors: ILV, JAM
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, COL, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS) Refs: [126, 209, 445]
Medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall. A common cloud
forest component, this tree is also found in oak forest, tropical Symplocos excelsa L.O.Williams
semi-evergeen forest, tropical dry forest and oak savannas. EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Large populations have been reported from Nayarit and Jalisco Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS)
states, however, significant deforestation has occurred through Medium-sized to large tree, up to 24 m tall. A cloud forest
much of its range. Valley bottoms are the preferred habitat of species, it also occurs in lower montane rainforest.
this species. Common names: aguacatillo, azagar, cortapico, Elevational range: (600) 1,200–1,700 m
levadura, mamuyo, zajar. Its tough, durable wood is used for ox Assessors: ILV, JAM
yokes and plows. Ref: [187]
Assessor: JAM Symplocos hartwegii A.DC.
Refs: [116, 117, 277] EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. The occurrence of this species is
restricted to cloud forest.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279, 363]
85
Symplocos johnsonii Standl. Symplocos pycnantha Hemsl.

EN A4c; B1ab(iii) EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 22 m tall. This is typically a Honduras, Nicaragua
cloud forest species but it is also present in lower montane This exclusive and rare cloud forest species has an uncertain
rainforest. taxonomic status. Common name: palo de agua.
Elevational range: 850–1,850 m Elevational range: (950) 1,100–2,850 m
Assessors: ILV, JAM Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279] Refs: [187, 225]
Symplocos limoncillo Bonpl. Symplocos sousae F.Almeda

VU A4c; B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Mexico (JAL, OAX)
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama Shrub or small tree, (1) 5-7 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m. A cloud forest species but also forest, frequently in ravines and along streams, surrounded by
in oak forest and moist pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Styrax pine-fir forest and pine-oak forest. Common names: tunihia,
limoncillo (Bonpl.) Miers., Symplocos flavifolia Lundell. Common tu-nihia. The fruit is edible in Oaxaca. This tree has attractive red
names: garrapatilla, limoncillo, limoncillo amarillo. flowers and could be used as an ornamental plant.
Elevational range: (350) 700–2,400 m Elevational range: 2,500–2,760 m
Assessors: ILV, JAM Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 133, 135, 187, 225, 279, 302, 309] Ref: [146]
Symplocos longipes Lundell Symplocos tacanensis Lundell

EN A4c; B1ab(iii) CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Mexico (CHS), Guatemala[?], El Salvador
Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud Small to medium-sized tree, 9–19 m tall. This species is a cloud
forest species. forest specialist and it has a very restricted geographical range.
Elevational range: (1,400) 2,000–2,800 m In Mexico it is only known from areas located in the close vicinity
Assessors: ILV, JAM of the Guatemalan border, on the northern slopes of the Tacaná
Refs: [187, 279] volcano.
Symplocos matudae Lundell Assessors: ILV, JAM
EN A4c; B1ab(iii) Refs: [187, 279]
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Large shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A scarce species, TAXACEAE
mostly found in cloud forest but occasionally occurs in pine-oak
forest. Synonyms: Symplocos chiapensis Lundell, S. vernicosa Taxus globosa Schltdl.
L.O.Williams. EN A4c
Elevational range: (700) 1,250–2,400 m Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS),
Assessors: ILV, JAM Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Refs: [187, 279, 431] Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This taxon is scarce
and is found in low and middle tree layers of cloud forest, oak
Symplocos novogaliciana L.M.González forest, and pine-oak forest; it shows a strong preference for
EN B1ab(iii) moist and shaded ravines. Synonym: Taxus baccata L. subsp.
Mexico (NAY, JAL, COL) globosa (Schltdl.) Pilg. Common names: granadillo, palmira,
Medium-sized to large tree, 15-20 (35) m and trunk up to 70 romerillo, tlatscal. This species is particularly important in the
cm in diameter. This species is not restricted to cloud forest but pharmaceutical industry owing to the presence of taxol, a
is also found in fir forest and pine-oak forest, often on hillsides secondary compound with antioncogenic properties.
or along ravines. Close to S. citrea Lex. Common names: Sometimes used as an ornamental. Wood is used for timber
cucharo, garrapato, limoncillo. and to make charcoal.
Elevational range: (900) 1,200–2,300 m Elevational range: 1,000–3,000 (3,350) m
Assessors: GIM, GCT Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [146, 278] Refs: [4, 58, 69, 137, 225, 266, 300, 301, 360, 431, 448]
86
THYMELAEACEAE TICODENDRACEAE
Daphnopsis flavida Lundell Ticodendron incognitum Gómez-Laur. & L.D.Gómez

EN B1ab(iii) NT
Mexico (VER[?], CHS) Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Small tree, up to 5 (rarely 12) m tall. In addition to cloud forest, Panama
this species is also a tropical rainforest component; in both Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. A scarce species in
communities it seems to be rare, as it is known from very few old-growth, very humid cloud forest. It usually occurs at very
collections. low densities, yet there are some locations where it is fairly
Elevational range: (150) 2,000–2,300 m abundant, forming nearly pure stands. In Mexico it occurs at
Assessor: FLH relatively high elevations compared to Central American
Ref: [330] populations, and it is only known from small areas in La
Chinantla and Los Chimalapas regions of Oaxaca state. The
Daphnopsis malacophylla Standl. & Steyerm. taxonomic position of this tree has attracted the attention of
VU B1ab(iii) botanists since it was first described in 1989; in fact its familial
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras ascription was solved two years later with the description of the
Shrub or small tree, 3–6 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest. new family Ticodendraceae. Common names: almendras kup,
Elevational range: 2,000–2,400 m durazno de ardilla, durazno de monte, maL ‘u’ gwiiLH. This
Assessor: FLH species is used in rural construction and as a source of
Ref: [330] firewood.
Daphnopsis mollis (Schltdl. & Cham.) Standl. Assessor: JAM
VU B1ab(iii) Refs: [9, 131, 160, 222, 235, 237, 333, 431]
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, CHS, QTR)
Shrub or small tree, 5-8 (15) m tall. Rare in cloud forest, ULMACEAE
frequently found in tropical semi-evergreen forest, oak forest and
tropical dry forest. Plants from Quintana Roo might be a different Ulmus mexicana (Liebm.) Planch.
species. Synonyms: Daphne bonplandiana var. mollis Schltdl. EN A2cd; B2ab(ii,iii,v); C1
& Cham., Daphnopsis bonplandiana var. mollis (Schltdl. & Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Cham.) Meisn. Common names: coni, coni de ardilla, coni de Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
mora, coni de zorra, jonote, jonote de ardilla. Panama
Elevational range: (5) 800–1,700 m Very large deciduous tree, up to 87 m, more often c. 50–70 m
Assessor: FLH tall, and trunk up to 6 m in diameter. An extremely scarce cloud
Refs: [38, 58, 264, 330] forest species, it also occurs in oak forest, tropical semi-
evergreen forest and tropical rainforest, usually near streams.
Daphnopsis tuerckheimiana Donn.Sm. Its native habitat has been largely cleared for coffee cultivation.
VU B1ab(iii) Individuals of this taxon are characterized by having a long,
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala branch-free and very straight trunk. This species is believed to
Shrub or small tree, 3–5 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest and be the tallest tree growing in Mexico. Synonym: Chaetoptelea
rare in tropical rainforest (Veracruz). This species is included in mexicana Liebm. Common names: baqueta, cempoalebatl,
this list with hesitation, since it has not been recorded in Mexico cempoaléhuatl, chaperna, chaperno, chuchum, cuero, cuerillo,
as a tree. ilite, mezcal, moreno, noculpat, nuculpat, olmo, olmo mexicano,
Elevational range: 500–2,100 m palo baqueta, palo de baqueta, palo de huarache, palo rey,
Assessor: FLH papalote, petatillo, quebracho, quiebra hacha, sacpucté,
Refs: [264, 330] sacpcaché, sapuché, tirrá, tlacacuáhuitl, tza, tzapasnaca,
zempaléhuatl. Used for timber (poles and rural construction) and
other multiple purposes, such as high quality pieces of turned
wood and wooden packaging, In the past the bark was used for
making sandal soles.
Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [58, 174, 180, 207, 225, 241, 259, 279, 285, 287, 309,
445]
87
URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE
Coussapoa purpusii Standl. Citharexylum bourgeauianum Greeman

EN A4c EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Mexico (VER)
Panama A medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species occurs in
Dioecious, hemi-epiphytic or terrestrial tree, 4–20 m tall. This cloud forest and also in tropical rainforest at lower elevations.
species occurs in cloud forest but is more often found in tropical Apparently endemic to Veracruz. Its habitat has undergone, and
rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently in continues to have, severe changes in land use.
riparian habitats. Common names: hutapil, tescalamilla, Elevational range: 400–1,200 m
tescalamillo. Assessors: MGE, NRM
Elevational range: 160–1,700 m Refs: [256]
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [19, 60, 279] Citharexylum hidalgense Moldenke
NT
Myriocarpa bifurca Liebm. Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
NT A small tree, up to 8 m tall, more frequently a shrub. A cloud forest
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, species, but also found in humid oak and pine forests of the Sierra
Nicaragua, Costa Rica Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. Sometimes locally abundant
Shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. Species found in secondary on slopes, in protected ravines, gorges and near streams. Also
vegetation derived from cloud forest but also occurs in tropical found in disturbed forest stands and nearby agricultural fields.
semi-evergreen forest, frequently in riparian habitats. Also Reports from Zacatecas and Michoacán are probably
reported from shade coffee plantations. Synonym: Myriocarpa misidentifications. The threats it faces are related to the loss of
malacophylla B.L.Rob. & Bartlett. forest cover owing to land-use change and its fragmented
Elevational range: 100–1,300 m distribution. Common names: capulín de zorro, palo pegativo,
Assessors: GIM, GCT prendedor, retoñador, retoñadora, tres lomos, uva cimarrona.
Refs: [209, 243, 279] Elevational range: 1,200–2,400 (2,940) m
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Urera martiniana V.W.Steinm. Refs: [4, 76, 256, 342]
CR A4c
Mexico (TAM, SLP[?], QRO, HGO) Citharexylum hintonii Moldenke
Shrub or small tree, 1–4 m tall. This species occurs in cloud EN A4c
forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and Mexico (MEX, CHS)
tropical dry forest. Common names: mala mujer, ortiga. A small tree, up to 5–8 m tall, sometimes reported as a climbing
Elevational range: 350–1,450 m tree or a liana. Known from only three localities with a striking
Assessors: GIM, GCT disjunct distribution (two in the central part of the country and
Ref: [386] the other in the Northern Mountains region of Chiapas). Present
in secondary growth derived from cloud forest. Common name:
Urera pacifica V.W.Steinm. chichalaco, chichaloco.
NT Elevational range: 610–2,050 m
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX) Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE, NRM
Shrub or small tree, 2–7 m tall. Mainly occurs in tropical dry Ref: [29]
forest and occasionally found in pine-oak forest and cloud forest.
Common names: chichicaste, mala mujer, ortiga, ortiga blanca, Citharexylum ligustrinum Van Houtte ex Dippel
ortigo, ortigo blanco, ortigo colorado, quemador, quemadora. VU A4c
Elevational range: 80–1,600 (2,400) m Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Assessors: GIM, GCT A shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
Refs: [76, 386] forest; sometimes locally abundant but not evenly throughout its
range; also in oak forest and pine-oak forest. Present in protected
gorges and ravines but also in secondary vegetation; in thickets.
Endemic to eastern Mexico. Introduced into Europe in the 19th
century and cultivated in several botanical gardens. Synonym:
Citharexylum pringlei Greenm. Common name: altitlila.
Elevational range: 1,500-1,900 (2,270) m
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [256, 342]
88
Citharexylum steyermarkii Moldenke

CR B1ab(i)
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala
Small tree, 3–8 m tall. A rare species that is restricted to high
elevation very humid cloud forest. In Mexico only known from
two localities, one in each state. Severe deforestation has
occurred in most of its range.
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE
Refs: [129, 279]
Lippia umbellata Cav.

NT
Mexico (JAL, VER, MEX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest and secondary vegetation. A
complex species closely related to Lippia myriocephala Schltdl.
& Cham. Synonyms: Lippia callicarpifolia Kunth, L. jaliscana
Moldenke, L. pringlei Briq.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [256, 279]
WINTERACEAE
Drimys granadensis L.f. var. mexicana (DC.) A.C.Sm.

VU A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. A typical mature cloud forest
species, it also grows in humid oak forest and pine-oak forest,
mostly in riparian habitats of protected ravines. There are
numerous specimens deposited in herbaria, probably owing to
its attractive large, white flowers. The species is widespread but
this variety has a more restricted range. In Mexico it often forms
very small populations, all of which seem to be threatened by
habitat destruction. The taxon has been repeatedly cited in
floristic and ecological literature with its generic epithet
misspelled as “Drymis“. Synonyms: Drimys mexicana DC., D.
winteri J.R.Forst & G.Forst. Common names: al-ca-puc,
cashiquec, chachaca, chilillo, palo picante, palo de chile, yaga-
bziga, vaya-yiña.
Assessors: SAC, JAM, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [1, 43, 124, 135, 180, 225, 228, 236, 279, 302, 325,
335, 347, 363]
89
SPECIES EVALUATED AS LEAST CONCERN
ACTINIDIACEAE ALTINGIACEAE
Saurauia yasicae Loes. Liquidambar styraciflua L.

LC LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, DF, MOR, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Bolivia Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
An understorey and mid-canopy tree, up to 27 m tall and trunk up A large tree, up to 40 m tall or more and trunk up to 150 cm in
to 25 cm in diameter. This species is not restricted to cloud forest diameter. This species is widely distributed and abundant in the
as it is also found in tropical rainforest. Widely distributed in canopy of cloud forest, but also present in oak forest and pine-
Veracruz and Chiapas and also present in a few sites in Oaxaca oak forest, and co-dominant in pine-oak-Liquidambar forest. It
and Tabasco. Synonyms: Saurauia belizensis Lundell, S. herbert- regenerates well in open areas and in forest edges derived from
smithii Rusby, S. pseudopittieri Buscal., S. smithiana Buscal., S. agricultural use and grows rapidly in forest restoration
zetekiana Standl. Common name: melaza. Fruit is edible. plantations. Widely planted in urban areas as an ornamental
Elevational range: (45) 300–1,300 (1,920) m and shade tree. Synonyms: Liquidambar barbata Stokes, L.
Assessors: SAC, MGE gummifera Salisb., L. macrophylla Oerst., L. styraciflua var.
Refs: [126, 171, 173, 185, 279, 361] mexicana Oerst. Common names: bálsamo, biito, copalillo,
copalme, cozote, estoraque, icob, ien-gau-uo, ingamo,
ADOXACEAE liquidámbar, maripenda, molá, nabá, nijté-pijto, nite-biito,
ococote, ocozote, quirámbaro, quirámboro, somerio, so té,
Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Bolli sots-té, suchete, toshcui, tzoté, xochiocotzocuahuitl,
LC xochiocótzotl, yagabizigui, yaga-huille. Balsam from the trunk
Canada, United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, NAY, has medicinal uses. It is also used to make soap, cosmetics,
TAM, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, and incense. It is a source of fuelwood and its timber is used for
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, rural constructions, railroad ties, furniture, tool handles, veneer,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and pulp for paper.
Small tree, 3–12 m tall. This sub-specific taxon occurs in cloud Elevational range: (450) 600–1,500 (2,100) m (at sea level in
forest but also grows in pine forest, fir forest and pine-oak forest. the SE United States)
Also found in secondary forest and cultivated land. Introduced in Assessors: NRM, MGE
several countries in South America and the Caribbean region. Refs: [4, 11, 16, 43, 54, 58, 126, 135, 137, 209, 213, 228,
Synonyms: Sambucus bipinnata Schltdl. & Cham., S. canadensis 229, 241, 279, 285, 295, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 333,
L., S. mexicana C.Presl ex DC.). Common names: azumiatl, 438, 452]
bixhumi, cumdumba, sauco, sauco rojo, shiiksh, xumetl, yutnucate.
The flowers are used medicinally for their sudorific and diuretic ANNONACEAE
properties. Leaves are sometimes used for treating headaches.
Elevational range: (200) 1,000–3,000 m Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.
Assessors: FLH, Expert Group May 2007 LC
Refs: [4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 126, 207, 209, 228, 229, 254, Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
295, 378, 435, 437] Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, Dominican
Viburnum hartwegii Benth. Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
LC Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is marginal to
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, cloud forest as its prefered habitat is tropical rainforest and
Nicaragua tropical evergreen forest. Synonym: Rollinia jimenezii Saff.
Small tree, 2–7 m tall. Cloud forest is the preferred habitat of this Common names: anonilla, chirimolla. The edible fruit of this
species. species is highly valued because of its good flavour.
Elevational range: (700) 1,200–1,700 (2,800) m Elevational range: 180–1,300 (1,500) m
Assessor: FLH Assessors: JAM, GIM, SVA, ILV
Refs: [79, 351, 356, 357, 429] Refs: [173, 219, 225, 358]
90
Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal) Saff. AQUIFOLIACEAE

LC
Mexico (SIN, JAL, COL, GRO, OAX), Guatemala, El Salvador, Ilex brandegeana Loes.
Honduras, Nicaragua LC
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. Although this species normally grows Mexico (NL, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, MIC, MEX, MOR,
in cloud forest it is also known from tropical evergreen forest, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical dry forest at lower Medium-sized tree, 8–25 m tall, apparently dioecious. In addition
elevations. Synonym: Sapranthus foetidus (Rose) Saff. to cloud forest, this species can also be found in oak forest and
Elevational range: 20–1,500 m pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Ilex triflora Brandegee not I. triflora
Assessors: LSV, RPL, JAM, GIM Blume, I. californica Brandegee. Common names: frutilla, junco
Refs: [279, 351, 358] serrano, palo blanco, tchcari urapiti, zapotillo. The wood is
excellent for the manufacturing of guitars.
Stemmadenia tomentosa Greenm. Elevational range: (500) 1,400–2,800 m
LC Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, Refs: [53, 71, 76, 79, 96, 142, 279, 348, 356, 357, 380, 428, 429]
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized tree, up to 10 m tall. A widespread yet Mexican Ilex condensata Turcz.
endemic species, this taxon is found in many forest formations LC
including cloud forest, but most frequently occurs in vegetation Mexico (QRO, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS)
at lower elevations, particularly in riparian habitats. Common Small tree, 2–4 (8) m tall, apparently dioecious. A frequent cloud
names: berraco, tapaco, peiche. forest element, this species also occurs in oak, pine, pine-oak
Elevational range: 0–1,780 m and tropical evergreen forest. Synonym: Ilex ambigua (Michx.)
Assessors: GIM, JAM Torr. var. condensata (Turcz.) Loes.
Refs: [188, 225, 279, 351] Elevational range: 1,200–1,950 m
Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC
Tabernaemontana alba Mill. Refs: [53, 58]
LC
Mexico (SIN, TAM, SLP, JAL, VER, QRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, Ilex discolor Hemsl. var. tolucana (Hemsl.) Edwin ex T.R.Dudley
CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, LC
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina, Mexico (BCS, SON, CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL,
Cuba. GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 8 (rarely 15) m tall. This species Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
is widely distributed in lowland and montane regions of Mexico Tree, 2–20 (30) m tall, apparently dioecious. This taxon is
but its presence in cloud forest is marginal. In fact, this tree tends frequently found in cloud forest, oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak
to be more abundant in tropical evergreen and tropical rainforests forest and secondary communities. Synonyms: Ilex californica
of the lowlands. Synonym: Tabernaemontana chrysocarpa Brandegee, I. tolucana Hemsl., but see Carranza González [53]
S.F.Blake. Common names: abat, cojón de perro, and González-Villarreal [142], who recognize this taxon as a valid
chichihualcaxtli, cojón de gato, huevo de gato, laurel blanco, species. Common names: aceitunillo, coralillo, limoncillo, mo-la-
lecherillo, mhag-caha, tábat. hé, palo de caza, palo extraño, palo prieto, palo verde,
Elevational range: 0–1,200 m tepezapote. The wood is used in rustic buildings and for the
Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV manufacturing of musical instruments. Fruit is edible.
Refs: [76, 173, 225, 247, 279] Elevational range: 1,000–3,000 m
Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC
Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link Refs: [4, 53, 58, 76, 115, 126, 137, 142, 180, 229, 277, 279,
LC 295, 300, 301, 335, 356, 445]
Mexico (BC, BCS, SON, QRO, HGO, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX),
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Ilex rubra S.Watson
Bahamas, Cuba LC
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. In Mexico it is a typical Mexico (SON, CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, JAL, GTO)
cloud forest species but it also occurs frequently in drier pine- Tree 5–15 (30) m tall. This species is a frequent component of
oak forest. Synonyms: Rauvolfia glabra Cav., Vallesia cloud forest and oak forest. Common names: aguacatillo loco,
cymbifolia Ortega, V. dichotoma Ruiz & Pav. palo verde.
Assessor: JAM Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC
Refs: [180, 451] Refs: [31, 53, 137, 142]
91
ARALIACEAE Podachaenium eminens (Lag.) Sch.Bip.

LC
Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. Mexico (SIN, DGO, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB,
LC CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, Costa Rica
MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Small to medium-sized tree,10–15 m tall and trunk up to 20 cm
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa in diameter. A frequent cloud forest element, it is also found in
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, pine-fir forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest
Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and secondary growth, with a clear preference for riparian
Medium-sized to large tree, usually 25–30 m tall, but generally habitats. Synonyms: Ferdinanda eminens Lag., Podachaenium
much shorter in cloud forest. This is a very abundant species, paniculatum Benth. Common names: acasucut, hoja de
widely distributed in the Neotropics, particularly in warm, lowland manteca, tacote.
habitats, ranging from very wet to seasonally moist climates. It Elevational range: 400–2,500 m
frequently occurs in tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest Assessors: GIM, GCT
and tropical semi-evergreen forest. High elevation populations Refs: [76, 164, 231, 277, 438]
could actually belong to a different species, in particular, given
its very small stature when compared to individuals from lowland Verbesina perymenioides Sch.Bip. ex Klatt
localities. Should this possibility be confirmed, the risk category LC
should be revised for the cloud forest populations. Synonyms: Mexico (MIC, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
Aralia arborea L., Dendropanax concinnus (Standl.) Lundell, D. Panama
matudae A.C.Sm., D. stenodontus (Standl.) A.C.Sm., Gilibertia Shrub or small tree, 1–7 m tall. This species is a fairly abundant
arborea Marchal. Common names: cajeta, carne de pescado, element in the secondary vegetation of cloud forest, oak forest,
corta pico, cucharo, hogo, hoja fresca, madre del café, mano de pine-oak forest and tropical dry forest. Synonyms: Otopappus
danta, mano de león, mano de oso, mano de sapo, multé, perymenioides (Sch. Bip) Klatt, Verbesina steyermarkii Standl.
murciélago, nixtamalcuáhuitl, nixtamalillo, palo blanco, palo de It is valued as a pollen and nectar source for honeybees and is
agua, palo de danta, palo santo, pingüico, sacchacah, sachi used as firewood (poor quality).
colorado, sakchaká, tamalcobaite, tamalcohahuite, Elevational range: 300–2,300 m
tamalcuáhuitl, tun-dajá, vidrioso. The fair-quality wood is mainly Assessors: GIM, GCT
used as a source of firewood but several industrial uses are Refs: [22, 124, 135, 279, 309]
known such as the manufacture of wood picks, wooden
packaging, furniture, door and window frames, etc. Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H.Rob.
Elevational range: 0–2,500 m LC
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA Mexico (SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
Refs: [44, 45, 58, 76, 79, 115, 126, 135, 137, 173, 180, 191, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El
192, 207, 209, 229, 236, 267, 277, 278, 285, 295, 300, 301, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
333, 347–349, 351, 356, 357, 366, 428, 429, 431, 444] Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia
Tree-like, colonial shrub or small tree, 3–5 (8) m tall. The
ASTERACEAE presence of this species in cloud forest is very marginal as it
normally occurs in other forest types including pine forest, pine-
Montanoa leucantha (Lag.) S.F.Blake subsp. arborescens oak forest, tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
(DC.) V.A.Funk It is abundant in forest edges and clearings. Synonyms:
LC Vernonia aschenborniana S.Schauer, V. deppeana Less., V.
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, JAL, HGO, MIC, MEX, DF, patens Kunth, V. stellaris La Llave, V. viarum M.E.Jones.
MOR, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Common names: calpanche, carpanche, duraznillo, galpancho,
This taxon is not typical of cloud forest as it is often found in hierba del burro, hoja lisa, palo aguanoso, palo tierra, quiebra
secondary habitats in oak forest, pine-oak forest, and even machete, suquinay, t’zim, ucma tzojol, vara de san miguel, vara
tropical dry forest. Synonym: Montanoa arborescens DC. prieta. Used in folk medicine and for making fence poles. It is
Common name: kail. It is used as fodder for sheep and as an also valued as a source of pollen and nectar for honeybees.
ornamental plant in living fences. Elevational range: 5–1,975 m
Elevational range: 1,000–2,450 m Assessors: GIM, GCT
Assessors: GIM, GCT Refs: [76, 184, 225, 309, 338]
Refs: [309, 439]
92
BERBERIDACEAE Alnus jorullensis Kunth

LC
Berberis tenuifolia Lindl. Mexico (CHI, SIN, DGO, ZAC, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO, QRO,
LC HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX,
Mexico (VER, CHS), Cuba CHS), Guatemala, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
Large shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 13 m tall. This species A medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread
occurs more frequently near or at the lower elevational limit of species not exclusive to cloud forest as it is also present in oak,
cloud forest, as well as in oak forest, tropical dry forest, tropical pine-oak forests, and at higher elevations in fir forest (above
evergreen forest and secondary vegetation. Synonyms: 3,000 m). This species is normally found at higher elevations
Berberis fraxinifolia Hook., Mahonia tenuifolia (Lindl.) Fedde, than Alnus arguta. Synonyms: Alnus acuminata var. jorullensis
Odostemon tenuifolius (Lindl.) Standl. (Kunth) Regel, A. firmifolia Fernald., A. jorullensis var. exigua
Elevational range: 450–1,100 m Fernald., A. jorullensis subsp. lutea Furlow. Common names:
Assessor: JAM aile, aliso, ayle negra, carnero, elite, ilite, mallat, palo de casa,
Ref: [221] pamu, tepamu.
BETULACEAE Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 57, 79, 96, 115, 180, 207, 277, 279, 295, 348, 363,
Alnus acuminata Kunth 438]
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS, BORAGINACEAE
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Tournefortia glabra L.
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, LC
Argentina Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
A medium-sized or large tree species, up to 30 m tall. Its Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
widespread distribution is not restricted to cloud forest as it is Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Jamaica, Dominican
also frequently found in oak forest and pine-oak forest (rarely Republic
below 1,000 m elevation, with noteworthy records from Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species is an occasional
Honduras and Ecuador at sea level). Trees of this species are cloud forest component as it is more common in oak forest as
frequently found in riparian habitats and in disturbed forests. well as in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest at
Three subspecies have been proposed: (i) acuminata (Colombia, lower elevations. Synonym: Tournefortia cymosa L. Common
Venezuela and Argentina), (ii) arguta (Schltdl.) Furlow (from names: canzera, cordoncillo, limoncillo, zopilotillo. This tree has
Sonora to Panama) and (iii) glabrata (Fernald) Furlow (endemic medicinal uses being used externally as a treatment for
to Mexico, from Durango to Oaxaca). Seeds remain viable for 24 rheumatism.
months under low temperature and humidity conditions. Elevational range: 0–1,900 m
Germination is high (> 80%) when seeds are placed in humid Assessor: JAM
soil and under direct sunlight. Saplings grow very rapidly in forest Refs: [29, 74, 76, 173, 209, 223, 240, 255, 373]
restoration plantations. Synonyms: Alnus arguta (Schltdl.)
Spach, A. ferruginea Kunth, A. lanceolata Phil., A. lindenii Regel, BRUNELLIACEAE
A. mirbelli Spach, A. pringlei Fernald., A. rufescens Liebm. ex
Hemsl. Common names: abedul, aile, ailite, álamo, aliso, elite, Brunellia mexicana Standl.
hilit, hilite, ilite, jaul, nok, palo de águila. The wood is widely used LC
for construction and as a source of fuelwood. A common shade Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El
tree in shade-grown coffee plantations. Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Elevational range: 1,000–3,000 (3,800) m A medium-sized tree species, up to 25 m tall. Present in cloud
Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM, GCT forest but the species also occurs in oak and pine-oak forest. It
Refs: [2, 57, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 124, 133, 135, 143, 180, 209, may be fairly abundant in secondary vegetation. Common
229, 236, 279, 302, 307, 309, 357, 363, 429, 438, 445] names: cedrillo, huacalillo, songolica, tziquinacuí. The wood is
light and soft, easy to work but not durable.
Assessor: MGE
Refs: [135, 207, 241, 260, 279, 333, 363, 438]
93
CANNABACEAE CHLORANTHACEAE
Aphananthe monoica (Hemsl.) J.-F.Leroy Hedyosmum mexicanum C.Cordem.

LC LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX,
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 40 m tall. Although not a cloud Dioecious shrub or small tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread
forest specialist, this species is relatively abundant in this forest species that is frequently found in, but not exclusive to, cloud
type. However, it is more abundant in disturbed areas and forest. It also occurs in more seasonal pine forest formations at
relatively dry and/or lower areas, particularly in Chiapas. The mid- and high elevations. In cloud forest regions this species
main threat faced by this species is land-use change. Synonym: seems to be somewhat favoured by disturbance. Synonyms:
Mirandaceltis monoica (Hemsl.) Sharp. Common names: Hedyosmum artocarpus Solms, Tafallea mexicana (C.Cordem.)
ajbate, ajuate, barranco, cerezo, chilesmin, chilillo, cilicsni, Kuntze. Common names: guardalagua, negro moskij, palo de
cocotle, conserva, coquito, cuachichile, cuerillo, escobillo, hoja agua, platanillo, sombra de café. It is used as coffee-shade.
menuda, itsil yexu, palo de águila, palo de armadillo, palo de Elevational range: (130) 800–3,000 (3,900) m
santo, peinecillo, pipín, quebrache, quebracho, rosadillo, suelda, Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
tomatillo, tza, varilla. The wood is occasionally used in rural Refs: [39, 76, 115, 126, 135, 180, 207–209, 236, 277–279,
construction and as a source of firewood. The sweet fruit is 302, 333, 347, 444, 445]
sometimes eaten.
Elevational range: 200–1,600 m CLETHRACEAE
Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [58, 76, 174, 225, 259, 267, 285, 287, 351] Clethra fragrans L.M.González & R.Delgad.
LC
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Mexico (JAL, COL)
LC Medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m, rarely 40 m tall. This
United States, Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, taxon is a narrow endemic of Jalisco, reaching the Colima
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, border. Trees of this species grow in wet ravines with cloud
CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, forest, mostly mixed with Abies religiosa, on the Pacific slopes
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, of the Sierra Madre del Sur. It also occurs in drier pine-oak
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, forest. Trees of this species are generally very abundant
Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican throughout its range, including roadside habitats. Specimens of
Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles this taxon have frequently been misidentified as C. vicentina
Medium-sized, rarely large tree, up to 15 (rarely 39) m tall. Not Standl., as well as C. hartwegii Britton.
a cloud forest specialist, this species also occurs in tropical Elevational range: 1,200–2,400 m
semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, oak Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
forest and pine-oak forest. In addition to its ample ecological Refs: [148, 278, 357]
tolerance, this species is highly favoured by human disturbance,
hence playing a key role in secondary forest succession. Clethra galeottiana Briq.
Synonyms: Celtis schiedeana Schltdl., Sponia grisea Liebm. LC
Common names: capul, capulín, capulín blanco, capulín Mexico (PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
cimarrón, chaca, chacait, equipal, guacimilla, guinda, is-pope, Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. A Mexican endemic,
ixpepe, majagua colorada, mata caballo, niguo, palo de this is a typical cloud forest species, although it is also found in
ishpepe, pellejo de vieja, pie de paloma, puam, sac-pixoy, yaco pine forest and pine-oak forest. Trees of this species may be
de cuero, totogapolín, wahs zak. This species is not widely fairly abundant in open or disturbed areas. This taxon has been
used.The wood is sometimes used as construction timber and confused with C. mexicana DC. Synonym: Clethra breedlovei
the bark is occasionally gathered for making bark paper. Some C.H.Ham. Common names: pipitzio, triste.
medicinal uses have also been reported. Elevational range: (1,800) 2,200–2,650 (3,250) m
Elevational range: 0–2,200 m Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
Assessor: JAM Refs: [96, 115, 139, 237, 431, 434]
Refs: [58, 76, 96, 174, 207, 225, 228, 229, 278, 279, 285, 287,
351, 445]
94
Clethra hartwegii Britton and for producing charcoal. The tree is cultivated as an
LC ornamental plant.
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, AGS, COL, MIC, Elevational range: (500) 800–2,600 m
MEX, MOR, GRO) Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
Shrub or medium-sized tree, usually up to 10 (rarely 30) m tall Refs: [58, 139]
and trunk up to 30 (80) cm in diameter. This Mexican endemic
taxon has a broad ecological tolerance, which allows it to occur Clethra lanata M.Martens & Galeotti
in humid fir (Abies) forest, pine forest and oak forest, in addition LC
to cloud forest. Common names: bate-ucua, canelo, cucharillo, Mexico (MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
cucharo, jaboncillo, madroño, mamaguastle, palo batea, Small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species is not a cloud forest
pácata, panza de perro, pata de gallo, shapú-ucu. The wood is specialist as it also occurs in pine forest, oak forest, pine-oak
used for handicrafts. forest and several dry and humid communities. Synonym:
Elevational range: (1250) 1,800–2,800 m Clethra confertifolia Ernst. Common names: aguacatillo, jicarillo,
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM madroño, mamahuaztli, mameyito blanco, mameyito negro,
Refs: [76, 139, 277] pahuilla, tlecuáhuitl, ya-guii, yeta-uede.
Clethra hondurensis Britton Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
LC Refs: [139, 225]
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua
Shrub or small tree, up to 10 (rarely 15) m tall. This species Clethra macrophylla M.Martens & Galeotti
grows across a very broad elevational range, from sea level (in LC
Central America but not in Mexico) to locations near the 2,500 Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
m contour line. Therefore, although it typically occurs in cloud Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. Frequently found in
forest, it is also found in other forest types ranging from tropical cloud forest, this tree also occurs in pine-oak-Liquidambar
rainforest to pine-oak forest, often in disturbed areas. forest, oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Abundant
Synonyms: Clethra caloneura Standl. & L.O.Williams, C. in disturbed habitats and in shade-grown coffee plantations.
obliquinervia Standl. & Steyerm. This species has been confused with C. mexicana DC.
Elevational range: 0–2,400 m Synonyms: Clethra spicigera Meissn., Kowalewskia serrulata
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM Turcz. Common name: marangola. The wood is used in rustic
Refs: [139, 434] constructions, for making furniture and as a source of charcoal.
The tree is cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Clethra integerrima (Turcz.) L.M.González Elevational range: 750–1,500 (2,500) m
LC Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
Mexico (VER, OAX) Refs: [12, 139, 209, 213, 295, 305]
Shrub or medium-sized tree, sometimes up to 25 m tall. In
addition to cloud forest, this species occurs in lower elevation Clethra mexicana DC.
forest types, including tropical rainforest and lower montane LC
rainforest, often in disturbed areas. Synonym: Kowalewskia Mexico (GTO, QRO, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX)
integerrima Turcz. Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall and diameter at
Elevational range: 780–1,500 m breast height as large as 100 cm. This species is mostly found
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM in cloud forest but it also grows in pine-oak-Abies forest, often
Refs: [139, 148, 431] in wet habitats and disturbed open areas such as roadsides and
forest edges. This taxon, endemic to central Mexico, has been
Clethra kenoyeri Lundell frequently misidentified and confused with other species; for this
LC reason, this nomenclatural combination became for a long time
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX) a home for many taxa, which caused a lot of confusion.
Large shrub or medium-sized to large tree, usually up to 20 Synonyms: Clethra michoacana C.H.Ham., C. quercifolia Lindl.
(rarely 40) m tall. A Mexican endemic cloud forest specialist, this Common names: aguacatillo, amajuastle, cuchara, jaboncillo,
species also grows in drier forest formations such as pine-oak madroño, mamahuaxtle, mamey cimarrón, marangola,
forest. This tree is abundant in exposed or disturbed sites. quilaguacate, tlecúhuitl, totonalcanácatl. The branches are used
Synonym: Clethra oaxacana C.W.Ham. Material of this species as a source of fuelwood. The wood is used for several purposes
has been often misidentified as Clethra macrophylla Mart & Gal. including handicrafts, kitchenware, toys, rustic constructions
Common names: escoplo, mameycillo, marangola, pahuilla, and charcoal production. In some localities individuals of this
tlecúhuitl, zapocúahuitl. The wood is used in rural constructions species are used as ornamental trees.
95
Elevational range: 1,800–3,300 m Clethra schlechtendalii Briq.

Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM LC
Refs: [2, 4, 12, 70, 71, 76, 115, 126, 140, 166, 180, 209, Mexico (VER, HGO, PUE)
213, 225, 228, 236, 238, 267, 277, 295, 302, 312, 333, 335, Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. A species frequently found
434, 445] in disturbed areas of moist pine-oak forest and cloud forest.
Locally abundant. Common names: laurel, marangola,
Clethra nicaraguensis C.W.Ham. maroñón, tlecuwitl, zapocuahuitl. The wood is used in rustic
LC constructions and for making furniture. It is also used for making
Mexico (CHS), El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua charcoal.
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A frequent cloud Elevational range: 1,000–2,350 m
forest species, it also occurs in moist oak forest and pine-oak Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
forest, often in disturbed areas. In Mexico, it has been recorded Ref: [139]
only in a few localities from the Central Highlands of Chiapas
where forest cover has been severely reduced in recent Clethra suaveolens Turcz.
decades. Common names: palo colorado, nancite. LC
Elevational range: (1,000) 1,600–2,700 m Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM Usually a small or medium-sized tree, 20–30 m tall, sometimes
Ref: [139] up to 60 m tall with trunk 100 cm in diameter or more. The
geographical range of this widespread species includes a variety
Clethra pringlei S.Watson of forests, from montane rainforests to cloud forest, also
LC frequently found in grassy openings and disturbed clearings
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE) where it behaves as a pioneer. It has been extensively collected
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m, rarely up to 40 m tall in Chiapas. Synonyms: Clethra glaberrima Lundell, C. matudae
and trunk up to 30 (50) cm in diameter. This Mexican endemic Lundell, C. nubium Standl. & L.O. Williams, C. viridiflora Standl.
species occurs in various forest types, including cloud forest, & L.O.Williams, C. vulcanicola Standl. Common names:
but more frequently in pine-oak-Liquidambar forest and oak coshosté, cucharillo, ixpalcuhuitl, k’ajk’etez, kate té, k’oxoxté,
forest. This tree grows very frequently in open or disturbed areas maguichini. The wood is valued for making house rooves and as
such as roadsides and clearings. It is widespread in the eastern a source of firewood, whereas the bark and the leaves have
mountains of the country. Common names: aguacatillo, medicinal uses.
encinillo, huacanelo, it’ ath té, madroño, mameycillo, naranjela, Elevational range: 1,000–2,700 m
ojit, palo blanco, palo colorado, palo escoplo, talpanáhuat. The Assessors: SVA, JAM
wood is used for making rustic furniture and in rural Refs: [12, 135, 139, 148, 225, 279, 305, 309]
constructions. The leaves are used as fodder in some regions.
Elevational range: (250) 900–2,700 m Clethra tuxtlensis L.M.González
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM LC
Refs: [10–12, 58, 76, 137, 139, 180, 295, 300, 301] Mexico (VER)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is very
Clethra rosei Britton abundant in the short-statured cloud forest or elfin forest that
LC thrives inside the crater of the San Martín Volcano, in the Sierra
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO) de Los Tuxtlas. It is also abundant in pine-oak forest but
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 15 m tall. A widespread infrequent in tropical rainforest at lower elevations. Despite
Mexican endemic species, it occurs in dry to moist montane having a very restricted geographical range, this species always
forest including cloud forest, and is even present in savanna seems to be very abundant even in much disturbed forests
communities. It is found in exposed and disturbed sites. where it tends to behave like a pioneer. This species has been
Synonyms: Clethra confusa Briq., C. guadalajarensis Briq., C. misidentified as Clethra suaveolens Turcz. Common names:
palmeri Britton. Common names: bebelama, canelillo, canelo, cucharillo, ixpalcauhuitl, maquichini, tun cuy xoj, zabatz cuy. The
canero, cascarillo, cucharo, hubulama, jicarilla, jicarillo, wood is used in rustic constructions and the bark is used
madroña, malvaste, mamahuastle, mamahuaxtle, palo blanco, medicinally for cleaning wounds.
palo de agua, roble, techesqual, palo baraja. The wood is used Elevational range: (450) 1,000–1,800 m
for making furniture. Assessors: LMG, JAM
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
Refs: [79, 96, 139, 277, 351]
96
CLUSIACEAE Clusia rosea Jacq.

LC
Clusia flava Jacq. Mexico (VER, MIC, GRO, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
LC Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Guyana,
Mexico (TAM, VER, MOR, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Lesser Antilles
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, A small or medium-sized tree, 10–18 m tall. This species is
Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles marginal in cloud forest but is fairly abundant in other forest
A terrestrial or epiphytic tree, 5–10 (17) m tall, smaller in some formations at lower elevations. Considered as an exotic invasive
localities (Los Tuxtlas). In addition to cloud forest, this species is species in Hawaii. Synonyms: Clusia major L., C. rosea var.
also found in tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, and in colombiana Cuatrec. Uses include firewood, fenceposts, rural
disturbed habitats such as roadsides. The taxonomy of the constructions and tool handles. In the West Indies the leaves
genus Clusia is very complex; some specimens of C. flava may were reportedly used to write on when paper was scarce.
be hybrids with C. guatemalensis which has smaller leaves, Elevational range: 1–1,600 m
flowers and fruit, and which grows at higher elevations. Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE
Synonyms: Clusia suborbicularis Lundell, C. utilis S.F.Blake. Refs: [115, 156, 220, 279, 438]
Common names: chunup, hoja de baraja, memelita, piquinté.
Used as firewood and for fence posts. It is also used in Clusia salvinii Donn.Sm.
traditional medicine to treat rheumatism and headache and it is LC
recognised as a popular remedy for syphilis in Yucatán. Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
Elevational range: 0–1,850 m TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Refs: [156, 173, 220, 228, 241, 279, 438] Venezuela, Bolivia
A low epiphytic tree, 3–12 m tall. This species is abundant in
Clusia lundellii Standl. cloud forest and in tropical rainforest. Synonym: Clusia schippii
LC Lundell. Common names: flor de canela, guayabillo, guicho,
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, huichu, lengua de tigre, oreja de coyote, oreja de león, oreja de
Honduras venado, palo de águila, siempreviva.
Tree, up to 10 m tall, or a vine climbing to the tops of tall trees. Elevational range: 300–2,600 (3,250) m
A widespread species in cloud forest but more frequently found Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE
at lower elevations. In Mexico it has been collected in locations Refs: [76, 79, 156, 207, 220, 277, 279, 329, 347, 348, 351,
above 1,500 m (only in Oaxaca). Synonym: Clusia chanekiana 356, 357, 428, 429, 438]
Lundell. Common name: hoja de baraja.
Elevational range: 100–2,240 m Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE LC
Refs: [156, 173, 220, 279] Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Clusia quadrangula Bartlett Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
LC A small or medium-sized dioecious tree, 5–15 m tall, with a
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, marginal distribution in cloud forest. It is more frequently found
Panama in seasonal formations at lower elevations and in disturbed
A tree species, up to 9 m tall, but also an epiphytic shrub. This habitats. Synonyms: Calophyllum edule Seem, Rheedia edulis
species has a marginal presence in cloud forest but is fairly (Seem.) Planch. & Triana, R. intermedia Pittier, R. tonduziana
abundant in tropical dry forest at lower elevations. It has been Engl. Common names: limoncillo, naranjillo, toronjil, zapotillo.
collected above 1,000 m only at Ixtlán, Oaxaca. Synonym: Fruit is edible. Bark is rich in tannins. The timber is a source of
Clusia cooperi Standl. firewood and is used to make fenceposts and tool handles.
Elevational range: 0–800 (1,900) m Elevational range: 0–1,800 m
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE
Refs: [156, 220, 279] Refs: [76, 173, 279, 333, 431, 438]
97
Vismia baccifera (L.) Triana & Planch. Nyssa sylvatica Marshall

LC LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Canada, United States, Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, PUE, CHS)
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, A medium-sized or large tree, up to 36 m tall and trunk up to 1.6
Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, m in diameter. A widespread and abundant species in cloud forests,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil frequently found in moist or riparian habitats. Seedlings can be
A small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forests produced from seeds (germination 40–60%) passed through cold
but is mostly found in more seasonal mid-elevation forests. Few water and placed on damp soil. Synonyms: Nyssa caroliniana Poir.,
specimens available from Mexico where it has been collected in N. multiflora Wangenh. Common names: cabo de luc, chisté,
cloud forest (only in Oaxaca). Synonyms: Caopia baccifera (L.) manzanillo, palo de papaxi, petcui, tetzicohuitl. Used for hedges
Kuntze, Hypericum bacciferum L., Vismia dealbata Kunth, V. and as an ornamental tree because of the attractive red colour of
guttifera Pers., V. mexicana Schltdl., V. panamensis Duchass. & its leaves in the Fall. The timber is recognized for its good quality
Walp. Common names: nanchillo, nancillo amarillo. Associated although it is not very durable; with adequate treatment it is valuable
with shade-grown coffee plantations in Veracruz. Uses reported for making poles. Also used as a source of firewood.
from Cobán (Guatemala) include the relief of toothache and Elevational range: 1,000–2,200 m (close to sea level in Canada
headache and as a mouthwash. The wood is used to make and the United States).
handles for agricultural tools. Assessors: MGE, Expert Group May 2007
Elevational range: 280–1,860 m Refs: [4, 135, 137, 163, 229, 241, 295, 305, 309, 438]
Refs: [207, 209, 226, 279, 333, 438] CUPRESSACEAE
Vismia camparaguey Sprague & L.Riley Cupressus lusitanica Mill.

LC LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, DF, GRO, CHS), Guatemala
Honduras A heliophytic large tree species, up to 40 m tall and trunk more than
A small tree, up to 7 m tall. This species is marginal in cloud 60 cm in diameter. It may be an element of the canopy in cloud
forest as it grows more frequently in tropical dry forest and in forest but also ocurrs in pine-oak forest and pine-fir (Abies) forest
tropical rainforest. Used as a source of firewood. above 2,500 m. It may form pure stands over small areas. Widely
Elevational range: 0–1,600 m planted in tropical and subtropical areas; records from many other
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE Mexican states and countries in the TROPICOS database are
Refs: [226, 279] possibly from cultivated plants. Seedlings are readily produced from
fresh seeds, which can not endure storage for more than seven
CORNACEAE months. Synonyms: Cupressus benthamii Endl., C. lindleyi
Klotzsch. ex Endl. Common names: cedro, cedro blanco, ciprés,
Cornus excelsa Kunth nukulpat, sabino, tatzcanti. Used as an ornamental and planted in
LC hedges. Other uses include lumber for construction, wood for
Mexico (CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, making pencils, toys, guitars and mandolins.
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, Elevational range: 1,400–3,600 m
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala Assessors: ILV, MGE
A widespread, early successional tree species, up to 12 m tall and Refs: [4, 58, 69–71, 76, 115, 135, 279, 309]
trunk up to 15 cm in diameter. Fairly abundant in secondary
vegetation associated with cloud forests but also found on slopes DIPENTODONTACEAE
and in ridges with oak and pine-oak forests. Seedlings can be
readily produced from chemically scarified seeds. Synonyms: Perrottetia longistylis Rose
Cornus lanceolata Rose, C. tolucensis Kunth. Common names: LC
acaciste, aceitunillo, carindapás, hierbabuenilla, isbón, Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MOR,
matlahuacal, mimbre, mimbre blanco, palo membrillo, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
quirindapás, tepeacuilotl, tepecuilo, tepecuilote, teposa, tepoza. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
The wood is used for making tool handles and handicrafts. Some A small tree species, up to 12 m tall. This species is frequently
medicinal uses are known. Bark is used to cure stomach pains. found in secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest and pine-
Elevational range: (1,100) 1,500–2,800 m oak forest, and also occurs on river banks. Common name:
Assessors: NRM, MGE mezcalillo.
Refs: [4, 43, 47, 58, 76, 79, 124, 135, 137, 140, 161, 229, Elevational range: 650–2,600 m
237, 277, 279, 295, 300–302, 309, 356, 365, 438] Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [2, 96, 180, 207, 214, 241, 277, 279, 333, 351, 357, 429]
98
Perrottetia ovata Hemsl. Low tree, 3–8 m tall. Frequently found in cloud forest but also
LC grows in pine forest and oak forest. Synonyms: Bejaria discolor
Mexico (DGO, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Benth., B. glauca Bonpl., B. laevis Benth., B. mexicana Benth.
Guatemala Common names: rosa del monte, cruz de mayo.
A small tree species frequently found in secondary vegetation Elevational range: 910–1,800 m
associated with cloud forest and pine-oak forest. It is distributed Assessor: FLH
mostly in Mexico. Synonym: Perrottetia glabrata Rose. Refs: [4, 67, 229, 295, 429]
Common name: palo de agua.
Elevational range: 1,100–2,600 m Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs
Assessors: NRM, MGE LC
Refs: [4, 58, 126, 214, 229, 295, 445] Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
ERICACEAE Mostly a shrub, 1–3 m, or a low tree, 3–6 (10) m tall. Rare in
cloud forest but frequently found in oak forest, pine-oak forest,
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth scrub, or even secondary vegetation derived from these
LC vegetation types. Mostly recorded as abundant where collected.
United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, Elevational range: (1,200) 1,650–3,100 (3,900) m
SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, Assessor: FLH
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua Refs: [76, 97, 138, 277]
A small or medium-sized tree, 4–8 (15) m tall. An occasional
component of cloud forest, this species is more frequently found Gaultheria acuminata Schltdl. & Cham.
in pine-oak forest and in secondary vegetation. Synonyms: LC
Arbutus densiflora Kunth, A. floribunda M.Martens & Galeotti, Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), El Salvador,
A. glandulosa M.Martens & Galeotti, A. laurina M.Martens & Honduras
Galeotti, A. macrophylla M.Martens & Galeotti, A. mollis Kunth, Shrub or small tree, 0.5–7 m tall. Variably abundant in oak forest,
A. paniculata M.Martens & Galeotti, A. petiolaris Kunth. pine-oak forest and cloud forest. Recorded as a tree only in
Common names: madrón, madroño, on té. Chiapas and Oaxaca. Frequently occurs in rocky habitats.
Elevational range: 800–3,250 m Synonyms: Gaultheria chiapensis Camp, G. laevigata
Assessor: FLH M.Martens & Galeotti, G. nelsonii Small, G. nitida Benth., G.
Refs: [2, 4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 115, 138, 166, 180, 238, 277, ovata DC., G. pringlei Camp.
302, 305, 309, 357, 364] Elevational range: (950) 1,500–2,700 m
Assessor: FLH
Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Refs: [130, 209, 216, 295]
LC
United States, Mexico (BC, SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN, Gaultheria erecta Vent.
DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, LC
TLA, OAX, CHS) Mexico (NL[?], TAM[?], DGO, SLP, JAL, AGS, QRO, HGO,
Small tree, 3–5 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species grows VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
more frequently in oak forest, pine-oak forest, and juniper or Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
cypress scrub; it is also present in secondary vegetation derived Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru,
from these plant communities. Common names: manzanita, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina
manzanilla, pingüica, palo de pingüica, tepezquite, pinquiqua, Mostly a shrub, 0.5–3 m, or a low tree, 3–6 m tall. This species
leño colorado. Boiled leaves and fruit are used as a remedy for occurs in oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak forest, cloud forest,
kidney diseases. subalpine scrub and secondary vegetation. Frequently recorded
Elevational range: (1,600) 2,100–3,000 (3,400) m as abundant where collected. Synonyms: Gaultheria conzatti
Assessors: FLH, GIM, GCT Camp, G. cordata M.Martens & Galeotti, G. cordifolia Kunth, G.
Refs: [70, 71, 76, 97, 138, 335] cumingii Sleumer, G. hidalgensis Loes., G. hirtiflora Benth., G.
lancifolia Small, G. longipes Small, G. montana Brandegee, G.
Bejaria aestuans Mutis ex L. odorata Bredem. ex Willd. var. mexicana DC., G. parvifolia
LC Small, G. schiedeana Sleumer, G. tacanensis Camp, G.
Mexico (SIN, DGO, ZAC, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, trichocalycina DC. Common name: arrayán.
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Elevational range: (1,400) 1,750–2,800 (3,100) m
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Assessor: FLH
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Refs: [216, 229, 431]
99
EUPHORBIACEAE Not restricted to cloud forest. This species is abundant in

secondary vegetation in cloud forest where slash-and-burn
Alchornea latifolia Sw. agriculture is practised. Common names: cuate, palo muela,
LC chichbat, chichté, drago, etzcuáhuitl, pocsnum-qui-ui, sangre
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, de drago, sangregado, sangre de perro, xitzte. The red sap is a
PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El source of dye and a remedy for hoof diseases in horses. It has
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, astringent properties and is also used for the treatment of fever
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and to harden mouth gums.
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles Elevational range: (40) 1,300–1,700 m
Dioecious large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 45 cm in Assessors: JAM, MGE
diameter. This taxon is not restricted to cloud forest as it is also Refs: [58, 76, 209, 224, 228, 241, 279, 295, 333, 351, 438,
present in wet and dry tropical forests, mangroves, open areas 441]
and riparian habitats. Synonym: Alchornea similis Müll.Arg.
Common names: canaco, carne de caballo, coton de caribe, Croton guatemalensis Lotsy
hoja ancha, kan-ak, palo de huevo, palo de mujer, pastillo, pozol LC
agrio. The wood is light, soft and with low durability. No other Mexico (SLP, JAL, VER, COL, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, YUC),
uses are known. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Elevational range: 40–1,700 m Panama, Peru
Assessors: MMG, MGE A small tree, up to 12 m tall. A species not restricted to cloud
Refs: [126, 173, 207, 209, 224, 241, 333, 351, 429, 438] forest as it also occurs in tropical dry forest and tropical
rainforest. Common names: algodoncillo, cascarillo, chul,
Cnidoscolus multilobus (Pax) I.M.Johnst. chulché, copalchi, copalchí, huilote, huilotl, juilocuáhuitl, oli, olith,
LC palo blanco, quina blanca, vara blanca, vidrioso. The bark is
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, used to treat fever and the cooked bark is used to treat
CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador diarrhoea and for cleaning infected wounds.
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. This species is marginal to cloud forest Elevational range: (250) 500–1,730 m
as it occurs in forest formations typical of lower elevations Assessor: MMG
including tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest, tropical Refs: [224, 228, 241, 279, 438, 441]
semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry forest, pine forest and pine-
oak forest. It is abundant in canopy gaps and forest edges. Croton schiedeanus Schltdl.
Synonym: Jatropha multiloba Pax. Common names: ac, cajní, LC
chichacaste, chichoalcaxitle, mala mujer, mala mujer lisa, ortiga, Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
sla ek’, tepo, tépum, totopo, tzitzicaitl. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Elevational range: 0–1,800 m Venezuela, Peru
Assessors: GIM, JAM A small tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is marginal to cloud forest
Refs: [76, 173, 229, 285, 295, 299–301, 333] as it usually occurs in other tropical lowland forest formations.
Croton billbergianus Müll. Arg. Assessors: MMG, MGE
LC Refs: [224, 279, 441]
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Croton xalapensis Kunth
Venezuela, Bolivia LC
Not restricted to cloud forest, this species also occurs in tropical Mexico (SLP, JAL, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS),
rainforest and other more seasonal lowland forest formations. Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Elevational range: 20–1,000 m Rica, Panama
Assessor: MMG A small tree, up to 10 m tall, sometimes reported as a shrub.
Refs: [224, 441] This species is marginal to cloud forests, it occurs in secondary
vegetation on rocky slopes or disturbed habitats such as shade-
Croton draco Schltdl. & Cham. grown coffee plantations and pastures. More frequently found in
LC successional associations of humid, semi-humid, and dry
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, tropical forests at lower elevations (occasionally in riparian
MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), habitats or in protected ravines) and in pine-oak and oak forests.
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica Synonyms: Croton aguilarii Lundell, C. asteroides Lundell, C.
A tree species, up to 25 m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. pseudoxalapensis Croizat, C. pseudoxalapensis var. cobanensis
100
Croizat, Cyclostigma xalapense (Kunth) Klotzsch, Oxydectes A tree, up to 25 m tall, with a widespread distribution in Mexico.
xalapensis (Kunth) Kuntze, Palanostigma xalapense (Kunth) Baill. This species is marginal in cloud forest and frequently occurs in
Common names: sangregado, sangregao. Its medicinal uses forests at elevations under 1,500 m. Abundant in riparian
include the treatment of throat infections. The trunk exudes a habitats. Synonyms: Excoecaria macrocarpa (Müll.Arg.)
gum used for cleaning teeth. Müll.Arg., Sapium bourgeaui Croizat, S. dolichostachys
Elevational range: (500) 900–1,500 (2,000) m K.Schum. ex Pax, S. mexicanum Hemsl., S. pedicellatum
Assessors: MGE, NRM Huber, S. thelocarpum K.Schum. & Pittier. Common names:
Refs: [209, 224, 279, 288, 333, 445] amatillo, chonte, hincha huevos, lechón, palo lechón.
Gymnanthes actinostemoides Müll.Arg. Assessors: MMG, MGE
LC Refs: [76, 224, 279, 438]
Mexico (TAM, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, OAX, CHS), Costa
Rica, Panama Sebastiania jaliscensis McVaugh
Not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in oak forest, pine- LC
oak forest and tropical dry forest. Sometimes present in riparian Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, GRO, OAX)
habitats. Synonym: Sebastiania actinostemoides Müll.Arg. This species occurs in a variety of forest types. In addition to
(Müll.Arg.) cloud forest, it is also found in tropical dry forest, oak forest,
Elevational range: 800–2,135 m pine-oak forest, pine forest, and often occurs in riparian
Assessor: MMG habitats.
Refs: [76, 224, 428] Elevational range: 1,400–1,700 m
Assessor: MMG
Hieronyma oblonga Müll.Arg. Refs: [115, 207, 224, 438]
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, FABACEAE
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil Gleditsia aquatica Marshall
A small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species is not restricted to cloud LC
forest as it is also found in pine forest, and occasionally in United States, Mexico (TAM)
wooded swamps or generally in areas with poor drainage. Small tree, up to 10 m tall. This species is widely distributed in
Synonyms: Hieronyma gentlei Lundell, H. guatemalensis humid habitats of the eastern United States, but in Mexico it is
Donn.Sm., Stilaginella oblonga Tul. restricted to a small cloud forest patch in the Sierra de San
Elevational range: (0) 500–2,600 m Carlos of Tamaulipas State where it is abundant, forming almost
Assessor: MMG pure stands. Synonyms: Asacara aquatica (Marshall) Raf.,
Refs: [224, 279] Gleditsia triacantha Gaertn., G. triacanthos var. aquatica
(Marshall) Castiglioni.
Mabea occidentalis Benth. Elevational range: 1,400 m (from sea level in the United States)
LC Assessor: JAM
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Refs: [30, 31]
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Inga densiflora Benth.
Brazil LC
A small tree, up to 8 m tall and trunk up to 8 cm in diameter. Not Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
restricted to cloud forest, this species mostly occurs in forests at Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
lower elevations and in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Mabea Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru
acutissima Killip, M. belizensis Lundell, M. pallida Müll.Arg. Small to medium-sized tree, 6–20 m tall. A typical species of
Elevational range: 0–1,500 m humid regions, this species occurs in cloud forest and in
Assessors: MMG, MGE tropical rainforest. This species is used as shade-tree in shade-
Refs: [224, 279] grown coffee plantations in the Soconusco region (southern
Chiapas) and Central America. The seeds are surrounded by
Sapium macrocarpum Müll.Arg. an edible sarcotesta.
LC Elevational range: 100–2,250 m
Mexico (TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, VER, COL, Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Refs: [282, 369, 371]
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
101
Inga jinicuil G.Don Inga punctata Willd.

LC LC
Mexico (VER, MIC, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Ecuador Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana,
Medium-sized tree, 8–20 m tall. This species is an occasional Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Lesser Antilles
cloud forest element as it typically grows in humid forests at Small to medium-sized tree, 5–20 m tall. Although present in
lower elevations. Synonyms: Inga jinicuil Schltdl., I. paterno cloud forest, this species is not restricted to this vegetation type
Harms, I. radians Pittier. Common names: algodoncillo, bitzé, as it also occurs in lowland humid vegetation and pine-oak
ca’la’m, chalahuite, cojinicuil, cuajinicuil, cuilmachetón, forest, frequently in riparian habitats and often in ruderal habitats.
guajinicuil, jinicuil, paterna, paterno, ta’chki, talax, uajnikuile. The From a taxonomic viewpoint this is a highly complex species,
species is widely used as a shade tree in coffee and cacao like many other Inga species from the cloud forest. Synonym:
shade-grown plantations. The sarcotesta is edible and the seed Inga leptoloba Schltdl. Common names: chalahuite, chalahuite
embryo is used for making soup, after being boiled or roasted. cruzado, chelele, juatope, puch, tzelel, vainillo. Used as a shade
Elevational range: 0–1,880 m tree in shade-grown coffee plantations.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Elevational range: 0–2,000 m
Refs: [174, 209, 279, 282, 369, 371] Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Refs: [209, 228, 279, 282, 369, 371]
Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.
LC Inga vera Willd.
Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, LC
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico (COA, SIN, DGO, TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM,
Paraguay, Argentina, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Lesser Antilles Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Small to medium-sized tree, 4–22 m tall. Not a cloud forest Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba, Jamaica,
specialist, this species is also found in oak forest, pine forest Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
and tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently in riparian Medium-sized to tall tree, 10–30 m tall. Found in cloud forest
habitats. Synonyms: Inga fagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth., not I. but also occurs in tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian
fagifolia G.Don (= I. ruiziana G.Don), Mimosa laurina Sw. habitats. A very variable species. The species is closely related
Common name: nacaspirol. The sarcotesta is edible. to I. affinis DC., I. eriocarpa Benth., and I. oerstediana Benth.,
Elevational range: 50–1,500 (2,220) m with which it can be easily confused. Pennington [282]
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT recognized three subspecies, two occurring in Mexico (subsp.
Refs: [228, 232, 277, 279, 282, 351, 369, 371] vera and the endemic subsp. eriocarpa (Benth.) J.León).
Synonyms: Inga mociniana G.Don, I. spuria Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Inga oerstediana Benth. Willd. Common names: agotope, aguatope, ajotopi, biche,
LC carnicuil, chalahuite, jacanacuil, jacanicuil, janicuil, tanaloco,
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, vainillo. This is by far the most widely used species as a shade
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, tree in shade-grown coffee plantations. Also used as fuel wood.
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Lesser Antilles Elevational range: 300–1,350 m
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall but often much Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
smaller. This typical cloud forest species is also present in Refs: [58, 79, 209, 279, 282, 351, 369, 371]
tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest, frequently in riparian
habitats. This species is closely related to, and hence often Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. ovalifolia
confused with I. edulis Mart. Synonyms: Inga endlicheri (Kuntze) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
J.F.Macbr., I. minutula (Schery) T.S.Elias. Common names: LC
chalahuita, jacaniquil, joaquiniquil, kok, palo de chelel. This United States, Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, SLP, QRO, HGO,
species is used as a shade tree in shade-grown cacao and VER, OAX, TAB, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
coffee plantations. In some places people favour its growth as Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela
it is a good source of firewood. Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 1–7 (20) m tall. A typical
Elevational range: 0–3,000 m taxon of secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest and
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT tropical dry and humid forest. It is also recorded along roadsides
Refs: [282, 369, 371] and near cultivated fields. Naturalized in Cuba. Senna pendula
(Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby is a complex and very variable
102
species, comprising 19 varieties [176]. Synonyms: Adipera FAGACEAE

ovalifolia Britt. & Rose, Cassia botteriana Benth., C. ovalifolia
M.Martens & Galeotti, not C. ovalifolia Mart. ex Colla, C. pendula Quercus crassifolia Humb. & Bonpl.
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Common names: alcaparrillo, bicho, LC
bricho, caca de gato, cachimbo, tsu leek’ ecuet, vara prieta. Mexico (CHI, NL, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO,
Used in the practice of folk medicine. VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Elevational range: 0–1,450 m Guatemala
Assessors: GIM, GCT Medium-sized to large deciduous or semi-deciduous tree,
Refs: [176, 232, 340] growing as tall as 30 m and trunk up to 40–80 cm in diameter.
This is a typical cloud forest species but it also occurs in oak
Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M.Hern. subsp. forest, pine-oak forest, and conifer forest. It is generally an
portoricensis abundant tree, sometimes forming dense stands, and it
LC regenerates well in open areas and forest edges. The species is
Mexico (TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX, CHS), widely distributed in mountainous region of the country.
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Common names: bochilte, bochjé, bochiv, chanal, encino
Rica, Panama, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto colorado, encino hojarasco, encino huaje, encino prieto, encino
Rico roble, encino tesmolillo, hojarasco, roble, yavnal-jite’e. It is used
Shrub or small tree, 2–6 m tall. This species is not a cloud forest as a source of firewood and to make charcoal.
specialist as it can also be found in oak forest, pine forest, pine- Elevational range: 1,200–2,900 (3,200) m
oak forest and tropical rainforests, especially in secondary Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE
habitats. Synonyms: Calliandra nogalensis Lundell, C. Refs: [4, 76, 124, 133, 180, 194, 195, 225, 229, 302, 309,
siltepecensis Lundell, C. portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth., Mimosa 310, 312, 404, 413]
portoricensis Jacq. Common names: efecillo, guajillo, guajillo
blanco, juc, pelo de ángel, pix, timbrillo. Quercus laurina Bonpl.
Elevational range: (160) 800–2,100 m LC
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Mexico (NL, TAM, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF,
Refs: [58, 137, 165, 228, 279, 295] MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Large tree, up to 35 m tall or more. A widely distributed and
Zapoteca tetragona (Willd.) H.M.Hern. abundant cloud forest species, it is often dominant also in oak
LC forest, pine-oak forest and pine-oak-fir (Abies) forest. The
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, species regenerates well in forest gaps, and in open fields and
OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, forest edges created by agriculture. Re-sprouting is vigorous in
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, small trees. Synonym: Quercus ocoteifolia Liebm. Common
Ecuador names: ahucepitzahuac, bik’tal-anal, chiquinib, encino, encino
Shrub or small tree, 1.5–5 tall, rarely up to 12 m tall. This is a ahualpitzahual, encino capulincillo, encino jarilla, encino laurelillo,
widespread species in successional vegetation derived from encino nechilahue. Poles and boards are obtained from large
cloud forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, found along trees. It is used for firewood and to make charcoal.
streams or in river banks and edges of crop fields. Synonyms: Elevational range: 1,600–3,000 (3,650) m
Acacia tetragona Willd., Anneslia tetragona (Willd.) Donn.Sm., Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE
Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth. var. multijuga Micheli ex Refs: [24, 43, 70, 71, 124, 126, 133, 135, 166, 180, 194, 195,
Donn.Sm., C. tetragona (Willd.) Benth., C. toroana Britton & 209, 213, 225, 237–239, 277, 279, 295, 302, 309, 312, 356,
Rose ex Britton & Killip, Feuilleea tetragona (Willd.) Kuntze, 413]
Mimosa quadrangularis Poir. Common names: ángel,
atzalaquio, barba de chivo, cabellito blanco, cabellito de ángel, Quercus obtusata Bonpl.
cabeza de viejo, cola de iguana, guaje silvestre, guajillo, guajillo LC
blanco, lig tiou, palo costillo, pelo de ángel, potosina. Mexico (NL, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO,
Elevational range: 0–1,500 m VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Assessors: GIM, GCT Medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 20 m tall. This Mexican
Refs: [76, 165, 232, 279] endemic oak thrives in cloud forest but it is more frequently
found in drier forest types such as oak forest, pine-oak forest
and pine forest.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 180, 213, 277, 406, 429]
103
Quercus rugosa Née this species are often planted in other places. Synonyms: Carya
LC tetraptera Wangenh., C. pecan (Marshall) Engl. & Graebn.,
United States, Mexico (BCS, SON, CHI, COA, NL, DGO, ZAC, Juglans illinoiensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch. Common names:
SLP, JAL, AGS, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, damzá, nogal, nogal de cuilapam, nogal liso, nogal morado,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras nogal de nuez chica, nogal de nuez lisa, nogal pecanero, yaga-
Tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk 25–70 cm in diameter. A sola. The main product obtained from this tree is the edible,
widespread cloud forest species, but mostly dominant in the highly valued fruit. Oils from the seed are extracted for the
canopy of oak forest, pine-oak forest, and conifer forest. This is cosmetic industry and the wood is used to make fine furniture
the most abundant and widely distributed Mexican oak species. and for house finishing. Trees are also planted as an ornamental
It regenerates well in open areas and in forest edges derived from and shade plant.
agricultural land use. Common names: cu-hó, encino de asta, Elevational range: 0–1,800 m
encino blanco, encino cuero, encino de miel, encino quiebra Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
hacha, encino roble, palo colorado, roble, t-nuyá, tulán. It is used Refs: [103, 253, 267]
for poles to build rustic houses and to make tool handles. It is
highly valued as a source of firewood and to make charcoal. LAURACEAE
Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE Cinnamomum triplinerve (Ruiz & Pav.) Kosterm.
Refs: [24-26, 70, 71, 76, 96, 124, 133, 135, 166, 193-195, 225, LC
228, 277, 279, 302, 309, 310, 356, 413] Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Quercus scytophylla Liebm. Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
LC Brazil, Paraguay, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO, PUE, OAX) Large tree, up to 30 m tall. The presence of this taxon in cloud
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud forest forest is marginal as it occurs mostly in tropical semi-evergreen
species endemic to Mexico, it is also present in oak forest and forest and tropical rainforest, rarely in pine-oak forest. In Mexico
pine-oak forest. Widely distributed and abundant in the this species has recently become rare because the forest
mountains of the western and southern regions of the country. vegetation where it typically grows has been heavily transformed
Common name: encino blanco. into pastures for raising cattle. Synonyms: Persea cinnamomifolia
Elevational range: (900) 1,300–2,600 m Kunth, P. mexicana (Meisn.) Hemsl., Phoebe cinnamomifolia
Assessors: SVA, JAM (Kunth) Nees, P. mexicana Meisn., Cinnamomum cinnamomifolium
Refs: [76, 79, 180, 225, 277, 278, 357, 410, 413] (Kunth) Kosterm., C. mexicanum (Meisn.) Kosterm.
ILLICIACEAE Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Illicium floridanum J.Ellis
LC Nectandra hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer
United States, Mexico (TAM, VER) LC
Rare as a tree, 3–5 m tall, more frequently found as a shrub, 2– Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO,
4 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest (in Mexico) but is OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
also found in pine-oak forest or swamp vegetation (in the United Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
States). Common names: ixcapantl, mata caballo. Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil,
Elevational range: 40–1,700 m Paraguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto
Assessor: JAM Rico
Refs: [4, 137, 225] A tree, 6–20 (30) m tall, rarely a shrub. The presence of this
species in cloud forest is marginal as it frequently grows in
JUGLANDACEAE tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, and less
frequently in tropical dry forest or pine-oak forest. There are
Carya illinoiensis (Wangehn.) K.Koch records of this tree being abundant in some localities.
LC Synonyms: Nectandra albiflora Lundell, N. glabrescens Benth.,
United States, Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP) Sassafridium macrophyllum Rose. Common names:
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. A cloud forest aguacatillo, laurel, laurel blanco, laurelillo.
species but more frequently found in other more seasonal and Elevational range: 50–800 (1,300) m
less humid forest types. In Mexico its natural distribution is Assessor: FLH
restricted to the north-eastern states of the country but trees of Refs: [76, 198, 277, 331]
104
Ocotea veraguensis (Meisn.) Mez Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall, but usually smaller. This
LC species is marginal to cloud forest as it normally occurs in a wide
Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, GRO, OAX, CHS, QTR), array of lowland forest formations including tropical rainforest,
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa tropical evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador tropical dry forest. It can also be found in savannah and is a
A medium–sized tree, 6–15 (20) m tall. In addition to cloud common component of secondary forests. Common names:
forest, where it is a rare element, this species also occurs in acashti, ajillá, ajya, aquich, aquiche, guácima, guácimo,
tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest, and more cuaulote, k’olin kakau, majagua de toro, nocuana-yana, palote
rarely in pine-oak forest and tropical dry forest. Occasionally negro, paradesicua, tablote, tzuni, tzuyui, uigie, ya-ana, yaco
present in secondary vegetation. Synonym: Ocotea granadillo, yaco de venado, zam-mi.
escuintlensis Lundell. Common name: aguacatillo. Elevational range: 0–1,200 m
Elevational range: 0–950 (1,450) m Assessors: GIM, JAM
Assessor: FLH Refs: [137, 285, 299, 300, 351]
Refs: [76, 198]
Hampea longipes Miranda
MALPIGHIACEAE LC
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Bunchosia lindeniana A.Juss. A small or medium-sized tree, 7–15 m tall. Dioecious tree,
LC common in secondary vegetation of cloud forest and montane
Mexico (TAM, SLP, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, rainforest. In Mexico this species is only known from a few
CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, localities in Chiapas and Oaxaca.
Bolivia[?] Elevational range: (150) 900–1,900 (2,300) m
Shrub or small tree, 3–8 m tall. Not restricted to, and not Assessors: NRM, MGE
frequent in, cloud forest. Common name: vara de flecha. Ref: [120]
Assessors: FLH, JAM Heliocarpus americanus L.
Refs: [76, 173, 333, 379] LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, AGS, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MEX,
Malpighia glabra L. MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
LC El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Mexico (NL, TAM, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil,
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Lesser Antilles
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba, A small or medium-sized tree, up to 22 m tall and trunk up to 40
Jamaica, Lesser Antilles cm in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this species also
Shrub or small tree, 3–7 m tall. This species grows sporadically occurs in forest formations at lower elevations. Abundant and
in cloud forest and pine-oak forest but it is more common in widespread.
lowland vegetation such as tropical semi-evergreen forest, Elevational range: 0–2,200 m
tropical rainforest and tropical dry forest. Common names: Assessors: JAM, MGE
cereza, manzanita. Refs: [58, 279, 438]
Assessors: FLH, JAM Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz.
Refs: [29, 73, 74, 223, 288, 379] LC
Mexico (SIN, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX,
MALVACEAE TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. A medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in
LC diameter. Found in cloud forest but mostly occurs in vegetation
United States, Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, types typical of lower elevations. This taxon is notoriously favoured
QRO, VER, COL, MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, by human disturbance. Common names: corcho, jolocín blanco,
CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, jonote, jonote colorado, majagua, majagua azul, mozote. The
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, white, inner bark can be shredded and used as rope. Soft timber.
Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Elevational range: 100–2,200 m
Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Assessors: JAM, MGE
Lesser Antilles Refs: [4, 58, 174, 209, 241, 279, 295, 333, 438]
105
Heliocarpus donnellsmithii Rose Malvaviscus lanceolatus Rose

LC LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa A small tree or more commonly a large shrub not restricted to
Rica, Lesser Antilles cloud forest. The species also occurs on stream banks and in
A medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in understorey montane rainforest and evergreen rainforest.
diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest. A pioneer species that Elevational range: 1,000–2,000 m
is normally not found in primary forest. Common names: bat, Assessors: NRM, MGE
cajeta, chintule, corcho, holotsin, jolocín, jonoai, jonote, jonote Ref: [120]
blanco, majagua jolocín, mosote. The timber is light and it is
used for roofing. The bark is used for making hammocks and Phymosia rosea (DC.) Kearney
beaten to produce a paper-like material. LC
Elevational range: 0–1,700 m Mexico (CHI, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX,
Assessors: JAM, MGE CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Refs: [174, 241, 279, 295, 333, 363, 438, 445] A small tree, up to 10 m tall, or shrub. Found in cloud forest,
this species is common on rocky slopes and in disturbed
Heliocarpus mexicanus (Turcz.) Sprague habitats of milpa landscapes, along fence rows and on
LC roadsides, sometimes near streams. Also occurs in pine forest,
Mexico (QRO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), oak forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Malva capensis
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Sessé & Moc., Malva rosea DC., Malvastrum roseum (DC.)
Rica Hemsl., Meliphlea vitifolia Zucc., Sphaeralcea rosea (DC.)
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall or more. Not G.Don, S. rosea (DC.) Standl., S. schenckii O.E.Ulbr., S.
restricted to cloud forest. A common element in early secondary umbellata var. rosea (DC.) Baker f., S. vitifolia (Zucc.) Benth. &
vegetation. Common names: aguajpó, aguape, jolocín. The Hook.f. ex Hemsl., S. vitifolia (Zucc.) Hemsl., Sphaeroma nutans
bark mucilage is sometimes used to make syrup clear when (Scheidw. ex Planch.) Kuntze, S. roseum (DC.) Schltdl., S.
making sugar. Timber is light and soft and has little use. vitifolium (Zucc.) Kuntze. Sometimes planted as an ornamental
Elevational range: 300–2,200 m or for medicinal use in some parts of Mexico. In folk medicine the
Assessor: JAM young leaves are boiled to make a drink used to treat diarrhoea.
Refs: [58, 241, 279] Common names: malvavisco, tansaranté.
Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Assessor: MGE
LC Refs: [65, 76, 119, 120, 122, 279, 427]
Mexico (CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO,
HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, Trichospermum mexicanum (DC.) Baill.
TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, LC
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Mexico (COA, SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Lesser PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Antilles Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
A small understorey tree or more commonly a shrub, less than Ecuador, Peru
5 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as the species is common A medium-sized or large tree, up to 33 m tall and trunk up to 50
in secondary vegetation at lower elevations. Common names: cm in diameter. Marginal to cloud forest, this species is very
bequem-tzojol, bizil, chanita, chupamirto, civil, ishlicatapachat, common in lower elevation tropical moist vegetation types and
manzanita, mazapán, mazapancillo, monacillo, monaguillo, rare at higher elevations. A pioneer species typical of secondary
obelisco de la sierra, quesito, taman-ché’ich. Reports of juicy vegetation. Synonyms: Belotia mexicana (DC.) K.Schum.,
fruit eaten by children. Grewia mexicana DC. Common names: corcho colorado,
Elevational range: (0) 300–2,300 (2,500) m guapetate. The wood is sometimes used for paper pulp.
Assessors: NRM, MGE Elevational range: 0–1,500 m
Refs: [65, 76, 120, 123, 207, 357, 445] Assessors: JAM, MGE
Refs: [174, 209, 241, 279, 333]
106
MELASTOMATACEAE Shrub or tree, 3–15 m. Found in cloud forest, tropical rainforest,

tropical semi-evergreen forest, pine-oak forest and disturbed
Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D.Don ex DC. areas. Close to Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O.Williams. Synonym:
LC Melastoma dodecandrum Desr. non Lour.
Mexico (TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, Elevational range: 0–2,000 m
COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Refs: [8, 86, 207, 377]
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Cuba
Shrub or tree, 2–10 m tall. Found in cloud forest but also occurs Miconia glaberrima (Schltdl.) Naudin
in many other vegetation types. Secondary species that is LC
favoured by disturbance. Synonyms: Conostegia lanceolata Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX,
Cogn., C. minutiflora Rose, C. viridis Cogn. ex Donn.Sm. CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras
Common names: capulín, capulín de cotorro, capulincillo, chi- Shrub or small tree, 1–10 m tall. Found in cloud forest, tropical
cab, chicabte, cinco negritos, mora, nigua, nigua grande, pasita, rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms:
popu, serita, tecopulín, tesuate, teshuate, tezhualillo. Fruit is Melastoma glaberrimum Schltdl., Miconia pinetorum Naudin.
edible. Wood used for fuelwood and for building fences. Specimens from El Salvador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are
Elevational range: 150–1,700 m uncertain and need more comprehensive taxonomic studies.
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS Common names: capulín, nigua, palo tostado, teshuate, uva.
Refs: [6, 8, 58, 173, 207, 295, 351, 377, 445] Elevational range: 100–2,800 m
Leandra subseriata (Naudin) Cogn. Refs: [6, 8, 79, 86, 96, 126, 135, 207, 309, 356, 357, 363,
LC 383, 429, 431, 445]
Mexico (JAL, HGO, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador Miconia minutiflora (Bonpl.) DC.
Shrub or small tree, 1–3 (5) m tall. This species occurs in cloud LC
forest, tropical rainforest and in disturbed areas bordering pine- Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
oak forest and secondary vegetation. Synonyms: Clidemia Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname,
subseriata Naudin, C. amblyandra Naudin, C. mucida Markgr., French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Lesser
Leandra mucida Markgr. Common names: yuva, xiyo. Leaves Antilles
are used to cook meat. Shrub or tree 1–7 (15) m. This typical cloud forest species is
Elevational range: 1,300–2,600 m also present in pine forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semi-
Assessors: GIM, GCT evergreen forest, and tropical rainforest, frequently found in
Ref: [8] riparian habitats. This species seems to be favoured by
disturbance. Synonyms: Melastoma minutiflorum Bonpl.,
Miconia calvescens DC. Miconia borealis Gleason, M. minutiflora (Bonpl.) DC. var. latifolia
LC Cogn.
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Elevational range: 0–1,700 m
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay Refs: [8, 86, 207, 377]
Shrub or small tree, 2–10 (rarely 15) m tall. This species is
marginal to cloud forest as it is more common in tropical Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O.Williams
rainforest and riparian vegetation. Synonyms: Cyanophyllum LC
magnificum Groenl., Miconia magnifica (Groenl.) Triana. Mexico (GRO), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Elevational range: 100–1,200 m Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru,
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS Brazil, Lesser Antilles
Refs: [8, 383] Small understorey tree, 2–10 m tall. This species is not restricted
to cloud forest as it also occurs in pine-oak forest, tropical semi-
Miconia dodecandra Cogn. evergreen forest and tropical rainforest, and is not uncommon in
LC disturbed areas.
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Elevational range: 20–1,800 m
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Refs: [8, 86, 207, 383]
Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
107
MELIACEAE variable species and closely related to many others (Ficus aurea
complex). Synonyms: Ficus cookii Standl., F. isophlebia Standl.,
Trichilia havanensis Jacq. F. jimenezii Standl., F. lundellii Standl., F. tecolutensis (Liebm.)
LC Miq., F. tuerckheimii Standl. Common names: akuum, álamo,
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, amate, amate matapalo, amate prieto, amatillo, capule, ceiba,
COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), cobó, congo, coobó, chiquis, chumbi, higo colorado, higuera,
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa higuera negra, higuera roja, higuerón, jalamate de hoja,
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, matapalo, saiba, tezcalama, tomatillo, tzajal mutut, xalama
Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles blanco, zalate. Shade tree in cattle pastures, where it is also
Dioecious medium-sized tree, 10–15 m tall. Rare species in used as fodder. The fruit is eaten occasionally by humans.
cloud forest, it is more typical of tropical rainforest, tropical semi- Elevational range: 160–1,100 m
evergreen forest and tropical dry forest. Synonyms: Assessors: GIM, GCT
Moschoxylum cuneatum Turcz., Trichilia havanensis var. Refs: [18, 174, 359, 401]
lanceolata C.DC., T. havanensis var. spathulata Rose. Common
names: bola de ratón, bola de tejón, canache, cahuache, Ficus obtusifolia Kunth
chachalaca, ciruelillo, cololte, colobte, cucharilla, cucharillo, LC
estribillo, garrapatilla, limoncillo, limoncillo zanate, naranjillo, rama Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL,
tinaja, palo de cuchara, soyoalcoabite, xopilcuahuitl, zapotillo. MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
The wood is used in construction, to make tool handles, crafts Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
and as an ornamental for altar offerings in the Día de Muertos Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia,
folk festival (November 1st and 2nd). Seeds are a potential Brazil
resource for the production of edible oil. Hemi-epiphytic shrub or tree, 4–25 m tall. With few records in
Elevational range: 0–2,800 m cloud forest, this species is more typical of tropical rainforest,
Assessors: GIM, GCT, LSV, RPL tropical semi-evergreen forest, and oak forest, particularly in
Refs: [4, 41, 58, 76, 79, 115, 137, 172, 173, 180, 207, 229, riparian habitats. Very variable species (Ficus obtusifolia
238, 277, 280, 295, 351, 356, 357, 363, 445] complex). Synonyms: Ficus chiapensis Lundell, F. involuta
(Liebm.) Miq. Common names: aguacatillo, amate, amate
Trichilia martiana C.DC. chango, amate prieto, amatón, chalate, higo, higuera, higuera
LC blanca, higuera prieta, higuerilla, higuerón, hopoy ts’uh,
Mexico (VER, TAB, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, matapalo, sak ahua, talayo, tescalamillo, ubijo copjo, yayo,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, zalate. The wood of this species is used for making plywood.
Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Lesser Also a widespread shade tree in cattle pastures.
Antilles Elevational range: 0–1,550 m
Dioecious tree, 10–25 m tall. Marginal in cloud forest as it is Assessors: GIM, GCT
more common in tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen Refs: [76, 174, 359, 401]
forest and tropical dry forest. Closely related to Trichilia hirta L.
Synonym: Trichilia oaxacana S.F.Blake. Common names: Ficus pertusa L.f.
bejuco blanco, caobillo, mapahuite cimarrón, palo de aceite, LC
palo de bejuco, tres lomos blancos. A timber tree. Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO,
Elevational range: 0–1,000 (1,900) m QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, TAB,
Assessors: GIM, GCT, LSV, RPL OAX, CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Refs: [173, 236, 280] Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Jamaica,
MORACEAE Lesser Antilles
Hemi-epiphytic or strangler tree, 5–25 m tall. Rare in cloud forest
Ficus aurea Nutt. but common in tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest,
LC oak forest and mangroves, this species frequently occurs in
United States, Mexico (SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, VER, COL, MIC, riparian habitats. Very variable species (Ficus pertusa complex).
PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Synonyms: Ficus padifolia Kunth, F. sonorae S.Watson, F.
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, trachelosyce Dugand. Common names: amatcuahuit, amate,
Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles amate blanco, amate capulín, amatillo, amezquite, cabrigo,
Epiphytic or strangler tree, 15–40 m tall. Found in cloud forest, caimito, camichín, capuchina, capul, capulín, ceiba, ceibilla,
tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forests, this species chileamate, chiquis, cilamatl, congo, copo, coyamat, cuajinicuil,
is common in secondary growth and riparian habitats. Very frutillo, higo, higo amate, higo de campo, higo de hoja menuda,
108
higo de mono, higuera, higuera blanca, higuera pasa, higuerilla, Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb.
higuerón, higueroncillo, higuillo, hunchich, incolnoche, jalamate, LC
kaapolin, kop’ok, maca blanco, macahuite, matapalo, nacapul, Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER,
palo blanco, palo bolero, sakil matapalo, sakilmutut, tijerillo, toc COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
tel, tzajal mutut, tzoy, xalamatl limón, zac chechem, zalate. Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Elevational range: 0–2,000 m Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba,
Assessors: GIM, GCT Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
Refs: [18, 58, 76, 174, 359, 401] Shrub or tree, up to 20 m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in diameter.
Marginal species to cloud forest as it is also found in tropical
Ficus velutina Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry forest and oak forest.
LC Synonyms: Trohis racemosa subsp. ramon (Schltdl. & Cham.)
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, W.Burger, T. ramon Schltdl. & Cham. Common names:
OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, campanilla, confitura, huachal, papelillo, ramón colorado, ramón
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, de caballo, ramoncillo, tzumpte.
Ecuador Elevational range: 50–1,200 (1,800) m
Hemi-epiphytic or strangler tree, 10–30 m tall. Found in cloud Assessors: GIM, GCT
forest but also occurs in tropical rainforest, tropical semi- Refs: [17, 59]
evergreen forest, pine-oak forest and secondary vegetation.
Synonyms: Ficus glycicarpa (Miq.) Miq., F. microchlamys MYRICACEAE
Standl. Common names: amate, camichín, ceiba, chile amate,
ficus, higo, higuera, jalamate, matapalo, popozdá, saiba, salate, Morella cerifera (L.) Small
siranda, tumín, tzirandan, tzotz’niz mutut, xalamatl, zalate. LC
Elevational range: 0–2,100 m Mexico (TAM, DGO, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX,
Assessors: GIM, GCT PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala,
Refs: [79, 278, 351, 359, 401] Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia, Lesser Antilles
Pseudolmedia glabrata (Liebm.) C.C.Berg A small tree, up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 15 cm in diameter.
LC A widespread species not restricted to cloud forest as it also
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), occurs in pine-oak forests and in forest formations at lower
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica elevations. Common in secondary vegetation and in open
Medium-sized to large dioecious tree, 6–30 m tall. In addition stands. Seedlings can be obtained from seeds previously
to cloud forest, this species is also present in tropical rainforest, soaked in water and placed on damp beds (40–65%
tropical semi-evergreen forest, and mangroves, particularly in germination). Synonyms: Myrica cerifera L., M. mexicana
riparian habitats. Synonym: Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., M. pumila (Michx.) Small, M.
Donn.Sm. Common names: manax, ramón de mico, tomatillo, xalapensis Kunth. Common names: árbol de la cera, arbolito de
tepetomate, tsotsax, tsotsash. An excellent timber tree with la cera, arrayán, atocamay, cera, cerilla, cera-té, ch’a k’olol te’,
edible fruit. chac olol, chak-lol, copaltihuitl, encinillo, encino falso, guacanalá,
Elevational range: 160–1,800 m huacanalá, otocamay, satí, satín, seratez, vegetal. Wax is
Assessors: GIM, GCT removed from the fruit surface and can be used to make
Refs: [17, 76, 172, 174, 285, 333, 389] candles after chemical cleaning. The root bark is astringent and
has reported medicinal uses in Guatemala.
Trophis mexicana (Liebm.) Bureau Elevational range: 0–3,000 m
LC Assessors: NRM, MGE
Mexico (JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Refs: [58, 79, 96, 124, 133, 135, 137, 147, 180, 229, 241,
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, 279, 295, 302, 305, 309, 333, 429]
Panama, Ecuador
Dioecious tree, 4–10 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest,
tropical rainforest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest, commonly
in riparian habitats. Common names: chischillo, confitura,
estrellita, huanchal, ramón, ramoncillo. The fruit is edible.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 17, 126, 174, 295, 390]
109
MYRSINACEAE Eugenia acapulcensis Steud.

LC
Ardisia compressa Kunth Mexico (SON, TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
LC PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala,
Mexico (SLP, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, CHS), Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador Shrub to medium-sized tree, 10–20 m tall. Marginal in cloud
Small tree, 3–10 m tall. Frequently found in cloud forest but also forest, this species is more typical of forests at elevations below
occurs in evergreen and tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical 1,500 m. In Mexico it only reaches cloud forest elevation (above
dry forest, and even pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Ardisia 1,500 m) in Chiapas. Widespread and abundant. Synonyms:
aurantiaca Lundell, A. capollina A.DC., A. digitata Lundell, E. campechiana Lundell, E. comitanensis Lundell, E.
Icacorea aurantiaca (Lundell) Lundell, I. compressa (Kunth) escuintlensis Lundell. Common names: capulín, capulincillo,
Standl. Common name: chime. chazá, escobilla, guayabillo, palo agrio, vizcarona.
Elevational range: 250–1,800 (2,500) m Elevational range: 0–2,300 m
Assessor: FLH Assessors: FLH, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [2, 4, 174, 228, 351, 363] Refs: [13, 76, 174, 228, 355]
Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Eugenia capuli (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hook. & Arn.
LC LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Honduras
Paraguay, Uruguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Shrub to small tree, 2–8 m tall. Frequently found in cloud forest,
Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles oak forest, pine-oak forest, tropical rainforest, tropical semi-
Shrub to medium-sized tree, 5–15 m tall. Common in cloud evergreen forest, and occasionaly present in tropical dry forest
forest, this species is also frequently found in pine-oak forest (widespread below 600 m). Synonyms: Eugenia schiedeana
and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Myrsine ferruginea (Ruiz & Schltdl., E. tenuissima Lundell. Common names: arrayán,
Pav.) Spreng., M. myricoides Schltdl., Rapanea coriacea (Sw.) capulín, capulín agarroso, capulín de zorrillo, capulín capulincillo,
Mez, R. ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez, R. myricoides (Schltdl.) escobillo(a), frutilla, guayabillo cimarrón, palo de temazate, piste,
Lundell. Common names: atzamté, chicoabil. rayanillo, yagalán.
Elevational range: 450–2,100 m Elevational range: 0–1,300 (1,750) m
Refs: [22, 58, 76, 126, 207, 209, 229, 295, 300, 301, 309, Refs: [58, 76, 174, 209, 228, 300, 301, 355, 363, 445]
317, 333, 351, 363, 445]
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.
MYRTACEAE LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, TAB), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. var. pallens Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
LC Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba,
United States, Mexico (VER, CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Small tree, 3–10 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species is
Venezuela, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Dominican frequently found in tropical rainforest, oak forest and pastures
Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles derived from these vegetation types. Common names:
Small tree, 5–8 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species is more capulincillo, escobilla, escobilla de río, escobillo blanco, rosadillo
common in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. morado, yagalán.
This tree is a source of firewood. Elevational range: 100–1,300 m
Refs: [174, 305, 355]
110
Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh ONAGRACEAE

LC
United States, Mexico (TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, Fuchsia arborescens Sims
VER, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), LC
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MOR, GRO, OAX)
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, A small tree, up to 8 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest.
Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Widespread in Mexico. Synonym: Fuchsia arborea Sessé &
Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles Moc. Common names: adelaida, aretillo, atesúcil, atexúxhil,
Medium-sized to large tree, 10–25 (rarely 35) m tall. Found in chorros, don diego de día, flor de arete, lipa-cauadz. Cultivated
cloud forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest, tropical rainforest, tropical as an ornamental tree.
semi-evergreen forest, and occasionally present in tropical dry Elevational range: 1,200–2,600 m
forest. Common names: arrayán, arrayán prieto, capulín de Assessors: SAC, MGE
hueso, guayabillo, guayabillo agrio, palo guinda, pimientillo. Refs: [2, 76, 79, 96, 115, 180, 207, 238, 279, 357]
Assessor: FLH Fuchsia paniculata Lindl.
Refs: [58, 76, 79, 229, 238, 277, 278, 356, 429] LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Myrciaria floribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O.Berg Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
LC A small tree, up to 10 m tall. Widespread in Mexico in forests
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, above 1,600 m elevation. It is a common element in forest gaps
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, within cloud forest. Seeds remain viable after one year of storage
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French (20–30% germination). Seedlings grow better if not exposed to
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Cuba, Haiti, direct sunlight. This species has frequently been erroneously
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles identified in Central American locations as Fuchsia arborescens
Shrub to medium sized tree, 4–15 m tall. Rare in cloud forest but Sims, which only occurs in Mexico from Jalisco to Oaxaca.
frequently found in tropical rainforest. Synonym: Myrciaria Synonyms: Fuchsia arborescens Sims var. megalantha
mexicana Lundell. Common names: chepucuy, escobilla. Donn.Sm., F. arborescens var. syringiflora Lem., F. arborescens
Elevational range: 150–1,300 m fo. parva Munz, F. arborescens fo. tenuis Munz, F. liebmannii
Assessor: FLH H.Lev., F. syringiflora (Lem.) Carrière. Common names: aretillo,
Refs: [29, 355] canelillo.
OLEACEAE Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [23, 135, 302, 309]
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh.
LC PAPAVERACEAE
Mexico (COA, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO,
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, Bocconia arborea S.Watson
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica LC
A medium-sized or more commonly a large tree, up to 35 m tall. Mexico (BC, SON, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO,
A widespread cloud forest species, it is also found in pine forest, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
pine-oak forest, as well as other tropical lowland vegetation Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
types. Frequently occurs along stream banks and is generally A small tree, up to 8 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as this
abundant in riparian habitats. Vouchers from Bolivia with elevation species occurs in humid or wet habitats. Favoured by
above 3,400 m in TROPICOS correspond to introduced plants. disturbance and common in secondary vegetation. Common
Synonyms: Fraxinus americana var. uhdei Wenz., F. cavekiana names: árbol de judas, capul, chicalote de árbol, cococxihuitl,
Standl. & Steyerm., F. chiapensis Lundell, F. hondurensis Standl. cuachile, enguamba, enguambe, enguambo, enguande,
Common names: fresno, fresno asemillado, madre de agua, hediondilla, inguande, inhuambo, jauque, jediondilla, llorasangre,
paramu. The wood is used to make furniture and tools, and for mano de león, palo amarillo, palo del diablo, palo de judas,
medicinal purposes. Frequently cultivated throughout its range tlacoxihuatl. It is used as an ornamental and yellow dye is
and in several countries it is used as a shade tree in streets and obtained from the bark. Medicinally it is used as an anaesthetic
parks. It is also used for reforestation. for toothache.
Elevational range: (150) 1,300-2,240 m Elevational range: (180) 900–2,900 m
Assessors: RDC, MGE Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [2, 58, 76, 79, 135, 152, 180, 277–279, 309, 343, 348, Refs: [76, 115, 207, 228, 241, 279]
349, 351, 356, 357, 428, 429, 438, 445]
111
Bocconia frutescens L. PINACEAE

LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, Pinus maximinoi H.E.Moore
VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, LC
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Honduras, Nicaragua
Rico, Lesser Antilles Large tree, up to 35 m tall with a very straight, clear trunk, up to
A small tree, up to 3 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest but 1 m in diameter. Synonyms: Pinus douglasiana Martínez var.
also occurs in forest formations at lower elevations, in moist maximinoi (H.E.Moore) Silba, P. tenuifolia Benth. Common
thickets. Synonyms: Bocconia glauca Salisb., B. pearcei names: pino, ocote, toj. The wood of this species is used for
Hutch., B. quercifolia Moench, B. sinuatifolia Stokes, B. timber and firewood.
subtomentosa L’Her. ex Stahl. Common names: calderón, Elevational range: (650) 1,000–2,500 (3,000) m
coacuahuitl, cojojehuite, contsitslats, cuatlatlaya, cuauchichili, Assessors: RDC, JAM
guachile, guachili, inguande, llorasangre, mano de león, palo Refs: [76, 96, 115, 279, 291, 305, 309, 357, 429]
amarillo, palo santo, tlacoxíhuitl. Medicinally it is used for the
treatment of skin eruptions, chronic eye problems and the Pinus montezumae Lamb.
removal of warts. The yellow sap is used as dye. LC
Elevational range: 320–2,370 (2,800) m Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, HGO,
Assessors: SAC, MGE VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Refs: [4, 22, 34, 58, 70, 76, 96, 137, 174, 209, 241, 279, Guatemala
295, 333, 438] Large tree, 35–40 m tall and trunk up to 80 cm in diameter. This
tree is rare in cloud forest as it normally occurs in somewhat
PENTAPHYLACACEAE drier and cooler conditions, very frequently forming
monospecific stands. The best growth of this species is attained
Cleyera integrifolia (Benth.) Choisy in well-drained sites and lower slopes of mountains. Synonyms:
LC Pinus filifolia Lindl., P. montezumae Lamb. var. lindleyi Loudon,
Mexico (SIN, DGO, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX, P. montezumae Lamb. var. mezambrana Carvajal. Common
CHS) names: chamaite blanco, pino, pino blanco, ocote, ocote
Large shrub or small tree, up to 15 m tall. This Mexican macho, toj. This is a major timber tree. The wood is used as
endemic, typical cloud forest species is also present in pine firewood and for producing charcoal, as well as for making
forest, fir forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest. Overall, this houses, boxes, railroad tracks and for many other purposes.
species is considered to be fairly widespread in Mexico. Elevational range: 1,900–3,200 m
Synonym: Freziera integrifolia Benth. Common names: Assessor: JAM
aceituna, balero, capulincillo, capulín de virgen, cueng, Refs: [76, 108, 209, 252, 267, 291, 309]
garambullo, limoncillo, naranjillo, palo prieto, palo verde, tchcari-
charapiti, tilia roja. The wood has been used in the manufacture Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham.
of guitars, boxes and furniture. The fruit may be edible. LC
Elevational range: 1,350–3,050 m Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER,
Assessors: ILV, JAM, GIM COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Refs: [2, 51, 70, 76, 79, 96, 145, 180, 211, 212, 236, 348, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
357, 429, 431] Large tree, usually up to 30 m tall (occasionally 40 m) and trunk
up to 90 cm in diameter. Widespread in Mexico, this species
occurs in cloud forests but also in moist pine forests. Often
associated with fir (Abies). Common names: pino, pino triste,
ocote colorado. Used for timber production, this species has
been used in commercial plantations in Mexico, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, South Africa,
Tanzania and Zimbabwe.
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [4, 69, 137, 213, 225, 229, 291, 335]
112
Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. var. apulcensis (Lindl.) Shaw PIPERACEAE

LC
Mexico (HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Piper aduncum L.
Guatemala, El Salvador LC
Large pine tree, up to 45 m tall and trunk up to 1 m in diameter. Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, YUC), Guatemala, Belize, El
The occurrence of this variety in cloud forest is marginal; Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
conversely, it is dominant in pine-oak forests. It regenerates well Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
in open areas and is favoured by canopy openings and forest Shrub or small tree, 2–5 (rarely 9) m tall. This species is
clearings. Synonym: Pinus apulcensis Lindl., P. oaxacana Mirov. frequently found in cloud forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest
Common names: ocote, pino, pino chalmaite, sac toj. The and tropical rainforest. As a shrub it is common in disturbed
timber of this pine is highly valued for its quality for house areas, and considered probably the most frequent species of
construction. the genus in tropical America.
Assessors: RDC, JAM Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 107, 124, 133, 279, 291, 304, 306–310] Refs: [76, 174, 396]
Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. var. pseudostrobus Piper auritum Kunth

LC LC
Mexico (TAM, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, Mexico (SLP, VER, TAB, CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Large tree, up to 45 m. Marginal to cloud forest, this pine is more Colombia, Jamaica
typical of oak forest and pine-oak forest where it is often Shrub to small tree, 2–4 (6) m tall. Found in cloud forest and
dominant in the canopy. This variety, the most typical of the tropical semi-evergreen forest, this species is rare in undisturbed
species, is not only widespread but also very abundant. vegetation but very common in the edge of forest and clearings.
Common names: mocochtaj, ocote, pacingo, pino, pino Common names: acuyo, hoja santa. Leaves are used as a
blanco, pino cantzimbo, pino ortiguillo, pino real. Its timber is condiment during cooking of several foods.
valued for its quality for house construction. The trees are Elevational range: 0–1,500 m
tapped for resin. Assessor: FLH
Elevational range: (350) 1,000–2,500 (3,200) m Refs: [174, 395, 445]
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [4, 69–71, 96, 115, 124, 133, 166, 225, 291, 295] Piper obliquum Ruiz & Pav.
LC
Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham. Mexico (VER, CHS, OAX), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
LC Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, AGS, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS) Shrub or slender tree, up to 8 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this
Medium-sized pine, up to 25 m tall. This species occurs across species mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen forest and
a broad range of environmental conditions and its presence in tropical rainforest.
cloud forest is marginal. More commonly it grows in association Elevational range: (50) 200–1,400 (2,000) m
with other pine species, frequently in open forest stands. Assessor: FLH
Synonyms: Pinus besseriana Roezl, P. hugelii Roezl ex Carrière, Refs: [174, 394]
P. microcarpa Lamb., P. muelleriana Roezl, P. patula var. stricta
Benth. ex Endl., P. teocote var. macrocarpa Shaw, P. Piper sanctum (Miq.) Schltdl. ex C.DC.
vilmoriniana Roezl, P. vilmoriniana var. besseriana (Roezl) LC
Carrière. Common names: huichil, ocote, ocotl, pino chino, Mexico (NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, CHS), Belize,
pino colorado, pino real, pino teocote, teocote. El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Elevational range: (1,000) 1,400–3,000 m Shrub to small tree, 4–6 m tall. Found in cloud forest but more
Assessor: JAM common in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest.
Refs: [29, 76, 107, 108, 238, 252, 277, 291] Occasionaly found in oak forest but frequently occurs in
disturbed areas. Common name: cordoncillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [174, 396]
113
RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus mucronata Schltdl.

LC
Ceanothus coeruleus Lag. Mexico (DGO, ZAC, NAY, JAL, HGO, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR,
LC PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, A small tree, up to 9 m tall, but more commonly a shrub. A cloud
JAL, AGS, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, forest species, it also occurs in humid oak and pine-oak forests.
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala A widespread and apparently highly variable species. Very
A small tree, up to to 7.5 m tall. Marginal in cloud forests, this similar to Rhamnus nelsonii Rose in Chiapas. Possibly closely
species is abundant in secondary vegetation associated with related to R. sphaerosperma Sw. var. mesoamericana
more seasonal high elevation forests such as pine, pine-oak, M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst. Synonym: Rhamnus obliqua Rose.
oak and conifer forest. The impermeable cuticle must be Common name: manzanilla.
removed from the seeds to allow germination (50–90%). Elevational range: (1,500) 1,900–2,500 (3,000) m
Synonyms: Ceanothus azureus Desf. ex DC., C. bicolor Willd. Assessors: SAC, MGE
ex Roem. & Schult., C. candolleanus Rose, C. glandulosus Refs: [76, 96, 110, 113, 182, 228]
Schltdl., C. parvifolius (S.Watson) Rose. Common names:
chaquira, chaquirilla, cuaicuastle, jága’n, muktik-pomos, origan, Rhamnus nelsonii Rose
palo colorado, sayolistle, tlaxiste, tlaxistle, tnu-yoocó, vara LC
colorada. Planted for live hedges. Timber is used to build Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
farmyard fences to enclose domestic animals. A small tree, up to 9 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as it
Elevational range: 1,800–3,200 (4,000) m also occurs in pine-oak or conifer forest at higher elevations. In
Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM Chiapas it is restricted to the Central Plateau above 1,900 m.
Refs: [70, 71, 76, 96, 109, 110, 112, 113, 279, 309] Abundant in secondary vegetation. Common name: manzanilla.
Colubrina ehrenbergii Schltdl. Assessors: NRM, MGE
LC Refs: [279]
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, OAX)
A small tree endemic to Mexico but widespread in the country. Rhamnus serrata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
Not restricted to cloud forest. LC
Elevational range: 1,500–2,300 m United States, Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM, DGO, SLP, GTO,
Assessor: SAC QRO, HGO, MEX, DF, MOR, TLA, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Refs: [110, 112] A small tree, up to 6 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as it is
also found in ravines and open habitats of pine-oak and oak
Rhamnus capreifolia Schltdl. var. capreifolia forest. Widespread in Mexico. Synonym: Rhamnus serrulata
LC Kunth. Common names: ahuatl tepitón, capulín cimarrón,
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY[?], QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX), capulincillo, naranjillo, tlacapulín, tlalcapolín.
Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica Elevational range: 2,000–3,000 m
A shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 23 m tall, but more Assessor: SAC
frequently c. 8 m tall. A cloud forest taxon that also occurs in oak Refs: [58, 110, 112, 113, 182]
forest, pine-oak forests and in tropical dry forest at lower
elevations. It may be locally abundant in open areas or in edges Rhamnus sharpii M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
of secondary forests. Synonym: Frangula capreifolia (Schltdl.) LC
Grubov. Common names: palo amarillo, palo de zorra. Mexico (NAY, COL, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica,
Elevational range: (700) 1,000–1,700 (2,500) m Panama
Assessors: MGE, NRM A small or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 25
Refs: [109, 112, 182] cm in diameter. In Mexico it occurs mostly in Chiapas. Common
in secondary vegetation in moist conditions and on deep or
moderately deep soils associated with oak, pine-oak and cloud
forest. The impermeable cuticle must be removed from the
seeds to allow germination (60–95%). Synonyms: Rhamnus
capreifolia var. discolor Donn.Sm., R. discolor (Donn.Sm.) Rose.
Common name: palo amarillo. Frequently used for firewood.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [135, 182, 278, 302, 304, 309]
114
ROSACEAE washed in lukewarm water before germinating them on damp

beds or in plastic bags. The seedlings can be maintained in
Cercocarpus macrophyllus C.K.Schneid. nurseries for up to a year before being transplanted into the field.
LC Synonyms: Crataegus hypolasia K.Koch, C. subserrata Benth.
Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS, Common names: karasa, karash, karasu, karhasi, manzanilla,
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX) manzanillo, manzanita, manzanita tejocotera, tejocote. The
Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This Mexican endemic species is regarded as a resource for honey bees. Its very hard
taxon is widespread in the temperate mountainous regions of wood is used for firewood and to make tool handles. The fruit
Mexico. Abundant in cloud forest, pine forest, oak forest and is edible and has high commercial value; it is eaten fresh or in
pine-oak forest, it also occurs in drier and more thermophyllous traditional jellies and candies called ates. Sometimes cultivated
communities such as tropical dry forest. Common names: within its native geographical range, this species is also
huasteco, limoncillo, margarito, palo bandito, ramón, ramoncillo. cultivated in El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Ecuador where it was
Elevational range: (1,500) 1,750–3,250 m probably introduced from Mexico.
Assessor: JAM Elevational range: 1,400–2,750 m
Refs: [4, 58, 344] Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [236, 279, 295, 309, 344, 427]
Crataegus gracilior J.B.Phipps
LC Holodiscus argenteus (L.f.) Maxim.
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE) LC
A small tree species, 4–6 (10) m tall, sometimes with shrubby Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa
growth habit. Abundant in secondary vegetation derived from Rica, Panama, Colombia
cloud forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest in Querétaro. Endemic A small or medium-sized tree up to 20 m tall. Not restricted to
to the northeastern and eastern portions of Mexico (Sierra Madre cloud forest. This species is also found in secondary stands
Oriental). Its morphology is not easily differentiated from Crataegus derived from cloud forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest. Not
mexicana DC. from the Eje Neovolcánico Transversal (Trans- abundant. Synonyms: Holodiscus fissus (Lindl.) C.K.Schneid.,
Mexican Volcanic Belt) and the geographical origin of the H. loeseneri Dammer, Sericotheca fissa (Lindl.) Rydb., S. velutina
collections is frequently needed for identification. Evidence of Rydb., Spiraea argentea L.f., S. fissa Lindl. The foliage is used
genetic introgression has been reported from some contact areas. as fodder for livestock.
The fruit is edible but does not have the same quality and Elevational range: (1,500) 2,000–3,500 (4,000) m
economic value as those of Crataegus mexicana DC. (tejocote), Assessors: NRM, MGE
yet along with this latter species it is considered a potential source Refs: [96, 115, 279]
of higher quality germplasm for plant breeding in horticulture.
Synonyms: Crataegus pubescens Steud., Mespilus pubescens Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav. ex Spreng.)
Kunth. Common names: tejocote, tejocote sin espinas. McVaugh
Elevational range: 1,100–2,400 m LC
Assessors: MGE, NRM United States, Mexico (TAM, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO, QRO,
Refs: [271, 295, 344] HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Crataegus mexicana Moc. & Sessé ex DC. Medium-sized tree, 15–20 m tall and trunk up to 70 cm in
LC diameter. A widespread and abundant secondary taxon, this
Mexico (SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, subspecies is not restricted to cloud forest as it is also present
MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala in oak forest, pine-oak forest and pine forest. Widespread in
Small tree species, 4–6 (10) m tall, frequently with a shrubby Mexico, it is a common element in secondary vegetation.
growth habit. Marginal in cloud forest, this species is more Naturalized in South America and Europe. After removal of the
common in disturbed, open and grazed areas and meadows of pulp, seeds germinate easily (90–100%) and maintain their
pine-oak forests. Distribution is mostly along the Eje viability for several years if kept at low temperatures. Seedlings
Neovolcánico Transversal of Central Mexico. Evidence of genetic can be readily obtained from seeds placed on damp soil beds.
introgression with Crataegus gracilior J.B.Phipps from the Sierra Seedlings are sensitive to drought. Synonyms: Prunus capuli
Madre Oriental. Distribution in southern Mexico and Guatemala Cav., P. salicifolia Kunth, P. serotina var. salicifolia (Kunth)
suspected to be due to introduction by indigenous groups from Koehne. Common names: capolín, capulín, capulín blanco,
central Mexico who were forced to immigrate there by Spaniards cerezo, cusabi, jeco, pakshumk, paté, shimal-ma-lu, shencua,
in early Colonial times. Introduced and naturalized in several shengua, t-nundaya, tzu’uri, uasiqui, xengua. This tree is
South American countries. Seeds can be obtained from crushed economically important due to its edible fresh fruit, commonly
fruit fermented in plastic bags for a week. The seeds must be sold in markets during the spring and summer months;
115
also used cooked in several ways. Timber is used as a source Genipa americana L.
of firewood and valued for making poles and fine furniture, live LC
hedges and guitar parts. It has uses in traditional medicine. Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM),
Elevational range: 1,325–3,800 m Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Assessors: NRM, MGE Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French
Refs: [4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 133, 135, 137, 229, 238, Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico,
277, 279, 295, 300–302, 309, 344, 445] Lesser Antilles
Small to medium-sized tree, 5–20 m tall. Marginal to cloud
Prunus skutchii I.M.Johnst. forest, this species is more typical of tropical rainforest and
LC tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Synonyms: Genipa caruto Kunth, G. codonocalyx Standl., G.
Venezuela venosa Standl. Common names: illuale, jagua, jagua azul, jagua
Large tree, up to 36 m tall and trunk up to 1.5 m in diameter. Not blanca, maluco, tejoroso, tejoruco, shagua, xagua, xahua,
restricted to cloud forest, this species is more common in yaguare, yoale, yuale. This is a highly valued timber tree with
montane rainforest at lower elevations. edible fruit. It was used as a source of dye.
Elevational range: 900–1,400 (2,480) m Elevational range: 20–1,850 m
Assessors: NRM, MGE Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Ref: [279] Refs: [27, 33, 174, 279]
RUBIACEAE Hamelia calycosa Donn.Sm.

LC
Chiococca pachyphylla Wernham Mexico (JAL, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
LC Costa Rica[?], Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Mexico (NL, TAM, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, VER, COL, MIC, Shrub or small tree, 3–12 m tall. Marginal to cloud forest, this
MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El species is more common in tropical rainforest, frequently found
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia in riparian habitats. Synonym: Hamelia chiapensis Brandegee.
Shrub or small tree, 2–10 m tall. For Costa Rica, Burger and Common names: cihuapate, clavo panelilla.
Taylor [33] cited this species as being a liana, rarely a shrub. This Elevational range: 120–1,940 m
species occurs in cloud forest, oak forest, oak-pine forest, and Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
drier thickets, frequently in riparian habitats. Related to Refs: [27, 33, 279]
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitch. and C. phaenostemon Schltdl.
Synonyms: Chiococca belizensis Lundell, C. mexicana Lundell, Hamelia patens Jacq.
C. rubriflora Lundell. Common names: quebradora, tronadora. LC
Boiled leaves are used as a remedy for diarrhoea. United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL,
Elevational range: 0–2,400 m QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO,
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Refs: [27, 33, 76, 79, 137, 236, 277–279, 357, 429] El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Bolivia, Paraguay
Faramea occidentalis (L.) A.Rich. Shrub or small tree, 1–4 m tall. Marginal in cloud forest, this
LC species is considerably more common in secondary vegetation
Mexico (SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), derived from tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Hamelia corymbosa
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Sessé & Moc., H. erecta Jacq., H. lanuginosa M.Martens &
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Galeotti. Common names: cacahuapastle, cacanapazue,
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican cacapuate, canela montés, cañutillo, chac-loc, coralillo,
Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles chacloco, hierba del toro, kanan, madura plátano, maravilla,
Small tree, 2–8 m tall. Marginal in cloud forests, this species is pañete, suspinché, tochimitillo, vara prieta, zipate.
more common in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen Elevational range: 0–1,800 m
forest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Ixora Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
occidentalis L., Faramea belizensis Standl. Common names: Refs: [27, 279]
azuncenilla, cafecillo, huesillo, huesito, hueso, hueso de sapo.
The wood is used in construction and as firewood.
Refs: [27, 174, 202, 279]
116
Palicourea padifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) C.M.Taylor & Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam.
Lorence LC
LC Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Panama, Ecuador Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Lesser Antilles
Shrub or small tree, 1–8 m tall. In addition to cloud forests, this Small to medium–sized tree, 6–20 m tall. This species occurs in
species occurs in many other vegetation types including secondary cloud forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms:
vegetation. Synonyms: Palicourea galeottiana M.Martens, P. Fagara microcarpa (Griseb.) Krug & Urb., F. rhoifolia (Lam.) Engl.,
mexicana Benth. ex Oerst., Psychotria mexicana Willd. ex Roem. Zanthoxylum microcarpum Griseb.
& Schult. Common names: flor de mayo, ipecacuana. Elevational range: 750–1,600 m
Refs: [27, 33, 202, 207, 279, 295, 309, 445] Zanthoxylum melanostictum Schltdl. & Cham.
LC
Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. Mexico (JAL, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
LC El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Suriname, French Small to medium-sized tree, 3–12 (20) m tall. Found in cloud
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Puerto Rico forest, tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, oak
Small to medium-sized tree, 4–15 m tall. Although present in forest, and secondary vegetation derived from the degradation
cloud forest, most specimens of this species have been of these forests. Synonyms: Fagara bijuga Engl., F. melanosticta
collected in lowland habitats, especially in tropical rainforest. (Schltdl. & Cham.) Engl., Zanthoxylum bijugum (Engl.) Wilson,
Synonym: Posoqueria coriacea M.Martens & Galeotti. Z. durifolium Lundell, Z. xicense Miranda.
Occasionally used as firewood. Elevational range: (850) 1,300–2,550 m
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT Refs: [124, 126, 180, 207, 229, 236, 295, 309, 363]
Refs: [27, 33, 174, 207, 279, 333]
SALICACEAE
Psychotria trichotoma M.Martens & Galeotti
LC Casearia corymbosa Kunth
Mexico (JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, LC
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala,
Shrub or small tree, 1.5–8 m tall. This cloud forest species is Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
also present in lowland forests. Synonym: Psychotria Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina
glabristipula Steyerm. Common names: cañutillo, macashpit- Shrub or medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 11 m (rarely 20 m)
quiui, macspitquiui, palo de agua, pito. tall. Marginal in cloud forest, this species mainly occurs in
Elevational range: 30–1,700 m lowland tropical forests including tropical rainforest and tropical
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT dry forest, although it is not uncommon in temperate forests
Refs: [27, 158, 207, 279] such as oak forest and pine-oak forest. It is relatively abundant
in secondary vegetation. Synonyms: Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq.,
RUTACEAE C. pringlei Briq., C. salicifolia Turcz., C. dubia DC., C.
dolichophylla Standl. Common names: abal-chichich,
Zanthoxylum mollissimum (Engl.) P.Wilson botoncillo, café cimarrón, cafecillo, cafetillo, chilillo, obatel, pinol-
LC cuáuit, xmaben-ché. Used as firewood.
Mexico (JAL, COL, GRO, OAX[?], CHS), Guatemala, Elevational range: 0–1,500 (1,800) m
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica Assessors: JAM, SVA
Small tree, 4–7 m tall. Found in cloud forest, pine-oak forest, and Refs: [225, 263, 279, 333]
tropical semi-evergreen forest, this species occasionally occurs
in dry tropical forest. Synonym: Zanthoxylum matudae Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [351]
117
Casearia sylvestris Sw. Salix paradoxa Kunth

LC LC
Mexico (SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, Mexico (COA, NL, DGO, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX,
CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 9 m tall and trunk up to 15
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, cm in diameter. Widespread in Mexico, mostly occurs in high
Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, elevation fir forest but also found in pine-oak forest and pine
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles forest. Its occurrence in cloud forest is incidental and restricted
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. This species is rare as a cloud forest to locations at very high elevations. Locally abundant and
element and in fact, apparently only in Oaxaca its range reaches considered to be associated with disturbance. Synonyms: Salix
elevations where cloud forest develops. Most common in latifolia Mart. & Gal., S. oxylepis C.K.Schneid., S. pringlei
lowland forests including tropical rainforest and tropical dry Rowlee, S. rowleei C.K.Schneid. Common names: huejote,
forest but also found in oak forests. Fairly abundant in secondary saucillo.
vegetation. Synonyms: Casearia subsessiliflora Lundell, Elevational range: 2,200–3,500 (4,000) m
Samyda sylvestris (Sw.) Poir. Common names: cerecito, Assessors: JAM, ILV
chalcahuite, frijolillo, guayabillo, miel de loro, mierda de loro, palo Refs: [2, 49, 70, 76, 96, 115, 258]
blanco.
Elevational range: 0–1,800 (2,300) m Salix taxifolia Kunth
Assessors: JAM, SVA LC
Refs: [173, 225, 263, 279] United States, Mexico (BCS, SON, CHI, COA, DGO, SLP,
NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
Salix humboldtiana Willd. PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Puerto Rico
LC Large shrub and occasionally a small tree, up 4 m tall. This
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, species is associated with riparian habitats in different climatic
COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, and ecological regions, and thus it is not restricted to cloud
CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, forest. It also occurs in oak forest, pine forest and various
Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, tropical forest types. Synonyms: Salix microphylla Schltdl. &
Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Jamaica, Puerto Cham., S. taxifolia Kunth var. microphylla (Schltdl. & Cham.)
Rico C.K.Schneid. Common names: palo de agua, romerillo, sabino,
Small to medium-sized tree, 20–25 m tall and trunk up to 40 sauce, sauz, tarais, taray, taray de río.
cm in diameter. This species occurs across a wide range of Elevational range: 0–2,000 (2,500) m
forest types and habitats, and is not restricted to cloud forest. Assessors: JAM, ILV
It is most commonly found in riparian and swampy habitats. Refs: [49, 76, 225, 258, 279]
Synonyms: Salix chilensis Moldenke, S. chilensis Molina, S.
stipulacea Mart. & Gal. Common names: cueschicui, huéxotl, Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl.
mixcaxtac, sauce, sauce blanco, sauce pinotea, sauz, tócoy, LC
tok’oy. Its wood is used for rural construction and its branches United States, Mexico (SON, NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL,
are used for making the frames of hand-woven baskets. This QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
tree is also often planted as an ornamental, a shade plant and CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
for making live fences. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Elevational range: 0–2,500 (3,000) m Venezuela
Assessors: JAM, ILV Dioecious shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. Frequently found
Refs: [49, 76, 225, 258, 279, 285 in cloud forest but not exclusive to this vegetation type. This
species also occurs in several dry and moist lowland and
montane forest communities, particularly in oak forest.
Synonyms: Hisingeria celastrina Kunth, Flacourtia flexuosa
Kunth, Prockia obovata Presl, Xylosma anisophylla Standl.
Common names: coronilla, espina de la corona, granadillo,
granjeno, huichichiltémetl, huiscarol, palo de brujo, tejocotillo,
tsak k’iith, wi’chunun, yisimbolón.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [2, 35, 58, 76, 79, 115, 180, 225, 228, 229, 263, 278,
279, 295, 348, 351, 356, 429]
118
SAPINDACEAE Cupania glabra Sw.

LC
Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX,
LC TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, TAM) Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Cuba, Jamaica,
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A common element in the Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles
mountains of the western United States and northern Mexico A medium-sized to large tree, up to 35 m tall and trunk up to 25
where it grows preferentially in humid canyons, this species cm in diameter. Found in cloud forest but also occurs in tropical
forms part of different types of forest and scrub. The only known evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry
locality where it grows in a cloud forest habitat is in the Sierra de forest, and in their secondary communities. Closely related to
San Carlos, Tamaulipas. Cupania dentata DC., it has been suggested that they are the
Elevational range: (200) 700–2,100 (2,800) m same species. Common names: chakchon, cola de pava, cola
Assessor: JAM de pavo, huanchal, nogalito, palo de tejón, quebracha,
Refs: [31] quebracho, quiebracha, tachicón, tres lomos. The wood is hard
and compact and may be used for making poles and for flooring
Allophylus psilospermus Radlk. and other indoor construction.
LC Elevational range: 0–1,900 m
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, YUC), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Assessors: JCS, SAC, MGE
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Refs: [174, 241, 279, 326]
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Lesser Antilles
A small or medium-sized tree, usually to 15 m tall, rarely more. Matayba oppositifolia (A.Rich) Britton
Marginal to cloud forest, this species also occurs in humid and LC
very humid habitats of forest formations at lower elevations. Mexico (SLP, COL, OAX, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala,
Synonym: Allophylus panamensis Radlk. Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba,
Elevational range: (0) 110–1,200 (2,000) m Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser
Assessors: JCS, SAC, MGE Antilles
Refs: [279, 326] A small or medium-sized tree, up to 23 m tall. Not restricted to
cloud forest, this species also occurs in tropical evergreen forest
Cupania dentata DC. and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: Cupania apetala
LC Macfad., C. oppositifolia A.Rich., Matayba apetala Radlk.
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, Common names: cascarillo, chicón blanco.
GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Elevational range: 140–1,500 (2,000) m
Nicaragua, Costa Rica Assessors: JCS, SAC, MGE
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall. Found in cloud Refs: [279, 326, 431]
forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest but mostly at lower
elevations in tropical evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen Ungnadia speciosa Endl.
forest and tropical dry forest. Closely related to Cupania glabra LC
Sw., there are suggestions that they may be the same species. United States, Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM)
Common names: agua al ojo, agua al ojo blanco, canilla de Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
venado, cola de pava, cuasal-cuáhuit, cuasel, cuisal, cusitarillo, forest only in the Sierra de San Carlos in Tamaulipas. Elsewhere,
guacamayo, pata de perro, peine, rabo de cojolí, rabo de it is found in drier forest types such as oak forest or pine forest,
cojolite, tres lomos, ts’aw tzan. or in chaparral vegetation.
Elevational range: 20–1,770 m Elevational range: (450) 900–1,700 (1,900) m
Assessors: JCS, SAC, MGE Assessor: JAM
Refs: [42, 58, 277, 279, 326, 351] Ref: [73]
119
SCROPHULARIACEAE microphylla Kunth, B. monticola Loes., B. obtusifolia M.Martens

& Galeotti, B. parvifolia Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f., B. venusta
Buddleja cordata (Standl.) E.M.Norman subsp. cordata Kunth. Common names: ixe xon júba, sayolisco, tepozán,
LC tepozán cimarrón, tepozán de cerro,
Mexico (CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, AGS, GTO, Elevational range: 1,300–2,500 (3,800) m
QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, Assessors: MGE, NRM
OAX, CHS), Guatemala Refs: [76, 180, 272, 279, 419, 427]
A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is common
in secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest but is mostly SIPARUNACEAE
associated with pine-oak forest. Usually found on roadsides.
A highly polymorphic taxon that may hybridize with Buddelja Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC.
parvifolia Kunth and B. sessiliflora Kunth. Widespread and LC
abundant in Mexico, it is cultivated in Australia, Canada, United Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
States, and Uruguay. Seed viability is low (germination rate less Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
than 10%). Synonyms: Buddleja acuminata Kunth, B. astralis Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Standl. & Steyerm., B. cordata var. teposan Loes., B. decurrens Shrub or small tree, up to 2–6 m tall. Found in cloud forest and
Schltdl & Cham., B. floccosa Kunth, B. floccosa var. crassifolia in humid tropical forests at lower elevations such as tropical
Loes., B. humboldtiana Schult. & Schult. F., B. macrophylla rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, also occurs in oak
Kunth, B. ovalifolia Kunth, B. propinqua Kunth, B. spectabilis forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Siparuna andina (Tul.)
Kunth & Bouché. Common names: lengua de toro, marrubio, A.DC., Siparuna nicaraguensis Hemsl. Common names:
sallolisca, tepozán, tepozán blanco, tepozán grande, tepuza, limoncillo, mano de tigre. Used as firewood.
tezompanctle, topozán, tzelepat, xompantle, zompantle. Used Elevational range: 150–1,800 (2,300) m
as firewood and in hedges. Assessor: FLH
Elevational range: 1,000–3,200 m Refs: [173, 207, 277, 315, 351]
Assessors: LLM, SAR, MGE
Refs: [3, 4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 96, 115, 124, 229, 270, 272, 302, SOLANACEAE
309, 398]
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.
Buddleja nitida Benth. LC
LC Mexico (JAL, HGO, MIC, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Found in disturbed vegetation associated with cloud forests but Shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. This species is abundant in
also with pine-oak forest. In Mexico known from many cloud forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and
specimens collected in Chiapas at the Central Plateau and the drier forest formations. Synonyms: Cestrum aurantiacum var.
southern portion of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Synonym: chaculanum (Loes.) Francey, C. chaculanum Loes., C.
Buddleja alpina Oerst. paucinervium Francey, C. pedunculare Pav. ex Dunal.
Elevational range: 1,900–4,000 m Elevational range: (600) 1,000–2,400 (2,700) m
Assessors: LLM, SAR, MGE Assessor: JAM
Refs: [3, 135, 270, 398] Refs: [29, 79]
Buddleja parviflora Kunth Cestrum nocturnum L.

LC LC
Mexico (SON, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, Mexico (SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO,
DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX) OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
A small tree, up to 9 m tall and trunk to 65 cm in diameter, more El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
frequently a shrub. Marginal in cloud forest, this species is more Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Jamaica, Puerto Rico
typical of oak forest, pine forest and pine-oak forest. Found on Mostly shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. This is not a common
slopes and in gorges, sometimes near streams, it is common in cloud forest species as it normally grows in various forest types
disturbed habitats, roadsides and thickets. It has been noted in at lower elevations including tropical rainforest, tropical
Guatemala that this species is much like Buddleja nitida Benth., evergreen forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonym:
which has distinctly larger flowers. Synonyms: Buddleja Cestrum hirtellum Schltdl. Common names: dama de noche,
abbreviata Kunth, B. brevifolia Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., B. huele de noche. A highly valued ornamental plant.
gracilis Kunth, B. integrifolia Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f., B. Elevational range: 0–1,400 (1,700) m
intermedia Kunth, B. lanceolata Benth., B. ligustrina Loes., B. Assessor: JAM
Ref: [261]
120
Solanum aligerum Schltdl. Solanum nigricans M.Martens & Galeotti

LC LC
Mexico (HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Mexico (SIN, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Argentina Guatemala, Honduras
Shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. A typical cloud forest plant, Shrub or small tree, 1–6 (10) m tall. Found in cloud forest but this
this species may also be found in pine-oak forest. Synonyms: species also occurs in pine-oak forest, oak forest and second-
Solanum grossum C.V.Morton, S. manicatum Bitter, S. growth vegetation. Synonyms: Solanum brachystachys Dunal,
paraneurotrichum Bitter, S. pterocladum Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. S. vernicinitens Bitter.
Elevational range: 1,650–2,300 m Elevational range: 1,400–3,100 m
Assessor: JAM Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 29, 76, 229, 262, 295] Refs: [76, 180, 262, 279]
Solanum aphyodendron S.Knapp Solanum nudum Dunal

LC LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, HGO, VER, MIC, MOR, GRO, OAX,
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Shrub or tree, 2–7 (15) m tall. Found in cloud forest, pine-oak Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto
forest and oak forest. This species is related to Solanum nudum Rico, Lesser Antilles
Dunal and S. tuerckheimii Greenm. Shrub or small tree, 2–5 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
Elevational range: 1,150–2,600 m forest, pine-oak forest, oak forest, tropical rainforest and
Assessors: GIM, GCT second-growth vegetation. Related to Solanum aphyodendron
Refs: [76, 83, 262, 279, 351] S.Knapp. Common names: huele de noche negro,
san’tipuscat, nishtamal-cuauit.
Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl. Elevational range: 0–2,900 m
LC Assessors: GIM, GCT
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Refs: [76, 262]
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia Solanum pubigerum Dunal
Large shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. This species is a typical LC
cloud forest component where it is very common, but it also Mexico (TAM, ZAC, SLP, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF,
occurs in pine-oak forest, oak forest, and occasionally in tropical PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica
dry forest. Common names: pcolostle, shomapique. Some Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. Widespread in secondary
medicinal uses have been reported. vegetation associated with cloud forest, fir forest, oak forest,
Elevational range: (500) 1,000–2,600 m oak-pine forest or cypress scrub. Synonyms: Solanum
Assessor: JAM cervantesii Lag., S. dichotomum M.Martens & Galeotti, S.
Refs: [76, 262] divaricatum M.Martens & Galeotti, S. martensii Dunal, S.
modestum Roem. & Schult. Common names: capulincillo,
Solanum lanceolatum Cav. hierba de perro.
LC Elevational range: 2,000–3,000 m
Mexico (SLP, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Assessors: GIM, GCT
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Refs: [180, 262, 279]
Panama
Shrub or small tree, 0.8–5 m tall. This cloud forest species also
occurs in pine-oak forest and oak forest. Synonyms: Solanum
densiflorum M.Martens & Galeotti, S. floccosum M.Martens &
Galeotti, S. hartwegii Benth., S. mexicanum Moc. & Sessé ex
Dunal, S. schiedeanum Schltdl. Common name: berenjena.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [83, 262, 279]
121
Solanum schlechtendalianum Walp. Styrax ramirezii Greenm.

LC LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO,
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa OAX, CHS)
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, A large evergreen tree, 20–27 m tall. A widespread Mexican
French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Cuba species. Not restricted to cloud forests, it is a frequent element
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A very common plant in cloud in secondary vegetation. Found on banks of waterways, in
forest, this species has a very broad ecological tolerance as riparian habitats, humid ravines and deep riverbeds. It is
shown by its widespread occurrence in pine forest, tropical recognized as a variable and complex species. Synonyms:
semi-evergreen forest and tropical evergreen forest, particularly Styrax argenteus C.Presl. var. hintonii (Bullock) Gonsoulin, S.
in riparian habitats. Also common in disturbed communities. argenteus var. micranthus (Perkins) D’Arcy, S. argenteus var.
Synonyms: Capparis hypoleuca C.Presl, Solanum fragile ramirezii (Greenm.) Gonsoulin, S. cyathocalyx Perkins, S. hintonii
C.Wright ex Griseb., S. geminoflorum M.Martens & Galeotti, S. Bullock, S. micranthus Perkins, S. orizabensis Perkins, S.
geminifolium Schltdl. & Cham., S. gentlei Lundell, S. ramirezii var. orizabensis (Perkins) Perkins. Common name:
heterotrichum Dunal, S. oblitum Dunal, S. salviifolium Lam. chilacuate.
Common name: chitius. Elevational range: (1,300) 1,500–2,400 (3,100) m
Elevational range: (0) 450–1,300 (1,600) m Assessors: NRM, MGE
Assessor: JAM Refs: [96, 115–118, 166, 213, 356, 429]
Refs: [29, 58, 262, 295, 351]
Styrax warscewiczii Perkins
STYRACACEAE LC
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Styrax argenteus (C.Presl.) Miers Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
LC A large, evergreen tree, 20–30 m tall and trunk up to 25 cm in
Mexico (TAM, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), diameter. A widespread species, not restricted to cloud forest as
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa it is also present in montane rainforest at lower elevations and
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru pine-oak forest. Common in secondary vegetation. Specimens
An evergreen large tree, up to 20–30 m tall. Widespread in cloud listed in TROPICOS from San Luis Potosí and Guerrero are
forest but also occurs in pine-oak forest and in other forest probably misidentifications. To obtain viable seeds the fruit
formations at lower elevations. Found on banks of waterways, should be exposed to lukewarm water or fermented in plastic
moist ravines and in secondary vegetation. To obtain viable bags for 4–7 days immediately after their removal from the tree.
seeds the fruit should be exposed to lukewarm water or must be Seeds are recalcitrant and seedlings can be readily obtained
fermented in plastic bags for 4–7 days immediately after their from them. Synonym: Styrax polyneurus Perkins. Common
removal from the tree. Seeds have an intermediate cold name: jaas.
tolerance and can only be stored for a few weeks. Synonyms: Elevational range: 1,100–2,700 (3,200) m
Strigilia argentea (C.Presl.), Styrax myristicifolius Perkins, S. Assessors: NRM, MGE
polyanthus Perkins. Common names: capulín, changungo, Refs: [116–118, 241, 309]
chicamay, chucamay, chilacuate, estoraque, hoja de jabón, ruin.
Flowers are regarded as highly decorative and are sometimes THYMELAEACEAE
sold in local markets. The bark is used to prepare a poison for
fishing. Occasionally the trunk gum is used as incense. Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J.R.Johnst.
Elevational range: (100) 700–2,000 (2,500) m LC
Assessors: NRM, MGE Mexico (VER, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX, CHS, QTR), Costa
Refs: [2, 4, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 116–118, 137, 180, 236, 238, Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Jamaica,
241, 277, 309, 312, 335, 348, 357, 428] Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
Shrub or small tree, 3–8 (12) m tall. A marginal cloud forest
taxon, this species is rare in this vegetation type as it mostly
occurs in tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, and
oak forest of the lowlands.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [126, 264, 330]
122
URTICACEAE Myriocarpa longipes Liebm.

LC
Boehmeria caudata Sw. Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
LC CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Mexico (JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Shrub or tree, 2–10 m tall. Abundant, mainly in secondary
Jamaica vegetation but this species is rare in cloud forest. Synonyms:
Shrub or small tree, 2–9 m tall. This species occurs in cloud Myriocarpa inaequilateris Liebm., M. longipes var. yzabalensis
forest, tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical Donn.Sm., M. magnifica Rusby, M. malacophylla B.L.Rob. &
rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats. Bartlett, M. yzabalensis (Donn.Sm.) Killip. Common names:
Elevational range: 30–2,700 m carne de caballo, chaya, chichicastle de montaña, chiflaculo,
Assessors: GIM, GCT cholagoque indio, nectanté, palo de fideo, palo de pólvora,
Refs: [32, 96, 279] puchalante, púxlatem, xtulaca. Used as a remedy against
malaria.
Boehmeria ulmifolia Wedd. Elevational range: 0–1,950 m
LC Assessors: GIM, GCT
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Refs: [32, 76, 115, 174, 244, 279, 351]
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb.
Shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. A cloud forest species but LC
also present in tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, United States, Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL,
tropical rainforest and secondary vegetation. MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Elevational range: 180–2,800 m El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Assessors: GIM, GCT Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina
Refs: [32, 58, 279] Shrub or tree, 3–10 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest,
pine forest, and pine-oak forest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. Synonyms: Urtica caracasana Jacq., Urera alceifolia (Poir.)
LC Gaudich. Common names: a-tzitzicaztli, carne de caballo,
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, chichicastle, chichicazlillo, chilix, hueva de cangrejo, laal, mal
MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, hombre, mala mujer, quemador, ortiga, ortiga de caballo,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, tachinole, tumalí, tzitzicöstli, xiopatli, yet-le, zulsimtezla.
Colombia, Ecuador Elevational range: 0–2,300 m
Medium-sized to large tree, 10–35 m tall. Pioneer dioecious Assessors: GIM, GCT
species found in gaps and edges of the cloud forest but most Refs: [32, 137, 174, 207, 244, 279, 386]
commonly of tropical lowland communities. Synonyms: C.
mexicana Hemsl., C. panamensis Hemsl. Common names: Urera glabriuscula V.W.Steinm.
chancarro, guarina, guarumo, hormiguillo, huagadeug, huitapil, LC
huatipil, jarilla, juaquequistli, kooché, palo de violín, sarumo, Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
shushanguji, tequescuahuitl, trompeta, trompetillo, tzulte, yaba, Shrub or tree, 2–12 m tall. Found in cloud forest, oak forest,
yabioo, yaga-gacho. Leaves are used to treat diabetes. Fruit is tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical
edible and trunk is used as fuelwood and for rural construction. dry forest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Urera
Elevational range: 0–1,650 m killipiana Standl. & Steyerm., Urtica elata Sw. Common names:
Assessors: GIM, GCT berenjenilla, coyalillo, hueva de cangrejo, huevo de peje, palo
Refs: [20, 60, 76, 172, 207, 279, 285, 351] de agua, panza de toro, palo verde, yashanal zulsinte.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [32, 174, 244, 279, 386]
123
Urera rzedowskii V.W.Steinm. VERBENACEAE

LC
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Citharexylum affine D.Don
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa LC
Rica, Panama, Colombia Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, AGS, COL, MIC, MEX, OAX, CHS),
Shrub or small tree, 2–13 m tall. Found in cloud forest, tropical Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua
rainforest and semi-evergreen tropical rainforest, frequently in A rare medium-sized tree, up to 10 m tall, or large tree, up to 30
riparian habitats. Monro and Rodríguez [244] listed this species m tall, but frequently a shrub. This species is found in cloud
as a synonym of Urera simplex Wedd. Common names: forest but also occurs in humid oak forest, occasionally in coffee
chichicastle, chichicastillo, hueva de cangrejo, kokotzte, mal plantations. A species distributed mostly on the Pacific
hombre, pica pica, pochalanti. watershed of Mexico; in its broadest sense (sensu lato), which
Elevational range: 50–1,650 m includes Citharexylum pterocladum Donn.Sm. and C.
Assessors: GIM, GCT jurgensenii Briq., its distribution extends into Veracruz, Puebla,
Refs: [174, 244, 386] Guatemala, and Belize. A taxon in need of more detailed study.
Common names: cacachila, chacalpezie, chachalaca,
Urera simplex Wedd. chachalacámetl, coral, jalcate, salacate, tres lomos. The fruit is
LC edible and the leaves are used in traditional medicine.
Mexico (VER, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Elevational range: 2050–2,800 m
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Assessors: MGE, NRM
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil Refs: [76, 256, 279, 342]
Shrub or small tree, 2–10 m tall. Found in disturbed and
undisturbed cloud forest, tropical rainforest and tropical semi- Citharexylum caudatum L.
evergreen forest. Synonyms: Urera eggersii Hieron., U. LC
tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. Common names: bilsimtezla, Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
chenek’mut, huevo de cangrejo, sakil zulsimtez laa, tzotzniz zul Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Cuba, Puerto
simtez, zulsimtezl. Rico
Elevational range: 0–2,500 m A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall and trunk up to 13 cm in
Assessors: GIM, GCT diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest and more typical in
Refs: [32, 244] lowland forests. Found in wet thickets and swampy areas. A
very common species in secondary vegetation associated with
Urera verrucosa (Liebm.) V.W. Steinm. pine-oak forest and tropical rainforest. Considered as an alien-
LC invasive species in Hawaii by the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk
Mexico (JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, project. Synonyms: Citharexylum caudatum fo. angustifolium
OAX, CHS), Costa Rica Moldenke, C. erectum Sw., C. lucidum Schltdl & Cham., C.
This species grows primarily in canyons and ravines with cloud mucronatum E.Fourn. ex Moldenke. Citharexylum macradenium
forest, it rarely extends into humid pine forest. Synonym: Urtica Greenm. is no longer considered as a synonym as it is restricted
verrucosa Liebm. Common names: chichicastle, mala mujer. to areas at 1,300 m or higher in Costa Rica and Panama.
Assessor: JAM Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE
Refs: [79, 386] Refs: [228, 256, 279, 296, 342]
124
Citharexylum donnell-smithii Greenm. Cornutia grandifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) Schauer

LC LC
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Mexico (VER, PUE), Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama
Rica, Panama An erect shrub, sometimes arborescent or a treelet, up to 6 m
A small or medium-sized tree, 15–20 m tall and trunk up to 40 tall. Found in many low elevation vegetation types including
cm in diameter. A common species found in cloud forests of cloud forest edges, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats.
southern Mexico. Occurs in humid pine-oak forest, sometimes Cultivated in the Antilles. Some authors consider this species a
in oak forest and in pine forest, often in secondary stands and synonym of Cornutia pyramidata L. Synonyms: Cornutia
ruderal habitats and sometimes planted as an ornamental in grandiflora Steud., C. grandifolia var. purpusii Moldenke, C.
gardens. Seedlings can be produced on damp beds grandifolia var. quadrangularis Moldenke, C. grandifolia var.
(germination is 20–80% depending on scarification method). The storkii Moldenke, C. pyramidata var. dentata Kuntze, Hosta
seeds are not viable after one year of storage. Synonyms: grandiflora A. Dietr., H. grandifolia Schltdl & Cham.
Citharexylum ghiesbreghtii Moldenke, C. recurvatum Greenm. Elevational range: 0–1,750 m
Elevational range: (700) 1,000–2,400 (3,000) m Assessors: MGE, NRM
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE Refs: [209, 256, 279]
Refs: [129, 279, 309]
Lippia myriocephala Schltdl. & Cham.
Citharexylum hirtellum Standl. LC
LC Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC,
Mexico (JAL, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS, YUC), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Panama Honduras, Costa Rica
A small tree or shrub. Marginally found in cloud forest as it is Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. Frequently found in
more common in forests at lower elevations. secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest, oak forest and
Elevational range: 0–1,500 m pine-oak forest but mostly occurs in tropical vegetation at lower
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE elevations. Found on rocky slopes, roadsides and in agricultural
Refs: [129, 279] landscapes. Although abundant, it is a variable entity in need of
detailed studies over its entire range. The populations in Jalisco
Citharexylum mocinnoi D.Don and Nayarit are not clearly differentiated from Lippia umbellata
LC Cav. Synonyms: Lippia costaricensis Moldenke, L. hypoleia
Mexico (NAY, VER, MEX, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Briq., L. myriocephala var. hypoleia (Briq.) Moldenke, L.
El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama myriocephala var. integrifolia Loes. L. myriocephaloides Briq., L.
A small or medium-sized tree, 18–20 m tall and trunk up to 60 salamensis Loes. Common names: anamte, asuiche, calpanchi
cm in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forests, this species is blanco, cola de pato, palo blanco, palo de gusano, palo de
also present in pine-oak forest and tropical rainforest. A marca, palo gusano, palo tierra, polverillo. The leaves are
common species in disturbed cloud forest. Seedlings can be aromatic and the tree is used in traditional medicine. Its durable
produced on damp beds covered by litter (germination up to wood is used for light construction.
80%). Seeds may remain viable in storage for up to one year. Elevational range: (150) 600–2,300 (2,600) m
Synonyms: Citharexylum lankesteri Moldenke, C. rugendasii Assessor: MGE
Cham., C. rugendasii var. endlichii Loes. Common names: Refs: [76, 209, 279, 342, 445]
cezintle, perla.
Refs: [129, 256, 279, 296, 309, 348, 349, 351, 363]
125
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ANNEX 1
IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA
EXTINCT (EX) DATA DEFICIENT (DD)

A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to
individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category
(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate
to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frame data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is
appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category
indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) possibility that future research will show that threatened classification
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data
cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in
well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a
when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable
appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon,
range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a threatened status may well be justified.
time-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
NOT EVALUATED (NE)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence against the criteria.
indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically
Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,
facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE
ENDANGERED (EN) CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence
that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is
V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction
extinction in the wild. in the wild:
VULNERABLE (VU) A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and reduction of ≥ 90% over the last 10 years or three generations,
it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are
the wild. clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on
(and specifying) any of the following:
NEAR THREATENED (NT) (a) direct observation
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for and/or quality of habitat
a threatened category in the near future. (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,
LEAST CONCERN (LC) pollutants, competitors or parasites.
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the
criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, 2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are reduction of ≥ 80% over the last 10 years or three generations,
included in this category. whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may
146
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. (i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
3. A population size reduction of ≥ 80%, projected or suspected (iii) number of locations or subpopulations
to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, (iv) number of mature individuals.
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based
on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature
individuals and either:
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three
population size reduction of ≥ 80% over any 10 year or three years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a
generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of maximum of 100 years in the future) OR
100 years in the future), where the time period must include
both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to following (a-b):
(e) under A1. (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) 50 mature individuals, OR
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: (ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and subpopulation.
estimates indicating at least two of a-c: (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single
location. D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in individuals.
any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the
(ii) area of occupancy wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations,
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals. ENDANGERED (EN)
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates
(i) extent of occurrence that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore
(ii) area of occupancy considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
(iv) number of mature individuals. 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of ≥ 70% over the last 10 years or three generations,
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, and whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are
estimates indicating at least two of a-c: clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single (and specifying) any of the following:
location. (a) direct observation
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
any of the following: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
(i) extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
(ii) area of occupancy (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations pollutants, competitors or parasites.
(v) number of mature individuals.
147
2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size (ii) area of occupancy

reduction of ≥ 50% over the last 10 years or three generations, (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may (iv) number of locations or subpopulations
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be (v) number of mature individuals.
reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
3. A population size reduction of ≥ 50%, projected or suspected (ii) area of occupancy
to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, (iii) number of locations or subpopulations
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based (iv) number of mature individuals.
on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected individuals and either:
population size reduction of ≥ 50% over any 10 year or three 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five
generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a
100 years in the future), where the time period must include maximum of 100 years in the future) OR
both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the
(e) under A1. following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) (i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 250 mature individuals, OR
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and (ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one
estimates indicating at least two of a-c: subpopulation.
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
five locations.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature
any of the following: individuals.
(ii) area of occupancy E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: VULNERABLE (VU)
(i) extent of occurrence A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that
(ii) area of occupancy it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:
(iv) number of mature individuals. A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, and reduction of ≥ 50% over the last 10 years or three generations,
estimates indicating at least two of a-c: whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are:
clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than (and specifying) any of the following:
five locations. (a) direct observation
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
of the following: (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
(i) extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
148
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, of the following:
pollutants, competitors or parasites. (i) extent of occurrence
2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
reduction of ≥ 30% over the last 10 years or three generations, (iv) number of locations or subpopulations
whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may (v) number of mature individuals.
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. (i) extent of occurrence
3. A population size reduction of ≥ 30%, projected or suspected (iii) number of locations or subpopulations
to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, (iv) number of mature individuals.
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based
on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature
individuals and either:
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected 1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10
population size reduction of ≥ 30% over any 10 year or three years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a
generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of maximum of 100 years in the future) OR
100 years in the future), where the time period must include
both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its 2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to following (a-b):
(e) under A1. (a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) 1000 mature individuals, OR
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: (ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2, (b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the
10 locations. following:
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any 1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature
of the following: individuals.
(ii) area of occupancy 2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat less than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or
(v) number of mature individuals. stochastic events within a very short time period in an
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically
(i) extent of occurrence Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the
(iv) number of mature individuals. wild is at least 10% within 100 years.
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km2, and Source: IUCN (2001)
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than
10 locations.
Mexican
The Red List of
Cloud Forest Trees

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Fauna & Flora International

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www.globaltrees.org
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The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

Book · January 2011

Mario González-Espinosa Jorge A. Meave

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Ecology of Tropical Dry Forest vegetation View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

© 2011 Fauna & Flora International

Reproduction of any part of the publication for

Jorge A. Meave is Professor in Plant Ecology at the

Adrian Newton is Professor in Conservation Ecology

Editors: Mario González-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave,

RED LIST OF MEXICAN CLOUD FOREST TREES 13

Species Evaluated as Least Concern 90

We dedicate this work to the insightful and treasured

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS

Please note that México refers to the

he cloud forests of Mexico are The collection of information on tree

T immensely valuable for the

27. Stevens P.F. (2008) Angiosperm

(acronyms used in the text, in alphabetical order)

ECG Eleazar CARRANZA GONZÁLEZ Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología,

FLH Francisco G. LOREA-HERNÁNDEZ Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología,

GCT Guadalupe CORNEJO-TENORIO Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

GIM Guillermo IBARRA-MANRÍQUEZ Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

ILV Isolda LUNA-VEGA Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

JAM Jorge A. MEAVE Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

JCS Jorge CALÓNICO-SOTO Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad

LLM Lauro LÓPEZ-MATA Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230

LMG Luz María GONZÁLEZ VILLARREAL Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de

LSV Lázaro Rafael SÁNCHEZ-VELÁZQUEZ Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad

MII Mario ISHIKI ISHIHARA Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio

MGE Mario GONZÁLEZ-ESPINOSA Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio

MMG Martha J. MARTÍNEZ-GORDILLLO Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

NRM Neptalí RAMÍREZ-MARCIAL Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio

RDC Rafael F. DEL CASTILLO Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo

RDS Jesús Ricardo DE SANTIAGO Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

SAC Salvador ACOSTA-CASTELLANOS Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico

SVA Susana VALENCIA-ÁVALOS Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

YVR Yalma L. VARGAS-RODRÍGUEZ Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de

A. Location of the Mexican Federal States.

THE RED LIST OF MEXICAN CLOUD FOREST TREES

ACANTHACEAE Saurauia aspera Turcz.

Spathacanthus parviflorus Leonard Saurauia cana B.T.Keller & Breedlove

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia comitis-rossei R.E.Schult.

S. matudae, both of which were considered synonyms of Saurauia matudae Lundell

Saurauia rubiformis Vatke Saurauia villosa DC.

Saurauia serrata DC. Viburnum blandum C.V.Morton

Viburnum ciliatum Greenm. Viburnum microcarpum Schltdl. & Cham.

Tapirira mexicana Marchand Guatteria galeottiana Baill.

Stemmadenia litoralis (Kunth) L.Allorge Ilex quercetorum I.M.Johnst.

Ilex dugesii Fernald Dendropanax leptopodus (Donn.Sm.) A.C.Sm.

Dendropanax populifolius (Marchal) A.C.Sm. Oreopanax flaccidus Marchal

Oreopanax liebmannii Marchal Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planch.

Koanophyllon pittieri (Klatt) R.M.King & H.Rob. BERBERIDACEAE

Carpinus caroliniana Walter Amphitecna macrophylla (Seem.) Miers ex Baill.

This widespread taxon occasionally occurs in cloud forest, CELASTRACEAE

Quetzalia schiedeana (Loes.) Lundell Wimmeria montana Lundell

Clethra purpusii L.M.González CORNACEAE

Weinmannia pinnata L. EBENACEAE