: 2.1 : [2.1.1 – 2.1.

3 ] : KINETIC PATTICAL MODDEL OF MATTER :

: PIONEER ACADEMY :
: 9 : PHYSICS

 KINETIC THEORY OF MOLECULES :

 All matter is made up of tiny particles called molecules or atoms.
 Molecules are in constant motion so they have K.E.
 Molecules are separated by small spaces called intermolecular distances.
 Molecules exert strong forces on one another when they are close together.
 These forces are both attractive and repulsive.
 The attractive force hold molecules together. (to give them definite shape in solid).
 And the repulsive force cause matter to resist compression.
 The temperature of a body is a measure of the sum of the average kinetic energy of its particles.
 STATES OF MATTER :
 There are three states of matter : Solid, Liquid and Gases.
 Solids : -
 Solids have fixed shape and volume.
 In solids molecules are very close to each other.
 There is a strong force of attraction between molecules which give them definite
shape & volume and also there is force of repulsion because of which they resist
compression.
 In solids molecules vibrates about their mean position.
 Liquids : -
 Liquid have fixed volume but no fixed shape.
 They take the shape of the container in which it is poured.
 In liquids molecules are farther apart as compare to solid.
 In liquid there is a week force of attraction & repulsion between molecules.
 In liquid molecules vibrates & move faster over short distances, slipping past each other in all
direction & that is why they flow.
 Gases : -
 They have no fixed shape and fixed volume.
 Molecules are much farther apart than in solid & liquid. Because of this a gas can
be compressed (squeezed) easily and also they spread very quickly in all
directions.
 Force of attraction or repulsion between molecules is almost negligible.
 Molecules move randomly in all direction & they collides with each other & with
the walls of the container.
 TEMPERATUR & THERMAL ENERGY :
 The average K.E. of the in a material is proportional to the temperature of the
material.
 The total internal K.E. of all molecules is called its thermal energy.
 Faster the molecule moves, higher the temperature.
 In gases, the separation between molecules are very large, so they are more
sensitive to even a small change in temperature.
 Kelvin Scale : -
 The lowest temperature in the Kelvin scale is called the absolute zero, which
corresponds to – 273 0 C
 At this temperature the molecules are almost at rest and the average K.E. of
molecules is zero.
 The
 Relation between Kelvin and Degree Celsius :
K = 273 + t 0 C , where , t = temperature in Degree Celsius.
OR t 0 C = K – 273
Examples : Convert following temperatures into Kelvin.
(1) – 80 OC (2) 23.5 OC (3) 278.6 OC
Convert following temperatures into Degree Celsius.
(1) 80 K (2) 163.23 K (3) 1262.2 K

 PRESSURE OF GASES :
 Molecules in a gas are in continuous motion in all directions.
 They collides with one another and with the walls of the container.
 When they bounces of the wall, they produce an outward force on the wall which causes an outward
pressure on the walls of the container.
 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GASES :
 When the temperature increases, the gas molecules gains K.E. & move more faster.
 They collides with the walls of the container more frequently & with greater force.
 Total force exerted on the wall, per unit area, is greater & the pressure increases.
 If the container can expand, like with a balloon or cylinder and piston, increasing the pressure can
increase the volume. Like, the balloon will get bigger.
 When the temperature falls, opposite occurs & the pressure decreases.
 EFFECT OF CHANGE OF PRESSURE ON VOLUME OF A GASES [BOYLE’S LAW] :
 Boyle’s law give the relation between Pressure & volume at constant temperature.
 It states that, “the pressure of the fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant
temperature”.
1 1
 P ∝ , P=K at constant temperature, i.e. PV = constant.
V V
 When the pressure of fixed mass of a gas changes from P 1 to P2 and
volume from V1 to V2 at constant temperature T than Boyle’s law : P1 V1
= P2 V2.
 The graph of Pressure – Volume is a curved line and shows that, if ‘P’ is doubled, ‘V’ is halved.
 The graph of P – 1/V is straight line passes through the origin. This shows that the pressure is directly
proportional to the 1/V.
 EXAMPLES :
(1) The air in the syringe is at a pressure of 2.0 × 10 5 Pa. The piston is slowly moved into the syringe,
keeping the temperature constant, until the volume of the air is reduced from 80 cm 2 to 25 cm2.
Calculate the final pressure of the air. [3].
(2) Carbon dioxide is used to make fizzy drinks. It is stored at high pressure in a cast iron cylinder. The
diagram represents the particles in a cylinder of carbon dioxide.
(a) Describe how the particles of carbon dioxide exert pressure.
(b) The temperature of the gas in the cylinder is increased.
(i) Describe the effect this has on the movement of the carbon dioxide particles.
(ii) Explain how this affects the pressure exerted by the gas.
(iii) The cylinders are painted black. Explain why the cylinders should not be stored outside in the
direct sunlight.
 EFFECT OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PRESSURE OF A GASES [PRESSURE
LAW] :
 Pressure law gives the relation between Temperature & Pressure at constant Volume.
 It states that, “the pressure of the fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
at constant volume”.
P
 P ∝T , P=K T , =K=Constant , at constant volume.
T
 EFFECT OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE VOLUME OF A GASES [CHARLE’S
LAW] :
 Charle’s law gives the relation between Volume & Temperature at constant Pressure
 It states that, “the volume of the fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature
at constant pressure”.
V
 V ∝T ,V =K T , =K =Constant , at constant pressure.
T
 \BROWNIAN MOTION :
 Smoke is introduced in a small glass cell & is covered by a lid.
 The cell is illuminated by a lamp and viewed from the top by a microscope.
 Smoke particles reflect the light falling on them & are seen as bright specks.
 Specks are seen moving in all direction randomly.
 These random motion of smoke particles is called Brownian motion.
 Relatively large smoke particles are surrounded by much smaller and much
faster moving air particles.
 The random motion of smoke particles is caused by continuous collision
between the fast moving air molecules & the smoke particles from all the directions.
 Since the smoke particles collides with fast moving air molecules from all direction, they changes their
path continuously & because of this their forward motion is very small.
 EVAPORATION :
 Evaporation is the escape of molecules from the surface of the liquid.
 It occurs at all temperature.
 It produces cooling in the liquid/body, thus it is also a way of transferring heat from one body to other.
 EXPLANATION OF EVAPORATION BY THE KINETIC THEORY OF MOLECULES :
 In liquid, molecules collide with each other and gain or lose
K.E. from other molecules or to other molecules.
 Molecules on the surface of the liquid are loosely bounded as
compared to the molecules deep in the liquid.
 The most energetic molecules near the surface of the liquid can
overcome the attractive forces of other molecules & can
escape.
 This leaves behind the less energetic molecules.
 The average K.E. of the molecules left behind in the liquid decreases & the temperature of the liquid
decreases.
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF EVAPORATION :
1) Temperature :
 On increasing the temperature of the liquid, the average K.E. of the molecules increases.
 Hence more molecules get enough K.E. from the surface to escape.
 That is why the rate of evaporation is faster on a hot summer day than in winter or cloudy day.
2) Surface Area:
 Larger the surface area, more the number of molecules escape from the surface.
 That is why liquid in a plate evaporates faster than the liquid in a cup.
3) Wind Speed :
 By increasing the wind speed or by blowing wind over the surface of water more number of molecules
evaporates from the surface.
 That is why the cloth get dried quickly in a windy day or kept in the room.
4) Surrounding :
 If the surrounding contains less water vapor (less humidity) rate of evaporation is more and is less if
it contains more water vapor.
 Dry day and wet day.
5) Nature of liquid :
 The rate of evaporation also depends upon the nature of the liquid.
 Some liquids like, Petrol, Ether, Alcohol, evaporates faster than other like, Water.
 Liquids in which inter molecular forces are week evaporates faster.
 EXAMPLES OF COOLING EFFECT DUE TO EVAPORATION :
(1) When the temperature of human body rises, sweating occurs. The droplets of sweat evaporates which
cools the body.
(2) In refrigerator, the evaporation of volatile liquid in the tubes causes the continues cooling.
(3) When the volatile liquid(like : spray, alcohol, petrol, ethanol, etc.) is placed on the body, its evaporation
causes the body to feel cool.
(4) In old days, things were kept cool by placing them in a bottle and then the bottle was kept in a tub of
water and a cloth was wrapped over the bottle and deepd in the tub. Because of the evaporation of water
from the cloth kept the bottle cool continuously.

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