R20-N-Python Unit 1 - Chandu

R20 PYTHON PROGRAMMING UNIT 1
PYTHON PROGRAMMING
UNIT -1
Introduction: Introduction to Python, Program Development Cycle, Input, Processing,
and Output, Displaying Output with the Print Function, Comments, Variables, Reading
Input from the Keyboard, Performing Calculations, Operators. Type conversions,
Expressions, More about Data Output.
Data Types, and Expression: Strings Assignment, and Comment, Numeric Data Types
and Character Sets, Using functions and Modules.
Decision Structures and Boolean Logic: if, if-else, if-elif-else Statements, Nested Decision
Structures, Comparing Strings, Logical Operators, Boolean Variables.
Repetition Structures: Introduction, while loop, for loop, Calculating a Running Total, Input
Validation Loops, Nested Loops..
Introduction to python :
Python is a general-purpose High-Level, Interpreted, Interactive And Object-Oriented
Scripting Language It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990.
o Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.

o The implementation of Python was started in the December 1989 by Guido Van
Rossum at CWI (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica) in Netherland .
o Guido Van Rossum is a fan of “Monty Python’s flying circus” this is a famous TV show
in Netherlands.
o In 1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like: lambda, map, filter, and reduce.
o Python 2.0 added new features like: list comprehensions, garbage collection system.
o On December 3, 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") was released. It was designed to
rectify fundamental flaw of the language.
o ABC programming language is said to be the predecessor of Python language which was
capable of Exception Handling and interfacing with Amoeba Operating System.
o Python is influenced by following programming languages:
o ABC language.
o Modula-3
o python is populary used for development,scripting and software testing.
Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)
o Top IT companies like google, facebook, instagram, spotify and netflix among others,use
python.
o Some Major applications :ML,AI,data science and IOT
o Major libraries: Numpy,scipy,keras tensorflow,Django & flask
Features in Python
There are many features in Python, some of which are discussed below –
1. Easy to code:
Python is a high-level programming language. Python is very easy to learn the language as
compared to other languages like C, C#, Javascript, Java, etc. It is also a developer-friendly
language.
2. Free and Open Source:
Python language is freely available at the official website and you can download it from the
given download link below click on the Download Python keyword.
Download Python
Since it is open-source, this means that source code is also available to the public. So you can
download it as, use it as well as share it.
3. Object-Oriented Language:
One of the key features of python is Object-Oriented programming. Python supports object-
oriented language and concepts of classes, objects encapsulation, etc.
4. GUI Programming Support:
Graphical User interfaces can be made using a module such as PyQt5, PyQt4, wxPython, or Tk
in python.
PyQt5 is the most popular option for creating graphical apps with Python.
5. High-Level Language:
Python is a high-level language. When we write programs in python, we do not need to
remember the system architecture, nor do we need to manage the memory.
6. Extensible feature:
Python is a Extensible language. We can write us some Python code into C or C++ language and
also we can compile that code in C/C++ language.
7. Python is Portable language:
Python language is also a portable language. For example, if we have python code for windows
and if we want to run this code on other platforms such as Linux, Unix, and Mac then we do not
need to change it, we can run this code on any platform.
8. Python is Integrated language:
Python is also an Integrated language because we can easily integrated python with other
languages like c, c++, etc.
9. Interpreted Language:
Python is an Interpreted Language because Python code is executed line by line at a time. like
other languages C, C++, Java, etc. there is no need to compile python code this makes it ea sier to

debug our code. The source code of python is converted into an immediate form
called bytecode.
10. Large Standard Library
Python has a large standard library which provides a rich set of module and functions so you do
not have to write your own code for every single thing. There are many libraries present in
python for such as regular expressions, unit-testing, web browsers, etc.
11. Dynamically Typed Language:
Python is a dynamically-typed language. That means the type (for example- int, double, long,
etc.) for a variable is decided at run time not in advance because of this feature we don’t need to
specify the type of variable.
Installing Python
Windows Operating System

Step1: Download the Python software from the following URL
https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/

Step2: Install the downloaded Python software
During installation, it will show the various components it is installing and move the progress bar
towards completion. Soon, a new Python 3.9.5 (64-bit) Setup pop-up window will appear with
a Setup was successfuly message.

Step 3:Click the Close button.
Python should now be installed.After installing Python in Windows, you can start Python in two
different modes, viz., Python (Command Line) and Python (IDLE).
interactive shell:
In Python, there are two options/methods for running code:
Interactive mode
Script mode
Interactive Mode :
Interactive mode is a command line shell. Typically the interactive mode is used to test the
features of the python, or to run a smaller script that may not be reusable.
Batch Mode or script mode :
Batch mode is mainly used to develop business applications. In batch mode, we can write a
group of python statements in any one of the following editors or IDEs
Editors : Notepad,Notepad++,editPlus,nano,gedit,IDLE,Etc..
IDEs :pycharm,Eric,Eclipse,Netbeans Etc..
1) Interactive Mode: Python provides Interactive Shell to execute code immediatly and
produce output instantly. To get into this shell, write python in the command prompt and start
working with Python.
Press Enter key and the Command Prompt will appear like:

Now we can execute our Python commands.Eg:
2.Script Mode:Using Script Mode, we can write our Python code in a separate file of any
editor in our Operating System.
Save it by .py extension.

Now open Command prompt and execute it by :
NOTE: Path in the command prompt should be location of saved file.where you have saved
your file. In the above case file should be saved at desktop.
3 Using IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
We can execute our Python code using a Graphical User Interface (GUI). We can use both
Interactive as well as Script mode in IDE.
1) Interactive Mode
We type Python expression / statement / command after the prompt (>>>) and Python
immediately responds with the output of it.
Executing first program on Python
1) Let’s start with typing print “Hello Python!” after the prompt.
>>>print("Hello Python!")
Output: Hello Python!
Editing, saving, and running a script (Script mode)

2) Script Mode( Using Integrated Development Environment)
Running Python programs from a script file is known as running Python in script mode. You can
write a sequence of instructions in one file and execute them.
Step 1: In Python IDLE’s – Shell window, click on File and then on New File or just press CTRL
+ N.
Step 2: A series of instructions can be written in this window and saved.

Step 3: A Python program is executed only after it is saved with a specific file name. You can
give any name to the file. However, the file name should end with .py
Step 4:To run the Python program, click on Run and then Run Module. Alternatively, just press
CTRL + F5 to run the program.
Running a Python program in IDLE
Program Development Cycle

When we want to develop a program using any programming language, we follow a sequence of
steps. These steps are called phases in program development. The program development life
cycle is a set of steps or phases that are used to develop a program in any programming
language.
Generally, the program development life cycle contains 6 phases, they are as follows….
• Problem Definition
• Problem Analysis
• Algorithm Development
• Coding & Documentation
• Testing & Debugging
• Maintenance
1. Problem Definition
In this phase, we define the problem statement and we decide the boundaries of the problem. In
this phase we need to understand the problem statement, what is our requirement, what should be
the output of the problem solution. These are defined in this first phase of the program
development life cycle.
2. Problem Analysis
In phase 2, we determine the requirements like variables, functions, etc. to solve the problem.
That means we gather the required resources to solve the problem defined in the problem
definition phase. We also determine the bounds of the solution.
3. Algorithm Development
During this phase, we develop a step by step procedure to solve the problem using the
specification given in the previous phase. This phase is very important for program development.
That means we write the solution in step by step statements.
4. Coding & Documentation

This phase uses a programming language to write or implement the actual programming
instructions for the steps defined in the previous phase. In this phase, we construct the actual
program. That means we write the program to solve the given problem using programming
languages like C, C++, Java, PYTHON etc.,
adding two integers numbers in Python
a=int(input('Enter a'))
b=int(input('Enter b'))
c=a+b
print('The sum is',c)
5. Testing & Debugging

During this phase, we check whether the code written in the previous step is solving the specified
problem or not. That means we test the program whether it is solving the problem for various
input data values or not. We also test whether it is providing the desired output or not.
6. Maintenance
During this phase, the program is actively used by the users. If any enhancements found in this
phase, all the phases are to be repeated to make the enhancements. That means in this phase, the
solution (program) is used by the end-user. If the user encounters any problem or wants any

enhancement, then we need to repeat all the phases from the starting, so that the encountered
problem is solved or enhancement is added.
Input, Processing, and Output
input …. is something the program receives, usually from the user or from a file.
Processing…is what happens when the program does something with the input.
Output…. is something the program produces, usually to a screen, to a file, or to both.
The input function is used in all latest version of the Python. It takes the input from the user and
then evaluates the expression. The Python interpreter automatically identifies the whether a user
input a string, a number, or a list. Let's understand the following example.
Example –1
>>> name=input("enter your name:")
enter your name:sai
>>> print(name)
sai
>>>
Python Input
To allow flexibility, we might want to take the input from the user. In Python, we have
the input() function to allow this. The syntax for input() is:
input([prompt])
where prompt is the string we wish to display on the screen. It is optional.
>>> num = input('Enter a number: ')

Enter a number: 10
>>> num
'10'
Here, we can see that the entered value 10 is a string, not a number. To convert this into a
number we can use int() or float() functions.
>>> int('10')
10
>>> float('10')
10.0
Example input() with int, float, string:

>>> name=input("enter your name:")
enter your name:sai
>>> age=int(input("enter your age:"))
enter your age:19
>>> marks=float(input('enter your marks'))
enter your marks90
>>> print(marks)
90.0
>>> print(age)
19
>>> print(name)
sai
Displaying Output with the Print Function
We use the print() function to output data to the standard output device (screen). .
An example of its use is given below.
print('This sentence is output to the screen')
Output
This sentence is output to the screen
Another example is given below:

a=5
print('The value of a is', a)
Output
The value of a is 5
In the second print() statement, we can notice that space was added between the string and the
value of variable a. This is by default, but we can change it.
The actual syntax of the print() function is:
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
Here, objects is the value(s) to be printed.
 sep=‘separator’: (Optional) Specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than one.
Default: ‘ ’
 end=‘end’: (Optional) Specify what to print at the end. Default : ‘\n’
 file: (Optional) An object with a write method. Default :sys.stdout
 flush: (Optional) A Boolean, specifying if the output is flushed (True) or buffered (False).
Default: False
Python automatically flushes the files when closing them. But you may want to flush the data
before closing any file.
print(1, 2, 3, 4)
print(1, 2, 3, 4, sep='*')
print(1, 2, 3, 4, sep='#', end='&')
Output

1234
1*2*3*4
1#2#3#4&
Output formatting
Sometimes we would like to format our output to make it look attractive. This can be done by
using the str.format() method. This method is visible to any string object.
>>> x = 5; y = 10
>>> print('The value of x is {} and y is {}'.format(x,y))
The value of x is 5 and y is 10
Here, the curly braces {} are used as placeholders. We can specify the order in which they are
printed by using numbers (tuple index).
print('I love {0} and {1}'.format('bread','butter'))
print('I love {1} and {0}'.format('bread','butter'))
Output
I love bread and butter

I love butter and bread
We can even use keyword arguments to format the string.
>>> print('Hello {name}, {greeting}'.format(greeting = 'Goodmorning', name = 'John'))

Hello John, Goodmorning
We can also format strings like the old sprintf() style used in C programming language. We use
the % operator to accomplish this.
>>> x = 12.3456789
>>> print('The value of x is %3.2f' %x)
The value of x is 12.35
>>> print('The value of x is %3.4f' %x)
The value of x is 12.3457
Comments in Python Programming:

Comments are the way to improve the readability of a code, by explaining what we have
done in code in simple english.
A comment is text that doesn’t affect the outcome of a code, it is just a piece of text to let
someone know what you have done in a program or what is being done in a block of code. , by

reading a comment you can understand the purpose of code much faster then by just going
through the actual code.
.
# This is just a text, it won't be executed.
print("Python comment example")
output: Python comment example
Types of Comments in Python
There are two types of comments in Python.

1. Single line comment
2. Multiple line comment
Single line comment

In python we use # special character to start the comment. Lets take few examples to understand
the usage.
# This is just a comment. Anything written here is ignored by Python
Multi-line comment:
We can have comments that extend up to multiple lines. One way is to use the hash(#) symbol at
the beginning of each line. For example:
#This is a long comment

#and it extends
#to multiple lines
Another way of doing this is to use triple quotes, either ''' or """.
These triple quotes are generally used for multi-line strings. But they can be used as a
multi-line comment as well.
'''
This is a
multi-line
comment
'''
Python Comments Example
In this Python program we are seeing three types of comments. Single line comment, multi-line
comment and the comment that is starting in the same line after the code.
'''
We are writing a simple program here

First print statement.

This is a multiple line comment.
'''
print("Hello Guys")
# Second print statement

print("How are You all?")
print("Welcome to BeginnersBook") # Third print statement

Output:
Hello Guys
How are You all?
Welcome to BeginnersBook
# character inside quotes

When # character is encountered inside quotes, it is not considered as comment. For example:
print("#this is not a comment")
Output:
#this is not a comment
Docstrings in Python
A docstring is short for documentation string.
Python docstrings (documentation strings) are the string literals that appear right after the
definition of a function, method, class, or module.
Triple quotes are used while writing docstrings. For example:
def double(num):
"""Function to double the value"""
return 2*num
Docstrings appear right after the definition of a function, class, or a module. This separates
docstrings from multiline comments using triple quotes.
The docstrings are associated with the object as their __doc__ attribute.
So, we can access the docstrings of the above function with the following lines of code:
def double(num):
"""Function to double the value"""
return 2*num
print(double.__doc__)
Run Code
Output

Function to double the value
Tokens:
o The tokens can be defined as a punctuator mark, reserved words, and each word in a
statement.
o The token is the smallest unit inside the given program.
There are following tokens in Python:
o Keywords.
o Identifiers.
o Literals.
o Operators.
Python Keywords (Reserved Words )
 Keywords are the reserved words in Python.
 We cannot use a keyword as a variable name, function name or any other identifier. .
 In Python, keywords are case sensitive.
 There are 33 keywords in Python 3.7. This number can vary slightly over the course of
time. There are 35 keywords in Python 3.8
All the keywords except True, False and None are in lowercase and they must be written as
they are.
Python Keywords
False def if raise
None del import return
True elif in try
And else is while
As except lambda with
Assert finally nonlocal yield
Break for not async
Class from or await
Continue global pass
Python Variables
 Variable is a name that is used to refer to memory location. Python variable is also
known as an identifier and used to hold value.
 In Python, we don't need to specify the type of variable because Python is a infer
language and smart enough to get variable type.
 The first character of the variable must be an alphabet or underscore ( _ )..
 It is recommended to use lowercase letters for the variable name. Rahul and rahul both
are two different variables.
 Variables in Python are not subject to this restriction. In Python, a variable may be
assigned a value of one type and then later re-assigned a value of a different type:
>>> var = 23.5
>>> print(var)
23.5
>>> var = "Now I'm a string"
>>> print(var)
Now I'm a string
Python Identifiers
 An identifier is a name given to entities like class, functions, variables, etc. It helps to
differentiate one entity from another.
Rules for writing identifiers
 The first character of the variable must be an alphabet or underscore ( _ ).
 All the characters except the first character may be an alphabet of lower-case(a-z), upper-
case (A-Z), underscore, or digit (0-9).
 An identifier can be of any length.
 Multiple words can be separated using an underscore, like this_is_a_long_variable
 Identifier name must not contain special character (!, @, #, %, ^, &, *).
 Keywords cannot be used as identifiers
 Examples of valid identifiers: a123, _n, n_9, etc.
 Examples of invalid identifiers: 1a, n%4, n 9, etc.
global = 1
Output
File "<interactive input>", line 1
global = 1 SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Declaring Variable and Assigning Values:
In Python,to create a variable, you just assign it a value and then start using it. Assignment is
done with a single equals sign (=)
We don't need to declare explicitly variable in Python. When we assign any value to the variable,
that variable is declared automatically.
The equal (=) operator is used to assign value to a variable.
Multiple Assignment
Python allows us to assign a value to multiple variables in a single statement, which is also
known as multiple assignments..
1. Assigning single value to multiple variables
Eg:
x=y=z=50
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Output:
50
50
50
2. Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:
Eg:
a,b,c=5,10,15
print a
print b
print c
Output:
5
10
15
The values will be assigned in the order in which variables appear.
Plus and concatenation operation on the variables
x = 10
y = 20
print(x + y)
p = "Hello"
q = "World"
print(p + " " + q)
Output:
30
Hello World
Python Indentation
Most of the programming languages like C, C++, and Java use braces { } to define a block of
code. Python, however, uses indentation.
Indentation in Python refers to the (spaces and tabs) that are used at the
beginning of a statement. The statements with the same indentation belong to the same group
called a suite. Consider the example of a correctly indented Python code statement mentioned
below.
Ex:
if a==1:
print(a)
if b==2:

print(b)
print('end')
In the above code, the first and last line of the statement is related to the same suite because there
is no indentation in front of them. So after executing first "if statement", the Python interpreter
will go into the next statement. If the condition is not true, it will execute the last line of the
statement
Reading Input from the Keyboard

Python provides us with two inbuilt functions to read the input from the keyboard.
 input ( prompt )
 raw_input ( prompt )
input ( ) : This function first takes the input from the user and then evaluates the expression,
which means Python automatically identifies whether user entered a string or a number or list.
If the input provided is not correct then either syntax error or exception is raised by python.
For example –
# Python program showing
# a use of input()
val = input("Enter your value: ")
print(val)
Output:
How the input function works in Python :

 When input() function executes program flow will be stopped until the user has given
an input.
 The text or message display on the output screen to ask a user to enter input value is
optional i.e. the prompt, will be printed on the screen is optional.
 Whatever you enter as input, input function convert it into a string. if you enter an
integer value still input() function convert it into a string. You need to explicitly convert it
into an integer in your code using typecasting.
Code:
# Program to check input
# type in Python

num = input ("Enter number :")

print(num)
name1 = input("Enter name : ")
print(name1)
# Printing type of input value
print ("type of number", type(num))
print ("type of name", type(name1))
Output :
raw_input ( ) : This function works in older version (like Python 2.x). This function takes
exactly what is typed from the keyboard, convert it to string and then return it to the variable in
which we want to store. For example –
# Python program showing
# a use of raw_input()
g = raw_input("Enter your name : ")
print g
Output :
Here, g is a variable which will get the string value, typed by user during the execution of
program. Typing of data for the raw_input() function is terminated by enter key. We can
use raw_input() to enter numeric data also. In that case we use typecasting.For more details on
typecasting refer this.
Performing Calculations
Performing calculations involving both integers and floating-point

numbers is called mixed-mode arithmetic. For instance, if a circle has radius 3, we
compute the area as follows:
>>> 3.14*3*3 28.259999999999998

In the binary operation the less general type (int) will be automatically converted into
more general type (float) before operation is performed. For example:
>>> 9*5.0 45.0

Here, 9 is integer, and 5.0 is float, then the less general type that is int will be
converted into more general type that is float and the entire expression will result in
float value.
The eval () function
We can even use eval () function to perform calculation at the interpreter. The
expression is written inside the single quotes. For example:
>>> eval('45/9*2') 10.0

The eval() method parses the expression passed to this method and runs python expression
(code) within the program.
Example
number = 9
# eval performs the multiplication passed as argument

square_number = eval('number * number')
print(square_number)
# Output: 81
eval() Syntax
The syntax of eval() is:
eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)
eval() Parameters
The eval() function takes three parameters:
 expression - the string parsed and evaluated as a Python expression
 globals (optional) - a dictionary
 locals (optional)- a mapping object. Dictionary is the standard and commonly used
mapping type in Python.
eval() Return Value

The eval() method returns the result evaluated from the expression.
Example 1: How eval() works in Python
x=1
print(eval('x + 1'))

Output
Here, the eval() function evaluates the expression x + 1 and print is used to display this value.
Python Operators:
The operator can be defined as a symbol which is responsible for a particular operation between
two operands. Operators are the pillars of a program on which the logic is built in a specific
programming language.
A sequence of operands and operators, like a + b - 5, is called an Expression. Python
supports many operators for combining data objects into expressions.
Python provides a variety of operators, which are described as follows.
o Arithmetic operators
o Comparison operators
o Assignment Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Membership Operators
o Identity Operators
Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations between
two operands. It includes + (addition), - (subtraction), *(multiplication), /(divide), %(reminder),
//(floor division), and exponent (**) operators.
Operator Meaning Example
+ Add two operands or unary plus x + y+ 2
- Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus x - y- 2
* Multiply two operands x*y
Divide left operand by the right one (always results into

/ x/y
float)
x%y
Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by
% (remainde
the right
r of x/y)
// Floor division - division that results into whole number x // y

adjusted to the left in the number line
x**y (x to
** Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right the power
y)
Example 1: Arithmetic operators in Python

x = 15
y=4
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)
Output
x + y = 19
x - y = 11
x * y = 60
x / y = 3.75
x // y = 3
x ** y = 50625
Comparison operators:
Comparison operators are used to comparing the value of the two operands and returns Boolean
true or false accordingly. The comparison operators are described in the following table..
Greater than - True if left operand is greater

> x>y
than the right
Less than - True if left operand is less than

< x<y
the right
== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x == y
!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y
Greater than or equal to - True if left

>= x >= y
operand is greater than or equal to the right
Less than or equal to - True if left operand

<= x <= y
is less than or equal to the right
Example 2: Comparison operators in Python
x = 10
y = 12
print('x > y is',x>y)

print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
# Output: x <= y is True
print('x <= y is',x<=y)
Output
x > y is False
x < y is True
x == y is False
x != y is True
x >= y is False
x <= y is True
Logical operators
The logical operators are used primarily in the expression evaluation to make a decision. Python
supports the following logical operators.
And True if both the operands are true x and y
Or True if either of the operands is true x or y
True if operand is false (complements the

Not not x
operand)
Truth table for and ,or
A B A or B A and B
True True True True
True False True False

False True True False Truth tabel for not
False False False False A not A
True False
False True
Example 3: Logical Operators in Python

x = True
y = False
print('x and y is',x and y)
print('x or y is',x or y)
print('not x is',not x)
Output
x and y is False
x or y is True
not x is False
Bitwise operators
The bitwise operators perform bit by bit operation on the values of the two operands
For example, 2 is 10 in binary and 7 is 111.
In the table below: Let x = 10 (0000 1010 in binary) and y = 4 (0000 0100 in binary)
& Bitwise AND x & y = 0 (0000 0000)
| Bitwise OR x | y = 14 (0000 1110)
~ Bitwise NOT ~x = -11 (1111 0101)
^ Bitwise XOR x ^ y = 14 (0000 1110)
>> Bitwise right shift x >> 2 = 2 (0000 0010)
<< Bitwise left shift x << 2 = 40 (0010 1000)

Example:

a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100
b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101
c=0
c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100
print ("Line 1 - Value of c is ", c)
c = a | b; # 61 = 0011 1101
c = a ^ b; # 49 = 0011 0001
c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011

c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111 0000

c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000 1111

output:
Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used in Python to assign values to variables. The assignment operators
are used to assign the value of the right expression to the left operand. The assignment operators
are described in the following table.
a = 5 is a simple assignment operator that assigns the value 5 on the right to the variable a on the
left. There are various compound operators in Python like a += 5 that adds to the variable and
later assigns the same. It is equivalent to a = a + 5.
Operator Example Equivalent to
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 5 x=x+5

-= x -= 5 x=x–5
*= x *= 5 x=x*5
/= x /= 5 x=x/5
%= x %= 5 x=x%5
//= x //= 5 x = x // 5
**= x **= 5 x = x ** 5
&= x &= 5 x=x&5
|= x |= 5 x=x|5
^= x ^= 5 x=x^5
>>= x >>= 5 x = x >> 5
<<= x <<= 5 x = x << 5

Example:
a = 21
b = 10
c=0
c=a+b
c += a
print ("Line 2 - Value of c is ", c )
c *= a
print( "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c)
c **= a
c //= a
output:

Special operators
Python language offers some special types of operators like the identity operator or the
membership operator. They are described below with examples.
Identity operators:
 The identity operators are used to decide whether an element certain class or type.
 is and is not are the identity operators in Python. They are used to check if two values (or
variables) are located on the same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal does
not imply that they are identical.
True if the operands are identical (refer to

is x is True
the same object)
True if the operands are not identical (do x is not

is not
not refer to the same object) True
Example1:
a = 20
b = 20
if ( a is b ):
print ("Line 1 - a and b have same identity")
else:
print ("Line 1 - a and b do not have same identity")
if ( id(a) == id(b) ):
print ("Line 2 - a and b have same identity")
else:
print ("Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity")
output:
Line 1 - a and b have same identity
Line 2 - a and b have same identity
Membership operators

Python membership operators are used to check the membership of value inside a Python data
structure(string, list, tuple, set and dictionary). If the value is present in the data structure, then
the resulting value is true otherwise it returns false..
in and not in are the membership operators in Python. They are used to test whether a value or
variable is found in a sequence (string, list, tuple, set and dictionary).
In a dictionary we can only test for presence of key, not the value.
It is evaluated to be true if the first operand

In is found in the second operand (list, tuple, 5 in x
or dictionary).
It is evaluated to be true if the first operand

5 not in
not in is not found in the second operand (list,
x
tuple, or dictionary).
Example #5: Membership operators in Python
x = 'Hello world'
y = {1:'a',2:'b'}
# Output: True
print('H' in x)
# Output: True
print('hello' not in x)
# Output: True
print(1 in y)
# Output: False
print('a' in y)
Output
True
True
True
False
Here, 'H' is in x but 'hello' is not present in x (remember, Python is case sensitive). Similarly, 1 is
key and 'a' is the value in dictionary y. Hence, 'a' in y returns False.

Type conversions
Data conversion in Python can happen in two ways: either you tell the compiler to convert a
data type to some other type explicitly, or the compiler understands this by itself a nd does it for
you
There are two-types of type-conversions in Python:
Explicit Conversion: In explicit conversion, users convert the data type in to their required type
using int(), float(), str(), etc.
The general form of an explicit data type conversion is as follows:
(required_data_type)(expression)
Implicit Conversion: In implicit conversion, the python interpreter itself converts the lower data
type to greater data type
example:
a_int = 1
b_float = 1.0
c_sum = a_int + b_float
print(c_sum)
print(type(c_sum))
Python String to Int Conversion
It is crucial for a developer to know the different Python Data types and conversions between
them. Let’s take Python String to Int conversion itself, whenever we get the input from the user
we typically use the input() function
The input() function reads a data entered by the user and converts it into a string and returns it.
Even though the user has entered a numeric value, it will be automatically converted
to String by Python, which cannot be used directly for any manipulation.
For example, if we want to divide the number entered by the user by 2.
>>> num = input("Enter a number : ")
Enter a number : 10
>>> num
'10'
The value stored inside num is not an integer 10 but the string ’10’. Let’s check the type
of num for a confirmation.
>>> type(num)
<class 'str'>
If we try to divide the num by 2, we will get an Unsupported operand type error.
>>> print( num /2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in

print( num /2)

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int'
We cannot perform division operation on a String. So we need to perform the type conversion
into the corresponding data type. Let’s limit it to int for now.
Using int() function to convert Python String to Int
For integer related operation, Python provides us with int class. We can use the int()
function present in the int class to convert Python String to Int.
The int() function comes in two flavors
 int(x) – Returns the integer objects constructed from the argument passed, it returns 0 if
no argument is passed. It will create an integer object with the default base 10 (decimal).
 int (x, base) – This method also returns the integer object with the
corresponding base passed as the argument.
Let’s try to fix the issue which has happened in the above code. All we need to do is to just pass
the num variable to the int() function to get it converted to an integer.
>>> num = int(num)
>>> type(num)
<class 'int'>
>>> print(num /2)
5.0
Python Int to String Conversion
Converting a Python Int to String is pretty straight forward, we just need to pass the integer to
the str() function. We don’t have to worry about the type of number or its bases.
>>> num = 13
>>> strNum = str(num)
>>> strNum
'13'
Converting to different Bases

We are able to successfully convert a string to an integer using the int() function, which is
of base 10.
Let’s try to convert the String to different bases other than decimal such as binary (base 2),
octal (base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16)
>>> val = '1101'
>>> base2int = int(val, 2)
>>> base2int
13
>>> val = '13'
>>> base8int
11
>>> val = '1A'

>>> base16int
26
Conversion program by using predefined functions
Python built-in functions bin(), oct(), or hex() can be used to convert an integer to a binary, octal,
or hexadecimal string respectively.
dec = int(input("Enter a decimal number: "))
print(bin(dec),"in binary.")
print(oct(dec),"in octal.")
print(hex(dec),"in hexadecimal."
Output:
Enter a decimal number: 10
0b1010 in binary.
0o12 in octal.
0xa in hexadecimal.
Python Expressions:
Expression: An expression is a combination of operators, constants and variables. An
expression may consist of one or more operands, and zero or more operators to produce a
value.
Example:
a+b
c
s-1/7*f
.
.
etc

Expressions are representations of value. They are different from statement in the fact that
statements do something while expressions are representation of value. For example any string is
also an expressions since it represents the value of the string as well.
Python has some advanced constructs through which you can represent values and hence these
constructs are also called expressions.
Python expressions only contain identifiers, literals, and operators. So, what are these?
Identifiers: Any name that is used to define a class, function, variable module, or object is an
identifier.
Literals: These are language-independent terms in Python and should exist independently in any
programming language. In Python, there are the string literals, byte literals, integer literals,
floating point literals, and imaginary literals.
Following are a few types of python expressions:List comprehension
The syntax for list comprehension is shown below:
[ compute(var) for var in iterable ]
For example, the following code will get all the number within 10 and put them in a list.
>>> [x for x in range(10)]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Dictionary comprehension
This is the same as list comprehension but will use curly braces:
{ k, v for k in iterable }
For example, the following code will get all the numbers within 5 as the keys and will keep the
corresponding squares of those numbers as the values.
>>> {x:x**2 for x in range(5)}

{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
Generator expression
The syntax for generator expression is shown below:

( compute(var) for var in iterable )
For example, the following code will initialize a generator object that returns the values within
10 when the object is called.
>>> (x for x in range(10))
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x7fec47aee870>
>>> list(x for x in range(10))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Conditional Expressions
You can use the following construct for one-liner conditions:

true_value if Condition else false_value
Example:
>>> x = "1" if True else "2"
>>> x
'1'
Python Operators Precedence :
The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.
Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+- Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the
last two are +@ and -@)
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+- Addition and subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'td>

^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += Assignment operators

*= **=
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher
precedence than +, so it first multiplies 3*2 and then adds into 7.
Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest
appear at the bottom.
Example
a = 20
b = 10
c = 15
d=5
e=0
e = (a + b) * c / d #( 30 * 15 ) / 5
print( "Value of (a + b) * c / d is ", e)
e = ((a + b) * c) / d # (30 * 15 ) / 5
print( "Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is ", e)
e = (a + b) * (c / d); # (30) * (15/5)

print ("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is ", e)
e = a + (b * c) / d; # 20 + (150/5)
print ("Value of a + (b * c) / d is ", e)
result :
Value of (a + b) * c / d is 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is 50

More about Data Output.

There are several ways to present the output of a program, data can
be printed to the console.
The print function will print everything as strings.
Syntax: print(value(s), sep= ‘ ’, end = ‘\n’, file=file, flush=flush)
Parameters:
value(s): Any value, and as many as you like. Will be converted to string before printed.
sep=’separator’: (Optional) Specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than
one.Default :’ ‘
end=’end’: (Optional) Specify what to print at the end. Default : ‘\n’
file: (Optional) An object with a write method. Default :sys.stdout
flush: (Optional) A Boolean, specifying if the output is flushed (True) or buffered

(False). Default: False
Example:
>>>print(10,20,30,40,sep='-',end='&’)
Output:
10-20-30-40&
>>>print('apple',1,'mango',2,'orange',3,sep='@',end='#’)
Output:
apple@1@mango@2@orange@3#
Even though there are different ways to print values in Python, we discuss two major
string formats which are used inside the print() function to display the contents onto
the console.
 str.format() method
 f-strings

str.format() –this function is used to insert value of a variable into another string and
display it as a single string.
Syntax: str.format(p0,p1,..k0=val1,k1=val1..), where p0,p1 are called positional, and

k0,k1 are called keyword arguments.
Positional arguments are accessed using the index, and keyword arguments are
accessed using the name of the argument.
f-strings -Formatted strings or f-strings were introduced in Python

3.6. A f-string is a string literal that is prefixed with “f”.
Using str.format() with positional arguments
dataoutput.py Output
#more about data output Enter your country india I
country=input('Enter your country') print('I Love my india
Love my { }'.format(country))
Where { } are called placeholder. The value of the variable is placed inside the
placeholder according to the position. The arguments are placed according to their
position.
dataout.py Output
branch=input('Enter branch name') Enter branch name CSE
Enter the year of study 2
year=int(input('Enter the year of study')) The branch name is CSE
and the year is 2
print('The branch name is {0} and the year is
{1}'.format(branch,year))
Using str.format() with keyword arguments
It may be difficult for us to remember the order or positions of arguments. Keyword

arguments are suitable when you are not sure of position, but know the names of the
arguments.

dataout1.py
branch=input('Enter branch name')
year=int(input('Enter the year of study'))
print('The branch is {b} and year is {y}'.format(b=branch,y=year))
Output:
Enter branch name cse Enter
the year of study 2
The branch is cse and year is 2
Using f-string
Formatted strings or f-strings were introduced in Python 3.6. A f- string is

a string literal that is prefixed with “f”. These strings may contain
replacement fields, which are expressions enclosed within curly braces {
}. The expressions are replaced with their values. An f at the beginning of
the string tells Python to allow any valid variable names within the string.
Dataout2.py
branch=input('Enter branch name') year=int(input('Enter the year of
study'))
print( f 'The branch name is {branch} and the year is {year}’)
Output
Enter branch name cse Enter the
year of study 2
The branch name is cse and the year is 2

I. Data types, and expressions

 Data type defines the type of the variable, whether it is an integer variable, string
variable, tuple, dictionary, list etc
 Data types represent a kind of value which determines what operations can be
performed on that data. Numeric, non-numeric and Boolean (true/false) data are the
most used data types.
 Number values, strings, and tuple are immutable, which means their contents can't be
altered after creation.
 On the other hand, collection of items in a List or Dictionary object can be modified. It
is possible to add, delete, insert, and rearrange items in a list or dictionary. Hence, they
are mutable objects.
 You can get the data type of any object by using the type() function
the data types defined in Python are given below.

1. Numbers
2. Sequence Type
3. Boolean
4. Set
5. Dictionary
String(immutable variables)
 The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation
marks. In Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.

 String handling in Python is a straightforward task since Python provides built-in

functions and operators to perform operations in the string.
 In the case of string handling, the operator + is used to concatenate two strings as the
operation "hello"+" python" returns "hello python".
 The operator * is known as a repetition operator as the operation "Python" *2 returns
'Python Python'.
Example - 1
str = "string using double quotes"
print(str)
s = '''''A multiline
string'''
print(s)
Output:
string using double quotes
A multiline
String
Just like a list and tuple, the slicing operator [ ] can be used with strings. Strings, however, are
immutable.
Example:
s = 'Hello world!'
print("s[4] = ", s[4])
print("s[6:11] = ", s[6:11])
s[5] ='d'
Output:
s[4] = o
s[6:11] = world
File "<string>", line 11, in <module>
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
1. String literals:
String literals can be formed by enclosing a text in the quotes. We can use both single as well as
double quotes to create a string.
Example:
"Aman" , '12345'
Types of Strings:
There are two types of Strings supported in Python:
a) Single-line String- Strings that are terminated within a single-line are known as Single line
Strings.
Example:
text1='hello'

b) Multi-line String - A piece of text that is written in multiple lines is known as multiple lines
string.
There are two ways to create multiline strings:
1) Adding black slash at the end of each line.
Example:
text1='hello\
user'
print(text1)
'hellouser'
2) Using triple quotation marks:-
Example:
str2='''''welcome
to
SSSIT'''”
print str2
Output:
welcome
to
SSSIT
EscapeSequence
The newline character \n is called as escape sequence. Escape sequences are the
way Python expresses special characters, such as the tab, the newline, and the
backspace (delete key), as literals.
ESCAPE SEQUENCE MEANING

\b Backspace
\n Newline
\t Horizontals tab
\\ The \ Character
\’ Single Quotation mark
\” Double quotation mark
Comment
A comment is a piece of program text that the interpreter ignores but that
provides useful documentation to programmers. At the very le ast, the author of

a program can include his or her name and a brief statement about the purpose
of the program at the beginning of the program file. This type of comment,
called a docstring, is a multi-line string. This can be written inside Triple
double quotes or Triple single quotes. In addition to docstrings, end-of-line
comments can document a program. These comments begin with the # symbol
and extend to the end of a line.
End-of-line
Docstring
# read word from keyboard
"""
Program: VowelTest.py Author :

KSR
Purpose: Testing whether a
given word contains
any vowels or not
"""
Numeric Data Types
 Number stores numeric values. The integer, float, and complex values belong to a Python
Numbers data-type.
 Python provides the type() function to know the data-type of the variable.
 Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to check an object belongs to a particular
class.
Python supports three types of numeric data.
1. Int - Integer value can be any length such as integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc. Python has
no restriction on the length of an integer. Its value belongs to int
2. Float - Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It is
accurate upto 15 decimal points.
3. complex - A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote
the real and imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3j, etc
For example;
a=5
print("The type of a", type(a))
print(" a is a integer number", isinstance(a,int))
b = 40.5
print("The type of b", type(b))

c = 1+3j
print("The type of c", type(c))
print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))
Output:
The type of a <class 'int'>
a is a integer number:True
The type of b <class 'float'>
The type of c <class 'complex'>
c is complex number: True
In Python we can print decimal equivalent of binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers using the
prefixes.
0b(zero + ‘b’) and 0B(zero + ‘B’) – Binary Number
0o(zero + ‘o’) and 0O(zero + ‘O’) – Octal Number
0x(zero + ‘x’) and 0X(zero + ‘X’) – Hexadecimal Number
# integer equivalent of binary number 101

num = 0b101
print(num)
# integer equivalent of Octal number 32
num2 = 0o32
print(num2)
# integer equivalent of Hexadecimal number FF
num3 = 0xFF
print(num3)
output:
5
26
255
2.2 Python List

 Python Lists are similar to arrays in C.
 List is an ordered sequence of items. It is one of the most used datatype in Python
and is very flexible. However, the list can contain data of different types. The items
stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets [].
 We can use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list. The concatenation operator
(+) and repetition operator (*) works with the list in the same way as they were working
with the strings.
a = [1, 2.2, 'python']

We can use the slicing operator [ ] to extract an item or a range of items from a list. The index
starts from 0 in Python.
Example:
a = [5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40]
print("a[2] = ", a[2])
print("a[0:3] = ", a[0:3])
print("a[5:] = ", a[5:])
Output
a[2] = 15
a[0:3] = [5, 10, 15]
a[5:] = [30, 35, 40]
Lists are mutable, meaning, the value of elements of a list can be altered.
Example:
a = [1, 2, 3]
a[2] = 4
print(a)
Output
[1, 2, 4]
2.3 Python Tuple(immutable variables)
A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the collection of the
items of different data types. The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed
in parentheses ().
Tuple is an ordered sequence of items same as a list. The only difference is that tuples are
immutable. Tuples once created cannot be modified.
Tuples are used to write-protect data and are usually faster than lists as they cannot change
dynamically.
Syntax:Syntax:
tuple = (value1, value2, value3,...valueN)
t = (5,'program', 1+3j)
We can use the slicing operator [] to extract items but we cannot change its value.
Example:
t = (5,'program', 1+3j)
print("t[1] = ", t[1])
print("t[1:] = ", t[1:])
print("t[0:3] = ", t[0:3])
# Tuple concatenation using + operator
print (t + t)
# Tuple repatation using * operator
print (t * 3)
t[0] = 10

Output
t[1] = program
t[1:] = ('program', (1+3j))
t[0:3] = (5, 'program', (1+3j))
(5, 'program', (1+3j), 5, 'program', (1+3j))
(5, 'program', (1+3j), 5, 'program', (1+3j), 5, 'program', (1+3j))
t[0] = 10
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
3.Python Dictionary
 Dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
 It is generally used when we have a huge amount of data. Dictionaries are optimized for
retrieving data. We must know the key to retrieve the value.
 In Python, dictionaries are defined within braces {} with each item being a pair in the
form key:value. Key and value can be of any type.
Syntax:Syntax:
dict = { key1:value1, key2:value2,...keyN:valueN }
>>> d = {1:'value','key':2}
>>> type(d)
<class 'dict'>
We use key to retrieve the respective value. But not the other way around.
Example:
d = {1:'value','key':2}
print(type(d))
print("d[1] = ", d[1]);
print("d['key'] = ", d['key']);
# Generates error
print("d[2] = ", d[2]);
Output
<class 'dict'>
d[1] = value
d['key'] = 2
File "<string>", line 9, in <module>
KeyError: 2
4.Boolean

Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False. These values are used to
determine the given statement true or false. It denotes by the class bool. True can be represented
by any non-zero value or 'T' whereas false can be represented by the 0 or 'F'.
Example:
# Python program to check the boolean type
print(type(True))
print(type(False))
print(false)
Output:
<class 'bool'>
<class 'bool'>
NameError: name 'false' is not defined
5.Python Set
Set is an unordered collection of unique items. Set is defined by values separated by comma
inside braces { }. Items in a set are not ordered.
Example:
a = {5,2,3,1,4}
# printing set variable
print("a = ", a)
# data type of variable a
print(type(a))
Output
a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
<class 'set'>
We can perform set operations like union, intersection on two sets. Sets have unique values.
They eliminate duplicates.
Example:
a = {1,2,2,3,3,3}
print(a)
Output
{1, 2, 3}
Since, set are unordered collection, indexing has no meaning. Hence, the slicing operator [] does
not work.
>>> a = {1,2,3}
>>> a[1]
File "<string>", line 301, in runcode
File "<interactive input>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'set' object does not support indexing

Python Character Set

Character set is the set of valid characters that a language can recognize. A character
represents any letter, digit or any other symbol. Python has the following character sets:
Letters – A to Z, a to z
Digits – 0 to 9
Special Symbols - + - * / etc.
Whitespaces – Blank Space, tab, carriage return, newline, formfeed
Other characters – Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as part of data
or literals.
Using functions and Modules.

A function is a chunk of code that can be called by name to performa task. Functions
often require arguments, that is, specific data values, to perform their tasks.
Arguments are also known as parameters
The process of sending a result back to another part of a program is known as returning
a value.
For example, the argument in the function call round(6.6) is the value 6.6, and the value
returned is 7. When an argument is an expression, it is first evaluated, and then its value
is passed to the function for further processing. For instance, the function call abs(4– 5)
first evaluates the expression 4 - 5 and then passes the result,-1, to abs. Finally, abs
returns 1.
Functions and other resources are placed in components called modules. Functions like
abs() and round() from the builtin module are always available for use, whereas
the programmer must explicitly import other functions from the modules where they are
defined. The math module includes several functions that perform basic mathematical
operations
Python Import
A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. Python modules have a filename
and end with the extension .py.
Definitions inside a module can be imported to another module or the interactive interpreter in
Python. We use the import keyword to do this.
For example, we can import the math module by typing the following line:
import math
We can use the module in the following ways:

import math
print(math.pi)

Output
3.141592653589793
Now all the definitions inside math module are available in our scope. We can also import some
specific attributes and functions only, using the from keyword. For example:
>>> from math import pi

>>> pi
3.141592653589793
Decision Structures and Boolean Logic:

Python Decision making statements or Control statements :
 Decision making is the most important aspect of almost all the programming
languages. The decisions are made on the validity of the particular conditions.
 Condition checking is the backbone of decision making.
 Conditional Statement in Python perform different actions depending on whether
a specific Boolean constraint or condition evaluates to true or false.
In python, decision making is performed by the following statements.

Statement Description
If Statement The if statement is used to test a specific condition. If the condition is true,
a block of code (if-block) will be executed.
If - else The if-else statement is similar to if statement except the fact that, it also
Statement provides the block of the code for the false case of the condition to be
checked. If the condition provided in the if statement is false, then the else
statement will be executed.
If-elif-else The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute the
specific block of statements depending upon the true condition among them
Nested if Nested if statements enable us to use if ? else statement inside an outer if

Statement statement.
Indentation in Python
For the ease of programming and to achieve simplicity, python doesn't allow the use of
parentheses for the block level code. In Python, indentation is used to declare a block. If two
statements are at the same indentation level, then they are the part of the same block.
Generally, four spaces are given to indent the statements which are a typical amount of
indentation in python.
Indentation is the most used part of the python language since it declares the block of code. All
the statements of one block are intended at the same level indentation. .
The if statement
The if statement is used to test a particular condition and if the condition is true, it
executes a block of code known as if-block.
The condition of if statement can be any valid logical expression which can be either
evaluated to true or false.
The syntax of the if-statement is given
below.
if expression:
statement
Example 1
num = int(input("enter the number?"))
if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even")
Output:
enter the number?10
Number is even
Example 2 : Program to print the largest of the three numbers.
a = int(input("Enter a? "));
b = int(input("Enter b? "));
c = int(input("Enter c? "));
if a>b and a>c:
print("a is largest");
if b>a and b>c:
print("b is largest");
if c>a and c>b:
print("c is largest");

Output:
Enter a? 100
Enter b? 120
Enter c? 130
c is largest
The if-else statement

The if-else statement provides an else block combined with the if statement which is executed in
the false case of the condition.
If the condition is true, then the if-block is executed. Otherwise, the else-block is executed.
The syntax of the if-else statement is given
below.
if condition:
#block of statements
else:
#another block of statements (else-
block)
Example 1 : Program to check whether a Example 2: Program to check whether a

person is eligible to vote or not. number is even or not.
age = int (input("Enter your age? ")) num = int(input("enter the number?"))
if age>=18: if num%2 == 0:
print("You are eligible to vote !!"); print("Number is even...")
else: else:
print("Sorry! you have to wait !!"); print("Number is odd...")
Output: Output:
Enter your age? 90 enter the number?10
You are eligible to vote !! Number is even
The elif statement

The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute the specific block of
statements depending upon the true condition among them. We can have any number of elif
statements in our program depending upon our need. However, using elif is optional.
The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder statement in C. It must be succeeded by an if
statement.
The syntax and flowchart of the elif statement is given below.

if[boolean expression]:
[statements]
elif [boolean expresion]:
[statements]
elif [boolean expresion]:
[statements]
else:
[statements]
Example 1 Example 2
number = int(input("Enter the number?")) marks = int(input("Enter the marks? "))
if number==10: if marks > 85 and marks <= 100:
print("number is equals to 10") print("Congrats ! you scored grade A ...")
elif number==50: elif marks > 60 and marks <= 85:
print("number is equal to 50"); print("You scored grade B + ...")
elif number==100: elif marks > 40 and marks <= 60:
print("number is equal to 100"); print("You scored grade B ...")
else: elif (marks > 30 and marks <= 40):
print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or print("You scored grade C ...")
100"); else:
print("Sorry you are fail ?")
Output:
Enter the number?15
number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100
Python Nested if statements
We can have a if...elif...else statement inside another if...elif...else statement. This is called
nesting in computer programming.
Any number of these statements can be nested inside one another. Indentation is the only way to
figure out the level of nesting. They can get confusing, so they must be avoided unless necessary.
Syntax: Flowchart:
if ( test condition 1):
if ( test condition 2):
Test condition 2 True statements
else:
Test condition 2 False statements

else:
Test condition 1 False statements
Example:input a number check if the number is positive or negative or zero and display
an appropriate message .
num = float(input("Enter a number: ")) Output 1
if num >= 0: Enter a number: 5
if num == 0: Positive number
print("Zero") Output 2
else: Enter a number: -1
print("Positive number") Negative number
else: Output 3
print("Negative number") Enter a number: 0
Zero
Comparing Strings :
To compare two strings, we mean that we want to identify whether the two strings are equivalent
to each other or not, or perhaps which string should be greater or smaller than the other.
This is done using the following operators:
 ==: This checks whether two strings are equal

 !=: This checks if two strings are not equal
 <: This checks if the string on its left is smaller than that on its right
 <=: This checks if the string on its left is smaller than or equal to that on its right
 >: This checks if the string on its left is greater than that on its right
 >=: This checks if the string on its left is greater than or equal to that on its right
How to execute the comparison

>>> "january" == "jane" False
String equality is compared using == (double equal sign). This comparison process
is carried out as follow:
 First two characters (j and j) from the both the strings are compared using
the ASCII values.
 Since both ASCII values are same then next characters (a and a) are
compared. Here they are also equal, and hence next characters (n and n)
from both strings are compared.
 This comparison also returns True, and comparison is continued with

next characters (u and e). Since the ASCII value of the ‘u’ is greater than
the ASCII value of ‘e’ this time it returns False. Finally, the comparison
operation returns False
Example1:
print("Geek" == "Geek")
print("Geek" < "geek")
print("Geek" > "geek")
print("Geek" != "Geek")
Output:
True
True
False
False
Boolean Variables
The variables that store Boolean value either True or False called Boolean variables.
If the expression is returning a Boolean value then it is called Boolean expression.
The Boolean data type can be one of two values, either True or False. Named for the
mathematician George Boole, the word Boolean always begins with a capitalized B. The
values True and False will also always be with a capital T and F respectively.
Boolean logic is implemented with Comparison operators and logical operators
BOOLEAN WITH COMPARISION OPERATORS:Comparison operators are used to compare
values and evaluate down to a single Boolean value of either True or False.

Conditional
Meaning of Condition
Operator
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
EXAMPLE FOR BOOLEAN WITH COMPARISION OPERATORS:

x=5
y=8
print("x == y:", x == y)
print("x != y:", x != y)
print("x < y:", x < y)
print("x > y:", x > y)
print("x <= y:", x <= y)
print("x >= y:", x >= y)
Output:
x == y: False
x != y: True
x < y: True
x > y: False
x <= y: True
x >= y: False
BOOLEAN WITH LOGICAL OPERATORS:
The logical operators and, or and not are also referred to as boolean operators.
There are three types of Boolean Logical operators:
The AND operator (&& or “and”)
The OR operator (|| or “or”)
The NOT operator (not)
AND Boolean Operator in Python
The AND Boolean operator is similar to the bitwise AND operator where the operator
analyzes the expressions written on both sides and returns the output.
 True and True = True
 True and False = False
 False and True = False
 False and False = False
Program:
a = 30
b = 45
if(a > 30 and b == 45):
print("True")
else:
print("False")
output: False
Or Boolean Operator in Python
The OR operator is similar to the OR bitwise operator. In the bitwise OR, we were focussing
on either of the bit being 1. Here, we take into account if either of the expression is true or not. If
at least one expression is true, consequently, the result is true.
 True or True = True
 True or False = True
 False or True = True
 False or False = False
Program:
a = 25
b = 30
if(a > 30 or b < 45):
print("True")
else:
print("False")
output: True
Not Boolean Operator in Python

The NOT operator reverses the result of the boolean expression that follows the operator. It is
important to note that the NOT operator will only reverse the final result of the expression
that immediately follows. Moreover, the NOT operator is denoted by the keyword “not“.
 not(True) = False
 not(False) = True
a=2
b=2
if(not(a == b)):
print("If Executed")
else:
print("Else Executed")
ouput: Else Executed

NOTE: You can directly use the word “and ” instead of “&&” to denote the “and ” boolean
operator
bool() function:
The bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and give you True or False in return,
Example:
print(bool("sai"))- True
print(bool(9))- True
Repetition Structures
Python loops:
 In python ,loops statements are used to execute the block of code repeatedly for a
specified number of times or until it meets a specified condition.
 Loops are used in programming to repeat a specific block of code.
 A loop is a used for iterating over a set of statements repeatedly.
 A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times.
The following diagram illustrates a loop statement −
Python programming language provides following types of loops :

1.while loop
2.for loop
While loop:
In python, while loop is used to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given a
condition is satisfied. And when the condition becomes false, the line immediately after the loop
in program is executed.
We use while loop when we don’t know the number of times to iterate.

Syntax of while Loop in Python

while expression:
Body of while
 In Python, the body of the while loop is determined through indentation.

 The body starts with indentation and the first unindented line marks the end.
 Python interprets any non-zero value as True. None and 0 are interpreted as False.
Example1: Example2:
# Python program to illustrate # Program to add 10 natural
# while loop n = 10
count = 0 # initialize sum and counter
while (count < 3): sum = 0
count = count + 1 i=1
print("Hello") while i <= n:
output: sum = sum + i
Hello i = i+1 # update counter
Hello # print the sum
Hello print(“The sum is”, sum)
output :
Enter n: 10
The sum is 55
Example WHILE
i=1 i=1
while i < 4: while i < 4:
print(i) print(i)
i+=1 i+=1
print('END')
print('END')
1
1
END
2 2
3 END
END 3
END
Infinite while loop:

If the condition is given in the while loop never becomes false, then the while loop will never
terminate, and it turns into the infinite while loop.
Any non-zero value in the while loop indicates an always-true condition, whereas zero indicates
the always-false condition. This type of approach is useful if we want our program to run
continuously in the loop without any disturbance.
Example1:
This will print the word ‘hello’ indefinitely because the condition will always be true.
while True:
print("hello")
Example 2:
num = 1
while num<5:
print(num)
This will print ‘1’ indefinitely because inside loop we are not updating the value of num, so the
value of num will always remain 1 and the condition num < 5 will always return true.
Using else Statement with While Loop
Python supports to have an else statement associated with a loop statement.
If the else statement is used with a while loop, the else statement is executed when the condition
becomes false.
The following example illustrates the combination of an else statement with a while statement
that prints a number as long as it is less than 5, otherwise else statement gets executed.
Example:
count = 0
while count < 5:
print count, " is less than 5"
count = count + 1
else:
print count, " is not less than 5"
result:
0 is less than 5
1 is less than 5
2 is less than 5
3 is less than 5
4 is less than 5
5 is not less than 5
Single statement while block: Just like the if block, if the while block consists of a single
statement the we can declare the entire loop in a single line as shown below:
# Python program to illustrate
# Single statement while block

count = 0
while (count == 0): print("Hello Geek")
Note: It is suggested not to use this type of loops as it is a never ending infinite loop where the
condition is always true and you have to forcefully terminate the compiler.
For loop:
The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string) or other iterable
objects. Iterating over a sequence is called traversal.
We use for loop when we know the number of times to iterate.
Syntax of for Loop
for val in sequence:
Body of for
Here, val is the variable that takes the value of the item inside the sequence on each iteration.
Loop continues until we reach the last item in the sequence. The body of for loop is separated
from the rest of the code using indentation.
Example:
# Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list
# List of numbers
numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2, 5, 4, 11]
sum = 0
# iterate over the list
for val in numbers:
sum = sum+val
print("The sum is", sum)
output:
The sum is 48
Function range()
In the above example, we have iterated over a list using for loop. However we can also use a
range() function in for loop to iterate over numbers defined by range().
range(n): generates a set of whole numbers starting from 0 to (n-1).
For example: range(8) is equivalent to [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
range(start, stop): generates a set of whole numbers starting from start to stop-1.
For example:range(5, 9) is equivalent to [5, 6, 7, 8]
range(start, stop, step_size): The default step_size is 1 which is why when we didn’t specify
the step_size, the numbers generated are having difference of 1. However by specifying
step_size we can generate numbers having the difference of step_size.
For example: range(1, 10, 2) is equivalent to [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
ex: we are using range() function to calculate and display the sum of first 5 natural numbers.
# Program to print the sum of first 5 natural numbers
sum = 0
# iterating over natural numbers using range()
for val in range(1, 6):
sum = sum + val
# displaying sum of first 5 natural numbers
print(sum)
Output: 15
for loop with else
A for loop can have an optional else block as well. The else part is executed if the items in the
sequence used in for loop exhausts.
The break keyword can be used to stop a for loop. In such cases, the else part is ignored.
Hence, a for loop's else part runs if no break occurs.
Example:
digits = [0, 1, 5]
for i in digits:
print(i)
else:
print("No items left.")
output :
0
1
5
No items left.
Here, the for loop prints items of the list until the loop exhausts. When the for loop exhausts, it
executes the block of code in the else and prints No items left.
Calculating a Running Total
We can calculate the sum of input numbers while entering from the keyboard as demonstrated in
the following example.

n=int(input('Enter n:'))
sum=0
for i in range(n):
data=float(input('Enter value'))
sum=sum+data
#display sum
print('Sum is:',sum)
Output:
Enter n:4 Enter

value12 Enter
value13 Enter
value21 Enter
value22 Sum
is: 68.0
Input Validation Loops

Loops can be used to validate user input. For instance, a program may require the user
to enter a positive integer. Many of us have seen a “yes/no” prompt at some point,
although probably in the form of a dialog box with buttons rather than text.
When we accept user input we need to check that it is valid. This checks to see that it is the sor
t of data we were expecting.
Use a flag variable. This will initially be set to False. If we establish that we have the correct i
nput then we set the flag to True. We can now use the flag to determine what we do next (for i
nstance, we might repeat some code, or use the flag in an if statement).
Syntax
Using a flag
flagName = False
while not flagName:
if [Do check here]:
flagName = True
else:
print('error message')
Example:A length check using a flag

isLongEnough = False
while not isLongEnough:
password = input('Enter password at least 5 characters: ')
if len(password) >= 5:
isLongEnough = True
else:
print('Password entered is too short')
print('Your password entered is: ' + password)

Output
Enter password at least 5 characters: asdf
Password entered is too short
Enter password at least 5 characters: 1234
Password entered is too short
Enter password at least 5 characters: ad4fgj
Your password entered is: ad4fgj
Nested Loops: Python programming language allows to use one loop inside another loop.
Following section shows few examples to illustrate the concept.
Syntax for a nested for loop statement
Syntax for a nested while loop statement
)
A final note on loop nesting is that we can put any type of loop inside of any other type of loop.
For example a for loop can be inside a while loop or vice versa.
for iterator_var in sequence: while expression:
for iterator_var in sequence: while expression:
statements(s) statement(s)
statements(s) statement(s
Nested For loop in Python Nested while loop in Python
When a for loop is present inside another for When a while loop is present inside another
loop then it is called a nested for loop. Lets while loop then it is called nested while loop.
take an example of nested for loop. Lets take an example to understand this
for num1 in range(3): concept.
for num2 in range(10, 14): i=1
print(num1, ",", num2) j=5
Output: while i < 4:
0 , 10 while j < 8:
0 , 11 print(i, ",", j)
0 , 12 j=j+1
0 , 13 i=i+1
1 , 10 Output:

1 , 11 1,5
1 , 12 2,6
1 , 13 3,7
2 , 10
2 , 11
2 , 12
2 , 13
----------------------------******--------------------------------

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R20 PYTHON PROGRAMMING UNIT 1

o Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Windows Operating System

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Step2: Install the downloaded Python software

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Step 3:Click the Close button.

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Now we can execute our Python commands.Eg:

Save it by .py extension.

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Now open Command prompt and execute it by :

3 Using IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

Editing, saving, and running a script (Script mode)

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Running a Python program in IDLE

Program Development Cycle

4. Coding & Documentation

5. Testing & Debugging

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

where prompt is the string we wish to display on the screen. It is optional.

>>> num = input('Enter a number: ')

Example input() with int, float, string:

This sentence is output to the screen

Another example is given below:

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

Here, objects is the value(s) to be printed.

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

I love bread and butter

We can even use keyword arguments to format the string.

>>> print('Hello {name}, {greeting}'.format(greeting = 'Goodmorning', name = 'John'))

Comments in Python Programming:

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

print("Python comment example")

output: Python comment example

Types of Comments in Python

There are two types of comments in Python.

Single line comment

#This is a long comment

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

First print statement.

# Second print statement

print("Welcome to BeginnersBook") # Third print statement

# character inside quotes

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Function to double the value

Class from or await

Continue global pass

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

Reading Input from the Keyboard

How the input function works in Python :

Chandra Sekhar Koppireddy, CSE Dept Pragati Engineering College (A)

num = input ("Enter number :")

Performing calculations involving both integers and floating-point

>>> 3.14*3*3 28.259999999999998

>>> 9*5.0 45.0

The eval () function

>>> 3.1433 28.259999999999998