API 570 Piping Inspection Code

Part 2: Pipe Design

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 1
 Objectives

Understand B31.3’s scope and organization

Know the three needed B31.3 piping classes
Determine the allowable stress “S”
Determine the Quality Factor “E”
Calculate pipe thickness
Calculate blank (blind) thickness
Familiarize yourself with basic design issues

Other B31’s:
•B31.1 – Power Piping (Boiler)
•B31.4 – Pipeline Systems for Liquids
•B31.8 – Pipeline Systems for Gases
•B31.11 – Slurry Piping Systems
•B31.2 – Fuel Gas Piping
•B31.5 – Refrigeration Piping
•B31.9 – Building Services

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 2
 B31.3 Piping Classes

Normal Service Normal or Severe

 Majority of plant Piping Cycle
150 psig
Severe Cyclic Service
 High Stress
 Over 7000 stress cycle

Category D Category D
 Not damaging humans
 Pressure Limit ≤ 150 psig
 Temp: -20 thru 366oF
 “Duh Utility Piping”
15 psig
Category M None Code
Very Toxic
Not covered 0 psig
in API 570
Nonmetallic exam
-20oF -366oF
High Pressure None Code & Category D
Excess of Flange Class 2500 •Non-Toxic
•Non-Hazardous
•Non-Flammable

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 3
 B31.3 Organization

Table of Content Appendix A-Z

App A: “S” & “E”
Chapter I App C: Thermal Growth
 Scope
 Definition Index

Chapter II-VI
 Three Piping Services
 Normal Service
 Severe Cyclic Service
 Category D

Chapter VII-IX
 Three Piping Services
 Nonmetallic
 Category M
 High Pressure

Note: Two important tools for finding open book

info – Table of Contents and the Index!

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 4
 B31.3 Organization Basic Concept

1. Piping classes in Chapter II-VI?

Only Normal Service, Severe Cyclic and Category D. The other three are in Chapter VII-IX – not
covered in API exam.

2. How Chapter II-VI organized?

By sequence of project activity. DESIGN the pipe…then BUILD the pipe…then INSPECT the
pipe…then TEST the pipe.

3. How the 3 piping classes (Severe, Normal, Cat D) identified in Chapter II-VI?
Rule 1: If code mentions a piping class then rule applies only to that piping class.
Rule 2: If code does not mention piping classes, then the rule applies to all 3 piping classes
(Severe, Normal, Cat D).

Eg: 304.1.2 Wall Thickness Calcs (class not mentioned)

341.4 Required Examinations
341.4.2 Category D
341.4.7 Normal Service
341.4.3 Severe Cyclic

4. All paragraphs in B31.3 are 3xx. The “3” stands for B31.”3”

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 5
 The B31.3 Players

Owner
 Overall responsibility for compliance with the Code

Designer
 Design complies with Code

Manufacturer
 Provides materials & workmanship that complies with the Code

Owner’s Inspector
 Assure that the Code requirements for inspection, examination and testing are met (TIE)
 Full access to all piping work

Owner

Designer Manufacturer Inspector

B31.3 Organization

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 6
 Exercise 1

1. What are the qualification requirements for NDE personnel?

2. What are the requirements for the weld metal of tack welds?

3. The Owner’s Inspector must have how many years of related inspection experience?

4. A hydrotest must be held for at least ______ minutes.

5. Describe the heat treatment called “Normalizing”

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 7
 Answers 1

1. What are the qualification requirements for NDE personnel?

SNT-TC-1A

2. What are the requirements for the weld metal of tack welds?
328.5.1 Made by qualified welder or welding operator

3. The Owner’s Inspector must have how many years of related inspection experience?
10 years

4. A hydrotest must be held for at least 10 minutes.

5. Describe the heat treatment called “Normalizing”

A process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a suitable temperature above the
transformation range and subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature.

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 8
 Retirement Thickness

The Formula

PD 304.1.2
t=
2(SE+PY)

P = design pressure (psig)

D = outside diameter (inch) see B16.5 Table
S = allowable stress (psi)
E = quality factor
Y = coefficient from Table 304.1.1

Y produces very minor affect on the calculated thickness. Generally it reduces the retirement
thickness by about 1%. The Coefficient Y for our calculations will be 0.4.

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 9
 Info

Thickness Terms

The terms have not been standardized throughout different codes. As a result, the
terms used can be very confusing.

1. Retirement Thickness (this term is not used in code). The minimum thickness
allowed. If the component is below this thickness, the component should be
repaired or replaced.
 In B31.3 this is called “pressure design thickness”
 In API 570 this is called “required thickness”
 Many call it “minimum thickness” or “t-min”

2. Retirement thickness plus Corrosion Allowance. When ordering new pipe, you
always need to add the appropriate corrosion allowance.
 In B31.3 this is called “minimum required thickness”

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 10
 Strength & Stress

Stress Measures Strength

 Materials fail when “overstressed”
 Stress = Load/Area
 Units: psi (lbs per sq in)

Ultimate Tensile Strength

 Stress at which failure occurs
 Determined by Tension Test
 Also called SMTS – Specified Minimum Tensile Strength

Strength – the ability to withstand an applied load

5/27/2014 5:27:04 AM 11
 Strength Characteristics

Elastic Properties
 Metals stretch when loaded
 Metals return to original shape when load is removed
 Stretch is proportional to load. Higher load = more stretch

Plastic Properties
 High Stress, metal stretches
 If above Yield Stress, it does not return to original shape when load is removed.
 “Permanent deformation”

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 12
 Info

Definitions

Yield Strength: the stress level where the material behaves plastically. No longer in
the elastic range.

Elastic: the deformation of a metal under a load which causes no permanent

deformation. Elastic behavior is considered to be linear (the greater the pull the
greater the growth/stretch).

Plastic: stressed beyond the elastic limit and results in permanent deformation.

Strength of a plate can very significantly depending on the orientation. The strength is best in
the direction of the roll. Transverse to the rolling direction the strength can be reduced by 30%.
In the through-thickness direction it can even be less!

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 13
 Allowable Stress “S” – refer to B31.3 App A-1

Allowable Stress
 What the designer is “allowed” to use in thickness calculation.
 Based on Code Safety Factor – B31.1 = 3 to 1.
 S = SMTS/Safety Factor

Stress vs Temperature
 As the temperature increases, the strength decreases
 Also “S” decreases

Failure Stress
 Stress = Load/Area
eg 60,000 psi

Allowable Stress
 S = SMTS/Safety Factor
eg 60,000/3 = 20,000 psi

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 14
 Exercise 2

1. What is the allowable stress for a A106 Gr B pipe that has a design temperature of 700oF?

2. What is the allowable stress for a A671 Gr CC70 that has a max operating temperature of
400oF?

3. What is SMTS of A106 Gr C pipe?

4. In the stress tables what do single bars represent?

5. In the stress tables what do double bars represent?

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 15
 Answers 2

1. What is the allowable stress for a A106 Gr B pipe that has a design temperature of 700oF?
16500 psi

2. What is the allowable stress for a A671 Gr CC70 that has a max operating temperature of
400oF?
21700 psi

3. What is SMTS of A106 Gr C pipe?

70000 psi

4. In the stress tables what do single bars represent?

Affected by reference note

5. In the stress tables what do double bars represent?

Prohibited by reference note

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 16
 Stress on Welds

Stress on Cylinder affected by

 Pressure
 Thickness
 Diameter
Pressure in a cylinder
Circ stress on cylinder are always creates both circ
and long stress
generally twice as high as the
longitudinal stress. So long welds
are usually more critical than circ Circ Weld
weld!

Long Weld

Circumferential (Hoop) Stress will affects Long Weld

Longitudinal Stress will affects Circ Weld

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 17
 Quality Factor “E”

What is “E”
 Additional “safety factor”
 For long weld or castings

Determine “E”
 If given a pipe description – Table 302.3.4
 If given Material spec – Table A-1A & 1B

Factors
 Seamless Pipe
 E = 1.0, no long welds
 Rolled & Welded Pipe
 Type of weld
 Amount of NDE (RT)
 Cast Pipe
 Material
 Casting Method

Note: In ASME Section VIII, “E” is called “Joint Efficiency”. Same concept, just different term.

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 18
 Exercise 3

1. What is “E” for A333 ERW pipe?

2. What is the quality factor for A53 Type S?

3. What is “E” for a pipe with a long weld that is double-butt-welded using Electric Fusion
process?

4. Determine the retirement thickness of seamless 14 NPS pipe. Design pressure is 500 psig and
allowable stress is 15,000 psi at design temperature. Y = 0.4

5. Determine the minimum allowed thickness for an 8 NPS pipe. The pipe is A53 Gr B Type E
(ERW). Design pressure is 400 psig and design temperature is 700oF.

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 19
 Answers 3

1. What is “E” for A333 ERW pipe? 0.85

2. What is the quality factor for A53 Type S? 1.00

3. What is “E” for a pipe with a long weld that is double-butt-welded using Electric Fusion
process? 0.85

4. Determine the retirement thickness of seamless 14 NPS pipe. Design pressure is 500 psig and
allowable stress is 15,000 psi at design temperature. Y = 0.4 t = 0.230”

5. Determine the minimum allowed thickness for an 8 NPS pipe. The pipe is A53 Gr B Type E
(ERW). Design pressure is 400 psig and design temperature is 700oF. t = 0.122”

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 20
 Pipe – Ordered Thickness

Rolled and Welded

 Calculate tmin
 Add Corrosion Allowance tw/CA = tmin + CA
 Select nominal thickness tnom ≥ tw/CA

Seamless Pipe
 Calculate tmin
 Add Corrosion Allowance tw/CA = tmin + CA
 Adjust for mill tolerance tadj ≥ tw/CA /0.875
 Select nominal thickness tnom ≥ tadj

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 21
 Exercise 4

1. An 8 NPS A-106 Gr B pipe has a calculated tmin of 0.182”. The specified corrosion allowance is
0.125”. What pipe schedule should be ordered?

2. A 4 NPS piping system has a design pressure of 800 psig at 600oF. Pipe material is A-106 Gr C.
Specified corrosion allowance is 0.125”. What pipe schedule should be ordered?

3. A “rolled and welded” 12 NPS pipe has a renewal thickness of 0.218” and a corrosion
allowance of 0.100”. What pipe schedule should be ordered?

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 22
 Answers 4

1. An 8 NPS A-106 Gr B pipe has a calculated tmin of 0.182”. The specified corrosion allowance is
0.125”. What pipe schedule should be ordered? 8” Sch 60

2. A 4 NPS piping system has a design pressure of 800 psig at 600oF. Pipe material is A-106 Gr C.
Specified corrosion allowance is 0.125”. What pipe schedule should be ordered? 4” Sch 80

3. A “rolled and welded” 12 NPS pipe has a renewal thickness of 0.218” and a corrosion
allowance of 0.100”. What pipe schedule should be ordered? 12” Sch 30

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 23
 Pipe – Structural Minimum

The calculated tmin is based only on pressure loadings

Other loadings must be considered during design

 Dead Loads: weight of pipe & insulation
 Live Loads: weight of process, personnel, ice/snow

Specified structural minimums are not listed in the codes.

 Usually provided by Owner
 Usually a list or chart
 Increases with line size

Real Steps to Order Pipe

 Calculate tmin
 Compare to structural tmin and pick larger value
 Add corrosion allowance
 Adjust for mill tolerance
 Pick appropriate pipe schedule

Note: Other names for Structural Minimum is Arbitrary Minimum Thickness or Mechanical
Minimum Thickness

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 24
 Blanks (Blind) - Thickness

Pressure-rated blinds are thick

 Flat is the worse shape for pressure containment

Formula – Retirement Thickness 3P

t  dg
 dg = inside diameter of gasket 16 SE
 E = 1.0 if no weld

If need to order plate:

 Add Corrosion Allowance
 Select tnom
 tnom ≥ tmin + CA

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 25
 Exercise 5

1. Determine the retirement thickness of a blank installed in a 6 NPS line. Design pressure is 300
psig with a design temperature of 900oF. The blank is made from stainless steel material A240
Gr 316L. The gasket ID is 6.620”.

2. Determine the nominal plate thickness to order for a blind. The design pressure is 325 psig at
400oF. The material is A516 Gr 70 (Carbon Steel). The gasket ID is 8.625”. The specified
corrosion allowance is 0.200”.

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 26
 Answers 5

1. Determine the retirement thickness of a blank installed in a 6 NPS line. Design pressure is 300
psig with a design temperature of 900oF. The blank is made from stainless steel material A240
Gr 316L. The gasket ID is 6.620”. tmin = 0.4571”

2. Determine the nominal plate thickness to order for a blind. The design pressure is 325 psig at
400oF. The material is A516 Gr 70 (Carbon Steel). The gasket ID is 8.625”. The specified
corrosion allowance is 0.200”.

tmin = 0.4571”
tw/CA = 0.4571 + 0.2 = 0.6571”
tnom ≥ 0.6571”
Order round up to 1/16. Therefore need to order 0.688”.

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 27
 Fluid Service - Limits

Pipe Materials (305)

 Cat D – All listed materials
 Normal Service – All listed materials except those limited to Cat D.
 Severe Cyclic – short list

Miter Ends (306.3)

Flanges (308.2)
 Slip-on limits
 Severe Cyclic – Weld Neck

Bolting (309.2)
 Low strength – Only for Class 150 & 300 flanges

Socket Welds (311.2.4)

 Avoid in crevice corrosion or erosion services
 Severe cyclic ≤ 2 NPS

Threaded Joints (314)

 Avoid in crevice corrosion or erosion services
 Avoid in cyclic loadings
 Severe cyclic – not allowed except non-load items like thermowelds

5/27/2014 5:27:05 AM 28
 Info

Definitions
 Listed Materials: Materials listed in the Appendix A stress chart
 Miter: Elbow fabricated from pipe using pie shaped sections. Often used on large
diameter pipe.
 Straight Thread: Non-tapered threads. Used in threaded pipe unions.

5/27/2014 5:27:06 AM 29
 Pipe Flexibility

A piping system will grow or shrink when the temperature changes

Notice “F” @ 70oF. The chart

FxL is based on the pipe being

G
installed at 70oF.

100
G = Growth in inches
F = factor from B31.3 Table C-1
L = length of pipe in feet

5/27/2014 5:27:06 AM 30
 Exercise 6

1. Determine the total growth of 800’ carbon steel line. The line operates at 400oF.

2. Determine growth of a 400’ SS line that operates at 700oF.

3. A 12” diameter carbon steel tube is welded to a 12” SS tube. The tube operates at 800oF.
a. How much does the diameter of the CS tube grow?
b. How much does the diameter of the SS tube grow?
c. Describe the condition of this dissimilar weld

Watch out:
Negative temps – this is how much cold pipe shrinks.
Don’t use Table C-3

5/27/2014 5:27:06 AM 31
 Answers 6

1. Determine the total growth of 800’ carbon steel line. The line operates at 400oF. G = 21.6”

2. Determine growth of a 400’ SS line that operates at 700oF. G = 30”

3. A 12” diameter carbon steel tube is welded to a 12” SS tube. The tube operates at 800oF.
a. How much does the diameter of the CS tube grow? G = 0.067”
b. How much does the diameter of the SS tube grow? G = 0.088”
c. Describe the condition of this dissimilar weld Highly stress – thermal fatigue

5/27/2014 5:27:06 AM 32
 Pipe Flexibility

Ways to increase flexibility

 Make changes in direction
 Expansion loops
 Suitable anchors and guides
 Expansion joints

Watch out for branch connections

Stresses relax over time

Components
 Anchors and Guides
 Hangars
 Sliding Supports (shoes)
 Spring Supports (Constant and Variable)
 Counterweights – important to check cables and pulleys especially on large lines.

Definitions
Anchors : Prevents movement in all 3 directions (“x”, “y”, “z”)
Guides : Prevents movement in 1 or 2 directions. Allows movement in only 1 or 2 directions.

5/27/2014 5:27:06 AM 33
 Pressure Protection

Most piping is protected by relief devices that are designed to protect

other equipment (eg vessels)

Full area stop valves (block valves) can be used on inlet and outlet of
relief device

Fabrication of Devices
 Per ASME Sect. VIII Div. 1

Set Pressure
 Per ASME Sect. VIII Div. 1
 Thermal relief valves can be set at 120% of Design Pressure
Thermal relief valves are typically needed on long runs of pipe that can be blocked
in (typically found in a tank farm). Heat from the sun warms the lines. As the product
temperature increases, the pressure builds in “blocked-in” lines. A small thermal
relief valve usually with ½ NPS connections is installed to protect the pipe. Normally
the thermal relief outlet just bypasses one of the closed valves.

5/27/2014 5:27:06 AM 34