4-1 / 5-1 Atomic structure and the periodic table – Chemistry and Trilogy

1.0 A student separated a mixture of two alcohols, ethanol (boiling point 78 °C) and butanol
(boiling point 118 °C).
The apparatus is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

1.1 Complete the boxes in Figure 1 to identify the pieces of apparatus labelled A, B and C.
[3 marks]

1.2 What is the name of this separation process?

[1 mark]

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1.3 Suggest why the first liquid to collect in the beaker is ethanol.
[1 mark]

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1.4 Alcohols are flammable.
Suggest how the mixture of alcohols should be safely heated so that ethanol can be
collected.
[1 mark]

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2.0 The picture shows a pair of gold rings.

Gold rings are made from alloys of gold.

Robert Chealb Creative commons license

The bar chart shows the composition of the alloy of gold used in the rings.

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2.1 State the composition of the alloy used to make the rings.
[3 marks]

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197
2.2 An atom of gold can be represented as 79 Au .
This shows that a gold atom has an atomic number of 79 and a mass number of 197.
Complete the table to show the numbers of each sub-atomic particle in this gold atom.
[3 marks]

Name Number

Proton

Electron

Neutron

3.0 A student is given a mixture of salt and sand.

Describe a method the student could use to separate the mixture.
The student should obtain:
• salt crystals
• dry sand
In your method you should name all of the apparatus you will use.
[6 marks]

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4.0 Graph 1 shows the melting points of Group 1 metals plotted against their atomic
numbers.

Graph 1

4.1 Give two conclusions that can be drawn from the graph.
[2 marks]

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4.2 The alkali metal francium has an atomic number of 87.

Estimate the melting point of francium.

[1 mark]

Melting point of francium = ______________ °C

4.3 Lithium has 3 electrons. Draw a diagram to show the electronic structure of lithium.
[1 mark]

4.4 Describe what you would see when sodium is added to water.
[3 marks]

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4.5 Complete the balanced equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
[2 marks]

_________ + _________ → _____ NaOH + H2

4.6 Describe the trend in reactivity of group 1 metals with water.

[1 mark]

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4.7 Explain the trend in reactivity of group 1 metals with water.
[3 marks]

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5.0 The table gives the melting points of some of the elements of Group 7.

Element Atomic number Melting point in °C

Fluorine 9 –220
Chlorine 17
Bromine 35 –7
Iodine 53 114
Astatine 85 301

5.1 Plot a graph of the melting point against atomic number.

Draw a line of best fit.
[2 marks]

5.2 Estimate the melting point of chlorine.

[1 mark]

___________________ °C

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5.3 What is the state of iodine at 25 °C?
[1 mark]

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35 37
5.4 Chlorine has two isotopes 17 Cl and 17 Cl .
Why do these two isotopes have a different mass number?
[2 marks]

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5.5 The relative formula mass of chlorine is 35.5.

Explain why this is not a whole number.
[1 mark]

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6.0 Dmitri Mendeleev was one of the first chemists to classify the elements.
Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of their atomic weight in a table.
Part of his table is shown below.
Use the periodic table and the information in the table below to help you to answer the
questions.

6.1 Which group of the modern periodic table is missing from Mendeleev’s table?
[1 mark]

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6.2 Mendeleev placed hydrogen at the top of Group 1 in his version of the periodic table.
The modern periodic table does not show hydrogen in Group 1.
State one similarity between hydrogen and the elements in Group 1.
[1 mark]

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6.3 Mendeleev changed the position of iodine in his version of the periodic table so it was
in the same group as chlorine.
Give two reasons why he put iodine in the same group as chlorine.
[2 marks]

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6.4 Protons and electrons were discovered after Mendeleev proposed his version of the
periodic table.
Describe how the numbers of protons and electrons in atoms are used to place
elements in the modern periodic table.
[2 marks]

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MARK SCHEME

Qu No. Extra Information Marks

A Thermometer 1

1.1 B (Liebig) condenser 1

C (Round bottomed) flask allow conical flask 1

1.2 (Fractional) distillation 1
1.3 Has the lowest boiling point 1
Heat the mixture (in C) using a water
1.4 accept description of water bath 1
bath/electric heater

Qu No. Extra Information Marks

2.1 75 % gold 1
Allow chemical symbols
16 % silver 1

9 % copper 1

If no other mark obtained, allow 1 mark

for gold, silver and copper

2.2 (Proton) 79 1

(Electron) 79 1

(Neutron) 118 1

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Qu No. Extra Information Marks
Level 3: A coherent method is described with relevant detail, which demonstrates a broad 5–6
understanding of the relevant scientific techniques and procedures. The steps in the
method are logically ordered with the dependent and control variables correctly
identified. The method would lead to the production of valid results.
Level 2: The bulk of a method is described with mostly relevant detail, which demonstrates a 3–4
reasonable understanding of the relevant scientific techniques and procedures. The
method may not be in a completely logical sequence and may be missing some detail.
Level 1: Simple statements are made which demonstrate some understanding of some of the 1–2
relevant scientific techniques and procedures. The response may lack a logical
structure and would not lead to the production of valid results.
Level 0 No relevant content 0
Indicative content
Named apparatus
• stirring rod
• spatula
• beaker
• filter funnel and filter paper
• evaporating basin
• Bunsen burner
• tripod and gauze
• bench mat
• beaker
• oven

Method
• place mixture in a beaker
• add water to the mixture
• stir
• filter the mixture
• residue is sand
• dry residue in a warm oven
• evaporate some of the water from the filtrate (using a water bath)
• allow solution (to cool and) to form crystals
• remove and dry crystals

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Qu No. Extra Information Marks
4.1 Any two from: 2
• group 1 melting points decrease as
their atomic number increases
• the melting point decreases as the
atomic number increases
• the decrease in melting point levels off
4.2 26 °C Allow 25 – 27 °C 1
4.3 Diagram showing an electronic structure of
1
2.1
4.4 Any three from: 3
• fizzes/ effervescence Allow gas given off
• floats
• moves (on surface)
• melts
• dissolves / disappears Allow gets smaller

4.5 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 Allow correct multiples 2

Allow 1 mark for

Na + H2O →

4.6 Get more reactive down the group Allow converse 1

4.7 1
Outer shell electron further from the nucleus

(Outer shell) electron less tightly held by

1
nucleus

Allow (outer shell) electron more shielded

(Outer shell) electron more easily lost
1

Qu No. Extra Information Marks

5.1 Points correctly plotted Allow tolerance of ± ½ a square 1

Line of best fit drawn 1

5.2 –101 °C allow value from their graph ± ½ square 1
5.3 Solid 1
5.4 (Isotopes have) different numbers of If neutrons calculated but incorrect award 1
neutrons 1 mark as long as they are different

37
35 37 Allow 17 Cl has more neutrons
17 Cl has 18 neutrons and 17 Cl has or
1
20 neutrons 35
17 Cl has fewer neutrons
5.5 It’s an average (that takes account of 1
isotope abundance)

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Qu No. Extra Information Marks
6.1 Group 0 Allow noble gases 1
6.2 Any one from: 1
• one electron in outer shell / energy
level
• forms ions with a 1+ charge
6.3 Ignore references to electrons
Any two from: 2
• iodine has similar properties to other Allow any correctly named property e.g.
elements in the same group / group 7 low melting point / boiling point
• iodine has similar reactivity to other
elements in the same group / group 7
• iodine reacts with metals
• iodine is diatomic

6.4 (Elements) placed in order of atomic / 1

proton number

(Elements in) same group have same 1

number of outer electrons

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