Eng U2 Module 1 - Plumbing

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. ENG U2

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
YEAR LEVEL 3 TIME FRAME 3 hr WK NO. 1 IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Unit 1
II. LESSON TITLE

Introduction to Building Plumbing Systems
III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson will enable the student to recall the important properties of water, identify the sources and
the water supply systems in the country. It will also familiarize them with the acceptable limits of impurities
in water, the processes of water treatment and the types of pumps and tanks to extract and store the
water.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Understand the basic properties of water.
2. Describe each of the sources of water.
3. Understand the water supply systems in the country.
4. Explain the processes of water treatment.
5. Identify the appropriate uses of the different well pumps and tanks.
V. LESSON CONTENT
WATER
Any study of a plumbing system must begin with the substance it carries, water. Water is the name
given to the liquid compound H2O. A molecule of water is composed of one oxygen atom and two
hydrogen atoms. In a pure state, it is tasteless and odorless. Under standard atmospheric pressure
(14.696 psi, 101.04 kPa), the boiling point temperature of water is 212°F (100°C). The temperature at
which water boils decreases with lower atmospheric or system pressure and increases at higher
pressures. Thus, the temperature at which water boils decreases with elevation increase. For example,
at standard atmospheric conditions at an elevation of 5000 ft (1524 m) above sea level, water boils at
202.4°F (94.7°C). It boils at 193.2°F (89.6°C) at 10 000 ft (3048 m) above sea level. The freezing point
of water is 32°F (0°C).
• Density
The mass density (ρ) of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of the fluid (m) to its volume
(V). Pure water has its highest density 1000 kg/m3 at temperature 4°C (39.2°F).
ρ = m/V
• Specific Weight
The specific weight, γ, of a fluid is defined as
γ = ρg
where g is the gravitational acceleration. Basically, the specific weight represents weight per
unit volume. Sometimes it is also referred to as the weight density. The SI unit for the specific
weight is kN/m3 while the English unit is lb/ft3. A specific weight of 9.81 kN/m3 (62.4 lb/ft3) is
commonly used for liquid water in engineering computations.
• Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is simply the ratio of the specific weight of a given liquid to the specific weight of
water at 4° C (γwater = 9.81 kN/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3).
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of __
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
SG = γ / γwater
This definition is helpful when comparing densities of different liquids. The specific gravity of
water is assumed to be 1.0 at common plumbing system temperatures.
• Volume
Volume (V) is the amount of space occupied by a substance. Water volume is typically
expressed in cubic meters (m3) or liters (L) in the SI system. In plumbing system design, volume
is commonly expressed in gallons (gal). There are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot (ft3). A gallon is
approximately 3.8 L. Also, 1000 L = 1 m3.
• Volumetric Flow Rate

Volumetric flow rate (Q), frequently called the flow rate, is the volume of a substance that
passes a point in a system per unit of time. Flow rate is usually expressed in liters per second
(L/s), liters per minute (L/min), or cubic meters per second (m3/s) in the SI system. Volumetric
flow rate (Q) may be determined with volume (V) and time (t):
Q = V/t
• Velocity
Velocity is the rate of linear motion of a substance in one direction. The magnitude of velocity,
known as speed, is usually expressed in terms of distance covered per unit of time. In a fluidic
system such as a plumbing system, water velocity is expressed as an average velocity because
water molecules each have different speeds and directions of travel; that is, water molecules
flowing in the center of a pipe tend to travel faster than water molecules at or near the inner wall
of the pipe.
Average velocity (v) of a fluid (such as water) flowing through a pipe may be found by the
following equations based upon average volumetric flow rate (Q) and cross-sectional area (A) or
inside diameter (Di). Units must be consistent in these equations (e.g., volume, area, and
diameter must be expressed in units of in, ft, m, and so on).
v = Q/A = 4Q/π Di2

• Pressure
Pressure (P) is the force per unit area exerted by liquid or gas on a surface such as the sidewall
of a container or pipe. In the international system (SI), pressure is expressed in Newton per
square meter or the Pascal (N/m2 or Pa). In English system, pounds per square inch (psi).
Standard atmospheric pressure (Ps) is the typical barometric pressure of air at sea level and
70°F (21°C). It is equal to 14.696 psia (101 325 Pa). Atmospheric pressure varies with weather
conditions and elevation.
Gauge pressure (Pg) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) excluding pressure exerted by the
atmosphere. Pressure can be expressed in terms of absolute and gauge pressure:
Absolute pressure (Pa) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) including pressure exerted by the
atmosphere.
Pg + Ps = Pa
A gauge is frequently used to record the pressure difference between the system and the
atmospheric pressure. Normally, if pressure in a system is below atmospheric pressure, it is
called vacuum pressure or a suction pressure. It is expressed as a negative gauge pressure.
In plumbing systems there are three additional classifications of pressure: Static pressure is the
pressure that exists without any flow. It is the pressure available at a location in the system.
Residual pressure is the pressure available at a fixture or outlet during a period of maximum
demand. It is the pressure that exists after pressure losses from friction from water flow,
elevation change, and other pressure losses in the system are subtracted. Discharge pressure
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
is the pressure of the water at the point of discharge, such as at the mouth of a showerhead,
faucet, or hose bibb.
SOURCES OF WATER
A supply of good water is more important to human survival than food. Potable is clean water that is
suitable for human drinking. It must be available for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Nonpotable water
may be used for flushing water closets (toilets), irrigating grass and gardens, washing cars, and for any
use other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning. An abundant supply of potable water that is easily
distributed is vital to a prosperous economy. Rain and snowmelt are the sources of most of the water
available for our use.
Surface Water is the rain that runs off the surface of the ground into streams, rivers, and lakes.
Surface water can be stored for future use by one of the following:
• Reservoirs hold surface water during periods of high runoff and release water during periods of
low runoff.
• Surface water can be collected in a storage tank called a cistern. A cistern can fill with
rainwater as it drains from the roof of a building or a more elaborate collection system. A cistern
shown below is connected to a filter to produce potable water.
Groundwater is water found below the surface of the earth. It is water that has percolated through
porous soil until it reaches an impervious stratum, upon which it collects.
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
IMPURITIES OF WATER
All water sources contain some impurities. It is the type and amount of these impurities that affect water
quality and suitability for a particular use. Whenever animal or human fecal material connects with a
water source, it is possible one or more pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms could invade
the water source. Chemicals and toxins can also contaminate the water source such as agricultural
runoff (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, and so forth) and industrial runoff (e.g., metals, mine tailings, and so
on). Some toxic bacteria can spawn algae in warm, shallow water and turn it green.
TESTING OF WATER
All potable water supplies should be tested and certified before being put in use and periodically
recertified during use. The governmental entity (e.g., special district, city, municipality, and so forth) that
controls the supply of water to a community regularly tests its water to be certain it is potable. Below is
a water quality test done on several pumping stations of the General Tinio Water District in Nueva Ecija
based on the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). (https://gtwd.gov.ph/water-
quality-test)
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
WATER TREATMENT FOR DRINKING WATER
Raw water undergoes several treatment processes before it passes the standards for potable water.
Conventional water treatment consists of the following processes: coagulation/flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection/chlorination.
Coagulation/Flocculation
Raw water coming straight from the dams carries soil, dirt, and dissolved minerals. The raw water is
first treated with chlorine to get rid of any germs. Chemical polymer or “coagulants” are mixed uniformly
into the water to make the dissolved minerals and dirt lump together. The lumps either float or sink. The
water then passes through machines called "flocculators" that remove the dirt that floats.
Sedimentation
The "flocs" then pass through large pools called settling basins to remove dirt that sinks. Heavy flocs
will settle at the bottom of the tanks while the clarified water will be collected.
Filtration
Finally, the water flows through several filter beds that act like very fine strainers, each one finer than
the next, to remove microscopic impurities.
Disinfection/Chlorination
After even the smallest impurities have been removed, the water is again injected with chlorine gas to
kill any microbes or germs that may contaminate the water. Water is now safe for drinking and are then
sent to distribution by gravity and by pumping.
A Water Treatment Plant Operated by Manila Water.

https://www.manilawater.com/customer/services/water-and-used-water-facilities
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Manila Water’s wastewater treatment plants employ various technologies to treat wastes and pollution.
Through a variety of mechanisms and processes, these treatment plants produce treated
wastewater safe enough for re-use or discharge to receiving bodies of water.
Screening
Wastewater passes through the mechanical screens to remove sand, grit and debris. Raw sewage is
then lifted by pumps into the head of the treatment process.
Equalization
Flow rate is controlled to prevent huge variations in volume, concentration and temperature.
Primary Sedimentation
Large sediments are allowed to settle to separate clarified water. Wastewater then flows into tanks
equipped with aerators and blowers.
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
Aeration
The blowers supply oxygen to the tank to sustain the bacteria responsible for decomposition of
pollutants.
Secondary Sedimentation
Biological "flocs" are allowed to settle to separate clarified water.
Disinfection
Harmful microorganisms are removed by the addition of sodium hypochlorite. Treated wastewater, or
effluent, then flows by gravity to the nearest water body.
WATER USE
This study found out that the average domestic water consumption of a household member is 90.09
liters per day with a standard deviation of 32.03 on activities such as personal hygiene (44%), sanitary
services (30%), cooking (16%), laundry (8%), and drinking (2%). The estimated basic water
requirement ranges of 15.54 – 246.78 liters/capita per day in the Philippines (Javier, et al., 1999).
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

In large metropolitan areas, most of the drinking water originates from a surface source such as a lake,
stream, river, or reservoir. In rural areas, people are more likely to drink groundwater that was pumped
from a well. The design of any building water supply system begins with an evaluation of the system
from which the water will be obtained. Basically, water is available through systems that serve a
community or through private systems.
Metro Manila Water Supply

Services in Metro Manila and adjacent provinces are provided by the Metropolitan Waterworks and
Sewerage System (MWSS) and its two private concessionaires: Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI),
which is the concessionaire serving Manila’s east zone, and Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI), the
concessionaire serving Manila’s west zone.
The main sources of Metro Manila’s water supply are the Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa Dams. The water
from these dams are then processed by the La Mesa and Balara Treatment Plants, which converts it
from a raw state to clean and potable water.
The water from the Angat Dam, the major supply source for the metropolis, is funneled directly to Ipo
Dam. It then flows a distance of 6.4 kilometers to Bicti, after which it passes through five aqueducts—
each about 16 kilometers long—to the La Mesa Dam and the La Mesa Portal. From the La Mesa Portal,
60% of the flow goes to the nearby La Mesa Treatment Plant, out of which another 40% again travels a
distance of 6.8 kilometers to the Balara Treatment Plant. The La Mesa Water Treatment Plant, with
very minimal electromechanical equipment, relies mostly on water’s hydraulic properties to backwash
its filter and gravity to convey raw water from the source into the plant and out into the distribution
system.
It can only process 2,400 MLD (million liters per day) of raw water, while the Balara Treatment Plant,
which has a full production capacity of 1,600 MLD, can supply more than 6 million people throughout
the metropolis.
When both Balara and La Mesa Treatment Plants are operation, the total processing capacity will be
4,000 MLD. The La Mesa Water Treatment Plant serves the western half of Metro Manila, while the
existing Balara Water Treatment Plant supplies the eastern half.
Legend:
BNAQ 1: Bicti-Novaliches Aqueduct 1
T1: Tunnel 1
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
Metro Manila Water Supply System (https://mwss.gov.ph/learn/metro-manila-water-supply-system/)
Water Supply Systems in Rural Areas

In rural areas, water is generally supplied by LGUs and small-scale community-based organizations,
including cooperatives (around 180 water cooperatives are registered with the Cooperative
Development Authority), Barangay Water and Sanitation Associations, and Rural Waterworks and
Sanitation Associations. Some households have their own shallow or deep wells.
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
Water Supply Systems
1. Community Water Supply Systems are public or private entities that install and provide a central
supply of water to a neighborhood, city or special district.
2. Private Water Supply Systems draw water from groundwater through wells. Large industrial and
commercial projects may draw all of their supply from one source (e.g., a stream) or they may draw
part of their supply from one source (such as a stream) and supplement the supply with another
source (e.g., a well). Such systems often include treatment plants, water storage towers, and
sometimes reservoirs to store the water. Small private systems, such as those used for residences,
usually rely on a single source of water to supply potable water to the system. Installing a well is the
most commonly used method of obtaining a source of water. Springs may be used when available.
3. A modern Well System consists of a well, a motor-driven pump, and a storage tank. In most
systems, the pump draws water from the well where it is stored in a storage tank. A switch activated
by water pressure controls the pump. As water is consumed in the building, it is drawn from the
storage tank and the pressure in the tank decreases. When tank pressure drops to a preset cut-in
pressure level, the switch activates the well pump. Pumped water replaces the water drawn from
the tank. The pump is switched off when the tank pressure rises to a preset cut-out pressure.
Types of Wells
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
A shallow driven well set-up commonly found in most residences
A drilled deep well with submersible pump
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
WELL PUMPS
1. Shallow well jet pumps are used for wells with a pumping level up to 25 ft (7.6 m) deep, which is
the pump’s suction lift limit. It has no working parts submerged in water.
2. Deep well jet pumps can be used for wells with a pumping level up to 120 ft (37 m) deep. It works
the same as the shallow well type but with the jet assembly located in the well 10 to 20 ft (3 to 9 m)
below water table level.
3. Submersible Well Pumps are centrifugal pumps designed to operate submersed in water near the
bottom end of the well shaft. It is typically used in wells with a pumping level of at least 75 ft (23 m)
deep. The pump is submerged into the well water, usually to about 20 ft (6 m) from the bottom of
the well.
STORAGE TANKS
Water drawn from a well is pumped into a storage tank where it is stored for use by building occupants.
1. Elevated storage tanks are mostly installed above the building to take advantage of gravity. They
are sized to hold one to two days of water supply plus a reserve for firefighting. If the pumps fail
during a power failure or are down for maintenance, stored water provides an adequate supply
under pressure.
2. A pressure tank is a type of closed storage container designed to store water under pressure. In a
well system, a pressure tank is used to hold water under pressure after it is pumped to ensure
steady water pressure in the building. A pressure tank stores the energy the pump has produced in
the form of pressure. Air is compressed in the pressurized air chamber. When water is drawn from a
plumbing fixture, the pressure in the tank is released in the form of water flow. After about a third to
half of the tank capacity is drained, a device called a pressure switch turns the pump on to restore
the pressure in the tank. When the pressure in the tank reaches an upper limit, usually about 50 psi
(340 kPa), the pump cycles off. The pressure is stored in the tank until it is needed again.
IM No.:CE 1-2S-2020-2021
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
1. The specific weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3. What is the weight of a 1000 L water in kN?
2. A tank contains 500 gal of water. Determine the volume of water in liters.
3. A pipe carries water at a flow rate of 10 gpm. Determine its volumetric flow rate in L/min.
4. A 20 mm diameter copper pipe (19.94 mm inside diameter) carries water at a flow rate of 40 L/s.
Determine the average velocity of the fluid.
5. A pipe carries water at a flow rate of 90 L/s. Determine the minimum inside diameter so that the
average velocity of the fluid does not exceed 2 m/s.
6. Atmospheric pressure is about 80 kPa (absolute). Water pressure at the base of a water tower is 600
kPa (gauge). Determine the following: (a) Gauge pressure at the base of the tower, (b) Absolute
pressure at the base of the tower.
7. What is the difference between potable and nonpotable water? For what purposes may each be
used?
8. What are the sources of water supply for Metro Manila?
9. Why should any source of water be tested before the water is used?
10. What is the basic difference between a community and a private water supply system, and what are
the advantages and disadvantages of each?
11. How are wells classified, and what methods of construction may be used for each type?
12. What two types of well pumps are used, and what are the limitations of each?
13. What are the advantages of elevated storage tanks over pressurized tanks?
IX. REFERENCES
1. Joseph B. Wujek, Frank Dagostino. MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS in Architecture,
Engineering, and Construction, fifth ed. Prentice Hall. 2010
2. https://www.manilawater.com/customer/services/water-and-used-water-facilities
Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN
School Year
Semester
Course Number
e.g.:
IM-COURSE NO-SEMESTER-SCHOOL YEAR
IM-MCB180-1STSEM-2020-2021

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. ENG U2

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Volumetric Flow Rate

v = Q/A = 4Q/π Di2

A Water Treatment Plant Operated by Manila Water.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Metro Manila Water Supply

Metro Manila Water Supply System (https://mwss.gov.ph/learn/metro-manila-water-supply-system/)

Water Supply Systems in Rural Areas

A shallow driven well set-up commonly found in most residences

A drilled deep well with submersible pump

Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN

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