Hydraulics Lecture Part I (Introduction)

HYDRAULICS(HYBP 324)
Evangeline L. Constantino, MMEM,MAEd Math, RCE

Fluid Mechanics deals with the flow of fluids
The study of Fluid Mechanics is just as important to

engineers whose main interest is in the application of
fluid mechanics to solve industrial problems
Reminder: (Assignment)
Provide a discussion on the importance of Fluid
Mechanics to the different fields of engineering
Fluid Mechanics, like the study of any branch of science,
needs mathematical analyses as well as experimentation
Ludwig Prandtl, one of the founders of Modern Fluid

Mechanics first conceived the idea of a boundary layer based
solely on physical intuition.
His knowledge of mathematics was rather limited as
compared to his former student, Van Karman.
Interestingly, the boundary layer technique has now become
one of the most powerful methods in applied mathematics.
• Introduction: Properties of Fluids
• Hydraulics is generally used to specify that

branch of mechanics which is concerned
with the laws controlling the behavior of
water and other liquids in the state of rest
and in motion
3 Branches of Hydraulics
1. Hydrostatics is the study of liquids at rest
2. Hydrokinetics – deals with the geometry of
motion of liquids without considering the
forces causing that motion.
3. Hydrodynamics –deals with the forces
exerted by or upon liquids in motion
including relations between velocities and
accelrations involved in such fluid motion
• A discussed earlier, that the new
mathematical approach has determined
basic principles apply to all fluids, that
fluids have dissimilar behavior due to their
differences in such physical properties as
density, viscosity, cohesion and
compressibility and that it is possible to
analyze and correlate the effects of these
properties.
• This arrived at a unified course of general
fluid motion known as the Fluid Mechanics.
• Distinction between Solid and Fluid

• Solid, when subjected to tension,
compression, shear stresses may be
deformed but may be restored back to its
original shape as long as the limit of
elasticity is not exceeded.
• Fluids may be divided into liquids and
gases.
• Fluids posses elastic properties under a
compressive force, but the application of a
shear stress, however small results in a
permanent deformation which gives way to
the fluids’ characteristics ability to flow.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1.Weight (W) is the earth’s gravitational pull upon
a body.
•2. Mass (M) – is the quantitative measure of the
amount of matter in a given body.
• M = W/g
• Or W = Mg where: g = gravitational acceleration
= 9.81 m/s
The weight of the body varies directly as the amount of the
gravitational acceleration
• 3. Specific Weight (w) - is defined as the
weight of fluid contained in a unit volume.
(KN/m3)
w = W/V
W=wV
4. Density (ρ) is defined as the mass of
fluid contained in a unit volume.(kg/m3)
ρ = M/V
ρ = M/V M = W/g
= W/gV and w = W/V
Therefore: ρ = w/g
or w = ρg
Note: this is only for liquids
For gas:
pg
w = --------
RT
Where: p = absolute pressure
g = 9.81 m/s
R = gas constant
For air, R = 287 N-m/kg-0K
T = temperature in 0K
5. Specific volume is defined as the volume per

unit of mass of fluid or the reciprocal of density
ѵ = V/M = 1/ ρ (m3 /kg)
6. Specific Gravity (s) is the dimensionless ratio of
the specific weight w or density p of a fluid to the
specific weight ws or density ρs of a standard substance
w ρ
s = ------- or s = -------
ws ρs
or w = s (ws ) , ρ = s (ρs )
The standard substance is
1. For liquids and solids is pure water at 40C where
ws = 9.81 KN/m3
ρs = 1000 kg/m3
2. For gas is air or hydrogen at 00C and under a pressure
of 101.3 KPa where
ws = 12.7 N/m3
ρs = 1.29 kg/m3
Properties of Water
1.Specific Weight of Water Where p is the unit pressure in Pa
2.Compressibility and Elasticity and v –s the specific volume in
of water m3 /kg
The compressibility of water
or any other liquid varies Assignment:
inversely as its volume modulus A.Submit a table of
of elasticity also known as bulk 1. Specific weight of pure
modulus water
2. Bulk modulus of water
dp
• Ev= -v ------
• dv
Where: K – is the constant of variation
= μ (mu) is called as the coefficient of
viscosity which is also known as dynamic or
absolute viscosity
So the intensity of viscous shear is
dV
•τ = μ ---- where: τ is in N/m2 or Pa
dy μ is in Pa-s
VISCOSITY And that velocity increases
is defined as that property of at increasing distance from
fluid which determines the the boundary.
amount of its resistance to a
shearing stress. The shearing stress, τ (tau)
This property is basically has been observed
due to cohesion and experimentally to vary
interaction among fluid directly as the rate of
molecules change of velocity along the
It is assumed that fluid direction perpendicular to
particles in contact with the the direction of fluid motion
boundary have no velocity dV
•τ = K ----
dy
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
is denoted by ν (nu)
μ
ν = --- where: ν is in m3 /s
ρ
Other Properties:
1.Cohesion – is the property of liquid which eb]nables it to
resist tensile stress
2.Adhesion is the property of liquid which enables it to
adhere to another body
3.Surface tension, σ (sigma) is the force in th surface
normal to a line of a unit length drawn in the liquid surface
4. Capilarity – another property of
liquids that is due to Assignment:
intermolecular cohesive and B. Submit a table of:
adhesive forces, a phenomenon 1. Values of the
which arises when surfaces of dynamic
liquids come in contact with & kinematic viscosity
vertical solid surfaces. for pure water
2. Specific weight,
Properties of Air density and dynamic
1.Specific weight viscosity of air
2.Density
3.Dynamic viscosity
Problems:
1.If a certain gasoline weighs 7 KN/m3 , what are the values
of its density , specific volume and specific gravity relative to
water at 150C?
2.If 5.30 m3 of a certain oil weighs 43,860N, calculate the
specific weight, density and specific gravity of this oil.
3.At 320C and 205 Kpa gage, the specific weight of a certain gas
was 13.7 N/m3 . Determine the gas constant of this gas.
Practical Exercises
1. What is the specific weight of air at 475 Kpa absolute and
250C?
2. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg and a
volume of 0.950 cu. M. Find it’s a) weight, b) unit weight,
mass density, and d) specific gravity.
3. Find the mass density of helium at a temperature of 50C
and a pressure of 180 Kpa gage, if atmospheric pressure
is 101.92 Kpa. ( R = 2079 J/kg- 0K).
4. A liter of water weighs 10.5 N. Compute its mass in
kilograms.
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS
LAW OF PASCAL
The Law of Pascal on fluid statics states that “at
any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is the same
in all directions.”
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A LIQUID
• Research Work # 3 MANOMETER
• Illustrate and discuss is a device that
the different measure pressure by
instruments for balancing the pressure
measuring pressure. against a column of liquid
• Discuss how each of in static equilibrium
them measure Common types:
pressure 1.Open type manometer
2.Differential manometer
• Open type manometer
– has an atmospheric
pressure in one leg and
capable of measuring
relative or gage
pressure.
• It may be open in one
end or both ends ( U-
tube manometer)
• Differential manometer
– which does not have
any atmospheric
pressure and used for
measuring pressure
differences.
• PROBLEMS • Solutions:
1. If the pressure 3 m below
the free surface of a liquid
is 140 Kpa, calculate its
specific weight and
specific gravity.
Fig.3
Fig.4
• Solution 3: • Solution 4
Fi
Practical Exercises: • Fig. 2
1.What is the pressure 12.5 m
below the ocean? Use sp. Gr.
= 1.03 for salt water
2.An open cylindrical tank
contains 1.2m of salt water (sp
gr =n1.03), 0.80m of gasoline
(sp gr = 0.70) and 1.0m of oil
(sp gr = 0.85). What is the
pressure 2.5 m below the
liquid surface and at the
bottom of the tank
3.The manometer in figure
Fig.3
3 is tapped to a pipeline
carrying oil (sp gr = 0.85).
Determine the pressure at
the center of the pipe.
4. In the figure, x = 20 cm Fig.4
initially. If the pressure at m
is increased by 30 KPa
while maintaining the
pressure at n constant,
calculate the new value of x
Principle of Archimedes on Buoyancy
Problems: • Solution:
1.Determine the depth of
floatation of a scow in the
shape of a rectangular
parallelepiped 10m long,
5m wide, weighing 400 KN
and placed in
a) fresh water
b) sea water(s = 1.03)
2. A concrete anchor (s = Solution:
2.40) weighing 670N is
tied to one end of a long
timber which measures
20cm x 20cm x 6m. The
anchor does not reach the
bottom of a water
container but submerges
5m of the timber. What is
the specific gravity of the
timber?
Practical Exercises: above the water line. This is
1.Determine the submerged attained by attaching 1.0cm
depth of a cube steel 0.50 m thick steel plates to reach
on each side floating in wider side of the plank at
mercury. The specific gravity the submerged bottom.
of steel and mercury are 7.8 Compute the exact length of
and 13.6 respectively steel plates needed.
2.A 5cm x 12cm x 6.0m long Densities:
wooden plank is required to wood = 500 kg/cu.m
stand vertically with its top water = 1000 kg/ cu.m
15cm steel = 7870 kg/cu.m

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HYDRAULICS(HYBP 324)

Evangeline L. Constantino, MMEM,MAEd Math, RCE

The study of Fluid Mechanics is just as important to

Ludwig Prandtl, one of the founders of Modern Fluid

• Hydraulics is generally used to specify that

• Distinction between Solid and Fluid

5. Specific volume is defined as the volume per

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