Lab 11a: Code Forensics and Ransomware

The code objectives of this part of the lab are to:

• Understand the lack of protection that .NET and Java have with code protection.
• Investigate methods of obfuscation of code.
• Create Microsoft .NET code in order to investigate a host.
• Analyse a ransomware evidence bag.

Lab demo: 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1jhSIo-GoI

Microsoft .NET Obfuscation

A.1 Microsoft .NET does not have inherent protection against the reverse engineering
of the code. To prove this, first create a C# program named simple.cs, with the
contents of:

namespace simple {
class simple {
private static void Main(string[] args) {
string s;
System.Console.Write("What is your name?");
s = System.Console.ReadLine();
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello " + s);
}
}
}

A.2 Compile the program, and program and make sure that that it works. From the
command prompt you can compile it with:

csc simple.cs

Note: To compile a .NET 2.0 program, you can access the compiler from:

c:\windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\csc.exe

A.3 Next download the reverse engineering package from:


http://asecuritysite.com/exemplar.zip

and prove that you can reverse the code using:

exemplar simple.exe > mycode.cs

A.4 Next run the obfuscator (from 9Rays) with:

ob.exe FTBSNM4ALPERC9# /src=simple.exe

The obfuscator is downloaded from:

1
 
http://asecuritysite.com/ob.zip

A.5 Go into the /obfuscated folder, and copy the obfuscated EXE into the home
folder. Show that the EXE is now obfuscated.

What has changed in the obfuscated EXE?

Is it still possible to compile the reverse engineered code? Yes/No

Using Google, which packages can be used to obfuscate .NET assemblies?

Which options in the obfuscator changes the names of the variables to non-
printing characters?

Create the following C# file and compile it to an EXE:

using System;
namespace simple {
class simple {

public static int calc(int a, int b)

{
return(a+b);
}
private static void Main(string[] args) {
string s;
s="What is the capital of England";
int val1=5;
int val2=6;

System.Console.Write(s);
s = System.Console.ReadLine();
if (s=="London")
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Correct");
}
else
System.Console.WriteLine("Incorrect");
System.Console.WriteLine("Result is: "+Convert.ToString(calc(val1,val2)));

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Now download ILSPY from:

http://ilspy.net/

Can you view your EXE in ILSPY?

Now obfuscated your EXE with the following options and observe the changes in ILSPY:

ob.exe NT /src=simple.exe

ob.exe 9 /src=simple.exe

ob.exe 8 /src=simple.exe

Java Reverse Engineering

A.6 Create a Java program (sample.java) with:

public class sample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i;
i=10;
System.out.println("This is an example of the ");
System.out.println("output from the standalone");
System.out.println("program");
System.out.println("The value of i is " + i);
}
}

A.7 Next produce the byte code with:

javac sample.java

If your system does not find the Java compiler you can normally run from a folder on your system, such
as:

C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.7.0_71\bin\javac.exe

A.8 Finally download JAD, and try and decompile the byte code. Prove that you
can reverse the code. The download for JAD is at:


http://asecuritysite.com/jad.zip

3
 Using Google, which packages can be used to obfuscate Java class files?

Ransomware Analysis
The following page contains an evidence bag for the Cerber ransomware. Complete the tutorial:

https://asecuritysite.com/subjects/chapter87

Additional Python Lab

We normally detect a file with its magic number, which is often the first few bytes at the start of
the file, or at the end. For example, a JPEG file begins with the hex sequence of ‘FF’ and ‘D8’. The
following is the Python code to determine a JPEG file:

f = open("1111.jpg", "rb")

try:
byte1 = hex(ord(f.read(1)))
byte2 = hex(ord(f.read(1)))
if (byte1=='0xff' and byte2=='0xd8'):
print 'JPEG'

finally:
f.close()

Table 1 outlines some magic number (refer to http://asecuritysite.com/forensics/magic).

Implement a Python program which detects file types for their magic numbers.

Table 1: Magic numbers

Description Extension Magic Number

Adobe Illustrator .ai 25 50 44 46 [%PDF]
Bitmap graphic .bmp 42 4D [BM]
JPEG graphic file .jpg FFD8
JPEG 2000 graphic
.jp2 0000000C6A5020200D0A [....jP..]
file
GIF graphic file .gif 47 49 46 38 [GIF89]
TIF graphic file .tif 49 49 [II]
PNG graphic file .png 89 50 4E 47 .PNG
Photoshop Graphics .psd 38 42 50 53 [8BPS]
Windows Meta File .wmf D7 CD C6 9A
MIDI file .mid 4D 54 68 64 [MThd]
Icon file .ico 00 00 01 00
MP3 file with ID3
.mp3 49 44 33 [ID3]
identity tag
AVI video file .avi 52 49 46 46 [RIFF]
Flash Shockwave .swf 46 57 53 [FWS]
Flash Video .flv 46 4C 56 [FLV]
Mpeg 4 video file .mp4 00 00 00 18 66 74 79 70 6D 70 34 32 [....ftypmp42]
MOV video file .mov 6D 6F 6F 76 [....moov]
4
Windows Video file .wmv 30 26 B2 75 8E 66 CF
Windows Audio file .wma 30 26 B2 75 8E 66 CF
PKZip .zip 50 4B 03 04 [PK]
GZip .gz 1F 8B 08
Tar file .tar 75 73 74 61 72
Microsoft Installer .msi D0 CF 11 E0 A1 B1 1A E1
Object Code File .obj 4C 01
Dynamic Library .dll 4D 5A [MZ]
CAB Installer file .cab 4D 53 43 46 [MSCF]
Executable file .exe 4D 5A [MZ]
RAR file .rar 52 61 72 21 1A 07 00 [Rar!...]
SYS file .sys 4D 5A [MZ]
Help file .hlp 3F 5F 03 00 [?_..]
VMWare Disk file .vmdk 4B 44 4D 56 [KDMV]
Outlook Post Office
.pst 21 42 44 4E 42 [!BDNB]
file
PDF Document .pdf 25 50 44 46 [%PDF]
Word Document .doc D0 CF 11 E0 A1 B1 1A E1
RTF Document .rtf 7B 5C 72 74 66 31 [{ tf1]
Excel Document .xls D0 CF 11 E0 A1 B1 1A E1
PowerPoint Document .ppt D0 CF 11 E0 A1 B1 1A E1
Visio Document .vsd D0 CF 11 E0 A1 B1 1A E1
DOCX (Office 2010) .docx 50 4B 03 04 [PK]
XLSX (Office 2010) .xlsx 50 4B 03 04 [PK]
PPTX (Office 2010) .pptx 50 4B 03 04 [PK]
Microsoft Database .mdb 53 74 61 6E 64 61 72 64 20 4A 65 74
Postcript File .ps 25 21 [%!]
Jar File .jar 50 4B 03 04 14 00 08 00 08 00

There are more than 30 files contained in this evidence bag:

http://asecuritysite.com/evidence.zip

Now, using your Python program, see if you can match the magic number, and then change the file
extension, and see if you can view them.

File Type What it contains …

file01

file02

file03

file04

file05

file06

5
file07

file08

file09

file10

file11

file12

file13

file14

file15

file16

file17

file18

file19

file20

file21

file22

file23

file24

file25

file26

file27

file28

file29

file30

file32

file33
6
file34

file35

file36

file37

file38

file39

file40

7
Lab 11b: Tunnelling
One of the most challenging areas within detecting a security breach is in tunneling. In this lab we will see some of the challenges.

First setup your firewall and hosts for Group A:

http://asecuritysite.com/csn11128/nets

Video: https://youtu.be/a-gFpW78IQE

1 Viewing details
No Description Result
1 Go to your Kali Linux instance on the DMZ. Run Wireshark and Your IP address and TCP port:
capture traffic from your network connection. Start a Web
browser, and go to www.napier.ac.uk. Napier’s Web server IP address and TCP port:

Stop Wireshark and identify some of your connection details: Right-click on the GET HTTP request from the client, and follow
the stream:

What does the red and blue text identify?

Can you read the HTTP requests that go from the client to the
server? [Yes][No]

2 Go to your Windows 2003 instance on the DMZ. Run Wireshark Your IP address and TCP port:
and capture traffic from your network connection. Start a Web
browser, and go to www.napier.ac.uk. Napier’s Web server IP address and TCP port:

Stop Wireshark and identify some of your connection details: Right-click on the GET HTTP request from the client, and follow
the stream:
8
 What does the red and blue text identify?

Can you read the HTTP requests that go from the client to the
server? [Yes][No]

3 Go to your Kali Linux instance. Run Wireshark and capture traffic

from your network connection. Start a Web browser, and go to Your IP address and TCP port:
Google.com.
Google’s Web server IP address and TCP port:
Stop Wireshark and identify some of your connection details:
Which SSL/TLS version is used:

By examining the Wireshark trace, which encryption method is

used for the tunnel:

By examining the Wireshark trace, which hash method is used for

the tunnel:

By examining the Wireshark trace, what is the length of the

encryption key:

By examining the certificate from the browser which encryption

method is used for the tunnel:

By examining the certificate from the browser, which hash method

is used for the tunnel:

By examining the certificate from the browser is the length of the

encryption key:

9
4 Go to your Windows 2003 instance. Run Wireshark and capture
traffic from your network connection. Start a Web browser, and go Your IP address and TCP port:
to https://twitter.com.
Twitter’s Web server IP address and TCP port:
Stop Wireshark and identify some of your connection details:
Which SSL/TLS version is used:

By examining the Wireshark trace, which encryption method is

used for the tunnel:

By examining the Wireshark trace, which hash method is used for

the tunnel:

By examining the Wireshark trace, what is the length of the

encryption key:

By examining the certificate from the browser which encryption

method is used for the tunnel:

By examining the certificate from the browser, which hash method

is used for the tunnel:

By examining the certificate from the browser is the length of the

encryption key:

10
2 OpenSSL
No Description Result
1 Go to your Kali Linux instance, and make a connection to the
www.live.com Web site: Which SSL/TLS method has been used:

openssl s_client -connect www.live.com:443 Which encryption method is used for the tunnel:

Which hash method is used for the tunnel:

What is the length of the encryption key:

What is the serial number of the certificate:

Who has signed the certificate:

2 Now, add the –ssl3 option and note the changes: Which SSL/TLS method has been used:

Which encryption method is used for the tunnel:

Which hash method is used for the tunnel:

What is the length of the encryption key:

11
Determine the following for these sites:

Site Protocol Encryption type Enc key length Hash method Public key size Cert Issuer
[Intel] TLSv1 RC4 128-bit SHA-1 2,048 Cyber Trust

[Adobe]

[Symantec]

[Reddit]

[Wordpress]

[LinkedIn]

[Yahoo]

[Wikipedia]

[Barclays]

[Asecuritysite.com]

Crypto tunnel assessment

You have been asked to be a consultant for the assessment of a range of sites. First download the Crypto tool from:

https://it4kb.wordpress.com/2014/06/11/iis-crypto/

Then scan the following sites using the Qualys SSL Lab URL test:
12
 Site Crypto methods used and weaknesses identified Grade (A, B, C…)
google.com

Microsoft.com

asecuritysite.com

What advice would you give each of these companies for the setup of their site?

3 Installing HTTPS and Heartbleed

No Description Result
1 Go to your Kali Linux instance. Setup a secure Web server using
the commands: Which OpenSSL is used on your Kali instance:

sudo apt-get install apache2 Can you connect from Kali to your local host with:
sudo a2enmod ssl
sudo a2ensite default-ssl
https://localhost
sudo openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -sha1 -newkey
rsa:1024 -nodes -keyout server.key -out server.crt
Can you connect to your Kali instance from a Web browser on
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart Windows 2003:

13
 https://10.200.0.x

[Yes][No]

2 On Kali, now download the following Python script to detect Is your server vulnerable?
Heartbleed:

http://asecuritysite.com/heart.zip

Test your server with:

python heart.py 192.168.x.x

3 On Wireshark, now repeat 2, and capture data packets. Which SSL/TLS method has been used:

Which encryption method is used for the tunnel:

Which hash method is used for the tunnel:

What is the length of the encryption key:

Can you spot the packet which identifies the Heartbleed

vulnerability?

Hint: Look for tcp matches "\x18\x03"

14
4 Examine the Python script. Can you identify the place where the Python scripts crafts the
Heartbleed packet (Look for “18 03 01 00 03 01 40 00”)?

What does the “40 00” identify and by looking at the packets in the
previous step, can you determine what is missing from the
Heartbleed packet:

4 Now we will use Snort to detect a Heartbleed packet. On Windows Does Snort detect the Heartbleed packet: [Yes][No]
2003, create a Snort use which detects 18, 03, 02 and 00:

alert tcp any any -> any 443 (msg:"Heartbeat

request"; content:"|18 03 02 00|";
rawbytes;sid:100000)

15
4 Examining traces
No Description Result
1 Download the following file, and examine the trace with
Wireshark: Client IP address and TCP port:

http://asecuritysite.com/log/ssl.zip Web server IP address and TCP port:

Which SSL/TLS method has been used:

Which encryption method is used for the tunnel:

Which hash method is used for the tunnel:

What is the length of the encryption key:

2 Download the following file, and examine the trace with

Wireshark: Client IP address and TCP port:

http://asecuritysite.com/log/heart.zip Web server IP address and TCP port:

Which SSL/TLS method has been used:

Which encryption method is used for the tunnel:

Which hash method is used for the tunnel:

What is the length of the encryption key:

Can you spot the packet which identifies the Heartbleed

vulnerability?

16
3 Download the following file, and examine the trace with Which is the IP address of the client and of the server:
Wireshark:

http://asecuritysite.com/log/ipsec.zip Which packet number identifies the start of the VPN connection
(Hint: look for UDP Port 500):

Determine one of the encryption and hashing methods that the client
wants to use:

Now determine the encryption and hashing methods that are agreed
in the ISAKMP:

17