10.

Circle the word that:

i) begins with a front vowel.

A. easy B. answer C. honour D. knight

ii) begins with a central vowel.

A. union B. ink C. old D. onion

iii) contains a monophthong.

A. they B. says C. star D. days

iv) contains a diphthong:

A. peep B. quay C. tie D. grease

v) contains a back vowel

A. food B. need C. but D. chat

vi) contains a central vowel.

A. sign B. pink C. cold D. monkey

vii) doesn’t contain a diphthong.

A. floor B. hate C. mine D. flour

viii) doesn’t contain a rounded vowel.

A. who B. us C. him D. card

ix) consists of a long vowel.

A. listen B. pizza C. swim D. dinner

x) ends with a high rounded vowel.

A. bar B. roar C. sour D. shoe

12. Circle the letter A, B, C or D next to the word whose underlined part is
pronounced differently from the others.
1 A. suitable                B. biscuit                  C. building              D. guilty

2. A. treat                    B. sweat                  C. heat                    D. feat

3. A. nation                 B. national               C. explanation         D. formation

4. A. none                   B. won                     C. son                     D. on

5. A. item                    B. idiom                   C. ideal                   D. idea

6. A. helpful                B. useful                  C. student               D. thankful

7. A. ago                     B. machine             C. station                 D. material

8. A. occur                  B. oblige                 C. occasion              D. oxygen

9. A. bind                    B. kind                    C. find                       D. win

10. A. thought             B. bought               C. shoulder                 D. fought

Further practice
Exercise 3: Circle the word that contains the following sounds:
1. the sound /ʃ/
A. chop                   B. teacher            C. chips                      D. machine
2. the sound /tʃ/
A. chemistry          B. scheme           C. school                   D. choose
3. the sound /s/
A. sea                      B. sure                 C. shoe                       D. schedule
4. the sound / s/
A. dancer                B. calm                C. cent                        D. can
5. the sound /ʒ/
A. commission       B. education       C. measure                 D. genuine
6. the sound /dᴣ/
A. gumbo                B. giraffe             C. gamble                  D. gemba
7. the sound /z/
A. scissors              B. wrestle            C. basic                      D. biscuit
8. the sound /θ/
A. although            B. Thailand         C. booth                     D. breathing
9. the sound /k/
A. archery               B. archeology     C. orchard                 D. urchin
10. the sound /ʃ/
A. expansion          B. digestion         C. revision                 D. mischief

Exercise 4: Circle the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from that of the others.   
1. A. works                  B. students                  C. movies                    D. proofs
2. A. wanted                B. needed                    C. wicked                    D. worked
3. A. school                 B. scheme                    C. scholar                    D. schwa
4. A. tear                     B. adventure               C. volunteer                D. tomorrow
5. A. sunbathe            B. mouth                      C. bath                        D. throw
6. A. knee                    B. knife                        C. know                     D. kitchen
7. A. snowed               B. combed                   C. cleaned                   D. laughed
8. A. machine             B. ship                         C. chip                         D. finish
9. A. bathe                  B. that                          C. thin                          D. though
10. A. goes                  B. changes                   C. closes                      D. misses
11. A. bays                  B. close                        C. size                          D. loose
12. A. capital              B. indicate                   C. nice                          D. complicated
13. A. honor                B. himself                    C. heart                        D. honey
14. A. seen                  B. sit                             C. sure                          D. seem
15. A. off                     B. wife                         C. knife                        D. of
16. A. chalk                 B. champagne             C. machine                  D. ship
17. A. kept                   B. progress                  C. pneumonia              D. program
18. A. fluency             B. pharmacy                C. dictionary               D. proficiency
19. A. gain                   B. good                        C. discourage              D. god
20. A. closure             B. pleasure                  C. conclusion              D. pressure
Exercise 5:  Circle the word that
1. begins with an alveolar plosive voiced consonant.
A. tin                        B. dean               B. bean                         D. pin  
2. begins with an affricative voiceless palato-alveolar consonant.
A. shine                   B. general           C. charming                D. chemical
3. begins with   an approximant voiced bilabial.
A. year                     B. word                C. July                          D. young
4. begins with a fricative dental voiceless consonant.
A. thought               B. though            C. them                        D. genuine
5. begins with a stop voiceless velar consonant.
A. quiet                   B. knight            C. tight                         D. pitch
6. begins with a bilabial consonant.
A. mat                     B. sat                   C. cat                            D. rat
7. begins with a voiceless velar consonant.
A. knot                    B. know              C. lot                            D. cut
8. begins with a labial-dental consonant.
A. fat                       B. cat                  C. that                          D. mat
9. begins with a voiceless alveolar consonant.
A. zip                      B. lip                   C. sip                            D. dip
10. contains an affricative.
A. treasure              B. tram                C. beach                       D. pain
Exercise 6: Write the symbols that corresponds to each of the following
descriptions, then give an English word that contains this sound.
Example: fricative glottal /h/      high
1. Voiced bilabial plosive (stop): /b/ - begin
2. Voiceless alveolar stop: /t/ - ten
3. Velar nasal: /ɳ/ - bring
4. Voiceless alveolar fricative: /s/ - sea
5. Voiced affricative: /dᴣ/ - genuine
6. Approximant bilabial: /w/ - will
7. Voiced dental fricative: /ð/ - this
8. Voiceless labio-dental fricative: /f/ - fat
9. Voiced affricative: /dᴣ/ - genuine
10. Voiced velar stop: /g/ - begin
Exercise 7:  Write the following words in the correct column.
/ ʃ /  / tʃ / /dʒ /
Eg: Cushion Cheaper Journey
insurance coach Package
admission feature passenger
efficient much Japan
attraction lecture job
condition culture stranger
station beach Hijack
national speech
section
special

 
Exercise 8: Write a brief description of the following consonants in terms of
place of articulation, manner of articulation, state of vocal cords and position of
velum.
Example:  /k/: voiceless oral stop velar
1. /tʃ/ : voiceless oral africative palato-alveolar
2. /ɳ/: voice nasal velar
3. /ð/ : voice oral fricative dental
4. /s/ : voiceless oral fricative alveolar
5. /dᴣ/ : voice oral africative palato-alveolar
6. /ʒ/ : voice oral fricative palato-alveolar
7. /θ/ : voiceless oral fricative dental
8. /m/ : voice nasal bilabial
9. /w/ : voice oral approximant bilabial
10. /l/ : voice oral lateral alveolar
Exercise 9: Identify the number of final consonant sounds in the words below
when they are spoken slowly and carefully.
Example: shrimps: 3 /mps/
1.   attempts: 4 /mpts/
2.   fetched: 2 /tʃt/
3.   projects: 3 /kts/
4.   risked: 3 / skt/
5.   remixed: 3 /kst/
6.   texts: 4 /ksts/
7.   combs: 2 /mz/
8.   stumbled: 2 /ld/
9.   shrinks: 3 /ɳks/
10. straddles: 2 /lz/
Exercise 10:  Underline the consonants clusters occurring within the words in
the extract below.
‘…Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric,
thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this
breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But perhaps the most fascinating of all
Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had
commercial possibilities.’
 (Source: Cambridge IELTS 9, 2013, page 18)
Exercise 11: Add a consonant or a consonant cluster to the beginning or the end
of the following vowels to build as many new words as possible.
Example:  /ͻi/" boy, toy, choice, foil, spoil….
1.   /iə/: clear, dear, year, tear, beer, cheer
2.   /e/: men, head, met, set, well, led, fell, bet, red, check
3.   /ai/: might, buy, type, quite, sky, time, light, mime
4.   /əu/: nouse, boat, blows, coast, bowl, soap, most, clothes
5.   /æ/: cat, apple, rat, hat, hand, map, tap, plan, man, sang
6.   /ɜ:/ : shirt, were, burn, heard, third, turn, word, girl
7.   /eə/ : bear, fare, rare, fair, hair, chair, dare
8.   /ᴧ/ : sun, london, pub, much, lunch, summer
9.   /ʊ:/ : look, pull, show, good, full, wood
10.  /i:/: meat, cheap, read, sweet, wee, see, lead
 Further Practice – Chapter 4

I. How many phonemes are there in these words?

1. tarmac -5

2. wrestle -4

3. encounters -8

4. plunged -6

5. distracted - 10

6. adaptations -8

7. sympathetic - 10

8. impact -6

9. pneumonia -7

10. scarce -4

II. In each group of three below, circle the word whose onset of the first syllable
has only one consonant sound.

1. A. psychology                         B. spider                                C. stylish

2. A. crawling                              B. knitting                             C. squirrel 

3. A. flamingo                              B. pneumonia                       C. pressure

4. A. rhinocerous                         B. florist                                C. frighten                

5. A. schizophrenia                     B. plumber                            C. wreckage

6. A. wrangle                                B. shrank                               C. draft

7. A. swaddle                               B. sphere                               C. psephology

8. A. skanky                                 B. knight                                C. twiddle

9. A. whack                                  B. shrewd                              C. stinky

10. A. phrenology                       B. rhapsodic                          C. crinkle

III. In each group of three below, circle the word whose coda has two consonant
sounds.

1. A. witch                                    B. numb                                 C. film

2. A. comb                                    B. camp                                  C. doubt

3. A. debt                                      B. lamb                                  C. vast

4. A. shrimp                                 B. tomb                                  C. palm

5. A. folk                                      B. yolk                                   C. wrist

6. A. fetch                                     B. receipt                               C. concept

7. A.  fax                                       B. calm                                   C. plumb

8. A. yacht                                    B. quack                                C. yield

9. A. limb                                      B. blimp                                 C. column

10. A. wrestle                               B. context                              C. pronounced

IV. In each group of three below, circle the word whose peak is different from
that of the others.

1. A. threat                                   B. please                                C. cease

2. A. rough                                   B. jump                                  C. mute

3. A. bait                                       B. plate                                  C. bat

4. A. worm                                    B. heal                                    C. earth

5. A. Christ                                   B. mist                                    C. fist

6. A. blind                                    B. blink                                  C. grind

7. A. cool                                      B. crude                                 C. foot

8. A. worth                                   B. snort                                  C. forth

9. A. clown                                   B. flown                                 C. drown

10. A. knew                                  B. few                                     C. blew

V. Explain the difference between the following pairs of underlined sounds with
regards to the quality of vowel.

1. A.  flute                                    B. food

2. A. light                                      B. line

3. A. seat                                       B. lead

4. A. bet                                        B. bed

5. A. half                                       B. barb

6. A. fit                                          B. fill

7. A. black                                    B. clam

8. A. yacht                                    B. nod

9. B. puff A. grub

10. A. scarf                                   B. psalm

Shorter Short

Shorter beacause underlined sound followed by voiced consnants.

Short beacause underlined sound followed by voiceless consnants.

VI. Transcribe and explain the difference between the following pairs of
underlined consonants.

1. A. foil                                       B. lick

2. A. pipe                                      B. spine

3. A. read                                      B. tread

4. A. wit                                        B. twit

5. A. tie                                         B. sty
6. A. tie                                         B. sty

7. A. cold                                      B. scold

8. A. team                                     B. steam

9. A. wine                                     B. swine

10. A. popular                              B. spinning

VII. Write the word indicated by each transcription and identify the
phonological process of the underlined sound.

Transcription word Phonological Process

Eg: /kɜ:l/ curl /ɫ/: velarized at the end of a syllable
1.      /in'telidʒəns/  intelligence  /th/: aspriration at a stressed syllable of
the voiceless plosives
2.      /'kwaiət/  quiet  /kwo/: devoiced because it is preceded by
fortis plosive.
3.      /'pɜ:pəs/  purpose  /ph/: aspiration beacause it is in initial
position of a stressed syllabe
4.      /sta:(r)tʃ/  starch  /st/: unaspiration because it is preceded
by [s]
5.      /'treʒə(r)/    /tro/: devoiced because it is preceded by
fortis plosive.
6.       /ˈmʌmbl/  mumble  /l/: syllabic because it is at the end of a
word and after a consonant
7.      /ˈtʌnl/  tunnel  /l/: syllabic because it is at the end of a
word and after a consonant
8.      /məʊld/  mould  /ɫ/: velarized because it follows a vowel
and precedes a consonant.
9.      /ˈfɑːsn/    /n/: syllabic because it is at the end of a
word anf after a fricative sound
10. /kriːm/  cream  /kro/: devoiced because it is preceded by
fortis plosive.
Chapter 5
I. Find out the cases of assimilation in the following sentences
1. Do you consider your home a private place, just for family?
2. My flatmates aren’t here much, so it’s just like my own place really.
3. Cross out any options which are not possible.
4. So far China has focused on making products for foreign markets.
5. About ten million people a year migrate to the cities.
6. How often do you go to concerts, shows or the theatre?
7. What are the bad points of homestay?
8. Sorry, we don’t accept credit cards.
9. You should have told me you didn’t eat garlic.
10. Some men got scurvy because they didn’t eat enough fresh food.
11. There are lots of street cafés and they are really cheap in Thailand.
12. I ‘m a student and I want to travel next year.
13. Oxford Street is a famous shopping area in central London.
14. It’s also a good place for buskers to earn money.
15. Is there a right way to bring up children?
1. private place / praivәt pleis/ /praivәp pleis/
2. own place / әʊn pleis//әʊm pleis/
3. not possible /nɒt pɒsәbl//nɒp pɒsәbl/
4. foreign markets / fɒrәn ma:kit// fɒrәm ma:kit/
5. ten million / ten miljәn//ten miljәn/
6. bad points / bӕd pͻints//bӕb pͻints/
7. credit card /kredit ka:dz//kredik ka:dz/
8. eat garlic /i:t ga:lik//i:k ga:lik/
9. street cafes /stri:t kӕfei//stri:k kӕfei/
10. next year /nekst jiә/ /nekstʃiә/
11. famous shopping /feimәs ʃɒpiȵ//feimәʃ ʃɒpiȵ/
12. good place /gʊd pleis//gʊb pleis/
14. Earn money /з:n mʌni//з:m
mʌni/
13. right way /rait wei//raip wei/
II
Particular
Traditional
Polite
Career
Interesting
Temperature
International
Unpleasant
Customer
Disappearance
Every
Frequently
Important
III
 1.This must have seemed an astonishing, even scared, phenomenon to ancient
societies
2.We come from different backgrounds but we get on really well
3.Themed weddings are becoming very fashionable
4.Recently, Bella’s families put their grandfather into the nursing home
5.I stayed with a host family in west London
6.The college didn’t accept her because her French wasn’t good enough, even
though she’s spending a year in France before the course starts
7.I’m sorry the boss didn’t like your idea and preffered mine.
8.In a negotiation, always find common ground between you and the other party
9.I told the receptionist that I had booked the room for two nights, not one
10.Cities exist because there more convenient places to live
11.As a child, I loved sitting on my grandfather’s lap while he read me stories
12.A good story encourages us to turn the next page and read more
13.We want to find out what happens next and what the main characters do and
what they say to each other
14.The four guets held their glasses to the light and studied their blood-red
contents
15.But chapel must have been the last thing on Ravi’s mind when Ginnie, after a
moment’s hesitation, accepted his offer
IV
“... An orphan, and possessed of an adequate income, he cut a dash, as the saying
is. He had a good figure and a good carriage, a sufficient flow of words to pass for
wit, a certain natural grace, an air of nobility and pride, a gallant moustache and
an eloquent eye, attributes which women like.
He was in demand in drawing-rooms, sought after for valses, and in men he
inspried that smiling hostility which is reserved for vital and attractive rivals. He
had been suspected of several love-affairs of a sort calculated to create a good
opinion of a youngster. He lived a happy, care-free life, in the most complete well-
being of body and mind. He was known to be a fine swordsman and a still finer
shot with the pistol.
IV
Elision: a
Liasion: a

... Why is it that insects have received relatively little attention in biopropesting? Firstly,
there are so many insects that, without some manner of targeted approach, investigating
this huge variety of species is a daunting task. Secondly, insects are generally very small,
and the glands inside them that secrete potentially useful compounds are smaller still.
This can make it difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of the compounds for subsequent
testing. Thirdly, althought we consider insects to be everywhere the reality of this
ubiquity is vast numbers of a few extremely common species. Many insects species are
frequently encountered and very difficult to rear in captivity, which, again, can leave us
with insuffcient material to work with
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
PREPARATION FOR FINAL TEST

1. Give the appropriate three-term description for each of the following sounds:
E.g. [k]: voiceless velar stop
[t]:voiceless alveolar stop
[p]: voiceless bilabial stop
[f]:voiceless labio-dental
[d]: voiced alveolar stop
[ r]: voiced retroflex gliding
[tʃ]:voiceless plato-alveolar affricative
[ʤ]: voiced plato-alveolar affricative
[ʒ]:voiced plato-alveolar fricative
[ʃ]:voiceless plato-alveolar affricative
[ð]: voiced dental affricative
[ϴ]: voiceless dental affricative
[s]: voiceless alveolar affricative
[z]:voiced alveolar affricative

2. Give the appropriate phonetic symbol for each of the following sounds:
(a) a voiced palato-alveolar fricative  ʒ
(b) a voiced alveolar stop  d
(c) a voiced velar stop  g
(d) a voiced dental fricative  ð
(e) a voiced labio-dental fricative  v

1
3. These words all contain the vowel sound /æ/. Make another word with the same consonant
sounds, but changing the vowel sound to /ei/.
EXAMPLES: pan /pæn/  pain /pein/
1. at /æt/ eight /eit/ 2. mad /mæd/ made /meid/
3. man /mæn/ main /mein/ 4. Plan /plæn/ plain /plein/
5. tap /tæp/ tape /teip/ 5 ran /ræn/ rain /rein/

4. Circle the word which does not have the sound /t/.
Example: asked castle letter first
1. eight Thames whistle walked ?
2. Thomas needed time liked
3. listen winter eaten after
4. ended wished left hoped
5. whiter greater soften written

2
 8. Change the vowel sound from /e/ to /i:/ in these words. Write the new words.
For example:
met /met/  meat /mi:t/
1. check /tʃek/ chick /tʃik/ 2. Sweat /swet/ sweet /swit/
3. red /red/ read /rid/ 4. Well /wel/ will /wil/
5. bet /bet/ bit /bit/ 6. Set /set/ sit /sit/
7. men /men/ mean /min/ 8. fed /fed/ fid /fid/
9. fell /fel/ fill /fil/ 10 led /led/ lead /li:d/

10. Add one of these sounds to the start of these words to make other words: /h/, /j/, /w/.
Think of sounds, not spelling!
EXAMPLE: air /eə/  hair /heə/, where/weə/
1. earth /з:Ɵ/ worth /wз:Ɵ/ 2. Eyes /aiz/ highs /haiz/
3. ear /iə/ hear /hiə/ year/jiə/ 4. All /ɔ:l/ wall /wɔ:l/
5. eat /i:t/ heat /hi:t/ 6. or /ɔ:/ war /wɔ:/
7. aid /eid/ hade /heid/ 8. Ache /eik/ wake /weik/
9. in /in/ win /win/ 10. Ill /il/ hill /hil/
11. eight /eit/ weight /weit/ 12. art /a:t/ hart /ha:t/

11. Add the sound /ɡ/ or /k/ to the beginning of these words and write the new words.
For example:
water /'wɔ:tə/  quater ‘/kwɔ:tə/
1. up cup 2. old gold, cold
3. all call 4. aim came
5. lime clime 6. rate krate
7. ache cache 8. air care
9. ill kill 10. round ground

12. Due to aspects of connected speech in spoken language, the speaker made mistakes
when writing these sentences. Rewrite tem so that each sentence makes sense.
For example:
Does she tea Chinese in the school?
 Does she teach Chinese in the school?
1. I don't know which air to sit on.  which chair
2. Everyone at the march ears when their team scores.  match cheers
3. I never what chat shows on the TV.  watch that
4. The actor on stay joked with the audience.  stage joked
5. Foxes sometimes come to the farm and cat chickens.  catch chickens
6. Do you want to chain jackets before we go out?  change jackets
7. Known uses good news, as they say.  No news is
8. Have you phone jaw parents this week?  phoned jaw
I've never her July before.  heard you lie