IF 633

Mobile Application Programming

01 Introduction to the Android Operating System
OBJECTIVES
▪ Explain and define what is Android Operating System
▪ Explain what is Android’s platform Architecture
▪ Explain the history and evolution of Android Operating System
▪ Explain the challenges of Android app Development
▪ Explain what is Android app fundamentals
▪ Explain and describe the main tools to develop Android app – Android
Studio
OUTLINE
▪ Android is an ecosystem
▪ Android platform architecture
▪ Android History
▪ Android Versions
▪ Challenges of Android app development
▪ App fundamentals
▪ Android Studio
▪ Basic app development workflow with Android Studio
▪ Running apps on virtual and physical devices
What is Android?

▪ Mobile operating system based on Linux kernel

▪ User Interface for touch screens
▪ Used on over 80% of all smartphones
▪ Powers devices such as watches, TVs, and cars
▪ Over 2 Million Android apps in Google Play store
▪ Highly customizable for devices / by vendors
▪ Open source
Birth of Android Operating System
▪ October 2003, the company Android Inc was founded in Palo Alto, California,
USA
▪ Its four founders were Rich Miner, Nick Sears, Chris White, and Andy Rubin

Andy Rubin Rich Miner Nick Sears Chris White

Android Inc
Android OS Initiations
• Mobile phone dominated by Symbian OS.
• Android was intended to be installed in Digital Camera.
2003

• Digital Camera markets are declining.

• Idea of delivering contents based on user’s location and
2004 preferences in mobile phone.

• Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was initiated by Google, HTC,

Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instrument, etc. (35 Members)
• Published Android SDK for developers to compete with
Andy Rubin 2007 BlackBerry, iPhone (iOS), Symbian and other platforms.
Key Person / Co-Founder
Android versions
Codename Version Released API Level
1.0 Sept 2008

1.1 Feb 2009

Cupcake 1.5 April 2009

Donut 1.6 Sept 2009

Eclair 2.0 – 2.1 Oct 2009

Froyo 2.2 May 2010

Gingerbread 2.3 Sept 2010

Android versions
Codename Version Released API Level
Honeycomb 3.0 - 3.2.6 Feb 2011 11 - 13

Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0 - 4.0.4 Oct 2011 14 - 15

Jelly Bean 4.1 - 4.3.1 July 2012 16 - 18

KitKat 4.4 - 4.4.4 Oct 2013 19 - 20

Lollipop 5.0 - 5.1.1 Nov 2014 21 - 22

Marshmallow 6.0 - 6.0.1 Oct 2015 23

Nougat 7.0 - 7.1 Sept 2016 24 - 25

Oreo 8.0 - 8.1 Sept 2017 26 - 27

Pie 9.0 Aug 2018 28

Mobile OS Market Share (Forecast)
Android user interaction and Sensors
● User Interactions
● Touch gestures: swiping, tapping, pinching
● Virtual keyboard for characters, numbers, and emoji
● Support for Bluetooth, USB controllers and peripherals
● Sensors
● Device contents rotate as needed
● Walking adjusts position on map
● Tilting steers a virtual car or controls a physical toy
● Moving too fast disables game interactions
Android Software Developer Kit (SDK)

● Development tools (debugger, monitors, editors)

● Libraries (maps, wearables)
● Virtual devices (emulators)
● Documentation (developers.android.com)
● Sample code
Android Studio
● Official Android IDE
● Develop, run, debug,
test, and package apps
● Monitors and
performance tools
● Virtual devices
● Project views
● Visual layout editor
Google Play store

Publish apps through Google Play store:

● Official app store for Android
● Digital distribution service operated by Google
Android stack
1. System and user apps
2. Android OS API in
Java framework
3. Expose native APIs;
run apps
4. Expose device
hardware capabilities
5. Linux Kernel
System and user apps

● System apps have no special status

● System apps provide key capabilities to app developers

Example:
Your app can use a system app to
deliver a SMS message.
Java API Framework

The entire feature-set of the Android OS is available to

you through APIs written in the Java language.
● View class hierarchy to create UI screens
● Notification manager
● Activity manager for life cycles and navigation
Android runtime, C/C++ libraries, & HAL
▪ Android runtime
▪ Each app runs in its own process with its own instance of the
Android Runtime.
▪ C/C++ libraries
▪ Core C/C++ Libraries give access to core native Android system
components and services.
▪ Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
▪ Standard interfaces that expose device hardware capabilities as
libraries
Examples: Camera, bluetooth module
Linux Kernel

● Threading and low-level memory management

● Security features
● Drivers
What is an Android app?

● One or more interactive screens

● Written using Java Programming Language and XML
● Uses the Android Software Development Kit (SDK)
● Uses Android libraries and Android Application Framework
● Executed by Android Runtime Virtual machine (ART)
Challenges of Android development

● Multiple screen sizes and resolutions

● Performance: make your apps responsive and smooth
● Security: keep source code and user data safe
● Compatibility: run well on older platform versions
● Marketing: understand the market and your users
(Hint: It doesn't have to be expensive, but it can be.)
App building blocks

● Resources: layouts, images, strings, colors as XML and

media files
● Components: activities, services, and helper classes as Java
code
● Manifest: information about app for the runtime
● Build configuration: APK versions in Gradle config files
Workflow of Building Android Application
Development Phase with Android Standard Development Kit (SDK)

2 3 4
Dex File (*.dex)
(Bytecode file like
*.exe in Windows)

Logic : Java Code Build Automation Java Compiler + DX

1 Tools : Gradle (D8) Compiler

5
5
Developers

User Interface and APK Packager

Resources : XML Script, (Like 7Zip or WinZip)
Output: APK File
PNG, JPG, etc.
(Like *.appx in Windows 10 or
.deb in Debian)
Workflow of Android Application Runtime
End-User Runtime on Device while using Application

App Requesting Permission and Dex File (*.dex)

Installation Confirmation
Resources File

3
Compiler: dex2oat tool

Libraries
1 2
4

Users Download
APK through Play
Store or External
Sources
5 Using The App

Registered Apps Android Runtime (ART)

Basic Developer Workflow
What is Android Studio?
● Android integrated development environment (IDE)
● Project and Activity templates
● Layout editor
● Testing tools
● Gradle-based build
● Log console and debugger
● Emulators
Android Studio interface
1. Toolbar
2. Navigation bar
3. Project pane
4. Editor
5. Tabs for other
panes
Project folders
1. manifests—Android Manifest
file - description of app read
by the Android runtime
2. java—Java source code
packages
3. res—Resources (XML) -
layout, strings, images,
dimensions, colors...
4. build.gradle—Gradle build
files
Gradle build system
● Modern build subsystem in Android Studio
● Three build.gradle:
○ project
○ module
○ settings

● Typically not necessary to know low-level Gradle details

● Learn more about gradle at https://gradle.org/
Run your app

1. Run

2. Select virtual
or physical
device

3. OK
Result on Run

Run on a virtual device Run on a Physical device

Summary
▪ After finishing this module, you should be able:
▪ to understand Android Operating System
▪ to understand what Android’s platform Architecture is
▪ to understand the history and evolution of Android Operating
System
▪ to understand what the challenges of Android app Development
are
▪ to understand what Android app fundamentals is
▪ to understand the main tools to develop Android app – Android
Studio
NEXT WEEK’S OUTLINE
 Android Activity
 Relative Layout
 Linear Layout
 Frame Layout
 Constraint Layout
 Resources for UI
REFERENCES
▪ J.F.DiMarzio. Beginning Android Programming with Android Studio (2017).
John Wiley & Son.
▪ D. Griffiths & D. Griffiths. Head First Android Development. O’Reilly
▪ Google Developer Training Team. Android Developer Fundamental Course:
Learn to develop Android Applications. Concept Reference. (Version 2:
2018). Google Inc.
▪ https://google-developer-training.github.io/android-developer-fundamentals-
course-concepts-v2/
Visi
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