ANDROID

By
B.NEELESH
 Interesting facts on Android!

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 evolution of Android

The Beginning:
T-Mobile G1 (2008) Streamlined: Brighter and Lighter :
Ice Cream Sandwich KitKat (2013)
(2011)

Material Design :  Refinement:

Lollipop (2014) Simple Yet Powerful :
Oreo (2017)
P (2018)
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 INTRODUCTION TO
1 ANDROID OS
 Prologue on Android

in Operating system
Introduction What is android?
With the worldwide proliferation of mobile devices,
 Linux 2.6 based operating system for mobile devices.
reliability, availability, connectivity, as well as performance
related concerns, similar to the once encountered on  Open source and released under Apache License
traditional IT server systems, became paramount. On the (Carriers can modify it before distributing).
smartphone and internet tablet side, one of the fastest
 Google acquired android in 2005.
growing solutions are Android based products (source
digitimes 2010). While Android based systems get a lot of  Android 1.0 released 2008.
exposure in the media, there is a lot of myth surrounding  In 2012 Android 4.2 released Improvements include
the actual implementation details. Some people label support for new devices:
Android as a Linux solution, which really does not reflect
the facts. Ergo, this report discusses the major o Cameras
components that comprise the Android operating o Multi core CPU
environment, elaborating on the Android design and
architecture (the building blocks), as well as addressing o Barometer , etc.
the Android verses Linux question.

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To summarize, the Android operating environment
can be labeled as:
◇ An open platform for mobile development.
◇ A hardware reference design for mobile devices.
◇ A system powered by a modified Linux 2.6 kernel.
◇ A run time environment.
◇ An application and user interface (UI) framework.

Design principles – What is required of a mobile OS?

How do these differ from the needs of a desktop Mobile hardware differences:
system?
▪ Battery
▪ Long battery life. ▪ Touch screen
▪ Fast boot up. ▪ Portable (Mobile CPU)
▪ Fast response. ▪ More limited memory
▪ Fewer devices
▪ Applications (Programming environment)
▪ Security
 Android Versions
Google launched the first version of the Android
platform on Nov 5, 2007. Since then, Google
released a lot of android versions such as Apple Pie,
Banana Bread, Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo,
Gingerbread, Jellybeans, KitKat, Lollipop,
marshmallow, Nougat, Oreo, etc. with extra
functionalities and new features.

“ Programming Languages used in Developing Android Applications

1.Java
2.Kotlin

Developing the Android Application using Kotlin is preferred by Google, as Kotlin is

made an official language for Android Development, which is developed and
maintained by JetBrains. Previously before the Java is considered the official language
for Android Development. Kotlin is made official for Android Development in Google
I/O 2017.
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 List of some mobile apps written in Kotlin
Programming Language.

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 Advantages of Android Development

o The Android is an open-source Operating system and hence possesses a vast

community for support.
o The design of the Android Application has guidelines from Google, which
becomes easier for developers to produce more intuitive user applications.
o Fragmentation gives more power to Android Applications. This means the
application can run two activities on a single screen.
o Releasing the Android application in the Google play store is easier when it is
compared to other platforms.

Disadvantages of Android Development

o Fragmentation provides a very intuitive approach for user experience but it has
some drawbacks, where the development team needs time to adjust with the
various screen sizes of mobile smartphones that are now available in the market
and invoke the particular features in the application.
o The Android devices might vary broadly. So the testing of the application
becomes more difficult.
o As the development and testing consume more time, the cost of the application
may increase, depending on the application’s complexity and features.

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 Different Components Of A Smartphone(Android Mobile)

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 ANDROID
2 ARCHITECTURE
 Android System Architecture

The android is an operating system and is a stack of software components

which is divided into five sections and four main layers that is

1. Linux kernel

2. Libraries

3. Android runtime

4. Application Framework

5. Applications
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 Outline of Current (layered) Android Architecture

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 Linux Kernel
Android was created on the open source kernel of Linux. One main reason for choosing this kernel
was that it provided proven core features on which to develop the Android operating system.

The features of Linux kernel are:

1.Security:
The Linux kernel handles the security between the application and the system.

2.Memory Management:
It efficiently handles the memory management thereby providing the freedom to develop our apps.

3.Process Management:
It manages the process well, allocates resources to processes whenever they need them.

4.Network Stack:
It effectively handles the network communication.

5.Driver Model:
It ensures that the application works. Hardware manufacturers can build their drivers into the Linux build.

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 Libraries

Running on the top of the kernel, the Android framework was developed with various
features. It consists of various C/C++ core libraries with numerous of open source tools.

Some of libraries are:

1.Open GL(graphics library):
This cross-language, cross-platform application program interface (API) is used to produce 2D and 3D computer
graphics.

2.WebKit:
This open source web browser engine provides all the functionality to display web content and to simplify page
loading.

3.Media frameworks: Core Libraries

These libraries allow you to play and record audio and video. Mainly consists of 3 parts:
▪ JAVA Libraries
4.Secure Socket Layer (SSL): ▪ Android Libraries
▪ DVM Libraries
These libraries are there for Internet security.
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 Android Runtime
and
dalvik virtual machine

 It is the third section of the architecture.

 It provides one of the key components which is called Dalvik Virtual Machine.

 It acts like Java Virtual Machine which is designed specially for Android.

 Android uses it’s own custom VM designed to ensure that multiple instances run
efficiently on a single device.

 The Dalvik VM uses the device’s underlying Linux kernel to handle low-level
functionality, including security, threading and memory management.

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 Application Framework
The Android team has built on a known set proven libraries, built in the background, and all of
it these is exposed through Android interfaces. These interfaces warp up all the various libraries
and make them useful for the Developer. They don’t have to build any of the functionality
provided by the android.

Some of these interfaces include:

1.Activity Manager:
It manages the activity lifecycle and the activity stack.

2.Telephony Manager:
It provides access to telephony services as related subscriber information, such as phone numbers.

3.View System:
It builds the user interface by handling the views and layouts.

4.Location manager:
It finds the device’s geographic location.

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 Applications

Android applications are bundled into an Android package (.apk) via the Android Asset
Packaging Tool (AAPT). To streamline the development process, Google provides the Android
Development Tools (ADT). The ADT streamlines the conversion from class to dex files, and
creates the .apk during deployment.

In a very simplified manner,

Android applications are in general composed of:

• Activities (needed to create a screen for a user application – classes with a UI)

• Intents (used to transfer control from one activity to another)

• Services (classes without a UI, so they can be executed in the background)

• Content Providers (allows the application to share information with other applications)

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 ANDROID VS
LINUX
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 The Android vs. The Linux 2.6 Environment

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 Android and Linux – Comparison

o First of all, the Android kernel was derived from Linux, but has been significantly altered outside the
mainline Linux kernel distribution.

o To further illustrate that point, Android is neither equipped with a native X-Windows setup, nor does it
support the full set of standard GNU libraries.

o Hence, it is a daunting task to port any existing GNU/Linux application or library to Android (support for
X-Windows would be possible in Android though).

o Further, the Linux operating setup natively incorporates a very rich infrastructure of libraries, debuggers,
and development tools that are not accessible by Android.

o While the Android design is based on a deeper implementation stack, and hence the applications are
farther removed from the kernel compared to Linux.

o
21 Based on the rapid development and deployment cycle of Android based systems, the need for actual
 Thank You !

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 Any Queries!

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