I A S

MATHEMATICS
REAL ANALYSIS
Previous year Questions from 1992 To 2017
Syllabus
Real number system as an ordered field with least upper bound property;Sequences,
limit of a sequence, Cauchy sequence, completeness of real line; Series and its
convergence, absolute and conditional convergence of series of real and complex
terms, rearrangement of series. Continuity and uniform continuity of functions,
properties of continuous functions on compact sets. Riemann integral, improper
integrals; Fundamental theorems of integral calculus.Uniform convergence,
continuity, differentiability and integrability for sequences and series of functions;
Partial derivatives of functions of several (two or three) variables, maxima and minima.

** Note: Syllabus was revised in 1990’s and 2001 & 2008 **

ANALOG IAS
I N S T I T U T E
The Right Choice of Achievers
Corporate Office: 2nd Floor, 1-2-288/32, Indira Park ‘X’Roads, Domalguda, Hyderabad-500 029.
Ph: 040-27620440, 9912441137/38, Website: www.analogeducation.in
Branches: New Delhi: Ph:8800270440, 8800283132 Bangalore: Ph: 9912441138,
9491159900 Guntur: Ph:9963356789 Vishakapatnam: Ph: 08912546686
 2017
1. Let x1=2 and xn 1  xn  20, n  1, 2, 3.... Show that the sequence x1,x2,x3... is
convergent. [10 marks]
x  
2. Find the supermum and the infimum of on the interval  0,  . [10 marks]
sin x  2
1
3. Determine all entire functions f(z) such that 0 is a removable singularity of f  
z
[10 marks]

Let f  t     x  dx,
t
4.
0
where [x] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to x.
(i) Determine all the real numbers t at which f is differentiable.
(ii) Determine all the real numbers t at which f is continuous but not differentiable.
[15 marks]


5. Let x
n 1
n be a conditionally convergent series of real numbers. Show that there is a
 

rearrangement n 1
x   n  of the series x
n 1
n that converges to 100. [20 marks]

2016
1
For the function f: (0,)R given f  x   x sin , 0  x   Show that there is a
2
6.
x
differentiable function g:RR that extends f [10 marks]
7. Two sequences {xn} and {yn} are defined inductively by the following:
1 1 1 1 1 
x1  , y1  1, xn  xn1 yn 1 , n  2,3, 4,...     , n  2,3, 4,... and Prove that
2 yn 2  xn yn 1 

xn 1  xn  yn  yn 1 , n  2, 3, 4,..... and deduce that both the sequences convergence to

1
the same limit l where  l 1. [10 marks]
2

 1
n 1

8. Show that the series 
n 1 n 1
conditionally convergent (if you use any theorem (s)

to show it then you must give a proof of that theorem(s). [15 marks]
9. Find the relative maximum minimum values of the function f(x,y)=x 4+y4–2x2+4xy–2y2
[15 marks]

10. Let f :RR be a continuous function such lim f  x  and lim f  x  exist and are finite.
x  x 

Prove that f is uniformly continuous on IR [15 marks]

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.2
www.analogeducation.in
 2015

 n 
  1
n 1
11. Test the convergence and absolute convergence of the series  2 
n 1  n 1
10 marks]

1 1 1
 ,  x
12. Is the function f  x    n n  1 n Rienmann Integrable? If yes, obtain the
 0 x0
1

value of  f  x  dx
0
[15 marks]


nx
13. Test the series of functions  1 n x
n 1
2 2 for uniform convergence [15 marks]

14. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f(x,y)=x2+3y2–y over
the region x2+2y2  1 [15 marks]
2014

dx
15. Test the convergence of the improper integral  x 1  e 
1
2 x [10 marks]

 1 1
1
2 x sin  cos , x   0,1
16. Integrate  f  x  dx , where f  x    x x [15 marks]
0 0 x0

 2 f  0, 0   2 f  0, 0 
17. Obtain and for the function
xy yx

 xy  3x 2  2 y 2 
 ,  x, y    0, 0  2 f 2 f
f  x, y    x2  y 2 Also, discuss the continuity and of at
 xy yx
 0 ,  x , y    0, 0 
(0,0) [15 marks]
18. Find the minimum value of x +y +z subject to the condition xyz=a by the method of
2 2 2 3

Lagrange multiplies. [15 marks]

2013
 x2
 2  4 if x  0
f x   2
19. Let
  x  2 if x  0 is f Riemann integrable in the interval [–1,2]? Why ?
 2
Does there exist a function g such that g' (x)=f (x) ? Justify your answer. [10 marks]

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.3

www.analogeducation.in
  1
n 1

20. Show that the series  n x
1
2 , is uniformly convergent but not absolutely for all

real values of x. [13 marks]

21. Show that every open subset of R is countable union of disjoint open intervals
[14 marks]

22. Let [x] denote the integer part of the real number x, i.e., if n  x < n+1 where n is an
integer, then [x]=n. Is the function f(x) = [x]2+3 Rienman integrable in the function in

  x  
2
2
[–1,2]? if not, explain why. If it is integrable, compute  3 dx [10 marks]
1

2012
 1
0, if x 
n 1

  1 1
f n  x   sin , if x  x ,
23. Let,  x n 1 n Show that f (x) converges to a continuous
n
 1
0, if x  .
 n
function but not uniformly. [12 marks]
n
   6

24. Show that the series    n is convergent [12 marks]

n 1    1 

  x  y 2
 , if f ( x, y )   0, 0  f f
25. Let f  x, y    x 2  y 2 Showthat and exist at (0,0) though
 x y
1, if  x, y    0, 0 
f(x,y) is not continuous at (0,0). [15 marks]
26. Find the minimum distance of the line given by the planes 3x+4y+5z=7 and x–z=9
and from the origin, by the method of Lagrange’s multipliers. [15 marks]
1

 f  x  dx  1 . Prove that
2
27. Let f(x) be differentiable on [0,1], such that f(1)=f(0)=0 and
0

1
1
 x f  x  f '  x  dx   2
0
[15 marks]

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.4

www.analogeducation.in
28. Give an example of a function f(x), that is not Riemann integrable but f  x  is
Riemann integrable. Justify your answer. [20 marks]

2011
1
29. Let S=(0,1) and f be defined by f  x   where 0  x  1 (in R). Is f uniformly
x
continuous on S? justify your answer. [12 marks]

30. Let fn(x)=nx(1–x)n, x[0,1]. Examine the uniform convergence of  f  x  on [0,1]

n

[15 marks]
31. Find the shortest distance from the origin (0,0) to the hyperbola x2+8xy+7y2=225
[15 marks]

nx
32. Show that the series for which the sum of first n terms f n  x   , 0  x  1 can-
1  n2 x2
not be differentiated term-by-term at x=0. What happens at x0? [15 marks]

1


1 S'(x)  2 x
33. Show that if S  x    4 2 , then its derivative
n 1 n  n x
3 n 1 n 1  nx 
2 2 2 , for all x

[20 marks]
2010
 n 
sin  
34. Discuss the convergence of the sequence {xn} where X   2  [12 marks]
n
8
35. Define {xn} by x1=5 and xn 1  4  xn for n>1 Show that the sequence converges to

 1  17 
  [12 marks]
 2 

 2 1
 x sin , if x  0
36. Define the function f  x    x . Find f'(x). Is f'(x) continuous at x=0?
0 if x  0
Justify your answer. [15 marks]


x2

37. Consider the series n 0 1  x 2 2 . Find the values of x for which it is convergent and

also the sum function. Is the converse uniform? Justify your answer.[15 marks]

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.5

www.analogeducation.in
38. Let fn(x)=xn on –1 < x  1 for n=1,2.... Find the limit function. Is the convergence uni
form? Justify your answer. [15 marks]
39. State Roll’s theorem. Use it to prove that between two roots of e xcosx=1 there will be
a root ex sinx=1 [2+10=12 marks]

x
  1 if x  1
2
x
f  x     1 if 1  x  2
40. Let 2 What are the points of discontinuity of f, if any? What
 x
  1 if 2  x
 2
are the points where f is not differentiable, if any? Justify yours answer.[12 marks]

 1.4.7.....  3n  2  
2 2 2
 1   1.4 
41. Show that the series       ....     ..... converges
 3   3.6   3.6.9......3n 
[15 marks]
42. Show that if f:[a,b]R is a continuous function then f([a,b])=[c,d] form some real
numbers c and d, c  d. [15 marks]
 
n2 x2 n2
43. Show that : lim 
n 1 n  x
x 1 4 4
 
n 1 n  1
4 Justify all steps of your answer by quoting the

theorems you are using [15 marks]

44. Show that a bounded infinite subset R must have a limit point [15 marks]
2008
x
45. (i) For x>0, show  log 1  x   x [6 marks]
1 x
1   3   1 
(ii) Let T   , n  N   1  , n  N   6  , n  N  . Find derived set T of T.
n   2n   3n 
Also find Supremum of T and greatest number of T. [6 marks]
46. If f:RR is continuous and f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y), for all x,yR then show that f(x)=xf(1) for
all xR. [12 marks]
x 1.3 2 1.3.5 3
47. Discuss the convergence of the series  x  x  ...., x  0 [15 marks]
2 2.4 2.4.6
1 1  1 
48. Show that the series  n n  1 is equivalent to   1 2  [15 marks]
  2 2  n 1 
49. Let f be a continuous function on [0,1]. Using first Mean Value theorem on Integra-
1
nf  x  
tion, prove that n   1  n 2 x 2 dx  2 f  0 
lim [15 marks]
0

50. (i) Prove that the sets A=[0,1], B=(0,1) are equivalent sets. [6 marks]

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.6

www.analogeducation.in
 tan x x  
(ii) Prove that  , x   0,  [9 marks]
x sin x  2

2007
 xy
 2  x, y    0, 0 
f  x, y    x  2 y
2
51. Show that the function given by is not
0 ( x, y)   0, 0 

continuous at (0,0) but its partial derivatives f x and fy exists at (0,0) [12 marks]
52. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, show that cos b  cos a  b  a [12 marks]
53. Given a positive real number  and any natural number n, prove that there exists
one and only positive real number  such that  =a [20 marks]
54. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the paraboloid
z=36–4x2–9y2 [20 marks]
1
  1
n 1
55. Rearrange the series converge to 1 [20 marks]
n

2006
1
dx
56. Examine the convergence of  x 1  x 
0
1/ 2 1/ 2 [12 marks]

1 when x is rational
57. Prove that the function f defined by f  x    is nowhere
1 when x is irrational
continuous. [12 marks]
58. A twice differentiable function f is such that f(a)=f(b)=0 and f(c)>0 for a<c<b. Prove
that there is at least one value , a << b for which f''( [20 marks]
 x2  2 y2
 ,  x, y    0, 0 
f  x, y    x 2  y 2
59. Show that the function given by
0  x, y    0, 0 

(i) is continuous at(0,0)
(ii) possesses partial derivative fx(0,0) and fy(0,0) [20 marks]
x2 y2 z2
60. Find the volume of the ellipsoid   1 [20 marks]
a2 b2 c2

2005
x y z
61. If u,v,w are the roots of the equation in  and    1,
a b c
  x, y , z 
evaluate [12 marks]
  u , v, w 
ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.7
www.analogeducation.in
62. Evaluate  ln  x  y  z  dxdydz The integral being extended over all positive values
of x,y,z such that x+y+z  1 [12 marks]
63. If f ' and g' exist for every x [a,b] and if g'(x) does not vanish anywhere (a,b), show
f c   f  a  f 'c 
that there exists c in (a,b) such that g b  g c  g ' c [30 marks]
     


e
 t n 1
64. Show that t dt is an improper integral which converges for n > 0[30 marks]
0

2004
1 1 1
65. Show that the function f(x) defined as : f  x   n
, n 1  x  n , n=0,1,2 .... and
2 2 2
f(0)=0 is integrable in [0,1], although it has an infinite number of points of discontinu-
1
2
ity. Show that  f  x  dx  3
0
[12 marks]

x when x is irrational
66. Show that the function f(x) defined on by: f  x    is
 x when x is rational
continuous only at x=0 [12 marks]
67. If (x,y,z) be the lengths of perpendiculars drawn from any interior point P of triangle
ABC on the sides BC,CA and AB respectively, then find the minimum value of
x2+y2+z2, the sides of the triangle ABC being a,b,c. [20 marks]
68. Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid x2+y2=az, the cylinder x2+y2=2ay and the
plane z=0 [20 marks]
69. Let f  x   g  x  for every x in [a,b] and f and g are both bounded and Riemann inte
grable on [a,b]. At a point c[a,b], let f and g be continuous and f(c) > g(c) then prove
b b b
1 x 3 cos 5 x 1
that  f  x  dx   g  x dx and hence show that 2  2  x 2 dx  2 [20 marks]
 
a a a

2003
70. Let a be a positive real number and  xn  sequence of rational numbers such that
lim axn  1 [12 marks]
n 

71. If a continuous function of x satisfies the functional equation f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) then
show that f(x) = ax where a is a constant. [12 marks]
c2
72. Show that the maximum value of x y z subject to condition x +y +z =c is
2 2 2 2 2 2
. 2
27
Interpret the result [20 marks]
73. The axes of two equal cylinders intersect at right angles. If a be their radius, then find
the volume common to the cylinder by the method of multiple integrals.[20 marks]

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.8

www.analogeducation.in
 
dx
74. Show that  1  x 2 sin 2 x is divergent [20 marks]
0

2002


x
m 1  x
75. Prove that the integral e dx is convergent if and only if m>0. [12 marks]
0

 an 
n

76. Find all the positive values of a for which the series 
n 1 n!
converges. [12 marks]


sin nx
77. Test uniform convergence of the series
n 1 np
, where p>0 [20 marks]

78. Obtain the maxima and minima of x2+y2+z2–yz–zx–xy subject to condition

x2+y2+z2–2x+2y+6z+9=0 [25 marks]
79. A solid hemisphere H of radius ‘a’ has density  depending on the distance R from
the center and is given by = k (2a–R) where k is a constant. Find the mass of the
hemisphere by the method of multiple integrals [15 marks]

2001
 /2
xn
80. Show that 0
sin m x
dx exists if and only if m<n+1 [12 marks]

a1  a2  ...an
81. If lim an  l , then prove that lim  l, [12 marks]
n  n  n
82. A function f is defined in the interval (a,b) as follows

1 p
 q 2 when x  q

f  x  
 1 when x  p where p,q relatively prime integers. f(x)=0 for all other
 q 3 q

values of x. is f Riemann integrable? justify your answer. [20 marks]

83. Show that U=xy+yz+zx has a maximum value when the three variables are
connected by the relation ax+by+cz=1 and a,b,c are positive constants satisfying the
condition 2(ab+bc+ca)>(a2+b2+c2) [25 marks]

  ax  by 2  cz 2  dxdydz taken throughout the region x2+y2+z2R2

2
84. Evaluate
[15 marks]
2000
85. Given that the terms of a sequence {an} are such that each ak, k  3, is the arithmetic
mean of its two immediately preceding terms. Show that the sequence converges.
Also find the limit of the sequence. [12 marks]
ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.9
www.analogeducation.in
 
 1 
86. Determin the values of x for which infinite product n  1  2 n  converges absolutely..
0
 x 
Find its value whenever it converges. [12 marks]
87. Suppose f is twice differentiable real valued function in (0,) and M0 ,M1 and M2 the
least upper bounds of f  x  , f '  x  and f ''  x  respectively in (0,). Prove for each

1
x>0, h>0 that f '  x    f  x  2h   f  x   hf '  u  for some u(x,x+2h). Hence show
2h 
that M12 4M0M2 [20 marks]

  x dydz  x ydzdx  x 2 zdxdy 

3 2
88. Evaluate by transforming into triple integral where S is
s

the closed surface formed by the cylinder x2+y2=a2, 0  z  b and the circular disc
x2+y2  a2, z=0 and x2+y2  a2, z=b [20 marks]
1999
89. Let A be a subset of the metric space (M,). If (A,) is compact, then show that A is a
closed subset of (M,) [20 marks]
90. A sequence {Sn} is defined by the recursion formula S n 1  3S n , S1  1 . Does this
sequence converge? if so, find lim Sn. [20 marks]
1 q
 1
Test for convergence the integral  x  log  dx
p
91. [20 marks]
0  x
92. Find the shortest distance from the origin to the hyperbola x2+8xy+7y2=225, z=0
[20 marks]
x y
93. Show that the double integral   x  y 
R
3
dxdy does not exist over R = [0,1;0,1]

[20 marks]
94. Verify the Gauss divergence theorem for F  4 xeˆx  2 y 2 eˆ y  z 2 eˆz taken over the region
bounded by x2+y2=-4, z=0 and z=3 where eˆx , eˆy , eˆz are unit vectors along x, y and z–
directions respectively. [20 marks]
1998
95. Let X be a metric space and E X. Show that [20 marks]
(i) Interior of E is the largest open set contained in E
(ii) Boundary of E = (closure of E)  (Closure of X–E)
96. Let (X,d) and (Y,e) be metric spaces with X compact and f:XY continuous. Show
that f is uniformly continuous. [20 marks]
97. Show that the function f (x,y)=2x4–3x2y+y2 has (0,0) as the only critical point but the
function neither has a minima nor maxima at (0,0) [20 marks]

sin x
e
 ax
98. Test the convergence of the integral dx, a  0 [20 marks]
0
x

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.10

www.analogeducation.in
 
x
Test the series 
99. n 1 n  x  2 2 for uniform convergence. [20 marks]

100. Let f (x) = x and g(x) = x . Does 2

 fog
0
exist? If it exists then find its value

[20 marks]
1997
101. Show that a non-empty set P in R each of whose points is a limit -point is
n

uncountable. [20 marks]

a 2b 2 c 2 x2 y2 z2
102. Show that  xyz dxdydx  where domain D is given by 2  2  2  1
D
6 a b c
[20 marks]

2  u  2u 2  u
2 2
2
103. If u  sin  x  y   , Prove that x


1 2 2 1/ 5 
 x 2
 2 xy
xy
y
y 2

25
tan u 2 tan 2 u  3  
[20 marks]
1996
104. Let F be the set of all real valued bounded continuous functions defined on the
closed interval [0,1]. Let d be a mapping of FF into R, the set of real numbers,
1

defined by d  f , g    f  x   g  x  dx f , g  F . Verify that d is a metric for F

0

[20 marks]
105. Prove that a compact set in a metric space is a closed set. [20 marks]
106. let C [a,b] denote the set of all functions f on [a,b] which have continuous derivatives
at all points of I = [a,b]. For f,g C [a,b] define

 
d  f , g   f  a   g  b   sup f '  x   g '  x  , x  I . Show that the space (C[a,b],d) is a
complete [20 marks]
107. A function f is defined in the interval (a,b) as follows:
 q 2 when x  pq 1
f  x    3
 q when x   pq 
1 1/ 2

Where p,q are relatively prime integers; f(x)=0, for all other values of x. Is f Rieman
integrable? Justify your answer. [20 marks]

2n x 2 n 1
108. Test for uniform convergence, the series 
n 1 1  x
2n [20 marks]

 /2  /2

  sin x sin  sin x sin y  dxdy

1
109. Evaluate [20 marks]
0 0

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.11

www.analogeducation.in
 1995
110. Let K and F be nonempty disjoint closed subjects of R2 . If K is bounded, show that
there exists > 0 such that d (x,y)  for x  K and yF where d (x,y) is the usual
distance between x and y. [20 marks]
111. Let f be a continuous real function on R such that f maps open intervel into open
intervals. Prove that f is monotonic. [20 marks]
112. Let Cn  0 for all positive integers n such that is convergent. Suppose {Sn} is a
sequence of distinct points in (a,b) For x[a,b], define   x    Cn n : x  S n  . Prove
that  is an increasing function. If f a continuous real function on [a,b], show that
b

 fd   cnf  S 
a
n [20 marks]

113. Suppose f maps an open ball U Rn into Rm and f is differentiable on U. Suppose
there exists a real number M>0 such that f  x   M x  U . Prove that

f  b   f  a   M b  a a , b  U [20 marks]
114. Find and classify the extreme values of the function f(x,y)=x +y +x+y+xy 2 2

[20 marks]
115. Suppose  is real number not equals to n for any integer n. Prove that


 x 2  2 xy cos   y 2  
e
0 0
dxdy 
2sin  [20 marks]

1994
116. Examine the (i) absolute convergence (ii) uniform convergence of the series
(1–x)+x(1–x)+x2(1–x)+... in [–c,1], 0 < c < 1 [20 marks]
1
117. Prove that S  x    , p  1 is uniformly convergent for all values of x and can
n  nq x2 p

be differentiable term by term if q < 3p < 2 [20 marks]

1 1
118. Let the function f be defined on [0,1] by the condition f(x)=2rx when  x , r 0
r 1 r
1
2
Show that f is Riemann integrable in [0,1] and  f  x  dx  [20 marks]
0
6

  x  y  z 
n
119. By means of substitution x+y+z=u, y+z=uv, z=uvw evaluate xyz dxdyxdz
taken over the volume bounded by x=0, y=0, z=0,. x+y+z=1 [20 marks]
1993
120. Examine for Riemann intergrability over [0,2] of the function defined on [0,2] by

 x  x for rational valuesof x

2

f  x   2 [20 marks]
 x  x for irrational values of x
3

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.12

www.analogeducation.in
 
sin x
121. Prove that  0
x
dx converges and conditionally converges. [20 marks]

dxdydz
122. Evaluate  x  y  z  1 over the volume bounded by the coordinate planes and the
plane x+y+z=1 [20 marks]
1992
123. If we metrize the space of functions continuous on [a,b] by taking
b
p  x, y     x  t   y  t 
2
dt then show that the resulting metric space is NOT
a

complete [20 marks]

124. Examine 2xyz–4zx–2yz+x2+y2+z2–2x–4y–4z for extreme values [20 marks]
1  nx 1   n  1 x
125. If U   , 0  x  1 Prove that d  U n   d U n . Is the series
 n  1 e  n 1 x
n nx
ne dx dx
uniformly convergent in (0,1)? Justify your claim. [20 marks]
126. Find the upper and lower Riemann integral for the function defined in the interval [0,1]
 1  x 2 when x is rational
as follows  and show that is NOT Riemann integrable in
1  x when x is irrational
[0,1]. [20 marks]

x
127. Discuss the convergence or divergence of  1  x sin 2 x dx,     0 [20 marks]
0

a 2b2  b 2 x 2  a 2 y 2 x2 y2
128. Evaluate  a 2b 2  b 2 x 2  a 2 y 2
dxdy over the positive quadrant of the ellipse 2  2  1
a b
[20 marks]

ANALOG IAS INSTITUTE - The Right Choice of Achievers Page.No.13

www.analogeducation.in