Loads On Offshore Structures

Loads on offshore structures
MK LEE
 The factors for designs of offshore structures
- Required deck space
- Deck facilities to be provided and the associated loads
- Number of wells to be drilled
- Environmental conditions which the structure will face
 The loads for an offshore structures
- Permanent (dead) loads
- Operating (live) loads
- Environmental loads including earthquakes
- Construction and installation loads
- Accidental loads
1. Permanent (dead) loads
- Self weight of the whole structure
- Weight of the permanent ballast, grout and equipment
- External and internal hydrostatic pressure or a permanent nature including the buoyancy forces
- Reaction for station keeping
2. Operating (live) loads
- Self weight of personnel
- Weight of all non-permanent equipment (drilling, production, etc), facilities (living quarters, furniture,
life support system, life boats, heliport, etc), consumable supplies, liquids, gas, ballast, etc
- Forces generated during operation (drilling, vessel mooring, helicopter landing, evacuation systems,
crane operations, etc)
- The necessary data for computation of all operating loads are provided by the operator and the
equipment manufactures
- The data need to be critically evaluated by the designer
3. Environmental loads
- Winds
- Waves
- Current
- Tides
- Marine growth, Site seismicity, Super structure icing, Stationary and mobile ice on the ocean surface
* The return periods are
- Three times the fabrication and installation period, as per DNV code [1];
- Specified by the owner [2]
- 10 years as per the BS code provisions [3]
[1] DNV, 1977, Rules for the Design, Construction and Inspection of Offshore Structures, DNV, Oslo
[2] API-RP2A-LRFD, 1993, Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed
Offshore Platforms=Load and Resistance Factor Design, 1st Edition, API
[3] BS6235, 1982, Code of Practice for
4. Construction and installation loads
4.1. Lifting forces ;
- Weight of the structural component being lifted
- Number of and location of lifting eyes
- Angle between each sling and the vertical axis
- Conditions under which lifting is performed
- Lifting eyes and the connections to the supporting structural

members should be designed for the combined action of the static
sling load and a horizontal force equal to 5% this load to compensate for the lateral motion of the
lifted component.
- Static loads are applied in the fabrication yard
- For lifting operation on a floating vessel, dynamic load factors should be applied to the computed
static lifting forces
4.2. Load out forces

4.3. Transportation forces
- When offshore structural components are transported on barges or under self-floating towing
conditions, forces are generated due to their motion on the ocean surface.
- To minimize the associated risks and to provide a safe transport of the structural components
from the fabrication yard to the platform site, the following conditions should be followed;
a. Prior experience along the tow route
b. Exposure time and reliability of predicted “weather windows“
c. accessibility of nearby safe havens. under an unexpected extreme weather state
d. Appropriate return periods of determining design wind, wave, and current conditions
- For open sea conditions, the following may be considered as typical control design values ;
a. Roll amplitude roll of 20°
b. Pitch amplitude of 10°
c. Roll or pitch period of 10.0 s
d. Heave acceleration of 0.2 g

4.4. Launching
and
upending forces
Operations and numerical calculations are carried out considering five different stages
a. Sliding phase of jacket structure along the skid beams on the top of the barge
b. Balanced rotation of the jacket on the rocker arm, located at the stern of the barge
c. Simultaneous sliding and rotating motion of the jacket structure
d. Detachment and free flotation of the jacket, about equilibrium position
e. Upending of the jacket by a proper combination of controlled flooding and lifting by a derrick
barge
5. Accidental loads
- Impact of dropped objects
- Collision impact of two bodies, of which one may be stationary or moving
- Unexpected explosions that may occur within or outside the mobile/stationary structure
- Sudden fire(s) caused from an explosive or sources
- Unintended change in the distribution of ballast or flooding of ballast/hull compartment
- Sudden failure of mooring lines
- Sudden loss of dynamic positioning system,

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Loads on offshore structures

 The factors for designs of offshore structures

- Required deck space

- Deck facilities to be provided and the associated loads

- Number of wells to be drilled

- Environmental conditions which the structure will face

 The loads for an offshore structures

- Permanent (dead) loads

- Operating (live) loads

- Environmental loads including earthquakes

- Construction and installation loads

1. Permanent (dead) loads

- Self weight of the whole structure

- Weight of the permanent ballast, grout and equipment

- Reaction for station keeping

2. Operating (live) loads

- Self weight of personnel

- The data need to be critically evaluated by the designer

* The return periods are

- Specified by the owner [2]

- 10 years as per the BS code provisions [3]

[3] BS6235, 1982, Code of Practice for

4. Construction and installation loads

4.1. Lifting forces ;

- Weight of the structural component being lifted

- Number of and location of lifting eyes

- Angle between each sling and the vertical axis

- Conditions under which lifting is performed

- Lifting eyes and the connections to the supporting structural

- Static loads are applied in the fabrication yard

4.2. Load out forces

a. Prior experience along the tow route

b. Exposure time and reliability of predicted “weather windows“

c. accessibility of nearby safe havens. under an unexpected extreme weather state

a. Roll amplitude roll of 20°

b. Pitch amplitude of 10°

c. Roll or pitch period of 10.0 s

d. Heave acceleration of 0.2 g

c. Simultaneous sliding and rotating motion of the jacket structure

d. Detachment and free flotation of the jacket, about equilibrium position

- Impact of dropped objects

- Collision impact of two bodies, of which one may be stationary or moving

- Sudden fire(s) caused from an explosive or sources

- Unintended change in the distribution of ballast or flooding of ballast/hull compartment

- Sudden failure of mooring lines

- Sudden loss of dynamic positioning system,

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