Blood Types and Facts
Blood Types and Facts
Blood Types and Facts
AB +
People with this type of Blood are universal recipients. This means that they can accept any type of Blood.
O+
O positive donors are needed more frequently than any other donor. Because O positive is the most
common Blood type, it is needed more often by people requiring Blood in hospitals.
O-
People with O negative donors are potential universal red blood cell donors. This means that their red
Blood cells can be transfused to patients with all types of Blood.
Simply put, your Blood is tested for ABO/Rh. These tests identify your 'Blood type.' You may have A, B,
O, or AB type Blood and may be either Rh+ or Rh-. The basis of the Blood group tests is the ability to
detect specific substances, or antigens, on the red Blood cells. The A antigen is on type A cells; the B
antigen is on type B cells. If neither A nor B antigens are detected, the donor has type O Blood; if both are
present, the donor has type AB Blood. If the major Rh antigen is present, the donor is Rh+ (for example,
O+, A+, B+, or AB+); if not, the donor is Rh- (O-, A-, B-, or AB-).
There are more than 600 other antigens that have now been identified on red Blood cells. These sub-types
are important, but often not considered.
Everybody has a Blood type. The most common Blood type classification system is the ABO
systemdiscovered and defined by Karl Landsteiner in the early 1900s. There are four types of Blood in the
ABO system: A, B, AB, and O. Your Blood type is established before you are born, by specific genes
inherited from your parents.
You receive one gene from your mother and one gene from your father; these two combine to establish
your Blood type. These two inherited genes determine your Blood type by making proteins called
agglutinogens exist on the surface of each red Blood cell in your body. Blood test results are important in
Blood disorders in Blood test and Blood tests with Rare Blood types.
There are three alleles (variations) of the Blood type gene: A, B, and O. Since we all have two copies of
these genes in our Blood, there are six possible combinations; AA, BB, OO, AB, AO, and BO. These
combinations are referred to as genotypes, and they describe the genes you got from your parents.
In addition to the proteins existing on your red Blood cells, other genes make proteins called agglutinins
that circulate in your Blood plasma. Agglutinins are protectors of our bodies and are responsible for
ensuring that only the Blood cells of our own particular Blood type exist in our bodies.
Under the ABO Blood typing (grouping) scheme, there are two especially important antigens called A and
B. Every living human has either one or both or neither of the red Blood cells. An individual with Blood
group A is so because he has antigen A. Antigen B makes a person's Blood group B. If a person has both
antigens, then they are in group AB. If they have neither, the Blood group is O.
Antibodies against these two antigens are found in Blood plasma. Some of the components of each Blood
type act against other components.
For example, Blood groups A, B, AB and O have antigens A, B, A&B and 'none' respectively. The
antibodies are anti B, anti A, 'none' and anti A + anti B.
During the transfusion process, Blood matching must first be accurately done. For example if a person of
Blood group A is given Blood from a donor from Blood group B, the anti B antibodies will stick to the B
antigens on the donated red Blood cells entering their body. This makes a reaction that can be fatal.
Therefore, exact matching is critical; possibly the difference between life and death!
Other than in extreme emergency conditions, donor Blood is checked for compatibility with the recipient's
Blood (cross-matched) before it is transfused, regardless of Blood type. There are potentially important
Blood cell factors other than the A, B, AB and O Blood groups and the Rh (Rhesus) factor that can lead to
serious and in some cases, irreversible problems.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
Any healthy adult with mimimum 45 kg weight and normal B.P. can donate blood. It is advised to ask a
doctor before actual donation.
DOs
Be truthful and do not endanger yourself or the patient. Remember-a mistake or a hidden fact of yours
could kill the patient!
DONTs
• Suffered major illness like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, etc in last 6 months
• cardiac problems, hypertension, epilepsy, chronic kidney or liver disease, bleeding tendencies,
• HIV Positive
• Women should not donate blood during menstruation or within one year of child birth or
miscarriage
Important: Tell the doctor of any condition you suffered from in the last six months and let him be
the judge.