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    Clarifier Efficiency Report

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    prince
    The document summarizes an investigation of the clarifier and filter performance at Gwenoro Water Works. It finds that most clarifiers are generally operating efficiently, with turbidity reductions within the range of the jar test results, except for Clarifier 8. Filter turbidities were also found to be below standards. In conclusion, the clarification process and filters at Gwenoro Water Works are operating effectively overall based on turbidity and pH measurements falling within acceptable ranges.

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    Clarifier Efficiency Report

    Uploaded by

    prince
    44 views8 pages
    The document summarizes an investigation of the clarifier and filter performance at Gwenoro Water Works. It finds that most clarifiers are generally operating efficiently, with turbidity reductions within the range of the jar test results, except for Clarifier 8. Filter turbidities were also found to be below standards. In conclusion, the clarification process and filters at Gwenoro Water Works are operating effectively overall based on turbidity and pH measurements falling within acceptable ranges.

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    The document summarizes an investigation of the clarifier and filter performance at Gwenoro Water Works. It finds that most clarifiers are generally operating efficiently, with turbidity reductions within the range of the jar test results, except for Clarifier 8. Filter turbidities were also found to be below standards. In conclusion, the clarification process and filters at Gwenoro Water Works are operating effectively overall based on turbidity and pH measurements falling within acceptable ranges.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    44 views8 pages

    Clarifier Efficiency Report

    Uploaded by

    prince
    The document summarizes an investigation of the clarifier and filter performance at Gwenoro Water Works. It finds that most clarifiers are generally operating efficiently, with turbidity reductions within the range of the jar test results, except for Clarifier 8. Filter turbidities were also found to be below standards. In conclusion, the clarification process and filters at Gwenoro Water Works are operating effectively overall based on turbidity and pH measurements falling within acceptable ranges.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    CITY OF GWERU DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SERVICES

    I N V E S T I G AT I O N O N C L A R I F I E R A N D F I LT E R P E R F O M A N C E AT G W E N O R O WAT E R
    WORKS

    PRINCE MUKOKOWONDO

    VIOLA KANENGONI

    HILDA MAFUKIDZE

    RUMBIDZAI KOMBORA
    ABSTRACT
    The overall objective of this research was to investigate whether Gwenoro clarification process was
    being operated within SAZ standards having the pH and turbidities of the settling tanks and sand
    filters falling under the desired range.
    : Filtration, Turbidity and SAZS

    INTRODUCTION
    Below shows a summary of the clarification process.
    RAW WATER TREATMENT EFFECT ON WATER

    Excludes fish and removes leaves, sticks and other


    SCREENING
    large debris.

    CHEMICALS
    (Coagulants Breaks down colloidal stability. Adjusts pH for optimum
    and coagulation.
    Conditioners)

    FLASH MIX Mixes chemicals with raw water, containing fine particles that
    will not readily settle or filter out of the water.

    COAGULATION /
    Gathers together fine, light particles to form larger clumps (floc)
    FLOCCULATION to aid the sedimentation/flotation and filtration processes.

    SEDIMENTATION / Sedimentation settles out large suspended particles.


    FLOTATION Flotation floats out the particles with dissolved air.

    Rapid gravity filtration filters or removes


    FILTRATION remaining suspended particles.
    Slow sand filtration also involves biological
    action.

    DISINFECTION /
    Kills / inactivates disease-causing organisms. Provides chlorine
    STERILIZATION
    residual for distribution system, where chlorine is used.

    CLEARWATER
    Stores water prior to discharge to service reservoirs.
    TANK

    TREATED WATER

    1|Page
    Clarification at Gwenoro
    Gwenoro water treatment plant has 14 clarifiers spread out through 3 sections. The first section which
    is the oldest comprises of 6 chambers divided into two sets of 3 clarifiers.

    Clarifier Set 5 & 6

    clarifier set 3 & 4


    filtration

    coagulation distribution
    flocculation
    chamber chamber

    clarifier set 1 & 2

    ALUM mixing
    chamber

    Fig 1.1
    The other two sections are of a similar design and each of them has 4 clarifying chambers divided
    into two sets of 2 clarifiers as shown in Fig 1.1. The Gwenoro plant also has 10 rapid sand filter with
    two of them being the oldest set. Raw water and a solution of Aluminum sulfate are mixed in the
    coagulation chamber where the mixture passes through baffles for rapid mixing then passes into the
    flocculation section for gentle mixing. From the flocculation section the raw water/coagulant mixture
    passes into a distribution chamber Clarified water then moves out of the clarifiers via numerous
    orifices and flows through channels that direct it to the next process, i.e. sand filtration.

    Apparatus
    1.) Turbidimeter
    2|Page
    Fig 1.2 Hatch turbidimeter
    2.) pH Meter

    Fig 1.3 pH meter


    3.) 50 ml beaker
    4.) Sampling cup
    5.) Hatch Sampling Cell for turbidity measurement

    3|Page
    Methodology
     Collect a grab samples from each of the 14 clarifiers/settling tanks.
     Collect the samples from the exit of collecting launders using a sampling cup.
     Make sure to rinse the sampling cup with the sample before collecting.
     For measuring Turbidity pour a sample from clarifier into sampling cell and insert the cell into
    the turbidimeter.
     For pH measurement, pour a sample into 50ml beaker and place the pH meter electrode into
    sample.
     Read and record the results.

    Results and conclusions


    Clarifier results
    The performance of the clarifiers was analyzed based on the Jar Test results from the lab at Gwenoro
    treatment plant.
    The Results were found to be:
    Dosage mg/l Turbidity NTU pH
    22 2.94

    Raw water turbidity = 4.83


    Turbidity of selected dosage = 2.94
    Raw turb – jar test turb
    (%Turbidity removal from jar test) =
    Raw turb
    (4.83−2.94)
    = × 100 %
    4.83
    = 39.1%
    Compared this % turbidity removal with that of each clarifier
    Raw turb – clarifier turb
    (%Turbidity removal, clarifier 1) =
    Raw turb
    ( 4.83−2.57 )
    = ×100 %
    4.83
    = 46.4%
    All the settling tanks save for tank/ clarifier No.8 generally managed to conform to the jar test results
    thus the clarifiers are also generally operating efficiently

    4|Page
    Table 1.1 Clarifiers/ settling tanks effluent

    pH Turbidity %Turbidity Reduction


    Clarifier 1 7.0 2.57 46.4
    Clarifier 2 7.0 1.81 62.3
    Clarifier 3 7.0 1.15 76.0
    Clarifier 4 7.0 1.31 72.7 A plot of
    Clarifier 5 7.0 1.67 65.2 the %
    Clarifier 6 7.0 2.15 55.2 reduction in
    Clarifier 7 7.0 1.36 71.7 turbidity vs
    Clarifier 8 6.8 3.77 21.5
    their
    Clarifier 9 6.9 2.43 49.4
    clarifiers is
    Clarifier 10 6.9 1.13 76.5
    shown
    Clarifier 11 6.9 1.47 69.4
    below
    Clarifier 12 6.9 1.70 64.6
    Clarifier 13 6.9 1.64 65.8
    Clarifier 14 6.9 1.64 65.8
    Limits 6.5-8.5 ≤5 maximum allowable limit

    90
    80
    % Reduction in Turbidity

    70
    60
    50
    40
    30
    20
    10
    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
    Clarifier

    5|Page
    Fig 1.4 Plot for clarifier vs % reduction in turbidity
    Filtration Effluent
    Filtration is the last unit process before disinfection thus the filter effluent was analyzed basing on the
    recommended portable water standards specified at 1 NTU and the maximum allowable limits of 5
    NTU. Filter turbidities were found to be below 1 NTU and the average pH was 7.0.

    Table 1.2 Filters


    pH Turbidity
    Filter 1 7.0 0.6
    Filter 2 7.0 0.7
    Filter 3 7.0 0.5
    Filter 4 7.0 0.3
    Filter 5 7.0 0.3
    Filter 6 7.0 0.6
    Filter 7 7.1 0.8
    Filter 8 7.1 0.4
    Filter 9 7.1 0.3
    Filter 10 7.0 0.4
    Limits 6.5- 8.5 ≤1 recommended limit

    Thus, filters are operating efficiently.


    Sources of errors
     Using the same sampling cup without rinsing with sample we want to test.
     Forgetting to cover the turbid meter to prevent light penetration into the sample as natural
    light will penetrate, resulting in a lower turbidity.
     Use of one beaker for sampling pH of all the 14 samples
     Temperature changes cause fluctuations in the pH
     Collecting samples at different times.

    Recommendations
     More beakers should be provided to prevent cross contaminations
     Samples should be taken at the same time
     These tests should be carried out more frequently so as to obtain different results for
    comparative analysis

    6|Page
    References
     SAZ(Standards Association of Zimbabwe)
     WHO(World Health Organization)

    7|Page

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