Magnetic field due to an infinite, straight current filament: Charges moving in a wire

t
FB  qvB sin  
t
q
FB  ( )(vt ) B sin 
B is the magnetic field, in teslas. The direction of the field is t
tangent to a circle on a radius r (in meters) from the wire FB  ILB sin 

𝜇0 Is the permeability constant (1.26x10-6 H/m) The MAGNITUDE of the internal field
i is the current in the wire, in amperes The magnetic field, B, is directly proportional
Field inside a straight, infinite, air core solenoid to the current, I, and inversely proportional

to the circumference.

B is the magnetic field inside the solenoid, in teslas. The 1

B I B
2r
direction of the field is parallel to the axis of the solenoid.
I
There is no field outside the solenoid B
2r
 o  constant of proportionality
𝜇0 is the permeability constant (1.26x10-6 H/m)  o  vacuum permeability constant
Tm
i is the current in the wire, in amperes  o  4 x107 (1.26x106 )
A
o I
n is the number of turns of wire per unit length of the Binternal 
2r
solenoid, in 1/meters.

Field inside an air core toroid coil

B is the magnetic field inside the solenoid, in teslas. The

direction of the field is parallel to the axis of the solenoid.
There is no field outside the solenoid

𝜇0 is the permeability constant (1.26x10-6 H/m)

i is the current in the wire, in amperes

N is the total number of turns of wire in the toroid.

Magnetic force on a Moving Force:

r r r
FB  qv  B
FB  qvB sin 

Magnetic Force and Circular Motion

M.S. – Area 1 – The Velocity Selector

FB  FE qvB  qE
E
E  vB v 
B

M.S. – Area 2 – Detector Region\

mv 2
FB  Fc qvB 
r
q Bv

m r
Major Concepts in MAGNETISM ELECTROMAGNECTIC RADIATION

1. Magnetism is the phenomenon associated with The Electromagnetic Spectrum

magnets. Magnets are substances that attract magnetic
objects. Like magnetic poles repel, and unlike poles
attract. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs. Magnets
align in one direction when hanging freely.
2. The region around a magnet where its magnetism acts
is the magnetic field. A magnetic line of force is the
path taken by an independent north pole as it moves
from north to south pole outside of a magnet E=hf
3. The number of group of lines passing through a unit
E = energy of a photon
area is known as magnetic flux. The greater the flux per
perpendicular area, the stronger the magnetic field. h = constant of proportionality, 6.63 X 10 51 J-s (Planck’s
The SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla (T) and for constant)
magnetic flux is Weber (W) or tesla square meter.
4. The earth is a giant magnet because a magnetic field f = frequency of the electromagnetic wave
surrounds it.
5. Electricity can produce magnetism. An electric current Law of Reflection
in a wire produces a magnetic field around the wire. To
a) angle of incidence: i = 90 - 56 = r°
determine the direction of the magnetic field in a
conductor, the right hand rule is applied. Its stated as: If b) angle of reflection r = i = 34° (by the law of reflection)
the conductor is grasped in the right hand with the
thumb pointed in the direction of the current, the c) q = 90 - r
fingers will curl around the conductor in the direction of
the magnetic field. d) i + r = angle made by the incident and reflected rays
6. Faraday’s law states that the emf induced in a loop of
wire is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic Law of Refraction
flux through the coil. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒏𝟐
7. Len’z law states that the direction of an induced current = =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝒏𝟏
is such that it sets up its own magnetic field which
opposes whatever action is responsible for the where:
production of the current.
8. A magnet when cut into two or more pieces will not 𝒗𝟏 is the speed of light in the first medium
produce an isolated north or south seeking pole.
𝒗𝟐 is the speed of light in the second medium
9. Ferromagnetic materials are those that are attracted by
magnets and can also be magnetized. Examples: iron,
Index of Refraction:
nickel, cobalt, and their alloys.
10. Ferromagnetic materials are those that are repelled by n = c/v
magnets and when these substances are placed in a
magnetic field, they move from stronger to weaker Lumen
parts of the field. Common examples are copper,
bismuth, water and alcohol. 1 lm = 1.46 x 10-3 W of radiant electromagnetic power at a
11. Paramagnetic substances are those that are freely frequency of 540 THz or 5.40 x 1014 Hz.
attracted by magnets and when placed in a magnetic
1 lm = 1.46 x 10-3 kg • m2/s3.
field, they move from weaker to stronger parts of the
field. Examples are aluminum, manganese, solutions of Illumination
salt or iron and oxygen.
12. An electron does not only revolve about the nucleus 𝐹
𝐸=
but also spins about its own axis. The magnetic 𝐴
property of a material is basically attributed to the spin
where:
of the electron about its own axis.
13. The north geographic pole of the earth is actually a E = illumination (lux)
south magnetic pole and the south geographic pole
corresponds to the north magnetic pole. F = luminous flux (lumen, lm)

A = area (m2)
Waves

Wave Speed

The sign conventions for the given quantities in the mirror equation
v = wave velocity (in m/s) and magnification equations are as follows:
f = frequency (in Hertz)
• f is + if the mirror is a concave mirror
λ = wavelength (in meters)
• f is – if the mirror is a convex mirror
Doppler Effect
𝑣+𝑣𝐿 • di is + if the image is a real image and located on the
 f =fs ( )
𝑣−𝑣𝑠 object's side of the mirror.
V= velocity of sound at 20 0C=343m/s • di is – if the image is a virtual image and located behind
the mirror.
VL=velocity of the listener
• hi is + if the image is an upright image (and therefore,
Vs= velocity of the source
also virtual)
Speed of Sound
• hi is – if the image an inverted image (and therefore,
V= v0 + 0.6 m/s (T) also real)

V0= 331 m/sP Photons

T- temperature in 0C

Mirror Equation and Magnification

d0 (objective distance)= the distance of the object (point O)

from the center of the mirror.

di (image distance)= distance of the image (point I) from the

center of the mirror.

ho =height of the object OO’

hi = height of the image I’I

m is (+) for an upright image and (-) for an inverted image or

upside down.
WAVE –PARTICLE DUALITY
TIME DILATION
Key Concepts A moving clock ticks more slowly than a clock at rest
1. Light and other EM radiation consist of varying amount of 𝑡𝑂
energy but it can only be absorbed or emitted in discrete amounts 𝑡=
√1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2
called quanta. Each quantum has a fixed amount of energy which
can be calculated by Planck’s equation: E=hf
Here is a reminder of what the symbol in equation represent:
2. A light quantum is called photon. Light propagates as a stream of
particles rather than as EM waves. tO =time interval on clock at rest relative to an observer = proper
time
3. Different kinds of light carry different energies. A photon’s t= time interval on motion relative to an observer
energy depends on its frequency. Violet light has more energy than v= speed of relative motion
red light because violet light has high frequency photon than red c= speed of light
light.
DOPPLER EFFECT
4. The brightness or intensity of light depends on the number of Why the universe is expanding
photons. The more photons there are, the brighter the light. Doppler effect in sound
1 + 𝑣/𝑐
5. Photoelectric effect involves the formation and liberation of 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑂 ( )
1−𝑉−𝑐
electrically charged particles in matter when it is irradiated by light Where
or other electromagnetic radiation. c= speed of sound
v= speed of observer (+ for motion toward the source of, - for
6. A photocell (photoelectric cell or phototube) consists of an
motion away from it)
electron tube in which the electrons initiating an electric current
V= speed of the source (+ for motion toward the source of, - for
originate by photoelectric emission.
motion away from it)
7. The photoelectric cell, also known as the electric eye, is
employed in operating burglar alarms, traffic-light controls and LENGTH CONTRACTION
door openers. Faster means shorter

8. Photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light directly into 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑂 √1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2

electrical energy. In photovoltaic cells, electrons stay within the Variation of Mass with Velocity
cell itself. The accumulation of electron on one part creates a Another consequence of relative motion
deficiency on another part and generates a potential difference
within the cell. A solar- powered calculator uses photovoltaic cell. 𝑀𝑂
𝑀=
2
9. Compton Effect is the increase in the wavelength of high- energy √1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
electromagnetic radiation when it collides with electrons.

10. Compton scattering refers to the deflection at an angle of the

incident x-ray when it collides with electron.

11. The de Broglie wavelength is the wavelength associated with

moving particle.

12. Wave- particle duality is a fundamental concept of quantum

theory holding that energy sometimes behaves like particles and
sometimes behaves like waves, so that descriptions of energy as
one of the other are inadequate.

NOTES IN RELATIVITY
SPECIAL RELATIVITY
All motion is relative; the speed of light in free space is the same
for all observers

Postulates of Special Relativity

 The laws of physics are the same in all
internal frames of reference.
 The speed of light in free space has same
value in all internal frames of reference.