Purposive Communication

PURPOSIVE COMMUICATIO
PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
Integrated Learning Resource Material

Version 1.0 - 2019
PURPOSIVE COMMU ICATIO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1
INTRODUCTION
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION 4

Topic 1 -Definition of Communication 5
Topic 2-The Process and Elements of Communication 9
Topic 3-Principles of Communication 12
Topic 4-Ethics in Communication 14
MODULE 2: MODES OF COMMUNICATION 17

Topic 1-Forms of communication 18
Topic 2-Communication and technology 21
MODULE 3: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 26

Topic 1-Communication and globalization 28
Topic 2-Local and global communication in 32
multicultural setting
Topic 3-Varieties and registers of spoken 36
and written language
Topic 4-Exploring texts reflecting different cultures 41
Topic 5-Coping with the challenges of 45
intercultural communication
MODULE 4: THE DOCUMENTED ESSAY ON A CONCEPT 54

Topic 1-Academic research and the documented essay 55
in the twenty-first century
Topic 2-Critical thinking, collaboration, and 59
the writing process
1
Topic 3-Concepts of social and cultural significance 62
MODULE 5: COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES 64

Topic 1-Preparing a speech or oral report 66
Topic 2-Informative communication 70
Topic 3-Persuasive communication 76
Topic 4-General types of special- occasion speeches 82
Topic 5-Types of speeches based on delivery 91
MODULE 6: COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES 97

Topic 1-Basics of writing 98
Topic 2-Short reports 101
REFERENCES 103
CONTRIBUTORS 105
2
INTRODUCTION
Humans’ capability to communicate using the inscribed words and use of sounds make us top of the
hierarchy of all living creatures.
Communication is derived from a Latin word “communis” which means common. Communicating
becomes essential in the human civilization on exchanging of information, sharing thoughts, and
expressing oneself. Also, it becomes the catalyst for the people in the society to unite in decision making,
and fostering good relationships and profound respect to one another. Meanwhile, it is already known that
the vital role of communication is the transmission of message to other person, but how does
communication take place?
The process of communications happens between a sender and the receiver. The message is encoded by
the sender and decoded by the receiver channeling through various medium. Most commonly,
communication takes in face-to-face interaction, however, as the world becomes more advanced, our
means of communications changes. Whilst the traditional modes of communication remain the same,
various communication modes arose and became not just the trend but become essential in exchanging
information. Communication mode refers to the channel through which one expresses his/her
communicative intent; it is the medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. Moreover, views or
feeling can be communicated through face-to-face interaction, video or audio. Thus, the development of
various channel for communication using the Ethernet and Information and Communication Technology
allow us transfer the message faster and convenient. Needless to say, the transmission of the information
is also interrupted by many barriers of communication thus, affecting and hindering the understanding of
both parties due to noise and other subconscious nonverbal cues. More often or not, nonverbal signals
trigger the process of communication.
Additionally, written communication has become important on the academic arena. Through written text
information, it allows us to discover, explore, travel the world, and seemingly defy time and space.
Analyzing the deeper context of diverse cultures in our community serves a key point of human intellect
on unveiling the significant details of the evolution of human, diversities, cultures, politics, and society.
Thus, becomes a primary tool on the academic research and the like.
Essentially, this book does not only contain the types, basic elements, process, modes, and forms of
communication as it also includes the different purposes of communication in the daily course of human
person and how one’s good communication skills effect on the society. The underlying purpose of
communication also is to cross the culture of other people in a holistic level of perception and
determining the differences through understanding multicultural communication and globalization trend.
Therefore, adept communication skills and embodying the ethical principles of communication help us to
converse and transmit the message effectively to our target audience. Furthermore, it hones our moral and
intellectual capacity making as not just a good communicator but a listener as well, thus avoiding and
mitigating misunderstanding and further implications of both parties in the actual scenario of
communication.
MODULE 1
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, ETHICS,
AND GLOBALIZATION
THE PAULINIAN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
ETHICAL, PAULINIAN LEADERS &

PROFESSIONALS, who:
1.1 . Consistently adhere to ethico-moral standards of decision making
and behavior in their personal, professional and organizational
affairs;
1.2. Declare, affirm, and manifest the values and principles of honesty,
transparency, responsibility, accountability, and fairness in their
professional lives and endeavor;
1.3. Articulate, advocate, and exhibit Paulinian ideals and values in their
private and professional lives nurtured by prayer and deep
relationship with God; and
1.4. Speak out and take action to expose and redress violations of social
and professional norms and principles
whatever the consequences may be.
AFFIRMATION
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a Reliable, Productive
EXPERT and IMPLEMENTER, competently pursuing my
mission in life.”
PURPOSIVE COMMUICATIO
TOPIC 1
DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:
1. define what is communication;
2. identify and explain the various communication modes and how they help in expressing one‘s
communication intent;
3. distinguish the difference between and among the communication modes; and
4. use these communication modes appropriately depending on the context of the
communication situation.
INTRODUCTION
Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding
from one person to another (Keyton, 2011). The word communication is derived from the Latin word,
―communis”, which means common. In our everyday living, for a communication to be effectively
transmitted, elements of communication must be present and these include a.)Speaker, b.)Message, c.)
Receiver, d.)Channel, e.)Feedback, and f.) Communicative Situation.
What is Language?
Language is a wonderfully rich vehicle for communication. It is a system of conventional spoken,
manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language include communication,
the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release. It has a system of rules
(also known as grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the
requirements for identifying a means of communication as a language. When people use language, they
can understand each other because they belong to the same speech community. They can understand
each other because in their speech community, people share the same set of rules in the language system.
While growing up, people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of
language acquisition. The languages acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which
may also be referred to as first language. People discover later on that other language are needed various
reasons. These other languages may be referred to as second language. People learn these languages by
studying formally in school or informally on their own. This is a process of language learning.
What is Communication?
Communication as a term takes on different contexts resulting in people having different views in
communication types. Since communication is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas,
concepts and view between or among two or more people. Context is the circumstances or environment in
which communication takes place. Such circumstances may include the physical or actual setting, the
value positions of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed. It
focuses on certain communication process and even groupings of people that constitute a communication
situation. Different contexts can impact one‘s communication. Each communication type is governed by a
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particular
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circumstance. Hence, it is essential to pay attention and interplay of factors surrounding the context of
communication which may be physical, cultural, social, and psychological in nature.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

A message may be impart through these types; verbal-non-verbal and visual. While communication is
often thought of as verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally essential as it enhances one‘s message.
 VERBAL-NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Effective communication calls for the blending of these two types. One cannot be separated from the
other. For example, door-to-door sales persons who demonstrate product knowledge can only be
effective if they know how to properly punctuate what they say with proper gestures and facial
expressions. Their communication with the customer begins upon greeting him/her with a welcoming
smile then assessing customer needs and answering customer queries enhanced by gestures and a
friendly, happy and pleasant disposition. It is through this mode that sales pole with excellent
communication skills are able to provide the best information needed, by that means convincing the
client to patronize their products.
 VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Visual communication, on the other hand, is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey
information and/or messages. Some examples are signs, symbol, imagery, maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic
communication.
Visual communication now occupies an important place in any work environment. For instance,
during presentations, instructors, managers, doctors, lawyers, legislators and the like use visuals to
transfer data into digestible information. Very likely, they have greater success in catching the
attention of the audience making the latter easily recall the information. What makes visual
communication even more advantages is that it makes use of communication even more advantages is
that it makes use of technology that provides apps( applications), videos and images that rely less on
the printed word making presentations more interesting. This leaves a powerful effect on the audience
and prospective clients. Speakers/presenters should be mindful of the content of their presentation
since wrong and irrelevant information may lead to miscommunication. Likewise, they should pay
attention to graphic elements, such as position, color, size, shape and orientation as all these play an
important role in the presentation of slides. Audience size should be considered as well when
preparing slide presentations or other forms of visuals.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

In this sub-section, context in communication is referred to as composite of people interacting with each
other. Communication may also be classified according to context: (1) intrapersonal; (2) interpersonal
 INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The Latin prefixes intra-means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means talking to
oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner dialogue. Psychologists call it with other names such
as self-verbalization or self-statement. Intrapersonal communication can be defined also as
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communication with one‘s self, and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization,
and even recall and
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memory (McLean, 2005). You read on your phone that your friends are going to have dinner at your
favorite restaurant. What comes to mind? Sights, sounds, and scents? Something special that
happened the last time you were there? Do you contemplate joining them? Do you start to work out a
plan of getting from your present location to the restaurant? Do you send your friends a text asking if
they want company? Until the moment when you hit the ―send‖ button, you are communicating with
yourself. Communications expert Leonard Shedletsky examined intrapersonal communication
through the eight basic components of the communication process (i.e., source, receiver, message,
channel, feedback, environment, context, and interference) as transactional, but all the interaction
occurs within the individual (Shedletsky, 1989). From planning to problem solving, internal conflict
resolution, and evaluations and judgments of self and others, we communicate with ourselves through
intrapersonal communication. All this interaction takes place in the mind without externalization, and
all of it relies on previous interaction with the external world.
 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interpersonal communication can be defined as communication between two people, but the
definition fails to capture the essence of a relationship. This broad definition is useful when we
compare it to intrapersonal communication, or communication with ourselves, as opposed to mass
communication, or communication with a large audience, but it requires clarification. The
developmental view of interpersonal communication places emphasis on the relationship rather than
the size of the audience, and draws a distinction between impersonal and personal interactions.
Family for many is the first experience in interpersonal relationships, but as we develop
professionally, our relationships at work may take on many of the attributes we associate with family
communication. We look to each other with similar sibling rivalries, competition for attention and
resources, and support. The workplace and our peers can become as close, or closer, than our birth
families, with similar challenges and rewards. To summarize, interpersonal relationships are an
important part of the work environment.
SYNTHESIS
 Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of
which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express
themselves.
 Communication is defined as the process of transmitting information and common
understanding from one person to another.
 There are two types of communication according to mode: 1. Verbal and Non-verbal
communication; 2. Visual Communication
 Two types of communication according to context: 1. Intrapersonal Communication; 2.
Interpersonal Communication
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TEST YOURSELF!
INSTRUCTION: Choose and encircle the best answer below.
1. It is define as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from
one person to another.
a. Communication b. Speaker c. Process d. Purpose
2. It is a type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages.
a. Non-verbal b. Verbal c. Visual d. Intrapersonal
3. It is defined also as communication with one‘s self, and that may include self-talk, acts of
imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory.
a. Verbal b. Interpersonal c. Intrapersonal d. Non-verbal
ANSWERS
KEY
1. A
2. C
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TOPIC 2
THE PROCESS AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. identify the elements of communication in various texts; and
2. illustrate the communication process.
INTRODUCTION
Communication is to the organization as blood is to the body. The success of all the functions of
management depends upon the effective communication. In this case, the process and elements should be
put in consideration in order to communicate effectively. The communication process is a simple to
complex process depending on the situation. The elements should also be present in order to successfully
make a successful communication process.
Elements of Communication Process:

Communication process involves elements like sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, channel/ media,
voice and feedback. These elements are explained below:
1. Sender - He is the person who sends his ideas to another person. For example, if a manager wants to
inform his subordinates about the introduction of a new product, he is the sender.
2. Message - The idea, feeling, suggestion, guidelines, orders or any content which is intended to be
communicated is message. For example, message is the introduction of new product.
3. Encoding - It is the process of converting the idea, thinking or any other component of message into
symbols, words, actions, diagram etc. For example, message is connected in words and actions.
4. Media - It is the medium, passage or route through which encoded message is passed by the sender to
the receiver. There can be various forms of media-face to face communication, letters, radio, television, e-
mail etc. For example manager inform about the introduction of a new product in a meeting through
presentation.
5. Decoding - It means translating the encoded message into language understandable by the receiver.
6. Receiver - He is the person to whom the message has been sent. For example, subordinates are receivers.
7. Feedback - It is the response by the receiver. It marks the completion of the communication process.
8. Noise - It is the hindrance in the process of communication. It can take place at any step in the entire
process. It reduces the accuracy of communication e.g. 1) Disturbance in the telephone lines, 2) An
inattentive receiver 3) Improper Decoding of Message etc.
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THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Figure 1. Source: https://bit.ly/34cWWWY
Communication process consists of following steps:

(i) The sender formulates the message that he wants to convey to the receiver.
(ii)He encodes or translates his message. He may take the help of symbols, words, actions, diagrams,
pictures etc.
(iii)He selects an appropriate channel or medium through which the message is to be transmitted. It can
be face to face communication, letters, radio, television, e-mail etc.
(iv) The message is received by the receiver.
(v) Received message is decoded by the receiver so that the receiver can draw the meaning of the message.
(vi) The receiver sends his response to the sender. In case of any confusion, the same is conveyed and
necessary clarification sought.
SYNTHESIS
 Communication follows a process.
 There are 8 elements of communication: 1. Sender; 2. Message; 3. Encoding; 4. Media; 5. Decoding;
6. Receiver; 7. Feedback; 8. Noise.
TEST YOURSELF!
Direction: Fill in the blank.
Communication follows a certain process which is compose or done by the elements. To start the
conversation, the 1. formulates the message which will be transmitted to the 2. . The
sender‘s job is to 3. or translate his message and he has to choose the media where will be the
conversation will be grounded. After 4. the message, the receiver will then give 5. to
complete the communication process. This process will cycle through until the purpose of the
conversation is met.
Answers Key:
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Encode
4.
Decoding
TOPIC 3
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. identify and explain each of the different principles of communication; and
2. exhibit effective communication through application of communication principles.
INTRODUCTION
In communication, there are set of rules or guidelines which are necessary to be followed in order
to ensure effectiveness and proper communication. Any person which fails to meet or consider these
principles will likely to fail as a speaker or writer. There principles are also critical in communicating as it
completes everything about communication.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Since communication is a two-way process, it is significant that you know the principles to be
observed to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, one should be able to apply the
following principles:
1. Know your purpose in communicating. Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to
persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there is still a more dominant objective or reason
why you communicate.
2. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate
the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational background,
profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers.
3. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In speaking
situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also applies to writing. You
write because you wish that other people learn something from you. You may then utilize several or
multiple communication techniques to easily catch the attention of the audience.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation. The environment in which your speech or
writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use.
5. Work on the feedback given to you. Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on
them. Take kindly to criticisms. In the long run, constructive criticisms will prove beneficial to you as
you learn to address them.
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PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported by facts and
essential information.
3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in a speech is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and
movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel confident enough.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.
SYNTHESIS
 Principles are consideration in the communication process.

 These principles will ensure effectiveness along the communication process.
TEST YOURSELF!
Direction: True or False.
1. You need to know your purpose in communicating.
2. Conciseness and being specific is the same.
3. You don‘t have to be natural in order to hide your feelings in communicating.
4. Knowing a little information about your topic is considerable.
5. Following these principles will ensure effective communication.
ANSWERS
KEY
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
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TOPIC 4
ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
Learning Outcomes:
1. identify and explain the different ethics in communication; and

2. apply these ethics in real life situations.
INTRODUCTION
Ethics is defined as a set of rules or guidelines; these are theories as to which is right or wrong. In
communication, ethics is considerable important because it would likely guide everyone to effective
communication. Theses ethical principles are universal in the sense that all people should consider these
things because of their vitality in the communication process and effectiveness.
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication. For instance, given the unethical communication
practice of a certain company of concealing the non-remittance of deducted premiums from employees‘
salaries to the SSS or the Social Security System (or GSIS or Government Service Insurance System in
the case of government offices), the company‘s accountability to its employees is undoubtedly affected.
Compare this situation with that of an organization that observes ethical practice and remits the
employees‘ monthly contributions to the SSS or GSIS regularly. It is important to note that one‘s
behavior should be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Completeness
The message must be complete and geared to the receiver‘s perception of the world. The message must be
based on facts and a complex message needs additional information and / or explanation. A good
subdivision of subjects will clarify the message as a result of which there will be a complete overview of
what is said.
Concreteness
Concrete business communication is also about a clear message. This is often supported by factual
material such as research data and figures. The words used as well as the sentence structure can be
interpreted uni- vocally. Nothing is left to the imagination.
Courtesy
In addition to considering the feelings and points of view of the target group, it is also important to
approach the audience in a friendly and courteous manner. Use of terms that show respect for the receiver
contribute towards effective communication. The same goes for the manner in which you address
someone. Not everyone will be charmed if you use a familiar form of address and use of a formal address
could come across as too distant. By using the word ‗they‘ a larger audience is immediately addressed.
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Correctness
A correct use of language has the preference. In written business communication, grammatical errors
must be avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use of verbs are not sufficient either in verbal
communication. A correct use of language increases trustworthiness and the receiver will feel that they
are taken seriously.
Clarity
Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and concrete words. Fuzzy
language is absolutely forbidden, as are formal language and cliché expressions. By avoiding parentheses
and keeping to the point, the receiver will get a clear picture of the content of the message. Briefly-
worded information emphasizes the essence of the message. Coherence means the connection of ideas at
the idea level, and cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence level.
Consideration
Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to communicate well, it is important to
relate to the target group and be involved. By taking the audience into account, the message can be geared
towards them. Factors that play a role in this are for example: professional knowledge, level of education,
age and interests.
Conciseness
A message is clear when the storyline is consistent and when this does not contain any inconsistencies.
When facts are mentioned, it is important that there is consistent, supporting information. Systematically
implementing a certain statement or notation also contributes to clear business communication. When
statements are varied, they will confuse the receiver.
Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behavior that is proper and desirable
over one that is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed by a person
or a company that will create a good reputation or a positive image not only for an individual but also for
the organization. It will, therefore, pave the way for the attainment of the desired results leading to the
success of an individual or the entire company. Success in decision-making will likewise impact the
company‘s reputation.
SYNTHESIS
 Ethics is he set of rules and guidelines.

 Theses ethics that are to be followed are the 7 c‘s.
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TEST YOURSELF!
Direction: Identify the following then write your answer after the statements.
1. It is define as a set of rules or guidelines.

2. The message must be based on facts and a complex message needs additional information and / or
explanation.
3. Grammatical errors must be avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use of verbs are not sufficient
either in verbal communication.
4. Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and concrete words.
5. A message is clear when the storyline is consistent and when this does not contain any
inconsistencies.
ANSWERS KEY
1. Ethics
2.
Completeness
3. Correctness
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MODULE 2
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION:
The medium or channel through which communicative intent is expressed. Typical
communication modes include natural speech, facial expression and gesture. Exceptional
communication modes include the use of graphic symbols or synthetic speech. Communication
generally draws on multiple modes, such as vocalization, speech, gesture and symbols, and is
referred to as multimodal. Mode is a term used to describe the way something is done or
experienced. When we use the phrase mode of communication, we are describing the way
communication is expressed. In other words, we are discussing the method of communication.
Module Objectives:
 Familiarize the three-common model of communication.
 Understand the 5 major forms of communication.
 Analyze and give deeper knowledge about the major types of communication and
its traditional modes of communication.
Cutting-Edge, Resilient Visionaries & Innovators, who:

1. Stay abreast of emerging social and technological trends and proactively pursue
fruitful ways of capitalizing on them;
2. Clarify and explain emerging and potential social, economic, political, and
technological trends affecting their field and propose feasible ways to incorporate
them in their work;
3. Explain significant setbacks they have experienced in life and how they how they
have summoned the inner resources and used “out of the box” thinking and actions
to address and overcome them;
Affirmation
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a Cutting-Edge, Reselient Visionary and Innovator,
demonstrating my creativity and charism.”
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TOPIC 1
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. identify the various communication modes and explain how they help in expressing
ones communicative intent; and
2. use these communication modes appropriately depending on the context of
communication situation.
3 COMMON MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Aristotle Model of Communication
Figure 2. shorturl.at/dgjq9
The Aristotle model primarily focused on the speaker and its speech. It can be divided into 5 primary
elements; the Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect. This type of communication no longer
requires the feedback of the Audience but rather on the delivery of the speaker. Hence, it is a speaker
centered model as the speaker plays an important role in communicating
2. Shannon-Weaver Model
Figure 3. shorturl.at/uDJY3
As Claude Elwood Shannon was an engineer, this model was purposely done to improve technical
communication more particularly the telephonic communication through the use of mathematical
equation and minimizing the noise barrier. It was later on when Warren Weaver applied it for effective
communication. Now, it popularly known as Shannon Weaver Communication Model also called as
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Information Theory also called information theory and is used in academic arena to calculate transmission
through machines and also has a formula.
3. Schramm’s Model
Figure 4. shorturl.at/gEJX7
Schramm‘s model of communication posits that knowledge plays a crucial role on the communication
process. This could simply be interpreted that communication varies from knowledge, cultural, and
educational background. Hence, the message can be interpreted different from others.
These are the 3 communications that are commonly used and can be easily illustrated with the
commonalities and differences of each model and the elements involved. Furthermore, it can be
understood that each models varies from each communication process. In summary, Aristotle Model is a
linear model of communication as it does not requires the feedback of the audience and focuses on the
speaker itself. Shannon Weaver on the other hand, caters more on the telephonic communication process.
And lastly, the Schramm‘s model may occur in any instances or situations, either face to face or
technology mediated.
MAJOR FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

There are 5 forms of communication:
1. Intrapersonal Communication- communication happens within the person. Hence, there is no
feedback and/or feedbacks are not interrupted.
Example: A person can communicate himself through praying.
2. Interpersonal Communication- communication happens between a group of
persons. Example: Ana is talking to Mrs. Maricar with regards to the school
requirements.
3. Dyadic Communication- communication happens between two persons. Either way, the source
become the receiver and vice versa because of the dynamic and spontaneous flow of discourse.
One of the best examples of dyadic communication is between a patient and a doctor.
4. Small Group Communication- this communication usually happen in an organizational
communization and involves more than two individuals. The information coming from the source
down to the receiver and vice versa. There is a continuous sending and receiving of feedbacks.
5. Public Communication- this communication is a one way type model of communication as it no
longer requires the feedback of the receiver or the audience. The message of the speaker will be
sent to a huge number of audiences. For instance, public speaking like the State of the Nation
Address (SONA) of the president.
6. Mass Communication- this involves a large number of people and requires a tool to help
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disseminating the information. This also no longer requires feedback from the audience to the
source. For instance, television news and advertisement. But in mass communication, there is
no
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direct access with the receiver. For that they need media like Newspaper, Radio, Television and
Internet. The audience feedback is very less or delayed.
When the message you convey are not communicated properly and felt guilty of not conveying the
message as it wants to be conveyed feels worse. It is because the effective communication is being
hindered by noise or in other reference, barriers. Some of the barriers that obstructs effective
communication include noise, inappropriate medium, assumptions, emotion, and use of jargons or
technical terms, and poor listening skills. These barriers are categorized into five. Physical,
Psychological, Cultural, Language Used, and Personal.
MAJOR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is a natural phenomenon that occurs between a person and group of person and purposely
interacting and exchanging ideas. Do you know that even if you do not utter a word, you are still
communicating? Generally, there are two types of communication mainly the VERBAL
COMMUNICATION and NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION.
Simply, verbal communication is a form of communication in which it uses words to interchange

the information with other people either in the form of speech or writing. Meanwhile, nonverbal
communication, does not use words for communicating anything, but some other modes are
used,
i.e. where communication takes place by way of unspoken or unwritten messages such as body
language, facial expressions, sign language and so forth.
However, as the world becomes more advanced, our means of communications changes. Whilst
the traditional modes of communication remain the same, various communication modes arose
and became not just the trend but become essential in exchanging information. Communication
mode refers to the channel through which one express his/her communicative intent. It is the
medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. Views or feeling can be communicated
through face- to-face interaction, video or audio. The mode may also be text-based.
The most common of all these modes is the face-to-face interaction. It is an informal or casual
conversation between two or more people. People engage in social conversations to establish
relationships or maintain them. It is one way of gaining new acquaintances or friends. How to
speak, what to speak, when to speak and to whom one is speaking are all important
considerations in building relationships
TRADITIONAL MODES OF COMMUNICATION
Face-to-face communication is the most common and widely used mode of communicating. This
includes casual conversation between two or more people and business meetings. Face-to-face is a very
easy communication style that everyone has experienced. It requires no extra materials, making this the
cheapest option for communication. It is also instant, and you get the benefit of visual cues from the
person or people to whom you are communicating. One advantage is face-to-face interaction is that aside
from directly hearing in the message being conveyed, you are able to note nonverbal cues through facial
expressions, gestures, movement or even objects or realize form the person you are communicating with.
20
TOPIC 2
COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. identify the positive and negative dimensions of the use of technology in

communication; and
2. deliver a message for a variety of audiences using the most appropriate technological tool
MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
In contrary to face-to-face communication, Mediated Communication refers to a communications

that happens using the technological tools of Information and Communication Technology as a
mode of exchanging information to one person or another. These include the following;
Video communication is achieved by using Web cameras to connect two or more parties. This is the
next- best communication option after face-to-face, as you get most of the same benefits. However, there
is always the possibility of bad connections or other technical issues that hinder the communication. If
there are no technical glitches encountered, this could be very effective mode of communication
especially for people separated by distance. For example, you may engage in a conversation via Skype
with you loved ones especially during significant, meaningful or memorable occasions. This is a
convenient communication mode for people how want to reach-out to each other despite distance.
Audio Communication is a voice-only form of communication, such as a conversation on a telephone.
This is a good instant communication tool if you catch the person instead of getting an answering
machine or voice mail, but it does not have the benefit of allowing you to see the other person. It is also
more difficult to include more than two parties. An obvious down side of this mode is not being able to
see the body language or cues of the person you are talking to. However, if good listening skills is
applied, one may detect the tone and rising of intonation or pitch of the voice which may indicate the
feeling or mood of the speaker or listener.
The last mode is text-based communication. Although it can be linked or traced back to the traditional
mode of communication, however, because of the evolution of our communication we learned to adapt
and integrate it to our daily living to address such necessities. Like e-mail, text messaging and instant
messaging and social networking site such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram likewise offer text-based
interaction. Text communication includes Internet communication, such as email, instant messaging and
forums, text messaging and printed papers. Text communication does not have the benefits of audio and
video, but it is much easier to distribute information to a large group of people and save records of the
communication.
COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MDEIA
In the past there are various modes through which we communicate. These modes took the form of hand
written messages, type written messages, short telegrams, computer encoded text, as well as the audio and
video conversations. Each mode of communication is distinct form the other, the ways in which you craft
our messages differ.
21
Now people can use email, social media, chat messengers, video conferencing, video calls, images,
videos, symbols, diagrams, charts, and emoticons, etc. for the communication. Many things are wasting
our time and we‘re becoming more busy than productive. The debates, questions, viral communications
are not achieving the desired results and conclusions. There are even newer topics to communicate the
next day and we start looking for the next conclusions.
If we follow good communication skills we can use many tools and platform for research and
development of nature including a synergistic development of humans, our environment and natural
sources. Technology has affected communication tremendously, but it is entirely dependent on us how we
use it.
Today with the rapid rise and spread of internet connectivity, they old forms of communication have
given way to new forms that make communication easier and faster. The emergence of social media has
created a new avenue for facilitating daily information and communication needs. As technology grows
and expands our range of communication, social media is becoming a vital tool for daily social
interaction. It creates opportunity for people to interact with each other in a way that is both helpful and
essential to socially motivate people. The rapid fire quick communication style that captivates the
millennial and other generation has shifted our conversations from ‗face-to-face‘ instances to ‗through –
the-screen‘ ones.
Social media and online communication is believed to be having adverse effect on social skills and
communication among adolescents. When social media did not exist and social communication and
interaction were the only way of communication. In the era of technology, social media interactions now
dominates both online and offline conversations. In a society where interacting and over-sharing is the
norm, you are probably more likely to speak to friends and family through electronic devices than face-to-
face. As more generations are born into the social age, social media will continue to be the favored
communication form among young people.
Being able to reach customers, co-workers and vendors quickly helps improve the efficiency of any
business operation. Mobile technology makes it easy to get or to keep contact information in a mobile
device. You can reach out with questions or updates from anywhere. For example, a manager in the field
trying to determine why an order hasn't arrived can quickly contact his office, supplier and delivery
courier within a few minutes from the offsite location.
Furthermore, technology has reduced the amount of face-to-face interaction or the number of actual
telephone conversations that people have. It is much easier to send a quick text rather than to engage in a
phone call. Although this efficiency is certainly a benefit, there is value to the chit-chat that's now
becoming lost. Relationships are built when a business knows its customer and discovers opportunities to
serve them more effectively through personal interactions.
When the message you convey are not communicated properly and felt guilty of not conveying the
message as it wants to be conveyed feels worse. It is because the effective communication is being
hindered by noise or in other reference, barriers. Some of the barriers that obstructs effective
communication include noise, inappropriate medium, assumptions, emotion, and use of jargons or
technical terms, and poor listening skills. These barriers are categorized into five. Physical,
Psychological, Cultural, Language Used, and Personal.
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5 CATEGORIES OF BARRIERS
Physical Barrier- this barrier includes the defects in media or the medium for communication,
environment or geographical location, and physical disability like in hearing, vision, or speaking.
Psychological Barrier- it is the manifestations of human behavior and attitude when communicating.
These are emotions, past experiences or trauma, lacks retention of attention or simply inattentive, status,
and temperament.
Cultural Barrier- include the age and gender of the person, educational background, economic status
quo, popularity, religion, political views, and ethics.
Language Used- as the word posits, it refers to the contributory factor of the diverse language across the
world, dialect, and even its accent or the way the word is uttered. Nonetheless, colloquial term adds the
situation.
Personal Barrier- refers to the poor listening skills, egoistic, interpersonal trust, and ability to
communicate effectively.
For us to be a good communicator, one must develop the effective communications and be able to
identify the barriers in communication. Thus, identifying the purpose of the message and target audience
will give a solid framework and will determine the success of the communication. However, this cannot
be done in just one try, constant practice and developing good communications skills will improve the
way we convey the message to and equip us to converse with the people surrounding us without any
interferences or misunderstanding to both parties.
“Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. More
specifically, it is
the process by which meanings are perceived and understandings are reached among human beings.” (D.E.
McFarland, 1994)
unication - simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.
o-face Communication – the communication of a two or a group of people in the same place and time.
Communication - is a live, visual connection between two or more people residing in separate locations for the purpose of communication
Communication -is passing information as in the form of sound
sual component.
Communication - is communication between two people or creatures.
Group Communication - small groups consists of three or more people who share a common goal and communicate collectively to achieve
Communication - engage in dialogue in the public sphere in order to deliver a message to a specific audience.
Communication – is the broadcast of unanswerable voice to a large audience.
23
TEST YOURSELF!
Part 1 Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. In this communication process, the source becomes a receiver and the receiver become the
source.
a. Mass Communication
b. Face-to-face Communication
c. Dyadic Communication
d. Video Communication
2. The cheapest option for communication and it includes casual conversation between two or
more people.
a. Public Communication
b. Text-based Communication
c. Face-to-face Communication
d. Mass Communication
3. Includes internet communication such as email and text messaging.
a. Small Group Communication
b. Video Communication
c. Audio Communication
d. Text-based Communication
4. Everyone will become the source and the receiver through sharing information and giving
feedbacks.
a. Small Group Communication
b. Intrapersonal Communication
c. Dyadic Communication
d. Non-verbal Communication
5. The next-best communication option after face-to-face. There will always be the possibility
of bad connection that may hinder communication.
a. Interpersonal Communication
b. Video Communication
c. Verbal Communication
d. Oral Communication
6. Have a large number of audience and a need of a certain technological tool is necessary.
a. Audio Communication
b. Mass Communication
c. Video Communication
d. Face-to-face Communication
7. No direct access with the receiver and the audience feedback is very less or delayed.
a. Mass Communication
b. Dyadic Communication
c. Small Group Communication
d. Video Communication
8. The messages from a single person will reach or received by huge number of audience and
there are no mutual feedbacks, the focused is only the speaker.
a. Oral Communication
b. Communication toll
c. Public Communication
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d. Dyadic Communication
9. A good instant communication tool but it does not allow you to see the person you are talking
to.
a. Audio Communication
b. Mode Communication
c. Mass Communication
d. Small Group Communication
10. You may engage in a conversation via Skype with you loved ones especially during
significant, meaningful or memorable occasions. This is a convenient communication mode
for people how want to reach-out to each other despite distance.
a. Video Communication
b. Dyadic Communication
c. Intrapersonal
d. Written
Part II
1. Identify and differentiate the different communication modes.
2. Give at least one scenario in each of the modes of communication.
Part II
1. List at least 10 positive and negative effects of technology in communication.
2. How would you raise awareness to avoid misconceptions about the use of technology in
communication?
Part III
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Technology makes it more difficult to keep up with news today than in the past because it is
difficult to keep up with all the information.
2. With advances in technology, few differences exist between face - to - face and computer
mediated communication.
3. Social media actually goes back to some of the earliest Internet technologies and even predates
the Internet.
4. Technology has nothing to do with communication since they are way too different from each other.
5. Communication technology is an ever growing market.
6. The emergence of social media has created a new avenue for facilitating daily information and
communication needs.
7. When social media did not exist and social communication and interaction were the only way of
communication.
8. Relationships are built when a business knows its customer and discovers opportunities to serve
them more ineffectively through personal interjections.
9. Each mode of communication is distinct form the other, the ways in which you craft our
messages differ.
10. Communication creates opportunity for people to understand problems with each other in a way
that is both helpful and essential to socially motivate people.
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ANSWER KEYS
ANSWERS KEY!
Activity 1 Activity 2 TRUE OR
FALSE
1. C 1. F
2. C 2. F
3. D 3. T
4. A 4. F
5. B 5. T
6. B 6. T
7. A 7. T
8. C 8. F
9. A 9. T
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MODULE 3
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION
Communication examines the basic elements of interpersonal communication and culture as the two relate
to one another. Emphasis is given to the influence of culture on the interpretation of the communication
act and to the communication skills that enhances cross-cultural communication. Communication requires
the ability to understand language, but just think about how much of your communication with even you
friends is nonverbal: our body language, our attitude, the rituals from hand-shaking to the stink eye. Some
researchers estimate that up to 93% of all human communication is nonverbal, although according to
recent studies, it is actually closer to 60%.
It provides several commonly accepted academic and applied definitions to clarify this concept and
process. The term ―intercultural communication‖, represent broad ideas that are difficult to express in
just one way. Thus, we present several working definitions as starting points for exploring this topic.
Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from two different cultures.
(Chen & Starosta, 1998:28). It is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in which
people create shared meanings. (Lustig & Koester, 2007:46). It also refers to the effects on
communication behavior, when different cultures interact together. Hence, one way of viewing
intercultural communication is as communication that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces.
(Arasaratnam, 2013:48).
Intercultural communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different
cultural backgrounds. Basically, ―inter-‖ is a prefix that means ―between‖ and ―cultural‖ means from a
culture, so intercultural communication is the communication between cultures. Sometimes this is used to
describe a single person trying to interact in a foreign environment but more often, it is a two-way street,
where people from both cultures are trying to improve their communication. It is important to understand
intercultural communication because it allows us for positive and productive interaction. Intercultural
communication refers to the effective communication between people/ workers/ clients of different
cultural background. It also includes managing thought patterns and nonverbal communication.
Still, that means that more than half of communication is never spoken. So, intercultural communication
is going to take a lot more than just learning a language. It describes the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appears within an organization or social context made up of
individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. It this sense it seeks to
understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceived the world
around them.
Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies,
linguistics, psychology and communication studies. It also referred to as the base of international
businesses. Several cross-cultural services providers assist with the development of intercultural
communication skills, in a way the ―interaction with speakers of other languages of equal terms and
respecting their identities‖.
Identity and culture are also studies within the discipline of communication to analyze how globalization
influences ways of thinking, beliefs, values, and identity, within and between cultural environments.
Language is an important example of a cultural component that is linked to intercultural understanding.
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Module Objectives:
 Define and identify elements of interpersonal communication, culture, cultural

systems and global communication;
 Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication;
 Present ideas on the impact of communication on society and the world;
 Compare and contrast cultures‘ values, beliefs, perceptions, and communication
styles;
 Recognize negative perception: racism, prejudice, negative
stereotyping, ethnocentrism;
 Recognize and identify co-cultures;
 Analyze intercultural interactions and evaluate situations using intercultural
communication skills;
 Understand cultural and global flow of information.
ETHICAL, PAULINIAN LEADERS & PROFESSIONALS,

who:
1.1 Consistently adhere to ethico-moral standards of decision making and behavior
in their personal, professional and organizational affairs;
1.2 Declare, affirm, and manifest the values and principles of honesty,
transparency, responsibility, accountability, and fairness in their professional
lives and endeavor;
1.3 Articulate, advocate, and exhibit Paulinian ideals and values in their private
and professional lives nurtured by prayer and deep relationship with God; and
1.4 Speak out and take action to expose and redress violations of social and
professional norms and principles whatever the consequences may be.
AFFIRMATION
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a Reliable, Productive EXPERT and
IMPLEMENTER, competently pursuing my mission in life.”
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TOPIC 1
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Image 1. Source: https://bit.ly/2MOGuGo

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. define and identify elements of interpersonal communication, culture, cultural systems and global
communication;
2. explain how cultural and global issues affect communication; and
3. present ideas on the impact of communication on society and the world.
As technology advances, the world is getting smaller. Today we are able to communicate with people
across the globe at the touch of a button. While globalization, or communication between nations beyond
their borders, is an old concept, with the onset of new technology globalization is affecting the ways we
communicate and learn in fascinating ways. We are expanding our understanding of fellowship and as we
become more connected, we are deepening our educational experiences. The rise in the use of the internet
in particular has been incredibly instrumental in improving the ways in which we connect with one
another.
Because of technologies like the internet, we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives that
overlooks outside of our scope before. We are able to fully connect with someone who is thousands of
miles away in real time and the effects are profound.
28
The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

 Increased Business Opportunities
Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using communication vehicles
such as video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel
as if they are in the same room. Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers
all over the world, and to streamline relationship through improved ordering, shipment tracking and so on.
With this kind of communication technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities
in different countries or cities, improving the economic outlook on a global level.
 Fewer Cultural Barriers
Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two
different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their
mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other person. The way people approach problems and
how they participate in communities is all influenced by culture.
Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to understand how someone in the
U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural barriers are becoming less prevalent.
Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues or friends across the planet helps
people understand each other‘s cultures a little better.
Creation of a Global Village
You‘ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both
by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no
longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access
have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in developing countries. Many
are now enrolling in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual
assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with
companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business services that
EYE CONTACT:
-North Americans view direct eye contact as a sign of honesty
-Asians view direct eye contact as a form of disrespect
can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet
29
Why do we need to study this?

The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a lot of factors. These include
cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our location. However, because of
globalization, communication goes well and easy. These topics made the students aware of the following:
 Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see people on the other side of the
world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from a faraway land. There is so much knowledge
about other countries and cultures available online that it‘s no longer a complete mystery.
 Some effects of globalization to global communication are having or increased business

opportunities, fewer cultural barriers as well as creating a global village or making the world or
the community connected with the use of technology.
Key Terms:
 Globalization-the process of interaction and integration among people, companies and
governments worldwide.
 Global village-refer to the world emphasize that all the different parts of the world form one
community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.
 Cultural barriers- when people of different cultures are unable to understand each others‘
customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties.
TEST YOURSELF!
Choose the best answer on the provide questions:
1. In global village, people are no longer distant and isolated because they are being connected by what?
A. Transportation C. Technology
B. Family gatherings D. Communication
2. How does globalization contributes to cultural, economic, and political partnerships uplifting the
economic stability of a particular country?
A. By giving global awareness on how to boost their economy
B. Global market, foreign investment and cultural management can be done.
C. Through assisting one‘s political advocacy.
D. None of the above.
Answers Key:
1. C. Technology
2. B. Global market, foreign investment and cultural management can be
TOPIC 2
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL
SETTING
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. demonstrate an awareness of the reality of cultural diversity through identification of known
dialects and languages; and
2. explain how cultural diversity affects effective communications.
Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific setting. It is the co-
existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested
in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.
Image 2. Source: https://bit.ly/369vcUE
The world today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting in communication between people
with different linguistic and cultural background.
One of the most common forms of global communication is an email. A person in one country types a
message and clicks the send button. The message is then encoded into packets which are sent across the
internet to the recipient. In another country, the receiver logs in and decodes the message by opening the
email, and retrieves the message.
Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple recipients from different
cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well as when there are more layers
added to the channel. For example, if a world leader makes a speech broadcast across the globe, people
from one region may rejoice at the news, while others may find it offensive. In this case, the channel itself
can involve many
32
different layers, as translators, news, editors and commentators each interpret the message differently
before passing it on to the intended audiences.
onversation locally or globally. The main purpose of this is to have an idea on how can we apply what we learned from them for ourselves
Local communication means data transferred directly from the gateway to bluz DK, without going
through the Particle cloud. Local communication can be used for a lot of tasks that don't require the
cloud.
Multicultural education refers to any form of education or teaching that incorporates the histories, texts,
values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds
The study of global communication is an interdisciplinary field focusing on global communication, or
the ways that people connect, share, relate and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social and
cultural divides.
COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its members take for
granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting is begun at a very
early age. And while some of culture‘s knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught
explicitly, most of the information is absorbed subconsciously.
The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide business
organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is a subject importance not just because
of increased globalization, but also because their domestic workforce is growing more and more diverse.
Intercultural communication
- is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture
affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that
naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious,
social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different
countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.
CULTURES CO- CULTURES
-A culture is the system of knowledge, beliefs, - Within a culture as a whole are co-cultures,
values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are these are composed of members of the
acquired shared, and used by its members during same general culture who differ in some
daily living. ethnic or sociological way from the parent
culture.
Table 2. Cultures and Co-Cultures
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BARRIERS TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL

COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL
SETTINGS
Some of the barriers to effective communication are language, medium of communication, personality
and culture. Culture became barrier to an effective communication when a person has different language
bearing, and they have different interpretation to such words.
What is the difference between multicultural and cross-cultural or Intercultural?

While they all might be under the same roof, they describe entirely different rooms. The differences in
the meanings have to do with the perspectives we take when interacting with people from other cultures.
Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one
another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other. For
example, in a multicultural neighborhood people may frequent ethnic grocery stores and restaurants
without really interacting with their neighbors from other countries.
Cross-cultural (Intercultural) refers to the comparison of different cultures. In cross-cultural
communication, differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual change,
but not collective transformations. In cross-cultural societies, one culture is often considered ―the norm‖
and all other cultures are compared or contrasted.
SYNTHESIS
 Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple recipients from
different cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well as when there
are more layers added to the channel.
 Local communication means data transferred directly from the gateway to bluz DK, without
going through the Particle cloud. Local communication can be used for a lot of tasks that don't
require the cloud.
 Local and global communication in multicultural settings help me realize that miscommunication
is essential to enhance our ability to communicate and effectively accept and embrace across
country cultures. And it made me realize also the importance of cross-culture in globalization
business opportunities, job opportunities, sharing of views and ideas, talent improvisation and
understanding of diverse market.
 To enhance our ability to communicate and effectively accept and embrace across country cultures;
 To make realize the importance of cross-culture in globalization business opportunities, job
opportunities, sharing of views and ideas, talent improvisation and understanding of
communication.
34
TEST YOURSELF!
Part 1
1. Within a culture as a whole are co-cultures, these are composed of members of the same general
culture who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture.
a. A. Cultures B. Local C. Global communication D. None of these
2. It is the way on how we communicate to other. By using our own languages and an English
language, we can make a conversation locally or globally. The main purpose of this is to have an
idea on how can we apply what we learned from them for ourselves and for our community.
A. Local and global communication in multicultural setting B intercultural communication

C. Multicultural D. Co-cultural
3. Refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups?
A. Cross cultural B. global communication C. Multicultural D. None of these
4. Refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific setting. It is the co-existence of
diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in
customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative
styles?
a. A. Cultural B. Multiculturalism C. Intercultural D. Co-cultural
Part 2
The world today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting of what?
ANSWERS KEY
Activity 1
1. CULTURES
2. Local and global communication in multicultural setting
3. Multicultural
4.
Multiculturalism
Activity 2
35
TOPIC 3
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. explain the importance of using appropriate varieties and registers of
language in certain communication context;
2. explain the Variety and Register of Oral and Written Language; and
3. explain the differences between Spoken and Written Language.
According to an article written by Gleaner, we have six language registers: formal, casual, intimate,
private, frozen and consultative. These registers can be use depending on the situation and people we
encounter. It is essential to use appropriate varieties and registers of language in certain communication
context because in different situations and people call for different registers. It shows the level of
formality and informality of the language used. When we use appropriate varieties and register of
language we‘re showing respect, interest, comfortableness and professionalism.
However, we have different approach in language register when it comes to face-to-face conversation and
in written mode. We characterized face-to-face conversation as multi-modality because we can use
different registers and we considered the status, position or the way of living of the person we‘re
communicating with in order to know when and where to use or drop the formality. While in writing a
paper we commonly use the formal register since the construction of sentences, correction of grammar
and appropriate using of words really matter.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Permanence - means when students write something they already set in their mind to be done in one
session. They don‘t think that they can edit or revised their written to be better because students think
their written is subject to permanence. In this case teacher perhaps notice all of students that they just
write everything that comes in their written.
Production time - this part plays a crucial issue for the agents. In this part, students will think about the
deadline. The possible case in here is the students will just only focus on the deadline and would resort to
not give importance on the content itself. As the result, their written work will not be maximized and or to
be improved. Moreover this is a job for the teachers to push students to think about the process of learning
rather than the result itself.
Distance - having a relationship with the audience anticipation. Before students start to write, they have
to know who will be the audience to read their output.
36
Orthography - this part is talk about the technical of appearance. After writer consider about the word,
phrase and sentence that they will use students also consider about the front, size and also the picture. All
appearance has to connect with the topic and target of the reader.
Complexity - this is talk about the sentence whether students use simple sentence combine or complex
sentence. We as a teacher will know the students‘ progress of learning. And for the academic writing,
students should provide reference.
Vocabulary - talk about word richness we (teacher) can see what a new vocabulary that they already acquired.
Formality - this is complex convention for academic writing (describe, explain, compare, criticize, argue,
etc). If the writer creates academic writing it means the product have to formal. Because of that the
language that they use has to formal and polite. The front or size has to consistent with the guideline that
they use (APA style, MLA etc).
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE
1. VARIATION IN SPEED
2. LOUDNESS OR QUIETNESS
3. GESTURES
4. INTONATION
5. STRESS
6. RHYTHM
7. PITCH RANGE
8. PAUSING AND PHRASING
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

WRITTEN:
 Tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate
clauses. The punctuation and layout of written text also have no spoken equivalent.
 Usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out
 Written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and
writing system is still understood.
 Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layouts, colors and other graphical effects in their
written texts.
 Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing as are some kinds of vocabulary such as
some complex chemical and legal terms.
SPOKEN:
 Tends to be full or repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions with the exception
of formal speeches and other scripted fors of speech such as news reports and scripts for plays and
films.
 Usually transient unless recorded and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as
they go along.
 Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
 Speech can us timing, tone, volume and tremble to add emotional context.
 Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly speech. These include slang expressions, and tags
like y’know, like, etc.
37
THE FIVE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE REGISTER IN WRITING
FORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER

Is appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or stranger.
 Cannot instead of can‘t
 Have not instead of haven‘t
 Will not instead of won‘t
EXAMPLE: business letters, announcement, professional emails, some essay, letters complaint.
INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER

Is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you very well.
 They‘ve been fighting all day
 He‘s very busy
 We feel that the target in unrealistic
 I planned many different
EXAMPLE: short notes diaries and journals
NEUTRAL LANGUAGE REGISTER

Is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most appropriate for technical writing
―Definition of register and varieties of spoken and the written language‖
Register
Is a subset of language as defined by purpose and setting.
Varieties
A variety also called ―lect‖ is a specific form of language cluster. This may include Languages, Dialects,
registers, style or other forms of language, as well as ―Standard Variety‖
Varieties of the Philippines
a.Cebuano
b.Waray-waray
c.Ilocano
d.Kapampanga
n e.Hiligaynon
Types of Register
A. Frozen - is a language that never changes. (Ex. Panatang Makabayan).
B. Formal - Standard English.(Ex. Speeches or School Lessons)
C. Consultative - Less formal standard English.(Ex. Newscasting)
D. Casual - Language between Friends (Ex. Vernacular speech)
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Intimate - language between lovers or other close family or friends.

Spoken Language
Is a language produced by articulate sounds, an oral language is a produced with vocal tract. It tends to
convey subjective information.
Written Language
 Is a representation of Spoken or gestural by means of a writing system.
 It must be taught to children.
SYNTHESIS
 The kind of register to be us affects the way one speaks and writes.
 Language has formal and informal registers. These registers have form which define the social situation.
TEST YOURSELF!
Choose and encircle the best answer.
1.A Language produced by articulate sounds; it also tends to convey subjective information.
a. Written language
b. Spoken language
c. Intimate
d. Frozen
2. A language between lovers or other close family or friends.

a. Frozen
b. Formal
c. Consultative
d. Intimate
3. is a subset of language as defined by purpose and setting

a. Varieties
b. Register
c. Informal
d. Formal
4. It is conversational and appropriate when writing to a friends and people you very well.
a. Informal language register
b. Formal language register
c. Register of language
d. Varieties of language
5. According to Him there are six language registers: the formal, casual, intimate, private, frozen, and
consultative.
a. Kachru and Nelson
b. Gleaner
c. Bautista
d. Gonzales
ANSWER KEY:
1(b) Spoken Language

1. (d) Intimate
2. (b) Register
3. (a) Informal Language
register
TOPIC 4
EXPLORING TEXTS REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. recognize the different types of texts being shown in and by different cultures; and
2. evaluate texts reflecting or depicting cultural differences.
A “text” isn‘t limited to something written down. A text can be a film, an artifact, anything in a language
and culture that conveys meaning. Think about the text that you use in your language classroom: what‘s
in the textbook? What do you read in class or even at home? How do you describe the classroom, its
design? Why do you think the chairs are placed facing the tables? Those questions, with its finite answer
would tell you that there are texts that are reflection of one‘s own culture.
Text can be categorized into the following groups:
 Created texts: Texts authored by non-native speakers for non-native speakers to achieve pre-
determined curricular goals.
 Semi-authentic texts: Texts created by native and/or non-native speaker, based on original
language materials, but adapted to fit curricular needs.
 Authentic texts: Texts created by native speakers for native speakers for consumption in a native
environment.
Cultural texts are those objects, actions, and behaviors that reveal cultural meanings. A photo is an image,
but is also a cultural text, a picture with cultural information beyond just the picture itself. Food and
clothing also suggest cultural information, and it doesn‘t stop there. The entire place and space, all of the
people and interaction, all of the rituals and rules and the various forms in which they manifest
themselves, are
―readable‖ texts, suitable for observation and analysis by the ethnographer and writer—namely by you.
The initial description of a cultural text may make it seem as though everything is a cultural text. While in
some sense true, this doesn‘t mean that every text has particular cultural relevance. Sometimes a book is
just a book; a picture is just a picture. The difference between relevant cultural texts, (one that has one
connection with your project) and an irrelevant cultural text, (one that may have nothing to do with your
project), has to do with the meaning transferred to that text by the people who create and/or use the text.
Identification of a cultural text is relatively easy. Take a look around the room or place you are in right
now and briefly catalog the people and/or thing you see. These objects and actions are cultural texts.
HOW TO EVALUATE MESSAGES AND IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT
REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURE?
41
The following should do:

 Understand how the specified cultures live.
 How the people in the specified group communicate each other.
 Learn the symbolism of their culture.
 Be aware in every detail such as artifact, language, and symbolism.
Text is not literal text, but in semiotics refers to a combination of signs, signifies and mechanism like
metonymy. A text could be a sentence, paragraph an image, a story, or a collection of stories.
Collection of signs in a single photograph or painting, a video clip, a television show, a feature film and
whenever these signs come together in the land of semiotics, they become texts. These texts can be
understood, rearranged and put together in different combinations, with different meanings to different
groups of people. But cultural texts are not one-dimensional. A text is not simply representative of one
culture; it does not belong to one culture, even if it purposely excludes others semiotically. Cultural texts
are multi-dimensional, they are dynamic.
A cultural text is perhaps better understood as having cultural layers of understanding where groups
different in age, race, nationality, sexual orientation may read and understand a collection of signs in
different ways. Depending on the producer or the audience, the X`text itself has a kind of flexibility in
meaning to different people when it starts to operate culturally.
Formal and Informal Language

Formal and Informal language serve different purposes. The tone, the choice of words and the way the
words are put together vary between the two styles. Formal language is less personal than informal
language. It is used when writing for professional or academic purpose like university assignments.
Formal language does not use colloquialisms, contractions or first person pronouns such as ‗I‘ or ‗We‘.
Informal language is more casual and spontaneous. It is used when communicating with friends or family
either in writing or in conversation. It is used in writing personal emails, text messages and in some
business correspondents. The tone of informal language is more personal than formal language.
Contractions
Informal: The improvements can‘t be introduced due to funding
restrictions. Formal: Improvements cannot be introduced due to funding
restrictions.
Informal: I don‘t believe that the results are

accurate. Formal: The results are not believed to be
accurate.
Informal: The research project won‘t continue next

42
year. Formal: The research project will not continue
next year.
43
Phrasal Verbs
Informal: The balloon was blown up for the

experiment. Formal: The balloon was inflated for the
experiment.
Informal: The patient got over his illness.

Formal: The patient recovered from his
illness.
Informal: The results of the study were mixed

up. Formal: The results of the study were
confused.
Slang/Colloquialisms
Informal: The mob was very rowdy during the protest against cuts to university funding.
Formal: The crowd was very rowdy during the protest against the cuts to university
funding.
Informal: Lecturers still count on students to used correct grammars and punctuations in
essays. Formal: Lecturers expect students to use correct grammars and punctuations in
essays.
Informal: It was raining cats and

dogs. Formal: It was raining very
heavily.
First Person Pronouns
Informal: I considered various research methods for the study.

Formal: Various research methods were considered for the
study.
Informal: We believe the practice is

unsustainable. Formal: It is believed the practice
is unsustainable.
Informal: During the interview I asked students about their experiences.

Formal: During the interview students were asked about their
experiences.
SYNTHESIS
 Metonymy is an extension of the idea of a metaphor in semiotics, where metonymy
covers a diverse set of strategies of association and meaning transfer between different
designs. With a metaphor, one word stands in for another word- ‗love is battlefield‘ or
‗apple of my eye‘.
 Semiotics is the study of making meaning, the connection between a sign or symbol.
What it comes to represent and how it is understood by different people. How we dress,
the music we listen to, the individual words we use in conversation all convey specific
meaning.
TEST YOURSELF!
Identify the following sentences whether it‘s formal or informal. Write the answer on the space provided.
1. I haven‘t thought about it.
2. I haven‘t given it much thought.
3. They are going to start living together.
4. They are moving in together.
5. Sorry I couldn‘t visit you last night.
6. Sorry I couldn‘t come by last night..
7. We need to tell everybody about this thing.
8. We need to go public with this thing.
9. Go to the library.
10. Hit the library.
 ANSWERS
KEY:
1. Formal
2. Informal
3. Formal
4. Informal
5. Formal
6. Informal
7. Formal
8. Informal
9. Formal
TOPIC 5
COPING WITH THE CHALLENGES OF INTERCULTURAL

COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the students are able to:
 explain how cultural differences affect communication;
 identify the barriers of Intercultural Communication; and
 formulate ways or approaches to overcome the challenges of Intercultural Communication.
Communicating to the people around us is crucial in our everyday life. We convey and gather
information, thoughts, opinions, as well as ideas through communication. Communication in other words
is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually
understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.
Our culture affects the way of our communication, which means that different culture is equivalent to
different communication style. And one‘s way of communicating may have the same or different
interpretation to the other. This may lead to miscommunication between the participants involved.
What is Intercultural communication? What are the barriers and challenges of intercultural
communication? How to cope with these challenges?
Image 3. Source: https://bit.ly/2MQY4d3
45
Communication is no denying an important part of a persons‘ life. People communicate with one another
to reach their own goals, whether it is to gather or relay information and ideas, and they tend to
communicate with the various people from different races and culture to reach their aims.
What is Intercultural Communication?
Intercultural communication (or cross-cultural communication) is a discipline that
studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication.
It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an
organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and
educational backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and
cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.
Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals
encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.
With regard to intercultural communication proper, it studies situations where people from different
cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social
attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding
the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries.
Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural
studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred
to as the base for international businesses. Several cross-cultural service providers assist with the
development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of
intercultural communication skills. Intercultural communication is in a way the 'interaction with speakers
of other languages on equal terms and respecting their identities'.
Identity and culture are also studied within the discipline of communication to analyze how globalization
influences ways of thinking, beliefs, values, and identity, within and between cultural environments.
Intercultural communication scholars approach theory with a dynamic outlook and do not believe culture
can be measured nor that cultures share universal attributes. Scholars acknowledge that culture and
communication shift along with societal changes and theories should consider the constant shifting and
nuances of the society.
The study of intercultural communication requires intercultural understanding, which is an ability to
understand and value cultural differences. Language is an example of an important cultural component
that is linked to intercultural understanding.
Functions of Intercultural Communication:

Private Function - are functions that indicated communication through the communication behavior
originating from an individual.
1. Express Social Identity - in the process of intercultural communication are some of the
communication behavior of individuals who used to express the behavior of social identity is
expressed through the act of speaking both verbal and non-verbal of language behavior that is
knowable and social identity.
2. Declares The Social Integration - core concept of social integration is to accept the unity between
individuals, between groups but still recognizes the differences of every element. It should be
understood that one of the goals of communication is to give the same meaning for the message
shared between the communicator and the communicant.
3. To the Knowledge - often interpersonal and intercultural communication increase knowledge
46
together, to learn the culture of each.
47
Social Function- means the relation between social action and the systems of which the action is a part,
alternatively, as the result of social action.
1. Supervision - practice intercultural communication between different communicators and

communicant culture of mutual monitoring functions. In any process of intercultural
communication function is useful to inform the "development" of the environment.
2. Connection Between Culture - in the process of intercultural communication, the communication

function is carried out between two people of different cultures was a bridge over the differences
between them. The bridging functions can be controlled via messages they exchanged, the two
are explaining the differences of interpretation on a message that produces the same meaning.
3. Value Socialization - socialization function is a function to teach and introduce the cultural values
of a society to another society.
4. Entertainment - entertaining functions are often performed in the process of intercultural

communication. For example, the arrival of outside artists shows the differences between their
cultures so that people learn the language and follow their style.
Barriers to Intercultural Communication

1. Anxiety - when you are anxious because of not knowing what you are expected to do, it is only
natural to focus on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction. For
example, you may have experienced anxiety on your very first day on a new college campus or in
a new job. You may be so conscious of being new— and out of place—and focus so much of
your attention on that feeling that you make common mistakes and appear awkward to others.
2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of Dissimilarity - when people are acting in a home manner in the
different culture it might cause a lot of problems. In order to prepare yourself for various
circumstances it is very important to assume laws, habits, and attitudes of another society.
3. Ethnocentrism – ethnocentrism or negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards

of one‘s own culture. To be ethnocentric is to believe in the superiority of one‘s own culture.
Everything in a culture is consistent to that culture and makes sense if you understood that
culture. For example, assume that global warming is a fact and, as a result, assume that summers
in the United States average 43° C (109° F). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than
air condition buildings all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to
conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute
sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness?
4. Language Problems - according to Jandt (2000) the definition of language is the set of symbols
shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences. There are five actual factors
that generally produce the difficulties in the translation. They are lack of equivalences in
vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts. Indonesian students are
having a lot of inconveniences with studying foreign languages for the reason that in Indonesian
language there is no gender rules. That is very complicated for them to understand why for
example the French word
―une table‖ is feminine.
5. Nonverbal Misinterpretations - as another barrier to communication, it can be stated that in a

47
conversation this is more problematical to understand the nonverbal symbols without sharing
the
48
same nonverbal codes. There are more than a few types of nonverbal interaction: proxemics,
kinesics, chronemics, paralanguage, olfactics, clothing appearance, haptics, oculesics, etc. All of
them are very different in every culture. As an example, in a society where people don‘t kiss
when they great each other, a kissing person might be judged as a vulgar and without manners.
6. Stereotypes and Prejudices – both of them are to make a judgment about individuals according to
group membership. Stereotypes are the perceptions about that certain people have particular
qualities or abilities because they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class. They can be
positive and negative. Usually they are based on half-truths. Positive examples of stereotyping
are: Japanese people are good in mathematical sciences; French are the gods in the kitchen.
Negative: Russians– Mafia–Vodka–Prostitution –Cold winter; the Arabs are terrorists. Prejudice
can be defined as an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from you in
some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion, etc. For instance, talking about Indian
people in Arabic countries, it can be affirmed that Indians do get less salary than other
nationalities. The reason for this is that Middle Eastern people are sure that the Indian race does
not deserve something more, because it is Indian.
Challenges of Intercultural Communication
Any moment that we‘re dealing with people different from ourselves, the likelihood is that they carry a
similar list of hopes and fears in their back pocket. Culture" is often at the root of communication
challenges. Our culture influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in
communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach
their work together. Our culture influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups
and in communities.
Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences
• Different Decision Making Styles. The roles individuals play in decision-making vary widely from
culture to culture. For example, in the U.S., decisions are frequently delegated. In many Southern
European and Latin American countries, there is a strong value placed on holding decision-making
responsibilities oneself. Be aware that individuals' expectations about their own roles in shaping a
decision may be influenced by their cultural frame.
• Different Attitudes towards Disclosure. In some cultures it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions,
about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Variation
among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is also something to consider before you conclude that you
have an accurate reading of the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working.
• Different Approaches to Knowing. Notable differences occur among cultural groups when it comes to
the ways people come to know things. European cultures tend to consider information acquired through
cognitive means, such as counting and measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things.
Compare that to African cultures preference for affective ways of knowing, including symbolic imagery
and rhythm. These different approaches to knowing could affect ways of analyzing a community problem
or finding ways to resolve it. Some members of your group may want to do library research to understand
a shared problem better and identify possible solutions. Others may prefer to visit places and people who
have experienced challenges like the ones you are facing, and get a feeling for what has worked
elsewhere. These are ways in which cultures, as a whole, tend to vary from one another.
• Different Communication Styles. The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within,
cultures. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in
countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to
"definitely so," with many shades in between.
48
• Different Attitudes toward Conflict. Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it
as something to be avoided in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or
demeaning; as a rule, differences are best worked out quietly.
• Different Approaches toward Completing Tasks. From culture to culture, there are different ways that
people move toward completing tasks. Asian and Hispanic cultures tend to attach more value to
developing relationships at the beginning of a shared project and more emphasis on task completion
toward the end as compared with European-Americans. European-Americans tend to focus immediately
on the task at hand, and let relationships develop as they work on the task. This does not mean that people
from any one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to accomplishing the task, or
value relationships more or less; it means they may pursue them differently.
Respecting Our Differences and Working Together

An appreciation of patterns of cultural difference can assist us in processing what it means to be different
in ways that are respectful of others, not faultfinding or damaging. We can learn to collaborate across
cultural lines as individuals and as a society. Being aware of cultural differences doesn‘t have to divide us
but should instead help us communicate with each other more effectively. Communicating with people
who are different from us, gives us hope and energizes us to take on the challenge of improving our
communities and world as a whole.
Guidelines for Multi-Cultural Collaboration

As we set to work on multicultural collaboration in our communities, we should keep the following
guidelines in mind:
• Learn from generalizations about other cultures, but don't use those generalizations to stereotype, or
oversimplify your ideas about another person.
• Don‘t assume that there‘s only one write way (yours) to communicate.
• Listen actively and empathetically.
• Respect other‘s choices about whether they would like to engage in communication with you.
• Suspend judgment and try and look at the situation as an outsider.
• Develop an understanding from the other person‘s point of view.
• Be aware of current power imbalances.
49
SUMMARY:
Intercultural communication (or cross-cultural communication ) - is a discipline that
studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication.
It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an
organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and
educational backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and
cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.
There are two functions of intercultural communication; private functions (express social identity,
the social integration, and to the knowledge) and social functions (Supervision, Connection Between
Culture, Value Socialization, and Entertainment).
Barriers to Intercultural Communication
1. Anxiety - when you are anxious because of not knowing what you are expected to do, it is only
natural to focus on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.
2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of Dissimilarity - when people are acting in a home manner in the
different culture it might cause a lot of problems
3. Ethnocentrism – ethnocentrism or negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards
of one‘s own culture.
4. Language Problems - according to Jandt (2000) the definition of language is the set of symbols
shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences.
5. Nonverbal Misinterpretations - as another barrier to communication, it can be stated that in a
conversation this is more problematical to understand the nonverbal symbols without sharing the
same nonverbal codes.
6. Stereotypes and Prejudices – both of them are to make a judgment about individuals according to
group membership.
 Stereotypes are the perceptions about that certain people have particular qualities or abilities
because they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class.
 Prejudice can be defined as an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different
from you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion, etc.
Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences:
• Different Decision Making Styles. The roles individuals play in decision-making vary widely from
culture to culture.
• Different Attitudes towards Disclosure. In some cultures it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions,
about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information.
• Different Approaches to Knowing. Notable differences occur among cultural groups when it comes to
the ways people come to know things.
• Different Communication Styles. The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within,
cultures. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in
countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to
"definitely so," with many shades in between.
• Different Attitudes toward Conflict. Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it
as something to be avoided.
• Different Approaches toward Completing Tasks. From culture to culture, there are different ways that
people move toward completing tasks.
50
TEST YOURSELF
A. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and if False, underline the word/s that make
it incorrect. Write the correct answer in the space provided before the number.
1. Ethnocentrism is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and
social groups, or how culture affects communication.
2. Assuming Similarity Instead Of Dissimilarity is barrier of intercultural communication
wherein people are acting in a home manner in the different culture it might cause a lot of problems. In
order to prepare yourself for various circumstances it is very important to assume laws, habits, and
attitudes of another society
3. Social functions are functions that indicated communication through the communication
behavior originating from an individual.
4. Language Problems is a function of intercultural communication which is the set of
symbols shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences (Jandt, 2000).
5. Different Attitudes toward Conflict is one of the Fundamental Patterns of Cultural
Differences where some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be
avoided in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule,
differences are best worked out quietly.
6. Language Problems is one of the Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences wherein
the way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. Across cultures, some
words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English
language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely so," with many shades
in between.
7. Supervision is a private function of intercultural communication which practice
intercultural communication between different communicators and communicant culture of mutual
monitoring functions. In any process of intercultural communication function is useful to inform the
"development" of the environment.
8. Functions of Intercultural Communication are classified into two, namely; private and
social functions.
9. Intercultural communication describes the wide range of communication processes and
problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from
different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.
10. To express social identity is a private function of intercultural communication which is
often interpersonal and intercultural communication increase knowledge together, to learn the culture of
each.
B. Identification. Identify what is asked. Write the answer on the space provided before the number.
1. Private function of intercultural communication wherein the core concept of social
integration is to accept the unity between individuals, between groups but still recognizes the differences
of every element. It should be understood that one of the goals of communication is to give the same
meaning for the message shared between the communicator and the communicant.
2. A social function wherein the process of intercultural communication, the communication
function is carried out between two people of different cultures was a bridge over the differences between
them. The bridging functions can be controlled via messages they exchanged, the two are explaining the
differences of interpretation on a message that produces the same meaning.
3. As another barrier to communication, it can be stated that in a conversation this is more
problematical to understand the nonverbal symbols without sharing the same nonverbal codes. There are
more than a few types of nonverbal interaction: proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, paralanguage, olfactics,
clothing appearance, haptics, oculesics, etc. All of them are very different in every culture. As an
example, in a society where people don‘t kiss when they great each other, a kissing person might be
judged as a vulgar and without manners.
4. It happens when people are acting in a home manner in the different culture it might cause
a lot of problems. In order to prepare yourself for various circumstances it is very important to assume
laws, habits, and attitudes of another society.
5. In some cultures it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind
a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Variation among cultures in attitudes
toward disclosure is also something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of
the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working
6. A fundamental pattern of cultural differences wherein from culture to culture, there are
different ways that people move toward completing tasks.
7. Are the perceptions about that certain people have particular qualities or abilities because
they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class?
8. Can be defined as an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from
you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion, etc.
9. It is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or
how culture affects communication.
10. Also called as cross cultural communication.
Assess Yourself
1. How do cultural differences affect communication?
2. What are the challenges of intercultural communication?
3. Write a short essay about ways to overcome the intercultural communication challenges.
ANSWER KEY:
Test yourself
A. True or false
1. Intercultural/ cross-cultural communication --- Ethnocentrism
2. True
3. Private functions --- Social functions
4. Barrier/ barrier of intercultural communication --- function/ function of
intercultural communication
5. True
6. Different Communication Styles --- Language Problems
7. Social function --- Private function
8. True
9. True
10. True
B. Identification
1. Declare The Social Integration

2. Connection Between Culture
3. Nonverbal Misinterpretations
4. Assuming Similarity Instead Of Dissimilarity
5. Different Attitudes towards Disclosure
6. Different Approaches toward Completing Tasks
7. Stereotypes
8. Prejudice
9. Intercultural/ cross-cultural communication
10. Intercultural communication
MODULE 4
THE DOCUMENTED ESSAY ON A CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION
In your secondary year level, you already have an experience in writing essay, blog, etc. In this module,
you will be taught the importance of writing a research based argumentative essay, in which you will be
able to argue with logic or critical thinking and also observing the phenomena in the society based on the
traditional culture.
Reliable, Productive Experts and Implementers, who:

1. Set and diligently pursue high performance standards for the continuous
improvement of themselves and their organization;
2. Continuously improve their competencies, the quality of their work, and
their tangible benefits to fellow colleagues and clients;
3. Develop and accomplish projects related to their work that meet or exceed
quality standards within agreed-upon timelines and resource limits; and
4. Develop and regularly update a personal performance portfolio that
highlights advancements in their knowledge, techniques, and tangible
accomplishments.
Affirmation
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a Reliable, Productive Expert and
Implementer, competently pursuing my mission in life.”
TOPIC 1
ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND THE DOCUMENTED ESSAY IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the students are able to:
1. differentiate research-based argumentative essay from the explanation essay and blog;
2. exhibit appreciation and understanding of the benefits in doing a research; and
3. demonstrate the ability to transfer research into sound arguments.
Some of the advancements in science and technology are not be possible without research. Research is
substantial to learn and discover things that can help in our society.
Michael Faraday was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and
electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction,
diamagnetism, and electrolysis. Without his research, that study of power generation and power
transmission would be impossible and the world we live in vastly different. However, research is not just
for scientists. We as students also have the ability to conduct research.
Explanation Essay Blog Research-based
Argumentative
Essay
What is it? An essay that answers the A personal journal or diary An essay that presents a
question ―why‖. entry that is posted on online. writer‘s position with
support from research
studies.
What is the purpose To inform readers about why Any of the following: To persuade readers to
of the writing something happens. accept the writer‘s position.
project? To entertain
To instruct
To inform
To persuade
Does it acquire Research may be used but is not Research may be used but is Research must be used to
research? required. not required. support the writer‘s claim
or position.
Table 2. As shown in the table above, research based argumentative essay is different from other writings.
CREATING THE RESEARCH QUESTION

This writing is argumentative. It is also called academic research and the documented essay. You must
present a clear stand on a particular issue that has at least two different or opposing sides. An example of
an issue is legalizing same sex marriage in the Philippines. In this issue, one position is in favor passing
of a law allowing same sex marriage; another position rejects the passing of such law.
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If you have an issue, read it. If these issue interests you, pick this as your topic for the essay then create a
research question similar to the example that follow.
Why should same sex marriage be legalized in the Philippines?
FINDING THE ANSWERS TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION

You have to submit first the research question to your teacher. If it was approved, begin the steps for
finding answers to your question. You have to write the bibliography of all your sources with the brief
description of the content of each research. Your source must be legally published and recognized. The
following are not usually considered:
 Any holy book (i.e., Bible)
 Any work of literature (e.g., novels, shorts stories, plays, poems)
 The dictionary
 Personal blogs or journal, diary entries
 Wikipedia
DOING RESEARCH
If your research question was approved and provided with bibliography, you may start to conduct or
research must read each of the sources, you identified and take notes. If you can‘t find the relevant answer
from the sources you gathered, you have to find another sources. The three types of notes are paraphrases,
summaries, and direct quotations. Paraphrasing is done when you use your own word in taking down
notes. Summarizing is used to shorten the information provided too. Direct quotations are used when you
want to copy the exact information presented but make sure to cite the source.
PREPARING TO WRITE THE PAPER

In pre-writing stage, you should create a thesis statement for your essay. The thesis statement is the main
point of your research. Your thesis statement must present a strong position with convincing evidence and
suggest a good structure of ideas for organizing an essay. Consider the thesis statement below:
Despite the growing number of LGBT community in the country, same sex marriage should not be legalized in the
Philippines.
The characteristic of the thesis statement above clearly argues that a same sex marriage law in the
Philippines is not desirable. Next, the word despite can be predicted that the writer will present
contrasting scenarios for a country with same sex marriage law and a country without it.
THE OUTLINE
After having done research about your main point, choose one side that you agree with. This side is your
position or argument. Do the same for the other side, which is the opposing position. List all the factual
support you have gathered for the both sides. When these are complete, you are ready to write an outline
of your essay. It is a particular kind of written plan for your essay. If you have the outline, then half the
work of writing is done.
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Your outline must contain all the main points that follow:
 Your thesis statement
 Your argument and specific support for this argument
 The opposing argument and specific support for this argument
 A list of sources for all the support
============================================================
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
1. How is the argumentative or documented essay the same or different from the explanation essay
and the blog?
2. What is the role of search in producing the argumentative essay?
3. What pre-writing tasks must be undertaken before you write the argumentative essay?
4. How can you practice intellectual honesty when you write your essay?
SYNTHESIS
1. Research is an important component in the production of an argumentative or documented essay.
2. Writing the argumentative essay requires pre-writing activities that help sharpen the focus of your
writing.
3. Intellectual honesty should be observed in writing.
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TEST YOURSELF!
1. It is an essay that presents a writers position with input from research studies.
a. Explanation essay
b. Research-based Argumentative Essay
c. Blog
2. Arrange the steps in writing a documented essay.

I. Doing Research
II. Preparing to write the paper
III. Creating the research question
IV. Finding the answers to the research question
V. The outline
a. III, IV, I, II and V

b. I, III, II, V and IV
c. II, I, III, IV and V
3. It is the step where you must present a clear stand on a particular issue.
a. Doing Research
b. Finding the answers to the research question
c. Creating the research question
4. The following are the three types of notes except for one.
a. The outline
b. Paraphrases
c. Summaries
d. Direct quotations
5. What is a thesis statement?

a. The research question
b. The main point
c. The documented essay
ANSWER
KEY
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
TOPIC 2
CRITICAL THINKING, COLLABORATION, AND THE WRITING
PROCESS
Image 4. Source:
https://bit.ly/2WeaK0m
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. explain and exhibit the characteristics of a critical thinker;
2. demonstrate actions and gestures which exhibit developing critical thinking skills; and
3. apply critical thinking concept in writing a documented essay.
INTRODUCTION
The ability of every decision maker to make good decisions relies upon their ability to think critically.
Critical thinking enables you to make the argument more interesting. Critical thinkers are more effective
when they have the following:
 Creating important questions precisely
 Gathers relevant information
 Open-minded within alternative systems of thought
 Communicates effecting with others
Critical thinking is the ability to analyze, criticize, and advocate ideas. To reach factual reasons based on
sound of knowledge or belief.
HOW TO DEVELOP CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
Now that you have understood what critical thinking is, let us now try to develop it. First, you must
become a self-critic of your own thoughts and actions. You can criticize your own thoughts by asking
yourself why you believe in something. By answering this question, you are able to observe how to
respond to a situation in your mind. Second is, you need to be able to listen or recognize other people‘s
ideas. You must hear someone else‘s story, struggles, success, and passion. Third is, when you hear it you
can take that information and analyze it. Fourth is, communicate with courtesy and in a productive way.
Fifth is, you must develop a foresight. Predict the future impact of your own decisions.
APPLYING CRITCIAL THINKING IN A DOCUMENTED ESSAY

When you make a research question, you must criticize why you formed that question. When you do a
research, analyze the ideas and information of your sources.
============================================================
1. How does critical thinking skills be developed?
2. What is the role of critical thinking in producing the argumentative or documented essay?
SYNTHESIS
1. Critical thinking is an important component in the production of an argumentative or documented
essay.
2. The ability of every decision maker to make good decisions relies upon their ability to think critically.
3. Self-critic is you criticize your own thoughts by asking yourself why you believe in something
============================================================
TEST YOURSELF!
1. Critical thinkers are more effective when they have the following:
a. Creating not important questions precisely, Gathers relevant information, Open-minded
within alternative systems of thought and Communicates effecting with others.
b. Creating important questions precisely, Gathers relevant information, Open-minded within
alternative systems of thought and Communicates effecting with others.
c. Creating important questions precisely, Gathers relevant information, Open-minded with no
alternative systems of thought and Communicates effecting with others.
2. It is the ability to analyze, criticize, and advocate ideas.

a. Critical Thinking
b. Critical Analysis
c. Critical Observing
3. To reach factual reasons based on?

a. Sound of belief or knowledge.
b. Sound of knowledge or wisdom.
c. Sound of knowledge or belief.
4. Arrange the steps on how to develop the critical thinking skills.

I. You need to be able to listen or recognize other people‘s ideas.
II. You must become a self-critic of your own thoughts and actions.
III. Communicate with courtesy and in a productive way.
IV. When you hear it you can take that information and analyze it.
V. You must develop a foresight.
a. II, I, IV, III, and V b. V, III, II, I, and IV c. III, II, I, IV and V
5. When you make a research question, you must why you formed that question. When you
do a research, the ideas and information of your sources.
a. Analyze and Criticize
b. Criticize and Analyze
c. Analyze and Analyze
d. Criticize and Criticize
ANSWER
KEY
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. A
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TOPIC 3
CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 explain the significance of cultural and social concepts; and
 apply social and cultural significance concept in writing a documented essay
At the 20th century, a clear distinction was maintained in most social and cultural literature
between attitudes, behavior, and between ways and intensity. The concept of social and cultural
significance is when people spend time conveying information to each other about their beliefs and the
way they think and behave. In other words, it is the interaction of two people coming from different
cultures which deals with the exchange of information.
APPLYING THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE IN WRITING A

DOCUMENTED ESSAY
In making a research, it is best to consider issues that are relevant in the society. It becomes more
interesting when your argumentative or documented essay is related to the latest phenomena because it
catch more attention if it is timely and relevant. Information is critical if we pertain to a documented essay
wherein data is strictly necessary to be able to satisfy or complete the whole thought of the narrative. As a
writer, you should be mindful with your audience/readers in a sense that you take into consideration the
concept of social and cultural significance.
1. How the concept of social and cultural significance does relates in writing argumentative or
documented essay?
2. What is the role of the concept of social and cultural significance in producing the argumentative
or documented essay?
SYNTHESIS
1. The concept of social and cultural significance is an important component in the production of an
argumentative or documented essay.
2. When you make a research it is better to consider the issues involved about the benefits in a
particular society.
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TEST YOURSELF!
1. What clear distinction was maintained at the 20th century?
a. In most social and cultural literature between attitudes, behavior, and between ways and
intensity.
b. In most social literature between attitudes, behavior, and between ways and intensity.
c. In most cultural literature between attitudes, behavior, and between ways and intensity.
d. In most attitudes, behavior, and between ways and intensity.
2. The concept of social and cultural significance is when people conveying information to
each other about their and the way they .
a. Beliefs, spend time, behave and think
b. Spend time, beliefs, think and behave
c. Behave, beliefs, spend time and think
3. When you make a research it is better to consider the involved about the benefits in a
particular .
a. Culture and society
b. Problem and society
c. Issues and society
4. It becomes more interesting when your is related to the latest .
a. Idea and activities
b. Argumentative or documented essay and phenomena
c. Explanation essay and variety
5. It is when people spend time conveying information to each other about their beliefs and the way
they think and behave.
a. Concept of analyzes and criticizes
b. Concept of social and issues significance
c. Concept of social and cultural significance
ANSWER
KEY
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. B
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MODULE 5
COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
INTRODUCTION
Communication serves five major purposes: to inform, to express feelings, to imagine, to influence, and to
meet social expectations. Each of these purposes is reflected in a form of communication.
In this module you will be expected to learn the communication for various purposes such as:
1. Preparing a speech or Oral Report
2. Informative communication
3. Persuasive communication
4. Special occasion speeches
5. Types of Speeches Based on Delivery
Module Objectives:
1. Enumerate and explain the various purposes of communication
2. Distinguish informative and persuasive speeches from special-occasion speeches
3. Deliver effectively the introduction and conclusion of your oral presentation to create lasting impression
4. Employ vocal and physical factors, eye contact, and presentation aids for effective delivery
ETHICAL, PAULINIAN LEADERS & PROFESSIONALS,

who:
1.1 Consistently adhere to ethico-moral standards of decision making and behavior
in their personal, professional and organizational affairs;
1.2 Declare, affirm, and manifest the values and principles of honesty,
transparency, responsibility, accountability, and fairness in their professional
lives and endeavor;
1.3 Articulate, advocate, and exhibit Paulinian ideals and values in their private
and professional lives nurtured by prayer and deep relationship with God; and
1.4 Speak out and take action to expose and redress violations of social and
professional norms and principles whatever the consequences may be.
AFFIRMATION
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a Reliable, Productive EXPERT and
IMPLEMENTER, competently pursuing my mission in life.”
TOPIC 1
PREPARING A SPEECH OR ORAL REPORT
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 enumerate and explain the various purposes of communication;
 explain the significance and value of preparation before doing a speech or oral report;
 prepare and deliver written speeches or oral reports;
 search for different types of formal, informal, and occasional speeches; and
 deliver effectively the introduction and conclusion of your oral presentation to create lasting
impression;
When we hear the word speaking what comes in our mind might be the president of the nation
giving a speech, politicians, and guest speakers in an event. We speak to express our feelings and
thoughts; one can share his/her experience. He/she can appreciate and be grateful through his/her speech,
might as well you can roast someone and entertain everyone, speaking is so applicable in all we do . It is
also used in school when a student delivers an oral report; it develops the confidence, vocabulary,
pronunciation, and even the speaking skills. In fact speaking is a norm that we all share. We hear a lot of
great and influential speakers from different countries. Through speaking we achieve world peace and
through speaking it creates partnership with other nations. Having the confidence to speak in front of
numbers of people can be both courageous yet critical. Amazing how powerful your message yet critical
that leads to conflict. That is why you need to be direct and clear with your ideas on how you will deliver
it. That also applies with the students.
Madrunio and Martin (2018) said that ―some students and professionals do not like the idea of
speaking in public, whether in front of small or large groups. Just the thought that they will be facing
people already makes them jittery.‖(p.223) Communication skills are vital for a student‘s academic success
and future career prospects. In today‘s challenging environment, students must not only possess academic
expertise, but also the requisite skills to enhance their learning and employability prospects in the future.
An individual learns the basics of oral communication right at home. The school environment
takes this learning a notch higher by teaching the student how to interact with peers and teachers alike.
The quality of communication in student life will define professional communication later in life. Good
communication enables students to assimilate more from the learning process by empowering them to ask
relevant questions and discuss doubts. From the book of Madrunio and Martin entitled ―Purposive
Communication‖ the following is to be considered to have an effective speech and be a good public
speaker:
1. Audience- Know the profile of your listeners. It is important that you know who will listen to you-their
age, gender, educational background, religion, economic status, and interests. Also, know how much the
audience knows about the topic. That way you can avoid discussing points that would run contrary to
their beliefs and practices and thus prevent miscommunication and misunderstanding. Further, you can
introduce new things for them to learn and not simply repeat things that they may have already learned
from previous speakers. Know how to read the posture and the gesture of your audience members as these
will signal to you what kind of an audience they are. Be ready to face different kinds of audiences as there
may be some who are questioners, hecklers, disrupters, hostile, or unresponsive/bored audiences. Know
how to deal with any unpleasant incident or conflict with your audience and always stay in control of the
situation.
2. Logistics- It is something basic or essential for every speaker to know who is organizing the event.
Know who will be introducing you and who will be speaking before and after you. That way, you will be
66
able to tie up the earlier presentation with your own resulting in a more coherent presentation. You may
even give the audience an idea as to what the next talk is going to be.
67
2.1 Venue- The venue is equally important. Locate the lights and if you have movable visual aids,
know where to position them. As a speaker, you should also know how to position yourself and how you
should move in front to get the attention of the listeners. Remember to work on your posture and avoid
bad habits when speaking. Do not block the view of your visual aids as you present them. Employ a
balanced posture by not standing on one leg only. Do not lean on any object that will give support to your
weight. These postures give the impression that you lack
confidence and authority.
2.2 Facilities- Ask beforehand about the pieces of equipment available for you. These facilities
should match the presentation aids that you will use. If there is no available projector, find a way to have
one especially if your visual aids are highly complex. If there are any electrical problems or technical
glitches you encounter, know how to trouble-shoot them.
3. Content of report/speech/lecture- Since you have been invited as a speaker, the organizers might
have sought you because of your reputation as an effective speaker. If the purpose of the event is to
inform just like in a convention, conference, or a training seminar, it is expected that you are able to
contribute new information. If the purpose is to entertain, your speech should be light-hearted, amusing,
and lively. If the purpose is to persuade, your presentation should sound convincing enough. Note,
however that any communicative event may have more than one purpose but there is always a more
dominant one.
Preparing an Effective Presentation
An effective presentation is more than just standing up and giving information. A presenter must
consider how best to communicate the information to the audience. Oral presentations require a good deal
of planning. Scholars estimate that approximately 50% of all mistakes in an oral presentation actually
occur in the planning stage (or rather, lack of a planning stage). Use these tips to create a presentation that
is both informative and interesting:
1. Organize your thoughts. Start with an outline and develop good transitions between sections.
Emphasize the real-world significance of your research.
2. Have a strong opening. Why should the audience listen to you? One good way to get their
attention is to start with a question, whether or not you expect an answer.
3. Define terms early. If you are using terms that may be new to the audience, introduce them
early in your presentation. Once an audience gets lost in unfamiliar terminology, it is extremely
difficult to get them back on track.
4. Finish with a bang. Find one or two sentences that sum up the importance of your research.
How is the world better off as a result of what you have done?
5. Design PowerPoint slides to introduce important information. Consider doing a presentation
without PowerPoint. Then consider which points you cannot make without slides. Create only
those slides that are necessary to improve your communication with the audience.
6. Time yourself. Do not wait until the last minute to time your presentation. You only have 15
minutes to speak, so you want to know, as soon as possible, if you are close to that limit.
7. Create effective notes for yourself. Have notes that you can read. Do not write out your
entire talk; use an outline or other brief reminders of what you want to say. Make sure the text is
large enough that you can read it from a distance.
8. Practice, practice, practice. The more you practice your presentation, the more comfortable
you will be in front of an audience. Practice in front of a friend or two and ask for their feedback.
67
Record yourself and listen to it critically. Make it better and do it again.
68
Presenting Effectively
When you start your presentation, the audience will be interested in what you say. Use these tips to help
keep them interested throughout your presentation:
1. Be excited. You are talking about something exciting. If you remember to be excited,
your audience will feel it and automatically become more interested.
2. Speak with confidence. When you are speaking, you are the authority on your topic, but
do not pretend that you know everything. If you do not know the answer to a question,
admit it. Consider deferring the question to your mentor or offer to look into the matter
further.
3. Make eye contact with the audience. Your purpose is to communicate with your
audience, and people listen more if they feel you are talking directly to them. As you
speak, let your eyes settle on one person for several seconds before moving on to
somebody else. You do not have to make eye contact with everybody, but make sure you
connect with all areas of the audience equally.
4. Avoid reading from the screen . First, if you are reading from the screen, you are not
making eye contact with your audience. Second, if you put it on your slide, it is because
you wanted them to read it, not you.
5. Blank the screen when a slide is unnecessary. A slide that is not related to what you
are speaking about can distract the audience. Pressing the letter B or the period key
displays a black screen, which lets the audience concentrate solely on your words. Press
the same key to restore the display.
6. Use a pointer only when necessary . If you are using a laser pointer, remember to keep
it off unless you need to highlight something on the screen.
7. Explain your equations and graphs. When you display equations, explain them fully.
Point out all constants and dependent and independent variables. With graphs, tell how
they support your point. Explain the x- and y-axes and show how the graph progresses
from left to right.
8. Pause. Pauses bring audible structure to your presentation. They emphasize important
information, make transitions obvious, and give the audience time to catch up between
points and to read new slides. Pauses always feel much longer to speakers than to
listeners. Practice counting silently to three (slowly) between points.
9. Avoid filler words. Um, like, you know, and many others. To an audience, these are
indications that you do not know what to say; you sound uncomfortable, so they start to
feel uncomfortable as well. Speak slowly enough that you can collect your thoughts
before moving ahead. If you really do not know what to say, pause silently until you do.
10. Relax. It is hard to relax when you are nervous, but your audience will be much more
comfortable if you are too.
11. Breathe. It is fine to be nervous. In fact, you should be all good presenters are nervous
every time they are in front of an audience. The most effective way to keep your nerves
in check aside from a lot of practice before hand is to remember to breathe deeply
throughout your presentation.
12. Acknowledge the people who supported your research. Be sure to thank the people
who made your research possible, including your mentor, research team, collaborators,
and other sources of funding and support.
Synthesis
1. Preparing a speech or oral report you must follow the principle of public speaking from audience
to logistics, venue, facilities and content of your report.
2. Preparing a speech and oral report require a good deal of planning by following the guidelines in
preparing an effective and informative presentation.
3. To overcome anxiety or stage fright you must strictly abide with the steps given in effective
presentation.
TEST YOURSELF!
1. The following are the steps of having an effective speech and be a good public
speaker which of this is not included?
a.) Audience c.) Facilities

b.) Venue d.) Production
2. As a professional public speaker you need to acquire the following characteristics

except one:
a.) Confidence c.) Organize
b.) Procrastination d.) Productive
3. The following are the benefits that you can get preparing a speech or oral report. Which
one is incorrect?
a.) Improve speaking skills c.) Boosting confidence
b.) Develops critical thinking d.) Gain money and friends
4. The following are the tips having an interesting speech. Which of them is not
incorporated in the choices?
a.) Be excited
b.) Don‘t make an eye contact with the audience
c.) Avoid reading from the screen
d.) None of the above
5. When can we say that the speaker delivered the speech

effectively? a.) The speaker is shaking
b.) The speaker does not have a modulated voice
c.) Having a vocal fillers
d.) The audience are attentive
TOPIC 2
INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 define and describe what is informative speech; and

 enumerate and explain the four classification of an informative speech.
INTRODUCTION
Communication is a process of exchange facts, ideas, and opinions and as a means that individual
or organization share meaning and understanding with one another. The ability of fostering speed and
effective communication around the world has shrunk the world and made ―globalization‖ a reality.
Speech is a study of how people generate shared meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal
symbols. Speech Communication majors work to develop confidence and effectiveness in their public
speaking, interpersonal, and small group communication skills.
When people share knowledge about the world they live, they are participating in the process of
informative communication. The main goal for an informative speech is to help explain a specific subject
and to help the audience remember the knowledge later. To achieve these goals, a speaker should
consider how best to package the complex understanding that they have cultivated of the topic, from
personal experience and research, into an easily communicable form for the audience.
It is a speech that aims to provide information to the listeners about some topic. The goal of
information is not to persuade listeners to change their beliefs or to actions, but rather the goal is to
increase their knowledge and awareness of the topic. Informative messages attempt to present an
objective-that is, truthful and unbiased-view of the topics being considered. For example, ―Kim just
started her first day at a new high school. After retrieving her schedule and having a brief meeting with
the schools guidance counselor, Kim makes her way to her first class. Kim‘s teacher asks her to introduce
herself to her classmates. Kim walks to the front of the class, introduces herself, and tells her fellow
students several facts about her life. By doing this, Kim has just given an informative speech.
FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH

SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS
Speeches about objects focus on things existing in the world. Objects include, among other
things, people places, animals or products. Because you are speaking under time constraints, you cannot
discuss any topic in its entirely. Instead, limit your speech to a focused discussion of some aspects of
your topic. Some example topics for speeches about objects include: the Central Intelligence Agency,
Tombstones, Surgical lasers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the pituitary gland and lemmings. To focus
these topics, you could give a speech about Franklin Delano Roosevelt and efforts to conceal how he
suffered from polio while he was in office.
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SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES

Speeches about processes focus on patterns of action. One type of speech about processes, the
demonstration speeches, teaches people ―how to‖ perform a process. More frequently, however, you
will use process speeches to explain a process in broader terms. This way, the audience is more likely to
understand the importance or the context of the process. Examples of speech about processes include:
how the internet works, how to construct a good informative speech, as with any speech, be sure to limit
your discussion to information you can explain clearly and completely within time constraints.
SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS
Speeches about events focus on the things that happened, are happening, or will happen. When
speaking about an event, remember to relate the topic to your audience. A speech chronicling history is
informative, but you should adapt the information to your audience and provide them with some way to
use the information. As always, limit your focus to those aspects of an event that can be adequately
discussed within the time limitations of your assignment. Examples of speeches about events include:
the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington, Groundhog‘s Day, and The Battle of the Bulge, The World
Series, and the 2000 Presidential elections.
SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS
Speeches about the concepts focus on beliefs, ideas, and theories. While speeches about objects,
processes, and events are fairly concrete. Take care to be clear and understandable when creating and
creating a speech about concept. When selecting a concept, remember you are crafting in informative
speech. Often, speeches about concepts take on a persuasive tone. Focus your efforts toward providing
unbiased information and refrain from making arguments. Because concepts can be vague and involved,
limit your speech to aspects that can be readily explained and understood within the limits. Some
examples of topics for concept speeches include: Democracy, Taoism, Principles of Feminism, The
Philosophy of Non-violent protest, and the Big Bang Theory.
SUBJECTS OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
Informative speeches can cover many subjects as long as they can be discussed without
persuading or altering the perceptions of the audience. There are many different subjects that can be used
in informative speeches. College lectures about an event in history or a historical figure would be
considered informative speeches. More Technical subjects, such as the field of advertising, require more
technical information and specific data relevant to the industry. Technical subjects especially, but really
all informative speeches, benefit from the use of visualizations, such as bar graphs or images. For
example, an information speech about a particular actor or actress would likely to focus on providing a
description of who the person is and what movies or plays they have been in. Incorporating famous
pictures or clips from works is a way of increasing the audience‘s retention of the information about the
particular person.
TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES

Definitional speeches
In definitional speeches the speaker attempts to set forth the meaning of concepts, theories,
philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the audience. In thise type of speeches, speakers may
begin by giving the historical derivation, classification, or synonyms of terms of the background of the
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subject.
Describing the essential attributes of one concept compared to another.
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Descriptive speeches
The purpose of descriptive speech is to provide a detailed, vivid, word of picture of a person,
animal, place or object. Audiences should carry away in their minds a clear vision of the subject. It
determines the characteristics, features, functions, or fine points of the topic.
Explanatory speeches
Similar to the descriptive speech, they both share the function of clarifying the topic. But
explanatory speeches focus on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations,
inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.
Demonstration speeches
The most practical of all informative speeches, a demonstration speech shows listeners how
some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves. The focus is on a chronological
explanation of some process, application, or course of action.
PROCESSING AND REFLECTION

Informative speech is an integral part in communication it helps the receiver aware and to be
cognizant in different aspects in life. So if we differentiate an informative speech from other types of
speeches, it is important to stick to the basic facts of the subject. No personal biases, unsubstantiated
information, or popular opinion should be included when stating the main ideas of the topic. The goal is
to educate the audience on the facts, not to provide the speaker‘s opinion. When crafting an informative
speech look at the subject carefully and eliminate any potential statements that have prejudice or might
persuade the audience.
SYNTHESIS
 INFORMATIVE SPEECH
It is a speech that aims to provide information to the listeners about some topic.
 SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS
Focus on things existing in the world.
 SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES
Focus on patterns of action.
 SPEECHES ABOUT EVENT
Focus on the things that happened, are happening, or will happen.
 SPEECHES ABOUT THE CONCEPTS
Focus on beliefs, ideas, and theories.
 SPEECH COMMUNICATION
Work to develop confidence and effectiveness in their public speaking, interpersonal, and
small group communication skills.
 COMMUNICATION
A process of exchange facts, ideas, and opinions and as a means that individual or
organization share meaning and understanding with one another.
 DEFINITIONAL SPEECHES
Describing the essential attributes of one concept compared to another.
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 DESCRIPTIVE SPEECHES
The purpose of descriptive speech is to provide a detailed, vivid, word of picture
of a person, animal, place or object.
 EXPLANATORY SPEECHES
Focus on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations,
inventions, policies, outcomes, and options
 DEMONSTRATION SPEECH
Shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.
TEST YOURSELF!
I.MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. What are the four Classifications on informative speeches discussed in the chapter?
a. Speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts
b. Speeches about definition, processes, objects, informative
c. Informative speeches, events, concepts, and objects
d. Public speeches, informative speeches, impromptu, extemporaneous
2. What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?
a. Definition, contrast, description
b. Demonstration, descriptive, explanatory
c. Description, comparison, contrast
d. Complexity, scope, comparison
3. It is a type speech that focuses on things existing in the world. Objects include, among
other things, people places, animals or products.
a. Speeches about concept
b. Speeches about processes
c. Speeches about objects
d. Speeches about event
4. Type of Speech that focuses on the things that happened, are happening, or will happen.
5. Type of Speech that focuses about the concepts focus on beliefs, ideas, and theories.
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6. A speech that aims to provide information to the listeners about some topic.
a. Persuasive speech
b. Oral report
c. Informative speech
7. It works to develop confidence and effectiveness in their public speaking, interpersonal, and
small group communication skills.
a. Speech communication
b. Communication
c. Informative speech
8. It attempts to present an objective-that is, truthful and unbiased-view of the topics being
considered.
b. Informative message
c. Speech about processes
9. It is the speaker attempts to set forth the meaning of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues
that may be unfamiliar to the audience
b. Descriptive
c. Definition
d. Informative
10. The most practical of all informative speeches, it shows listeners how some process is
accomplished or how to perform it themselves.
a. Demonstrational
b. Descriptive
c. Explanatory
d. communication
II. TRUE OR FALSE

1. In this type of speeches, speakers may begin by giving the historical derivation,
classification, or synonyms of terms of the background of the subject. Describing the
essential attributes of one concept compared to another.
2. The purpose of descriptive speech is to keep a detailed, vague, word of picture of a
person, animal, place or object.
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3. The most practical of all informative speeches, a explanation speech shows listeners
how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves. The focus is on
a chronological explanation of some process, application, or course of action.
4. Explanatory speeches focus on reports of current and historical events,
customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.
5. When speaking about an event, remember to relate the topic to your audience. A
speech chronicling history is informative, but you should adapt the information to
your audience and provide them with some way to use the information.
ANSWER KEYS
I. MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. A. Speeches about objects, processes, events, and
concepts
2. B. Description, comparison, contrast
3. C. Speeches about objects
4. D. Speeches about event
5. A. Speeches about concept
6. C. Informative speech
7. A. Speech communication
8. B. Informative message
9. C. Definitional/definition speech
10. B. descriptive
II TRUE OR FALSE
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
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TOPIC 3
PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 define and describe what is persuasive communication and its functions and principles; and
 prepare persuasive speeches write-ups.
INTRODUCTION
Persuasive communication is any message that is intended to shape, reinforce, or change the responses of
another or others such responses are modified by symbolic transactions (messages) which are sometimes,
but not always, linked with coercive force (indirectly coercive) and which appeal to the reason and
emotions of the target. Generally, persuasion refers to such communicative activities that are mediated.
Those that are face- to-face are called compliance-gaining. Persuasive communication can be targeted at
• Cognition. Persuasion can be used to change individuals‘ beliefs about an object or an issue, which
includes attributes, interpretation, definition, outcome, etc.
• Attitude. Persuasion can be used to change individuals‘ attitude toward an object or an issue, which
refers to the categorization of an object or an issue along an evaluative dimension (from negative to
positive).
• Behavior. Persuasion can be used to change individuals‘ behavior, which is the overt actions regarding
an object or an issue.
Persuasion is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and logic, in order
to influence the audience. Persuasion may simply use an argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes
may persuade readers to perform a certain action. Simply, it is an art of effective speaking and writing in
which writers make their opinions believable to the audience through logic, by invoking emotions, and by
proving their own credibility.
Types of Persuasion
Persuasion has three basic types:
1. Ethos
It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their
audience of their goodwill and present themselves as trustworthy. In order to determine whether a writer
is credible or not, the audience needs to understand his intention and his strong understanding of the
subject.
2. Logos
Logos comes of logic; therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and rationality to convince audiences of
their perspectives.
3. Pathos
The third method is pathos, which invokes and appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is contrary to
logos, as it presents arguments without using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love, fear,
empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence the emotions of their audiences.
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Function of Persuasion
Persuasion is the most common literary technique. We not only find it in literature, but also in political
speeches, conferences, courtrooms, and advertisements. Through persuasive writing, writers express their
own feelings and opinions by appealing to the audience emotionally and rationally. Hence, it is a very
effective technique to win over the readers or audience. In addition, it helps students to unearth certain
reasons in favor of their points of view, and gives them a chance to research facts linked to their views.
While developing an understanding of how writing can change and influence their thoughts and actions,
students can understand the nature of persuasive work.
6 Principles of Persuasion
1. Principle of Reciprocity
Reciprocity is the mutual expectation for exchange of value or service. In all cultures, when one person
gives something, the receiver is expected to reciprocate, even if only by saying ―thank you.‖ There is a
moment when the giver has power and influence over the receiver, and if the exchange is dismissed as
irrelevant by the giver the moment is lost. In business this principle has several applications. If you are in
customer service and go out of your way to meet the customer‘s need, you are appealing to the principle
of reciprocity with the knowledge that all humans perceive the need to reciprocate—in this case, by
increasing the likelihood of making a purchase from you because you were especially helpful. Reciprocity
builds trust and the relationship develops, reinforcing everything from personal to brand loyalty. By
taking the lead and giving, you build in a moment where people will feel compelled from social norms
and customs to give back.
2. Principle of Scarcity
You want what you can‘t have, and it‘s universal. People are naturally attracted to the exclusive, the rare,
the unusual, and the unique. If they are convinced that they need to act now or it will disappear, they are
motivated to action. Scarcity is the perception of inadequate supply or a limited resource. For a sales
representative, scarcity may be a key selling point—the particular car, or theater tickets, or pair of shoes
you are considering may be sold to someone else if you delay making a decision. By reminding
customers not only of what they stand to gain but also of what they stand to lose, the representative
increases the chances that the customer will make the shift from contemplation to action and decide to
close the sale.
3. Principle of Authority
Trust is central to the purchase decision. Whom does a customer turn to? A salesperson may be part of
the process, but an endorsement by an authority holds credibility that no one with a vested interest can
ever attain. Knowledge of a product, field, trends in the field, and even research can make a salesperson
more effective by the appeal to the principle of authority. It may seem like extra work to educate your
customers, but you need to reveal your expertise to gain credibility. We can borrow a measure of
credibility by relating what experts have indicated about a product, service, market, or trend, and our
awareness of competing viewpoints allows us insight that is valuable to the customer. Reading the
manual of a product is not sufficient to gain expertise—you have to do extra homework. The principal of
authority involves referencing experts and expertise.
4. Principle of Commitment and Consistency
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Oral communication can be slippery in memory. What we said at one moment or another, unless
recorded, can be hard to recall. Even a handshake, once the symbol of agreement across almost every
culture, has lost some of its symbolic meaning and social regard. In many cultures, the written word
holds special meaning. If
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we write it down, or if we sign something, we are more likely to follow through. By extension, even if
the customer won‘t be writing anything down, if you do so in front of them, it can appeal to the
principle of commitment and consistency and bring the social norm of honoring one‘s word to bear at
the moment of purchase.
5. Principle of Consensus
Testimonials, or first person reports on experience with a product or service, can be highly persuasive.
People often look to each other when making a purchase decision and the herd mentality is a powerful
force across humanity: if ―everybody else‖ thinks this product is great, it must be great. We often choose
the path of the herd, particularly when we lack adequate information. Leverage testimonials from clients
to attract more clients by making them part of your team. The principle of consensus involves the
tendency of the individual to follow the lead of the group or peers.
6. Principle of Liking
Safety is the twin of trust as a foundation element for effective communication. If we feel safe, we are
more likely to interact and communicate. We tend to be attracted to people who communicate to us that
they like us, and who make us feel good about ourselves. Given a choice, these are the people with whom
we are likely to associate. Physical attractiveness has long been known to be persuasive, but similarity is
also quite effective. We are drawn to people who are like us, or who we perceive ourselves to be, and
often make those judgments based on external characteristics like dress, age, sex, race, ethnicity, and
perceptions of socioeconomic status. The principle of liking involves the perception of safety and
belonging in communication.
SYNTHESIS
Communication - Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person
or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient
Persuasion - Persuasion is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and
logic, in order to influence the audience. Persuasion may simply use an argument to persuade the
readers, or sometimes may persuade readers to perform a certain action.
Speech - Definition of speech. 1a : the communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words.
b : exchange of spoken words : conversation. 2a : something that is spoken : utterance. b: a
usually public discourse: address.
Principles of Persuasion – Reciprocity, scarcity, authority, consistency, liking, consensus.

Understanding these shortcuts and employing them in an ethical manner can significantly increase the
chances that someone will be persuaded by your request.
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TEST YOURSELF!
EXERCISE 1:
FILL IN THE BLACK
1-2. Persuasion is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through
and , in order to influence the audience.
3-4. Persuasion can be used to change individuals‘ toward an object or an_ , which
refers to the categorization of an object or an issue along an evaluative dimension (from
negative to positive).
5-6. Logos comes of logic, therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and to
convince audiences of their .
7-8. In this method of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of their and
present themselves as .
9-10.We tend to be attracted to people who to us that they like us, and who
make us feel about ourselves.
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EXERCISE 2:
Matching type: Write only the letter on the space provided.
1.Principle of liking
A. Trust is central to the purchase decision
2. Principle of Commitment
and Consistency B. You want what you can‘t have, and
it‘s universal.
3. Principle of Authority
C. If we feel safe, we are more likely
4. Principle of Consensus to interact and communicate.
5. Principle of Scarcity D. Testimonials, or first person reports on
experience with a product or service, can
6. . Pathos be highly persuasive.
7. Principle of Reciprocity E. If we write it down, or if we sign
8. Behavior. something, we are more likely to
follow through.
9. Cognition
F. object or an issue, which includes
10. Persuasive communication attributes, interpretation, definition,
and outcome.
G. the overt actions regarding an object or
an issue.
H. as it presents arguments without
using logic or reasoning.
I. reactive or ad hoc response as issues
crop up.
J. mutual expectation for exchange of value
or service.
K. change the responses of another or
others such responses
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Answer key:
Matching type Fill in the Blanks
1.C 1. Reason and Logic
2.E 2. Attitude, issue
3.A 3. Rationality,
perspective
4.D 4. Goodwill, trustworthy
5.B 5. Communicate, good
6.H
7.J
8.G
9.F
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TOPIC 4
GENERAL TYPES OF SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECHES
LEARNINGOUTCOMES:
 distinguish informative and persuasive speeches from special-occasion speeches; and

 Identify and explain the different types of special-occasion speeches.
INTRODUCTION
Many entertaining speeches fall under the category of special-occasion speeches. All the speeches in this
category are given to mark the significance of particular events. Common events include weddings,
awards ceremonies, funerals, and political events. In each of these different occasions, speakers are asked
to deliver speeches relating to the event. For purposes of simplicity, we‘ve broken special-occasion
speeches into two groups: ceremonial speaking and inspirational speaking. As the name implies,
special occasion speeches are delivered during special occasions. They are sometimes given to
commemorate a legacy or to celebrate an achievement. A special occasion speech is short and
straight to the point, possibly lasting for ten minutes or less. A mood is often set through these
speeches, enough to change everyone‘s spirit.
To give a good special occasion speech, you need to know your topic well. Do your research agenda ,
especially when you‘re dealing with names and titles of significant people. There‘s nothing more
insulting than delivering a speech that has the wrong information and no factual basis whatsoever.
From there, you‘ll be able to add your own words and ideas to the speech Use an optimistic tone.
Even when you are presenting a eulogy, you need to be able to set a positive vibe that celebrates a
person‘s time here on earth. For introducing significant individuals, a good presentation speech that
depicts honor and gratitude would definitely do the job. Keep in mind that a special occasion speech
is meant to relay a positive message to an audience.
For special occasion speeches, it usually relates to the personal aspect. A special occasion speech can
often give pride to the individual being honored. It is a good way to recognize one‘s effort. For
instance, a welcome speech gives thanks to the audience for being present despite various
circumstances. The speech is a means of showing one‘s appreciation through words of praise and
gratitude.
Image 5. President Rodrigo Duterte‘s 2nd State of the Nation‘s Address
FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECH
 Entertain and Celebrate - speeches intended to entertain an audience may be either

informative or persuasive, the rhetorical situation often provides a clear indication of when a
speech falls into the special occasion category. An awards banquet and weddings are
examples of special occasions that call for a speaker to present an upbeat, light speech
designed to amuse the audience while celebrating a person, event, or situation.
 Commemorate - When we think of a speech crafted to commemorate something or someone,
perhaps a eulogy is the first type to come to mind. Speeches of commemoration can also
include building or monument dedications that are designed to honor the memory of the
person or situation that inspired the site.
 Inspire - Often the rhetorical situation calls for a speaker to present words of wisdom and
guidance based upon their own personal experiences or what they‘ve learned through shared
experiences of the audience they are addressing.
 Advocate - This textbook is dedicated to encouraging students to stand up and speak out and
this type of special occasion speech encompasses the speeches in which individuals do just
that. Speeches of advocacy focus on goals and values, and are often cause-oriented or crafted
to impact policy-setting or change in some way.
CEREMONIAL SPEAKING
Image 6. Chris Hill – Chris Hoy – Acceptance Speech – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
Ceremonial Speeches:
Speeches given during a ceremony or a ritual marked by observance of formality or etiquette. These
ceremonies tend to be very special for people, so it shouldn‘t be surprising that they are opportunities
for speech making.
Speeches of Introduction:
Which is a mini-speech given by the host of a ceremony that introduces another speaker and his or her
speech.
Effective Speech of Introduction:

- Balance the length of the intro
duction paragraph with the total speech length.
- Avoid broad, sweeping, and too general statements.
- Be clear, direct and straightforward in your speech.
Speeches of Presentation:
A speech of presentation is a brief speech given to accompany a prize or honor. Publicly speaking to an
audience with intent to inform, demonstrate, explain or persuade. The presentation is normally written,
then performed and includes an introduction, a body consisting of main focal points and a conclusion.
Good Presentation Speech:

Refer to the occasion by telling why you are there and why it is a special day. Explain briefly what the
award represents, and describe the following: symbol, goal, categories, history and previous winners.
Describe the organization you are representing and explain why you are privileged to present the award.
Offer personal thoughts, experiences, and feelings about the award. Praise the recipient by citing relevant
outstanding contributions, achievements, or records and adapt them to the goals and meaning of the
special occasion. Ask the recipient to come forward and read the text or inscription of the award.
Congratulate the awardee.
Speeches of Acceptance
The complement to a speech of presentation is the speech of acceptance. The speech of acceptance is a
speech given by the recipient of a prize or honor.
There are three typical components of a speech of acceptance:
 Thank the givers of the award or honor,

 Thank those who helped you achieve your goal, and
 Put the award or honor into perspective.
Image 7. Philippines bid presentation of acceptance of Manuel Pangilinan during

the FIBA World Cup 2019
Speeches of Dedication
A speech of dedication is delivered when a new store opens, a building is named after someone, a
plaque is placed on a wall, a new library is completed, and so on. These speeches are designed to
highlight the importance of the project and possibly those to whom the project has been dedicated.
Image 7. The Bataan Campaign (2015)

Roasts
The roast speech is a very interesting and peculiar speech because it is designed to both praise and good-
naturedly insult a person being honored. Generally, roasts are given at the conclusion of a banquet in
honor of someone‘s life achievements. The television station Comedy Central has been conducting roasts
of various celebrities for a few years.
Eulogies
A eulogy is a speech given in honor of someone who has died. A eulogy is a speech or writing in praise of
a person or thing, especially one who recently died or retired or as a term of endearment.
Speeches of Farewell
A speech of farewell allows someone to say good-bye to one part of his or her life as he or she is moving
on to the next part of life. Maybe you‘ve accepted a new job and are leaving your current job, or you‘re
graduating from college and entering the work force.
INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
Image 8. Nick Vujicic (motivational speaker}
Inspirational Speeches:
The goal of an inspirational speech is to elicit or arouse an emotional state within an audience. In Section
18.2.1 "Ceremonial Speaking", we looked at ceremonial speeches. Although some inspirational speeches
are sometimes tied to ceremonial occasions, there are also other speaking contexts that call for
inspirational speeches. For our purposes, we are going to look at two types of inspirational speeches:
goodwill and speeches of commencement.
Speeches to Ensure Goodwill
Goodwill is an intangible asset that is made up of the favor or reputation of an individual or

organization. Speeches of goodwill are often given in an attempt to get audience members to view the
person or organization more favorably. Although speeches of goodwill are clearly persuasive, they try not
to be obvious about the persuasive intent and are often delivered as information-giving speeches that
focus on an individual or organization‘s positives attributes.
There are three basic types of speeches of goodwill:
 Public relations,
 Justification, and
 Apology.
Speeches for Public Relations
In a public relations speech, the speaker is speaking to enhance one‘s own image or the image of his or
her organization. You can almost think of these speeches as cheerleading speeches because the ultimate
goal is to get people to like the speaker and what he or she represents.
Speeches of Justification
The second common speech of goodwill is the speech of justification, which is given when someone
attempts to defend why certain actions were taken or will be taken. In these speeches, speakers have
already enacted (or decided to enact) some kind of behavior, and are now attempting to justify why the
behavior is or was appropriate.
Speeches of Apology
The final speech of goodwill is the speech of apology which is to ask forgiveness .Frankly, these speeches
have become more and more commonplace. Every time we turn around, a politician, professional athlete,
musician, or actor/actress is doing something reprehensible and getting caught. In fact, the speech of
apology has quickly become a fodder for humor as well. In your apology, you need to be specific and
detailed and say exactly what you did wrong
Speeches for Commencements
The second type of inspirational speech is the speech of commencement, which is designed to recognize
and celebrate the achievements of a graduating class or other group of people. The most typical form of
commencement speech happens when someone graduates from school.
PROCESSING AND REFLECTION
The speech is written and spoken to appeal to the senses. Some speeches are written to inform
people of a current or past happening. This is a speech about an event, and it is meant to bring people up
to speed on things that have, are or will be going on in the world. In every walk of life, we are called upon
to be public speakers.
As teachers, we take the floor daily. While other professions may not address audiences as frequently
- board meetings, presentations, interviews, small-group collaboration, and one-on-one informational
sharing occurs. These are all forms of public speaking, which require people to be able to encode a
valuable message to at least one other person. Communicating clearly can allow individuals to advance in
his or her career, obtain a dream job, find success, and improve the quality of his or her craft no matter
what that craft may be. This idea is powerful and one that has fueled my passion for teaching young
people to love public speaking or mildly tolerate it.
In addition to communicating as part of their careers, students will also be asked to speak public
in some of life's most important events. Weddings, funerals, significant. birthdays, anniversaries, and
other functions that occur among family and friends. To help students begin to realize that they will need
to speak at these functions throughout their lives and give them a little practice with real-world speaking,
I've developed a few activities during my final unit (Special Occasion Unit) in my speech class to help
make public speaking more realistic.
SYNTHESIS
 Ceremonial Speeches- ritual marked by observance of formality or etiquette

 Speeches of Introduction- a mini-speech given by the host of the ceremony
 Speeches of Presentation- speech given to accompany a prize or honor
 Speeches of Acceptance- speech given by the recipient of a prize or honor
 Speeches of Dedication- to whom the project has been dedicated
 Roasts- designed to both praise and good-naturedly insult a person being honored
 Eulogies- a speech given in honor of someone who has died
 Speeches of Farewell- speech is to elicit or arouse an emotional state within
an audience
 Inspirational Speeches- made up of the favor or reputation of an individual
or organization
 Speeches to Ensure Goodwill- intangible asset that is made up of the favor or
reputation of an individual or organization
 Speeches for Public Relations- cheerleading speeches because the ultimate goal is to
get people to like the speaker and what he or she represents.
 Speeches of Justification- to defend why certain actions were taken or will be taken
 Speeches of Apology- to ask forgiveness
 Speeches for Commencements- to recognize and celebrate the achievements of
a graduating class or other group of people.
TEST YOURSELF!
I. MULTIPLE CHOICES
1.) A mini-speech given by the host of a ceremony that introduces another and his or her speech.
a. Ceremonial Speech b. Speech of Presentation
b. Speech of Introduction d. Speech of Acceptance
2.) Speeches given during a ritual marked by observance of formality or etiquette.

a. Speech of Dedication b. Ceremonial Speeches
c. Roast d. Toast
3. What is Inspirational Speech?

a. .to elicit or arouse an emotional state within an audience
b. to defend why certain actions were taken or will be taken
c. to inform, demonstrate, explain or persuade
d. to entertain an audience may be either informative or persuasive
4. It is a speech given in honor of someone who has died.

a. Roast b. Commencement
c. Eulogies d. Apology
5. Which is NOT a function of Special-Occasion Speeches?

a. Entertain and Celebrate b. Inspire
b. Advocate d. Justify
II. ENUMERATION
 Different kinds of Ceremonial Speaking
 Different kinds of Inspirational Speaking
 Functions of Special-Occasion Speeches
III. VENN DIAGRAM

 Draw a Venn Diagram that shows the similarities and differences of Ceremonial and
Inspirational Speaking
ANSWER KEYS
I-MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. b. Speech of Introduction
2. b. Ceremonial Speeches
3. a. .to elicit or arouse an emotional state within an
audience
4. c. Eulogies
5. d. Justify
II – ENUMERATION
Kinds of Ceremonial Speaking

 Ceremonial Speeches
 Speeches of Introduction
 Speeches of Presentation
 Speeches of Acceptance
 Speeches of Dedication
 Roast
 Eulogies
 Speeches of Farewell
Kinds of Inspirational Speaking

 Inspirational Speeches
 Speeches to Ensure Goodwill
 Speeches for Public Relations
 Speeches of Justification
 Speeches of Apology
 Speeches for Commencement
90
TOPIC 5
TYPES OF SPEECHES BASED ON DELIVERY
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 explain and apply each of the four methods of speech delivery; and
 employ vocal and physical factors, eye contact, and presentation aids for effective delivery.
INTRODUCTION
There are four ways in which a speaker can deliver his or her information. Once can speak from his head,
commit every word to memory, read from a script or use a blended approach.
These are the four primary types of speech delivery: Manuscript, Memorized, Impromptu and
Extemporaneous.
Manuscript speaking, like it sounds, involves reading your speech word-for-word from its written form.
The advantage to delivering a speech this way is that you can perfectly plan and control the wording of
your speech. This sounds like it is ideal, but really it is not. In most speeches you should be striving for an
informal, conversational delivery style. Reading prevents that, as well as eye contact. Also, with set
wording, you can‘t adapt the speech if the audience isn‘t following or interested in your speech.
Memorized, like it sounds, involves committing your entire speech to memory. Once again, this sounds
great. But, practically speaking, who has time memorize even a short speech? And like a manuscript
speech, you can‘t adapt the feedback from the audience.
An Impromptu speech is the one that you are asked to deliver with little or no preparation.
Finally, the Extemporaneous speech is a speech delivered with some prepared structure, such as notes or
an outline, but is otherwise delivered off-the-cuff. In most cases, this is going to be your best choice. The
note allows you to structure your speech, without handcuffing you in the event that your audience needs
you to adapt. Also, you will sound more natural and conversational, and this will help hold audience
attention.
ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL DELIVERY
There are six aspects of physical delivery that will be covered in this section:
Voice Use, Facial Expressions, Eye Contact, Gesturing and Movement.
Effective Voice Use involves several elements. Naturally, one of the most important aspects is volume.
As a speaker you must be loud enough to be heard by everyone in the room, but not so loud that you
sound unnatural and bossy. It is also necessary to vary the pitch, rate, tone of your voice to avoid
sounding monotonous.
Your audience gathers a lot of information from your facial expression. If your facial expressions and
your spoken words conflict, the audience is likely to believe your face. So make sure that your facial
expressions mesh with the feelings and ideas being expressed.
The simple rule on eye contact is this: The more, the better. A good strategy for eye contact is to make
brief (a beat or two) eye contact with the members of the audience in one section of the audience and
then move to another section. Ideally, you should be making eye contact with someone whenever words
are being spoken in your speech.
One of the most common questions that people have about public speaking is: What do I do with my
hands? The quick and easy answer is: Whatever comes naturally (unless clutching the podium is what
comes naturally). The key to good gesturing is variety, which most of us have in our everyday gestures.
The final aspect of physical delivery is movement. If you are positioned behind a podium, your
movements are obviously going to be restricted. But if you are not using a podium, feel free to walk to
different parts of the stage as you deliver your speech. This keeps different parts of the audience
involved and adds variety.
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
1. Manuscript Speaking
 Rarely done well enough to be interesting
 Guidelines
 Type your manuscript in short, easy-to-scan phrases
 Use appropriate nonverbal messages
 Do not read the speech too quickly
 Vary the rhythm, inflections, and pace of your delivery
 Use gestures and movement to add nonverbal interest
2. Memorized
Speaking Guidelines
 Do not deliver your memorized speech too rapidly
 Avoid patterns of vocal inflection that make the presentation sound recited
 Use gestures and movement to add interest and emphasis to your message
3. Impromptu Speaking
 ―off the cuff‖
Guidelines
 Consider your audience

 Be brief
 Organize
 Draw upon your personal experience and knowledge
 Use gestures and movement that arise naturally from what you are saying
 Be aware of the potential impact of your communication
4. Extemporaneous Speaking
 Method of delivery preferred by most audiences
Guidelines
 Use a full-content preparation outline when you begin to rehearse your presentation
 Prepare an abbreviated delivery outline and speaking notes
 Do not try to memorize your message word for word
 As you deliver your presentation, adapt it to your audience
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY
 Vocal Delivery
 Volume
 Pitch
 Rate
 Articulation
 Appearance
RECAP Characteristics of Nonverbal Delivery

Gestures should be relaxed, definite, varied, and appropriate.
Movement should be purposeful
Posture should feel natural and be appropriate to your topic, audience, and occasion
Eye Contact should be established before you say anything and sustained throughout
your presentation
Facial Expression should be alert, friendly, and appropriate
Volume should be loud enough to be heard and varied
Pitch should be varied to sustain audience interest
Rate should be neither too fast or too slow
Articulation should be clear and distinct
Appearance should conform to what the audience expects
PROCESSING & REFLECTION
In order to have a speech that has the proper content and can really catch the attention of the audience
make sure that every single detail of your speech is relevant to them, or it has something that would help
them realize the importance of communication through speeches.
In line with this, a good speaker will also think about the delivery method, or the way in which the speech
will be conveyed to the audience.
SYNTHESIS
 Manuscript speaking is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a

manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page
except when using visual aids.
 Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker
has committed to memory
 Extemporaneous speaking is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed
speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
 Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation.
 Voice Use, Facial Expressions, Eye Contact, Gesturing and Movement are parts
of delivering speech to make it more effective.
TEST YOURSELF!
ACTIVITY 1: MATCHING TYPE
DIRECTION: Right the correct answers on the space provided for.
I. ANSWER THE NO. 1-7 USING THE PROVIDED CHOICES BELOW
A. IMPROMPTU B. MEMORIZED C. MANUSCRIPT D. EXTEMPORANEOUS
1. Keisha was given a piece to be performed in an oratorical contest.

2. Lyndon thinks that the speaker was reading some notes.
3. My classmates and I have worked hard to deliver our speech without reading.
4. Ana introduce herself during her first day of school.
5. The SONA of our president Duterte was perfectly planned and controlled.
6. Your friend is tasked to lead the prayer but unfortunately she is absent so you
are now the one who will do it.
7. A piece was given to you before the contest and you are tasked to deliver it without any
notes.
II. CHOOSE THE ANSWER IN THE BOX. WRITE THE ANSWER BEFORE THE
NO.
Eye Contact Gestures
Voice Use Movement
Facial Expression
8. You are speaking in front of people and do made some movements.

9. To make brief (a beat or two) with the members of the audience.
10. Clutching the podium is what comes naturally.
11. Make sure that your is mesh with the feelings and ideas being expressed.
III. ENCIRCLE THE ANSWERBELOW.

12. These are the aspects of physical delivery except
A. Voice use
B. Eye contact
C. Memorized
D. Facial expression
13. Voice Use, Facial Expressions, Eye Contact, Gesturing and Movement are part of?
A. Giving joke
B. Aspects in Life
C. Types of Speech Delivery
D. Aspects of Physical Delivery
14. Speech is delivered with some prepared structure, such as notes or an outline,
but is otherwise delivered off-the-cuff.
A. Impromptu Speech
B. Voice Speech
C. Extemporaneous Speech
D. Memorized
15. Delivering a speech this way is that you can perfectly plan and control.
A. Impromptu Speech
B. Gestures
C. Memorized
D. Manuscript Speech
ANSWERS KEY
1. B 6. B 11. Facial
Expression
2. D 7. B 12. C
3. B 8. Movement 13. D
4. A 9. Eye Contact 14. C
MODULE 6
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK
PURPOSES
INTRODUCTION
It is the transmitting of information between one people or group and another person or group in an
organization. It can include emails, text messages, voice mails, notes and etc. Work communication is
vital to an organization‘s ability to be productive and operate smoothly. It is very important to companies
because it allows companies to be productive and operate effectively. Through communicating, it
improves the employee‘s morale, productivity and increases commitment to their work.
Consider good communication to be the secret ingredient in a successful, performing team. It plays a
crucial role in building authentic relationships, generating ideas, and helping a team overcome challenges
and face difficult conversations.
Engaging, Trustworthy Team Builders and Mentors,

who:
1. Invite open, non-judgmental communication with others, listening closely to
the intent and spirit of their words and offering clear, constructive responses
in return;
2. Clarify at the outset the substance and internet of all agreements and
commitments made, making every effort to fulfill them and supporting
others to do the same;
3. Publicly explain the purpose and potential benefits of all group endeavors,
enlisting explicit agreement and support for them from participants before
proceeding; and
4. Initiate and develop jointly beneficial and sustainable projects with
colleagues in which plans and responsibilities are equitably shared, reliably
carried out, and honestly evaluated by all.
Affirmation
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am an Engaging, Trustworthy Team Builder and
Mentor, fostering community through active collaboration.”
TOPIC 1
BASICS OF WRITING
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Identify the four main categories of writing.
2. Recognize the difference between these four main categories of writing.
The term writing is defined as the activity or skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing
text. Unfortunately, this area is being neglected to its due importance. However, writing is a way to
inform, educate, express human emotions, knowledge and etc.
Each writer is entitled to his/her own style of writing, which reflects his/her, personality. While some
people are born with the quality to write well, others can learn it with some effort. Nevertheless, each
piece of writing requires distinct style and tone which can decide on the basis of the content. No matter
what you write is still and should be relevant to what you decide to compose, basing to what your
intentions might be.
FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF WRITING:

1. EXPOSITORY WRITING:
Expository writing‘s main purpose is to explain. It is a subject-oriented writing style, in which authors
focus on telling you about a given topic or subject without voicing their personal opinions. These types of
essays or articles furnish you with relevant facts and figures but do not include their opinions.
KEY POINTS IN WRITING AN EXPOSITORY ESSAY OR ARTICLE:

 Usually explains something in a process.
 It is often equipped with facts and figures.
 It is usually in a logical order and
sequence. Example:
Air pollution is one of the most dangerous forms of pollution. A biological, chemical, and physical
alteration of the air occurs when smoke, dust, and any harmful gases enter into the atmosphere and make
it difficult for all living beings to survive as the air becomes contaminated. Burning of fossil fuels,
agriculture related activities, mining operations, exhaust from industries and factories, and household
cleaning products entail air pollution. People release a huge amount of chemical substances in the air
every day. The effects of air pollution are alarming. It causes global warming, acid rains, respiratory and
heart problems, and eutrophication. A lot of wildlife species are forced to change their habitat in order to
survive.
2. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
Descriptive writing‘s main purpose is to describe. It is a style of writing that focuses on describing a
character, an event, or a place in great detail. It can be poetic when the author takes the time to be very
specific in his or her descriptions.
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A DECRIPTIVE ESSAY OR ARTICLE:
 It is often poetic in nature.
 It describes places, people, events, situations, or locations in a highly detailed manner.
 The author visualizes what he or she sees, hears, tastes, smells, and
feels. Example:
You dream of fried bananas, sizzling hot in bubbling coconut oil, golden brown, its sweet aroma bringing
back childhood memories of your mother in the kitchen — happy times. With a metal spatula, you lift the
banana-halves from the wok and roll them in a mound of precious sugar. The irresistible sight of the
white grains of sugar clinging to the red-brown surface make your mouth water, pushes your sister's
words out of your mind: "No matter what happens, don't leave the house."
3. PERSUASIVE WRITING
Persuasive writing‘s main purpose is to convince. Unlike expository writing, persuasive writing contains
the opinions and biases of the author. To convince others to agree with the author‘s point of view,
persuasive writing contains justifications and reasons. It is often used in letters of complaint,
advertisements, or commercials, affiliate marketing pitches, cover letters, and newspaper opinion and
editorial pieces.
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A PERSUASIVE ESSAY OR ARTICLE:
 Persuasive writing is equipped with reasons, arguments, and justifications.
 In persuasive writing, the author takes a stand and asks you to agree with his or her point of view.
 It is often asks for readers to do something about a situation (this is called a call to
action). Example:
Are you tired of seeing your paychecks slashed by unjust tax deductions? We work hard to provide for
our families and then wind up only being able to live paycheck to paycheck. If you vote for me, I'll make
sure your taxes are lowered and you get the government services that you depend on. Imagine everything
you'll be able to do with more wiggle room in your monthly income. Cast your vote today.
4. NARRATIVE WRITING
Narrative writing‘s main purpose is to tell a story. The author will create different characters and tell you
what happens to them (sometimes the author writes from the point of view of one of the characters- this is
known as first person narration). Novels, short stories, novellas, poetry, and biographies can all fall in the
narrative writing style. Simply, narrative writing answers the question: What happened then?‖
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A NARRATIVE ESSAY OR ARTICLE:
 A person tells a story or event.
 Has characters and dialogue.
 Have definite and logical beginnings, intervals, and
endings. Example:
"The barber was cutting our hair, and our eyes were closed—as they are so likely to be... Deep in a world
of our own, we heard, from far away, a voice saying goodbye. It was a customer of the shop, leaving.
'Goodbye,' he said to the barbers. 'Goodbye,' echoed the barbers. And without ever returning to
consciousness, or opening our eyes, or thinking, we joined in. 'Goodbye,' we said, before we could catch
ourselves."—E.B. White "Sadness of Parting."
TEST YOURSELF!
Instruction: Write true if the statement is right and/or false if the statement is wrong.
1. Persuasive writing is used to inform or explain, often by including facts,
definitions, or instructions on how to do something.
2. Four Purposes of writing are the following; Narrative, Expository, Descriptive
and Persuasive.
3. Entertain, inform, persuade, express etc.: All of these are true purposes for writing.
4. Descriptive writing‘s main purpose is to convince.
5. Expository writing usually explains something in a process.
Answer Key:
1. False, it should be Expository writing
2. False, it should be Types of writing
3. True
4. False, it should be Persuasive writing
5. True
100
TOPIC 2
SHORT REPORTS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 identify and explain the uses of short reports; and
 explain the significance and usability of preparing and delivering a short report; and
Introduction:
A short report is a formal document written to inform a specific audience about a certain subject that has
an impact on their lives. Such type of work is used more in business, journalism, and science rather than
as the university assignment. They differ from ordinary ones not only in size but also in the purpose of
writing and structure. Short report writing is more focused and, therefore, broken into fewer sections. It is
very difficult to find an example of the outline for the given task as the structure depends on the purpose
and topic. Hence, it is better to organize each report individually making it as brief and coherent as
possible. You may still use the following short report example and alter it accordingly for every occasion.
A short report consists of significant information of a particular topic that is meant to inform a reader. A
report may either be oral or written in the report form of a memo or a letter.
HOW TO WRITE A SHORT REPORT:

1 To do this, you first need to identify your topic. With a topic in mind, it will be easier for you to
specify the key points that need to be emphasized in the report.
2 Next, you have to arrange these points in a logical order.
3 Once this is done, identify sub-points that provide supporting details to the main point of your
free outline.
4 Finally, review the outline you have made. This will allow you to make the necessary changes for
parts that do not make much sense.
KEY POINTS IN WRITING A SHORT REPORT:

1 Summary (briefly overviews the research and includes basic information about it).
2 Background (shows the significance of the study and provides readers with more details).
3 Procedure (presents methods that have been used to conduct research).
4 Discussion (reviews and analyzes findings, shows limitations of an investigation).
5 Conclusions (summarizes key points and the main idea of the study).
6 Recommendations (provide guidance for the further research and present writer's interpretation
of a problem and its solution).
TEST YOURSELF!
Answer each statement with the given key pointers in writing a short
report. Summary Background Procedure
Discussion Conclusions Recommendations
1. It needs to be short as it is a general overview of the report.
2. It presents methods that have been used to conduct research.
3. It provides guidance for the further research and present writer‘s interpretation
of a problem and its solution.
4. It allows you to have the final say on the issues you have raised in your paper.
5. It reviews and analyses the significance of your findings.
6. Shows the significance of the study and provides readers with more details.
Answers Key:
1. Summary
2. Procedure
3.
Recommendations
4. Conclusions
5. Discussions
REFERENCES
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Copyright© 2019PAULA SCHRIEFER THE SPRING INSTITUTE ADMIN
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background image work for you https://prezi.com/ijytlwvviba7/local-and-global-communication-in-
multicultural-setting
EDITORS & LAYOUT
Glenn I. Arbis
Kenneth M.. Colindong
Dwayne John B. Alenton
Ma. Julliana Isabelle Trugillo
CONTRIBUTORS:
MODULE 1 MODULE 2 MODULE 3 MODULE 4 MODULE 5 MODULE 6

Agot, Reguine Espenido, Jhon
Equipilag, Agura, Maurim Ebale, Nathaniel Banguis, Erral
Sheree J. May S. S. Jade steven C.
Gaviola, aira Bilagantol,
Ensomo, Neomel Sablayan, Nessa Crave, Charlene Lagahit, Shiloh
Jean Korina
S.
G. Faye
Larong, Florida Daras, Princess
Jurac Karen Tagalog, Mcbon
Loida P. algen
Oposa, Ron
Mosote, Jeceil Estrevillo, Ajil
Clark S.
Ugay, Lyn Hayo, Mark
Robert Patiño, Charry Angelo
M.
Ramos, Aron John Lumpay,, Jay
Marie
Professor: Mr. Nikko Tesiorna Ederio

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PURPOSIVE COMMUICATIO

Integrated Learning Resource Material

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION 4

MODULE 2: MODES OF COMMUNICATION 17

MODULE 3: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 26

MODULE 4: THE DOCUMENTED ESSAY ON A CONCEPT 54

Topic 3-Concepts of social and cultural significance 62

MODULE 5: COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES 64

MODULE 6: COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES 97

THE PAULINIAN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

ETHICAL, PAULINIAN LEADERS &

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

Elements of Communication Process:

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Figure 1. Source: https://bit.ly/34cWWWY

Communication process consists of following steps:

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

 Principles are consideration in the communication process.

Direction: True or False.

1. You need to know your purpose in communicating.

2. Conciseness and being specific is the same.

3. You don‘t have to be natural in order to hide your feelings in communicating.

4. Knowing a little information about your topic is considerable.

5. Following these principles will ensure effective communication.

During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:

1. identify and explain the different ethics in communication; and

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

 Ethics is he set of rules and guidelines.

1. It is define as a set of rules or guidelines.

THE PAULINIAN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

Cutting-Edge, Resilient Visionaries & Innovators, who:

3 COMMON MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Aristotle Model of Communication

MAJOR FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

MAJOR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Simply, verbal communication is a form of communication in which it uses words to interchange

TRADITIONAL MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. identify the positive and negative dimensions of the use of technology in

In contrary to face-to-face communication, Mediated Communication refers to a communications

 Define and identify elements of interpersonal communication, culture, cultural

THE PAULINIAN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

ETHICAL, PAULINIAN LEADERS & PROFESSIONALS,

Image 1. Source: https://bit.ly/2MOGuGo

The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

 Fewer Cultural Barriers

-Asians view direct eye contact as a form of disrespect

can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet

Why do we need to study this?

 Some effects of globalization to global communication are having or increased business

Choose the best answer on the provide questions:

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COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

Table 2. Cultures and Co-Cultures

BARRIERS TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL

What is the difference between multicultural and cross-cultural or Intercultural?

A. Local and global communication in multicultural setting B intercultural communication

A. Cross cultural B. global communication C. Multicultural D. None of these