Fortran 77 Tutorial: Hsiu-Pin Chen January 4, 2007

Fortran 77 Tutorial
Hsiu-Pin Chen
January 4th, 2007
Concepts
•Program: to provide the computer a set of

working instructions and make it perform
certain tasks in a desired way.
•Programming language: Human-readable

language that can be translated into machine-
readable language through its own inherent
compiler. Such as C, C++, Fortran.
Programming Language
•They have fixed rules such as syntax and

formats.
•These rules have to be followed exactly or the

program will generate undesired results.
•They are necessary for communication between

human and computer.
Interface between human and
computers
•Human can understand programming

language, while computers can only understand
machine codes. They are not cross-readable.
•Compiler does the translation job between two

languages.
Column position rules
•Col. 7 - 72 : codes.
•Col. 1 : comment symbol
•Col. 1 - 5 : statement label
•Col. 6 : continuation
Case Insensitivity
•Fortran is case insensitive.
"INTEGER" & "integer" won't be distinguished

by the compiler.
Program structure
Program test
Declarations of variable
Input statements
Calculations
Output statements
End
Operators & intrinsic functions
•Mathematical operators: +, -, *, /, ( ), **
•Logical operators:
.GT., .GE., .EQ., .NE., .LT., .LE., .AND.,
.OR., .NOT. (Results would be logical values:
.TRUE. or .FALSE.)
•Intrinsic functions:
abs, min, max, sqrt, sin, cos, tan, atan, exp,
log, mod(modulus, usage: mod(a, b))
Pay attention to the priority level of these operators
Arrays
•A set of data that shares the same name

and type, and are stored in the memory consecutively.
Data_type_name array_name(size)
Examples:
integer weekdays(7),events(12, 31)
one-dimensional .vs. multi-dimensional array
•Preset values in arrays: block data statement
Examples:
real a,b(5,6),c(12)
data a/0.5/, b/30*0.0/, c/5*2.5, 7*3.0/

Variable declaration and expression
•Calculate (28 * 57 + 23 * 14) ^ 2 + (28 * 57 +

23 * 14)=?
integer element, result
element = 28 * 57 + 23 * 14
result = element * element + element
•Data_type_name variable_name
variable_name = value
Variable declaration and expression
Type
Example
Integer 10
Real 10.1
Double precision 10.1D0
Logical .true. Or .false.
Character ‘test’, ‘100’
Variables may or may not have initial values, and

they can be changed, i.e., be assigned to other values
during the program.
Do loops
•Calculate 1*1 + 2*2 + 3*3 +... + 100*100=?

program test
integer sum,current_square i
sum = 0
do i = 1, 100
current_square = i*i
sum = sum + current_square
enddo
print *, sum
end
If statments
•What if I don't want the sum to include those terms of

10 * n, i.e., 10, 20, 30..., 100?
do i = 1, 100
if (mod(i, 10) .NE. 0) then
current_square = i * i
sum = sum + current_square
endif
enddo
Subprograms
1) subroutine increment(ans, i)
integer i, ans
ans = ans + i*i
end
program test
integer sum, i
sum = 0
do i = 1, 100
call increment(sum, i)
enddo
print *, sum
end
Subprograms
•2) Integer function increment(i)

Integer i
Increment = i * i
return
end
program test
integer sum, i
sum = 0
do i = 1, 1000
sum = sum + increment(i)
enddo
print *, sum
end
Methods to pass data between
subprograms
•1) As arguments (parameters) in function

(subroutine) calls, in which case they are local
variables:
call increment(sum, i) (subroutine)
sum = sum + increment(i) (function)
Methods to pass data between
subprograms
2). As global variables (common blocks) that can be

accessed by any subprogram:
subroutine increment(i)
integer i, sum
common /data/ sum

sum = sum + i * i
end
I/O format
•read (*, *) variables

•write (*, *) variables
•The ﬁrst “ * ” in the brackets means we will read

from / write to standard devices like keyboard/
screen.
•Second “ * ” means the default reading/ writing
formats.
I/O format
open (15, FILE=‘input’, FORM=‘FORMATTED’
,STATUS=‘UNKNOWN’)
open (16, FILE=’output’, FORM=’FORMATTED’
,STATUS=‘UNKNOWN’)
read (15, *) numerator, denominator
write (16, *) ratio
close (15)
close (16)

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Fortran 77 Tutorial

•Program: to provide the computer a set of

•Programming language: Human-readable

•They have fixed rules such as syntax and

•These rules have to be followed exactly or the

•They are necessary for communication between

•Human can understand programming

•Compiler does the translation job between two

•Col. 1 - 5 : statement label

•Fortran is case insensitive.

"INTEGER" & "integer" won't be distinguished

•A set of data that shares the same name

data a/0.5/, b/30*0.0/, c/5*2.5, 7*3.0/

•Calculate (28 * 57 + 23 * 14) ^ 2 + (28 * 57 +

Variable declaration and expression

Double precision 10.1D0

Logical .true. Or .false.

Character ‘test’, ‘100’

Variables may or may not have initial values, and

•Calculate 1*1 + 2*2 + 3*3 +... + 100*100=?

•What if I don't want the sum to include those terms of

•2) Integer function increment(i)

•1) As arguments (parameters) in function

call increment(sum, i) (subroutine)

sum = sum + increment(i) (function)

Methods to pass data between

2). As global variables (common blocks) that can be

common /data/ sum

•read (*, *) variables

•The ﬁrst “ * ” in the brackets means we will read

open (15, FILE=‘input’, FORM=‘FORMATTED’

read (15, *) numerator, denominator

write (16, *) ratio

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data a/0.5/, b/300.0/, c/52.5, 7*3.0/

•Calculate 11 + 22 + 33 +... + 100100=?

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