Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

PLANTS, ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS UTILIZED AS

TRADITIONAL MEDICINES IN BHILALA TRIBE OF
DISTRICT DHAR OF MADHYAPRADESH INDIA - A
PRELEMINARY SURVEY
Universal Impact
Factor0.9285:2012; ALKESH MUWEL, ARUN KHER AND KAMLA SHIVANI
1.2210:2013
Index Copernicus DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
ICV 2011: 5.09
ICV 2012: 6.42
GOVT. HOLKAR SCIENCE COLLEGE, INDORE (M.P.)
ICV 2013: 15.8 INDIA 452001.
ICV 2014:89.16
NAAS Rating Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]
2012 : 1.3;
2013-2014-2015:2.69
SJIF 2012: 3.947, ABSTRACT:
2013: 4.802
INFOBASE INDEX The present ethnomedical study describes the traditional knowledge related
2015:4.56
COSMOS IMPACT to the use of different plants and animals as medicines by the Bhilala tribe
FACTOR of two villages (Chouki and Bhamori) of Dhar district. The field survey
2015: 4.366
was conducted in-between September to December 2015 by performing
Received on: interviews with 19 Senior citizens who provided information about the uses
23rd July 2016
Revised on: of plants, animals & animal-derived products. The paper highlights uses of
th
25 August 2016 25 ethno-medical plants traditionally utilized by the Bhilala tribe in
Accepted on: different diseases of human being as well as livestock and in zootherapy a
26th August 2016
total of 19 animal species including insect species were recorded and they
Published on:
st
1 September 2016 are being used for different ethno medicinal purposes. These plant species
Volume No. are distributed over 22 genera and 17 families of plants and 18 genera of 16
Online & Print
families of animal species.The zootherapeutic knowledge is mostly based
79 (2016)
Page No. on animal body parts. Like bones and urine of several animals as shown in
65 to 81 table-2 these are being used commonly in epilepsy, stammering, diarrhoea,
Life Sciences Leaflets
earache, etc. This tribe also knows the use of wild animals such as Lepus
is an international
open access print & e nigricolis, Rusa unicolor,Viverra zibetha in epilepsy and other diseases.
journal, peer reviewed,
worldwide abstract
listed, published every
month with ISSN, RNI KEY WORD: Bhilala Tribe, Ethnomedicinal - Plants, Zootherapy
Free- membership,
administration.
downloads and access.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 65

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

INTRODUCTION:
Ethno biology is an integrative, multi-disciplinary branch of Life Science which shows the inter
relation of tribal people men with animals and plants in a natural environment. It also deals with the
relationship of these organisms and the people for food, medicine, ritual processes, and social life.
For the benefit of people.
In modern world, diversified ethnic history of rituals and performance is still conserved by many
living groups of tribal people who are closely associated with their ambient vegetation (Pal and Jain
1998). Both bio-groups (Plants and animals) are being used as a medicine for treatment of internal
and external diseases (Kokwaro, 1993). Healing of human ailments by using animals or their products
is known as zootherapy (Mishra et.al. 2011) and by plants or their products are known as herbal
therapy. In India this practice is more than 4000years old (Varghese, 1996). India is rich in flora and
fauna and shows extreme variation in geographical and climatic conditions. According to Census
2011, tribal population is 104 million in India covering 8.6% population occur in every state of the
country. Out of them many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused
by urbanization and Industrialization. These people use wild plants and animals in many types of
various ways to fulfill their basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Use of natural products
including plants and animals vary from region to region and country to country due to
environmental factors and according to their needs. As per WHO (2013) report the traditional
medicines are being used as primary health care the 60 to 90 % in developing countries as compared
to the developed countres (31 to 70%) to the extention in African countries it is up to 80%. Earlier
tribal communities are almost entirely dependent on the plants and animals for their survival but in
the recent developing world they are becoming a part of our society and are being affected by the new
technology. Thus tribal life is changing very fast and hence cultural and traditional knowledge of
tribes is being decreasing due to modernization. Therefore, there is an urgent need for documentation
of such important knowledge before it vanishes.
Samvatsar and Diwanji, 2000; Bhattacharya and Dubey 2004; Wagh and Jain 2010; Diwanji, 2011;
Choudhary and Upadhyay 2012; Alawa and Ray 2012 and Muwel and Kher, 2016 reported utility of
plants by tribal in several diseases. Tribhuvan and Patwardhan, 1996 reported the use of medicinal
herbs; medicines extracted from animal and bird resources; use of medicated mud and use of water,
minerals and metals by several tribes (Thakurs, Warlis, Katkaris,Bhils,Korkus and Mavchis ) of
Maharashtra. According to Adeola, 1992 and Gaski et. al., 1994, active ingredients of traditional
medicines and cultural food are present in wild animals and their products. They play an important
role in health and on several ritual and religious occasions (Rosner, 1992).

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 66

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

According to Mahata, 2002, zootherapy is less studied than plants.Sharma, 2002; Gupta et.al. 2003;
Singh and Padmalatha, 2004; Jamir and Lal, 2005; Kalita et. al. 2005; Kakati et.al. 2006; Mahawar
and Jaroli, 2006; Alves et. al., 2007, 2008, and 2009; Chinlampianga et.al., 2014; are important
contributors who have aided the knowledge regarding zootherapy.
Bhilala tribes is one of the important tribe considered and known as direct descendants of the Bhil
and Rajput immigrants (belongs to Indo-Aryan family) and mostly distributed in several states of
Western and Central India (en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Bhilala). Therefore, like other tribes, scientific
knowledge of this tribe must be documented properly and systematically. West Nimar is important
belt of tribal area where Bhil, Bhilala, Barela tribes live. Their knowledge is explored by several
scientists but not all. Therefore in the present study we have undertaken to explore the use of plants,
animals and their products as medicinal resources by Bhilala tribe with special reference to senior
residents (age 60-86 years) of two villages i.e. Chouki and Bhamori of Dhar district of Madhya
Pradesh. India.

STUDY AREA:
Dhar district is situated in the South-Western part of Madhya Pradesh. The district lies between the
latitude of 22o14’- 230 North and the longitude of 740 28’ to 750 43’ East. Chouki and Bhamori
villages of the district Dhar are selected for the present study. These two villages are 130 km away
from Indore in North West of Madhya Pradesh.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The work was initiated with a meeting between first author (who belongs to the same tribe) with 19
senior informants (60-86 years old) of the Bhilala community. Data were collected in between 6th
September to 7th December 2015 through intensive interviews, observations and discussions held
during field survey as suggested by Alawa and Ray, 2012. Herbarium is prepared for identification of
plants species during working days. A total 120 hours were spent for interview and field survey.

TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION
The medicinal plants reported by the informants were collected during field surveys and were
identified with the help of senior renowned taxonomist Retired Professor A. B. Seerwani and
confirmed from available literature. However, animals’ generic and specific names are recorded from
Book of Indian animals (Prater, 2009).

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 67

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

OBSERVATIONS

Table-1. Use of medicinal plants parts to treat various diseases in human beings and cattle
by Bhilala Tribe in village Chouki and Bhamori.

S.No. Local Name Botanical Name Family plant Disease

Part

1 Sanwjad Mimosa hamata Mimosaceae Stem Religious

ceremony
2 Bhayrung Leea edgeworthii Leeaceae Root Swellings in
hands and legs
3 Demriyo Ipomea sp. Convolvulaceae Seed & Diarrhoea in
Fruit cattle
4 Popti Physalis minima Solanaceae Stem Typhoid,
Jaundice &
Thyroid
5 Bachaniya Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Leaf Eye diseases
6 Kadvidodi Grewia asiatica Tiliaceae seed Stomachache
7 Nayken Vitex trifolia Verbenaceae Root skin irritation/
boils
8 Oontkata Solanum sp. Solanaceae Root Typhoid
9 Mehndi Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Leaf Ulcer and
boils
10 Rajaan Corchorus Tiliaceae Leaf Stomachache
capsularis
11 Amai Kamai Solanum nigrum Solanaceae leaf Swellings in
phalanges
12 Valla Holoptelea Ulmaceae Bark Fever
integrifolia
13 Rencho Mimosa rubicaulis Mimosaceae knot Diarrhoea in
cattle
14 Kharwad Echinops echinatus Compositae Leaf Diarrhoea in
cattle
15 Moyras Pergularia daemia Asclepiadaceae Root Cough
16 Gudwel Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Leaf & Diarrhoea in
Stem cattle
17 Sitaphal Annona squamosa Annonaceae Leaf Insect wound/
Insect bite
18 Yakul Gymnosporia Celastraceae Leaf Conjunctivitis
montana and boils
19 Trisinghiyo Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Root Diarrhoea in
cattle
20 Mahua Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Laef Excess
heat/inflation

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 68

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

21 Gulbas/ Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae Leaf Boils

Madhanu
22 Babool Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Fruit Asthama
and
Seed
23 Aaculiya Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae leaf Fracture and
Swellings
24 ------- Acalypha wikesiana Euphorbiaceae Leaf During
pregnancy
25 Saphed Aaculiya Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Root Madness in
cattle

WAY OF ADMINISTRATION OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF PLANT SPECIES

Folklore claim of most of tabulated species is enumerated below:-

1- Sanwjad- Mimosa hamata- Small stem sticks are used in Yagya/Havan (religious occasions)
2- Bhayrung- Leea edgthwarthi- Aqueous paste of root solution is given orally to the diseased
cattle.
3- Demriyo- Ipomea sp. - Aqueous paste or seed/fruit solution is given orally to the diseased
cattle.
4- Popti- Physalis minima – Decoction of stem pieces is given orally to the patients.
5- Bachaniya- Cocculus hirsutus- Squeezed leaf paste is used as bandage on infected eye.
6- Kadvidodi- Grewia asiatica- Seeds are crushed in water and the seed solution is given orally
once to the patient.
7- Nayken - Vitis trifolia-Root paste is applied on the affected area.
8- Oontkata- Solanum sp. - Aqueous extract of root is given orally to the patient only once.
9- Mehndi- Lawsonia inermis- Leaf paste is used on affected area.
10- Rajan- Cochorus capsularis- Aqueous seed paste or seed solution is given orally to children.
11- Amai kamai- Solanum nigrum- Leaf is gently heated after putting oil on the leaf surface and it
is used as bandage on the affected area.
12- Walla- Haloptelia integrifolia- Bark is cut in to small thread like and twine and tied around
the neck during fever up to one week.
13- Rencho- Mimosa rubcauliis- paste of knot is given orally to cattle.
14- Kharwad- Echinops echinatus -Decoction /Aqueous leaf solution/extract is given orally to the
cattle.
15- Moyras- Pergularia daemia- Root is grinded and given orally (in the form of ghutee).
16- Gudwel- Tinospora cordifolia-Stem and leaves of this plant are grinded and aqueous solution is
given orally to the cattle affected from diarrhoea.
17- Sitaphal- Annona squamosa- Leaf paste is used as bandage on wound of cattle.
18- Ykul- Gynnosporia montana- Infected eyes are opened in vapour of boiled leaves for few
minutes .Grinded leaves are also applied on boils.
19- Trisinghiyo- Tribulus terrestris- root is crushed in water and solution/extract or decoction is
given orally to the cattle suffering from diarrhoea.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 69

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

20- Mahua- Madhuca indica- Leaf is gently heated after putting oil on the leaf surface and tied on
the affected parts (hands and legs) to release excess heat (inflammation).
21- Gulbas/ Madhanu- Mirabilis jalapa- Leaf is gently heated after putting oil on the leaf surface
and tied on the affected part/boils.
22- Babool- Acacia nilotica – Fruits and seeds are crushed in water and solution/extract is given
orally to the patients.
23- Calotropis procera- Leaf is gently heated after putting oil on the leaf surface and tied on the
affected part.
24- -------- Aclypha wilkesiana- One or two leaves are given orally to the cattle with bread to
check the out coming uterus during pregnancy.
25- Calotropis gigantea- Root extract is given orally to the mad cattle.

Table- 2. ETHNO ZOOLOGICAL RESOURCES USED BY BHILALA TRABE OF

DISTRICT DHAR (M.P.) FOR VARIOUS DISEASES / MEDICINAL USES OF ANIMAL
& ANIMAL DERIVED PRODUCTS IN TRADITIONAL THERAPY BY BHILALA
TRIBE OF TWO VILLAGES OF DHAR DISTRICT (M.P.)

S.No. Local Name Zoological Name Family Animal Disease

Part
Insect Species
1 Muhal, Apis sp. Apidae hive Typhoid
Chata/Bee hive
Reptile Species
2 Ghorpad Varanus varis Varanidae Oil Swollen neck in
cattle
3 Kala Saanp Naja naja Elapidae Bone and Epilepsy
skin
4 Kachhua Testudo graeca Testudinidae Head Boils
Bird Species
5 Kabar Accridotheres Sturnidae Meat & Stammering
tristis Bone
6 Ullu- Bubo bengalensis Strigidae Bone Diarrhoea,
Dysentery
7 Titori Vanellus Indicus Charadriidae Egg Hypersomnia/
Narcolepsy
8 Kabuter Columba livia Columbadae Meat Epilepsy/fits
Mammal Species
9 Oont Camelus Camelidae Bone Epilepsy and
dromedarius madness
10 Khargosh Lepus nigricollis Leporidae Bone Epilepsy
11 Billie Prionalilurus Felidae Urine Earache
Viverrinus
12 Sambhar Rusa unicolor Cervidae Bone Epilepsy

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 70

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

13 Baiil Bos taurus indicus Bovidae Urine Earache

14 Gai Bos indicus Bovidae Urine Typhoid/Jaundice
15 Bhains Syncerus caffer Bovidae Fat Skin burn
16 Bakari Capra indicus Bovidae Milk Ulcer in mouth
17 Bijju Viverra zibetha Viverridae Bone Epilepsy
18 Gadha Equus africanus Equidae Khur Hoof disease
asinus
19 Bander Macaca mulatta Cercopithecidae Bone Problem in
Wisdom tooth

ADMINISTRATION OF ANIMALS SPECIES

Oont- Camelus dromedaries- Half an inch of bone is rubbed in water and the solution is given orally
to the patients/cattle suffering from epilepsy or madness.
Khargosh- Lepus nigricollis- Bone and dried flesh is burnt on fire stones and smoke is given is
inhaled by patients of typhoid
Kabar-Acridotheres tristis- 50 -100 grams of flesh and bone is roasted and given to a child to cure
stammering.
Ullu- Bubo bengalensis- Owl’s bone is tied on neck of the patients suffering from dysentery or
vomiting.
Titori- Vanellus indicus-Two to three eggs are given orally to a patient (Narcolepsy).
Billy - Prionalilurus viverrinus- Two to three drops of urine of cat is dropped in the ear in earache.
Sambhar- Rusa unicolor- Half an inch of bone of this animal is rubbed with water and the solution is
given orally to the patients of epilepsy.
Bail- Bos taurus indicus- Two to three drops of urine are put in to the ear to subscribe earache.
Gai- Bos indicus- In typhoid and jaundice, two or three sips of urine is given orally and remaining
urine is applied on the whole body.
Gorpad- Varanus varies- Oil is extracted from the flesh of Varanus and applied on the neck and
massages the neck of cattle when swelling and pain is there.
Bakari- Capra indicus - Five to ten drops of goat milk is given orally to a ulcer patient.
Bijju- Viverra zibetha- Smoke of half an inch bone of this animal is given to patients of epilepsy.
Muhal,Chata- One to two inches honey bee nest is burnt on fire stones and smoke is given to
inhale patients of typhoid and jaundice.
Kala saanp- Naja naja- Bone (1/2 inch long) of black snake is rubbed in water and the solution is
given orally to the patients.
Gadha- Equus africanus asinus- Hoop of this animal is rubbed in water and the solution is given to
the cattle suffering from hooped diseases.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 71

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Kachhua - Testudo graeca- Head of tortoise is grinded after drying and the part of available matter is
given orally and remaining matter is applied on the pregnant women.
Saanp- Smoke of snake’s skin is inhaled by the sick animals.
Chamgadad- Aqueous solution of bone of a bat is given orally to a child suffering from stomachache.
Kabuter- Coolumba livia- Roasted flesh is given orally to the patients of epilepsy.
Bander- Macaca mulatta- The person having a problem related to wisdom tooth, is made to drink the
aqueous solution of a bone of monkey.
Bhains- Syncerus caffer- Flesh of buffalo is heated to obtain oil wchich is applied on the burnt part of
hands.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The present paper describes the use of different parts 25 plants and 19 animals in various kinds of
diseases in human and in domestic animals. Informants provided the information which is presented
in two tables. In the study we listed 25 plant species of 22 genera and 17 families 18 genera of 16
families in animal species which are being used for various diseases. Bhilala tribe is using Root of
Solanum nigrum and leaves of Leea edgeworthii for swellings in hands and legs. However, Ipomea
sp., Mimosa rubilihis (a straggling shrub) and Veronia cinerea are being used in diarrhoea in cattle.
Cocculus hirsutus is known for rheumatism and venereal diseases as well as Thyroid but Bhilala tribe
uses its leaves for eye diseases. Solanaceous plants, Physalis minima and solanum sp. (oontkata) are
being used in typhoid. Thus looking into the table-1, Bhilala tribe knows the use of various plants in
ailment in human beings as well as in cattle.

The present study shows that the Bhilala tribe has rich knowledge of treating various kinds of
diseases using animal parts of domestic as well as wild animals e.g. (Lepus,Viverra, Najas etc.).They
are using bones of eight animals including birds and reptiles as shown in table-2 to control of
epilepsy, madness, stammering, diarrhoea, dysentery and wisdom tooth. However, meat of Columba
livia is also used for the same disease. It is also revealed that traditional knowledge of this tribe is still
with them and they treat variety of diseases. Bhilala tribal people are curing various disorders by
using animal parts such as bone, meat, milk, urine, hooves, oil, skin, head and fats of 19 animals out
of which 4 are birds, 3 are reptiles, 1 is insect and 11 are mammals. Nine animals are commonly
domesticated and 10 animals are wild. Interestingly hooves of Equus africanus are being used for
hooves diseases of other animals. Ali and Mahdihassan (1984) reported the use of animal parts and
products in Pakistan for various diseases and constituting 9% of all the medicinal substances in the
inventory of traditional medicines. Costa-Neto (2004) reported traditional use of 180 species as

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 72

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

medicinal resources in Northeastern Brazil. Bhilala tribe of these two villages are using urine of Gai-
Bos indicus for Typhoid/Jaundice however Mogya and Bawaria tribe of Ranthambhore National Park
,India are using the same to recover from weakness due to fever and cancer(Mahawar and
Jaroli,2006). Interestingly milk of goat Capra indicus is being used by these residents and Bhilala
tribe for similar problem i.e. to cure mouth ulcer (Mahawar and Jaroli, 2006).

CONCLUSION:

Documentation of 25 plant species of 17 families and 19 animal species of 16 families for traditional
use in the form of medicine is interesting for mankind. Informants of village Chouki and Bhamori of
District Dhar(M.P.) India is rich in traditional knowledge. They know the use of bone, urine and other
animal parts and plant parts in number of important diseases whichmay prove of a good service to our
society. Therefore, the contents of this paper must be documented at higher level.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

We are highly delighted to Prof. A.B. Seerwani, Retired Professor of Botany for identification of
plants and valuable suggestion. We are extremely thankful to Professor Prerna Ojha, Department of
Language of Govt.Holkar Science College Indore for improvement of the text. We are also thankful
to all super seniors of village Chouki and Bhamiri and parents of Alkesh for their kind co-operation.

REFERENCES:
Adeola, M.O. 1992. Importance of wild animals and their parts in the culture religious festivals and
traditional medicines in Nigeria. Environ Consery 19: 25-134.

Alawa K.S. and Ray, S. 2012. Ethnomedicinal plants used by tribal of Dhar District Madhya Pradesh,
India. CIB Tech journal of pharmaceutical Science. Vol.1 (2-3); 7-15.

Ali,SAM and Mahdihassan S. 1984. Bazaar Medicines of Karachi: The drugs of animal origin, In
Bazaar drugs and folk Medicine in Pakistan. Edited by; Mahdihasaan S. Karachi Hamdard: 69 -
73.

Alves RRN, Rosa IL, and Santana GG.2007. The role of animal-derived remedies as complementary
medicine in Brazil. Bio Science. 57(11):949–955.

Alves RRN, Vieira WLS, and Santana GG.2008. Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine:
conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation.

Alves, RRN, Neto NAL, and Santana GG, Vieira WLS and Almeida WO.2009. Reptiles used for
medicinal and magic religious purposes in Brazil. J Applied Herpetol. 6:57-274.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 73

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Bhattacharya A.K. and Dubey R.W. 2004 A Study on utilization of medicinal plants by local
communities of satpura- maikal rechion of Madhya Pradesh. Of non- Timber Forest Products
11(2): 116-119.

Choudhary M.S. and Upadhyay R. 2012. A Study indigenous herbal remedies used to cure jaundice by
Tribal’s from Central Narmada Valley of Madhya Pradesh. Life science leaflets 1:1-5.

Costa-Neto EM: 2004. Implications and applications of folk zootherapy in the state of Bahia,
Northeastern Brazil. Sustainable Development. 12 (3): 161-174.

Diwanji V.B. 2011 Tribal medicine: Our vanishing heritage herbal medicines of Melghat (M.S.)
Korkus tribe (Parti). Journal of Economic and Taxonomix Botany. 35(3).
(in wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhilala).

Gaski LA Andrea J & Kurt A, Prescripition or extincition Endangered Species and Patented Oriental
Medicine in Trade (TRAFFIC USA) 1994,300.

Gupta, Leena, Silori CS, Mistry Nisha, Dixit A.M. 2003. Use of Animals and Animal products in
traditional health care systems in District Kachchh, Gujarat. Indian Journal of Traditional
Knowledge. 2 :( 1346-356).

Jamir, N. S. and Lal, P. 2005. Ethnozoological practices among Naga tribes. Indian J. of Traditional
Knowledge. 4: (100–104).

Kakati LN, Bendang Ao, Doulo V.2006. Indigenous Knowledge of Zoo therapeutic Use of Vertebrate
Origin by the Ao Tribe of Nagaland J Hum Ecol. 19(3)163-167.

Kalita,D. Manashi Dutta, and Nazim Islam Forid. 2005. Few plants and animal based folk medicines
from Dibrugarh District, Assam. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge .4(1):81-85

Kokwaro, J.O. (1993). Medicinal plants of East Africa (2 nd .Ed.), Kenya Literature Bureau of Kenya,
Nairobi.pp35, 49, 69,128,158,401.

M Chinlamplanga, Ranjay K Singh and Amritesh C Shukla, 2013. Ethnozoological diversit of

Northeast India: Empirical learning with traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. Vol 12 (1) pp 18-30.

Mehta M.C.2002, Edible shell fish (Molluses) of Chotanagpur plateu Jharkhand (India), Bio
Publications, 1-133.

Mahawar M.M. and Jaroli D.P. 2006. Animals and their products utilized as medicines by the
inhabitants surrounding the Ranthambhore National Park, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and
Ethnomedicine, 2:46.

Mishra N., Rout S.D. and Panda T. 2011. Ethno- Zooligical Studies and medicinal values of Similipal
Bioshere Reserve, Orissa, India, Afri J Phar Pharmacol, 5 (1) 6-11.

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 74

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Muwel,Alkesh and Kher, Arun. 2016. Medicinal Resources in Bhilala tribe of West Nimar of Madhya
Pradesh of India with special reference to two villages of District Dhar.Life Science
Leaflets.Vol 71: pp 64-78.

Pal, D.C. and Jain S.K. 1998.Tribal Medicine. Naya Prokash, Calcutta. 1-317

Prater S.H.1997. The Book of Indian Animals; Bombay Natural History Society.

Ranjit Singh AJA, Padmalatha C. 2004. Ethno-entomological practices in Tirunelveli district, Tamil
Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 3(4442-446).

Rosner F, Pigeons as a remedy (Segulah) for jaundice. New York State J Med, 92 (1992) 189-192.

Samvatsar, S and Diwanji, V.B. 2000. Plants sources for the treatment of jaundice in the tribal’s of
M.P. India JEP73 (1-2):313-316.
Sharma S.K. 2002. A Study on Ethnozoology of Southern Rajasthan. In Ethnobotany Edited by:
Trivedi P.C. Jaipur: Aveshkar Publisher.239-253.

Tribhuvan, Dr.Robin D. and Dr. Bhushan Patwardhan.1996. Medical Resources in Tribal Cultures.
Journal of Ecological Society.Vol.9:20- 29

Varghese E SVD. 1996. Applied Ethnobotany-A case Study among the kharias of central India. New
Delhi Deep Publications.

Wagh V.V. and Jain A.K. 2010 Ethno Medicinal observations among the Bheel and Bhilala tribe of
Jhabua tribe of Jhabua of Madhya Pradesh, India Ethno botanical Leaflets. 14:175-720.

World Health Organization-Traditional medicine strategy, available at http://www.who.int/ medicines/

publications/traditionalpolicy/en/index.html.2013.2002-5.

Solanum nigrum Leea edgeworthii

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 75

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Cocculus hirsutus Vitex trifolia

Echinops echinatus Pergularia daemia

Tribulus terrestris Physalis minima

Grewia asiatica Holoptelea integrifolia

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 76

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Vernonia cinerea Lawsonia inermis

Ipomea sp. Tinospora cordifolia

Gymnosporia senegalensis Annona squamosal

Mirabilis jalapa Aclypha wilkesiana

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 77

 Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Mimosa rubicaulis Calotropis gigantean

Bones of Camelus dromedaries Leg of Lepus nigricollis

Kishore solanki Chagan bhawel Khumsingh bhawel

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 78

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Nathu bhawel Rupsingh muwel Kalusingh solanki

Chagan saolnki Bonder jarman Amar singh bhawel

Kishore solanki Chagan bhawel Khumsingh bhawel

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 79

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Nathu bhawel Rupsingh muwel Kalusingh solanki

Chagan saolnki Bonder jarman Amar singh bhawel

Chiman bhawel Chander bhawlel Arjun bhawel

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 80

Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online)

Kansingh Jhama bai jarman Champa bai muwel

Yashoda bai solanki Ladaki bai bhawel Sukhali bai solkanki

http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ PEER-REVIEWED Page | 81