Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 86 views

    Threads: Multithreading Models Threading Issues Pthreads Windows XP Threads Linux Threads Java Threads

    Uploaded by

    Raj Kumar
    This document provides an overview of threading concepts including multithreading models, threading issues, and common threading APIs and implementations. It describes the benefits of multithreading such as improved responsiveness and resource sharing. It also discusses threading topics such as thread cancellation, signal handling, thread pools, and thread-specific data. Furthermore, it provides brief descriptions of POSIX threads, Windows threads, Linux threads, and Java threads.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Threads: Multithreading Models Threading Issues Pthreads Windows XP Threads Linux Threads Java Threads

    Uploaded by

    Raj Kumar
    86 views7 pages
    This document provides an overview of threading concepts including multithreading models, threading issues, and common threading APIs and implementations. It describes the benefits of multithreading such as improved responsiveness and resource sharing. It also discusses threading topics such as thread cancellation, signal handling, thread pools, and thread-specific data. Furthermore, it provides brief descriptions of POSIX threads, Windows threads, Linux threads, and Java threads.

    Original Title

    Threads

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of threading concepts including multithreading models, threading issues, and common threading APIs and implementations. It describes the benefits of multithreading such as improved responsiveness and resource sharing. It also discusses threading topics such as thread cancellation, signal handling, thread pools, and thread-specific data. Furthermore, it provides brief descriptions of POSIX threads, Windows threads, Linux threads, and Java threads.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    86 views7 pages

    Threads: Multithreading Models Threading Issues Pthreads Windows XP Threads Linux Threads Java Threads

    Uploaded by

    Raj Kumar
    This document provides an overview of threading concepts including multithreading models, threading issues, and common threading APIs and implementations. It describes the benefits of multithreading such as improved responsiveness and resource sharing. It also discusses threading topics such as thread cancellation, signal handling, thread pools, and thread-specific data. Furthermore, it provides brief descriptions of POSIX threads, Windows threads, Linux threads, and Java threads.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Threads Monday, July 25, 2005

    2:14 PM

    Threads Section Outline

    • Overview
    • Multithreading Models
    • Threading Issues
    • Pthreads
    • Windows XP Threads
    • Linux Threads
    • Java Threads

    Single and Multithreaded Processes

    Benefits

    • Responsiveness
    • Resource Sharing

    Process Management Page 1


    • Economy
    • Utilization of MP Architectures

    User Threads

    • Thread management done by user-level threads library


    • Three primary thread libraries:
    • POSIX Pthreads
    • Win32 threads
    • Java threads

    Kernel Threads

    • Supported by the Kernel


    • Examples
    • Windows XP/2000
    • Solaris
    • Linux
    • Tru64 UNIX
    • Mac OS X

    Multithreading Models

    • Many-to-One
    • One-to-One
    • Many-to-Many

    Many-to-One

    • Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread


    • Examples:
    • Solaris Green Threads
    • GNU Portable Threads

    Process Management Page 2


    One-to-One

    • Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread


    • Examples
    • Windows NT/XP/2000
    • Linux
    • Solaris 9 and later

    Many-to-Many Model

    • Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads


    • Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads

    Process Management Page 3


    • Solaris prior to version 9
    • Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package

    Two-level Model

    • Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be bound to kernel thread
    • Examples
    • IRIX
    • HP-UX
    • Tru64 UNIX
    • Solaris 8 and earlier

    Process Management Page 4


    Threading Issues

    • Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls


    a. Does fork() duplicate only the calling thread or all threads?
    • Thread cancellation
    ○ Terminating a thread before it has finished
    ○ Two general approaches:
    ƒ Asynchronous cancellation terminates the target thread immediately
    ƒ Deferred cancellation allows the target thread to periodically check if it
    should be cancelled
    • Signal handling
    ○ Signals are used in UNIX systems to notify a process that a particular event has
    occurred
    ○ A signal handler is used to process signals
    i. Signal is generated by particular event
    ii. Signal is delivered to a process
    iii. Signal is handled
    ○ Options:
    ƒ Deliver the signal to the thread to which the signal applies
    ƒ Deliver the signal to every thread in the process
    ƒ Deliver the signal to certain threads in the process
    ƒ Assign a specific thread to receive all signals for the process
    • Thread pools
    ○ Create a number of threads in a pool where they await work
    ○ Advantages:
    ƒ Usually slightly faster to service a request with an existing thread than
    create a new thread

    Process Management Page 5


    ƒ Allows the number of threads in the application(s) to be bound to the size
    of the pool
    • Thread specific data
    ○ Allows each thread to have its own copy of data
    ○ Useful when you do not have control over the thread creation process (i.e., when
    using a thread pool)
    • Scheduler activations
    ○ Both M:M and Two-level models require communication to maintain the
    appropriate number of kernel threads allocated to the application
    ○ Scheduler activations provide upcalls - a communication mechanism from the
    kernel to the thread library
    ○ This communication allows an application to maintain the correct number kernel
    threads

    Pthreads

    • A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and synchronization
    • API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up to development of the
    library
    • Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris, Linux, Mac OS X)

    Windows XP Threads

    • Implements the one-to-one mapping


    • Each thread contains
    • A thread id
    • Register set
    • Separate user and kernel stacks
    • Private data storage area
    • The register set, stacks, and private storage area are known as the context of the
    threads
    • The primary data structures of a thread include:
    • ETHREAD (executive thread block)
    • KTHREAD (kernel thread block)
    • TEB (thread environment block)

    Process Management Page 6


    Linux Threads

    • Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads


    • Thread creation is done through clone() system call
    • clone() allows a child task to share the address space of the parent task (process)

    Java Threads

    • Java threads are managed by the JVM


    • Java threads may be created by:
    • Extending Thread class
    • Implementing the Runnable interface
    • States:

    Process Management Page 7

    You might also like