SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH

COMPANY (NTDC) PAKISTAN

BSc ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY: ---------

Roll No: --------

Registration No: 20---GCUF- 0-----

Training Period: 01-02---- to 31-05---

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGIEERING
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERISITY FAISALABAD

SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH
COMPANY (NTDC) PAKISTAN

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF

BSc ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO

THE FACULTY OF THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERISITY FAISALABAD.

SUBMITTED BY

Name of Student Roll No.

------------- -------

Training Period
01-02-17 to 31-05----
2
 GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERISITY FAISALABAD
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that I have completed the Sixteen weeks Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of BSc ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY .I did my training in National Transmission and
Despatch Company (NTDC) 500kv/220kv Grid Station Gatti Faisalabad from 01-02---- to 31-05----.

The matter presented in this Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Signature of Student
---------------------------

Examined by:

_____________________

Signature with date

INCHARGE/HOD

Electrical Engineering Department

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.

Acknowledgement 8

List of Tables
Discos Distribution Network 10

Region Wise Grid Stations 10

Six lines 500kv are coming in 500kv/220kv G/S Gatti Faisalabad 13

Comparison Chart 24

Insulation test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Blue Phase) 28

Insulation test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Yellow Phase) 29

Insulation test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Red Phase) 29

Winding Resistance test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Red Phase) 32

TTR Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Blue Phase) 36

TTR Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Yellow Phase) 36

TTR Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Red Phase) 37

C & DF Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Blue Phase) 39

C & DF Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Yellow Phase) 40

C & DF Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Red Phase) 40

DS Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Blue, Yellow, Red Phase) 44

Contact Resistance Value 48

Earth Resistance Test 49

4
List of Figures
single line diagram of 500kv/220kv grid station of Gatti Faisalabad 13

Symbols of switchgear 13

Surge Arrester 15

CCVT 16

Capacitive voltage transformer’s principal construction 16

Nameplate of CVT at gatti G/S Fsd 16

Wave Trap 17

Earth switch 18

Isolator 19

SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker 21

Shunt Reactor 22

Current Transformer 23

Potential Transformer 24

Auto Transformer 26

Portable earthing 27

Transformer ratio test diagram, using a Single phase TTR test set. Photo: Megger. 34

Three-phase Transformer Turns Ratio (TTR) Connection diagram. 34

The breakdown voltage test for insulating oil Test 42

Contact Resistance Testing 45

Earth Resistance Testing 50

Clamp on test method  51

5
Difference Between Neutran,Ground and Earth 54

Chapter 1:Introduction Of Company

1. NTDC 9

1.1 Main Function 9

1.2 Transmission Networks 9

1.2.1 View Potential Consumers 9

1.2.2 500kv Grid Stations 10

1. 3 List of 500 kv Grid Stations 11

1.3.1 Grid Station Gatti Faisalabad 11

Chapter 2: Training Work

2.1 Single line diagram of 500kv/220kv grid station of Gatti Faisalabad 12

2.1.2 Six lines 500kv are coming in 500kv/220kv G/S Gatti Faisalabad 13

2.2 Symbols of switchgear 13

2.2.1 Surge Arrester 14

2.2.2 Capacitor couple voltage transformer or capacitor voltage transformer 15

2.2.3 Wave Trap 16

6
2.2.4 Earth Switch 17

2.2.5 Isolator or Line Disconnect switch  18

2.2.6 Circuit Breaker 19

2.2.7 Shunt Reactor 21

2.2.8 Current transformer 21

2.2.9 Potential Transformer 22

2.2.10 Auto Transformer 24

2.3 Portable earthing 26

Chapter 3: Skill Attained

3.1 Basic Transformer test 26

3.1.1 Insulation Resistance Test or Megger Test of Transformer 27

3.1.2 Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement 29

3.1.2.1 Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance 30

3.1.3 Power Transformer Turns Ratio Test 32

3.1.4 Dissipation/Power Factor Measurement (Tan Delta) 37

3.1.5 Dielectric strength of transformer oil 40

3.1.6 Contact Resistance Test 44

3.1.7 Earth resistance test 47

3.2 Neutral 51

3.3 Earth or Ground 51

ABRIVATIONS 55

7
REFRANCE 55

Acknowledgment:

First of all I am grateful to ALLAH ALMIGHTY who gives me sound

mind and sound health to accomplish my internship placement. The
completion of the task gives me much pleasure. Then, I wish to express
my sincere gratitude to Engr. Umar Farooq SE (suprident engineer) for
providing me a opportunity to do my internship work in “NTDC”

I sincerely thank AXIAN Engr.Muazzam & SDO (Maintenance)

Engr.Rai Ahsan Elahi for their guidance and encouragement in carrying
out this internship work. I also wish to express my gratitude to the
officials and other staff members of NTDC who rendered their help
during the period of my internship work.

I also thank the SDO (Control Room) Engr.Zahid and Forman Mr.Arif
for providing me the opportunity to embark on this internship.

Thank You.
AHSAN ALI

8
CHAPTER # 1
Introduction Of Company

1. NTDC
National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC) was incorporated on 6th November, 1998
and commenced commercial operation on 24th December, 1998. It was organized to take over all
the properties, rights and assets obligations and liabilities of 220 KV and 500KV Grid Stations
and Transmission Lines/Network owned by Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority
(WAPDA). NTDC operates and maintains fourteen 500 KV and thirty eight 220 KV Grid
Stations, 5110.48 km of 500 KV transmission line and 9686.32 km of 220 KV transmission line
in Pakistan.

1.1 MAIN FUNCTION

1. System Operator
2. Transmission Network Operator
3. Contract Registrar and Power Exchange Administrator

1) System Operator: For secure, safe and reliable operation, control and despatch of generation
facilities.

2) Transmission Network Operator: For Operation & Maintenance, Planning, Design and

expansion of the 500 kV and 220 kV transmission network.

3) Contract Registrar and Power Exchange Administrator (CRPEA): As CRPEA, to record and
monitor contracts relating to bilateral trading system.

1.2.TRANSMISSION NETWORKS

1.2.1View Potential Consumers

National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC) operates and maintains nine 220 KV Grid
Stations and twenty three 220 Grid Stations KV transmission line in Pakistan.

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DISCOS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

LESCO http://lesco.gov.pk

KESC http://www.kesc.com.pk

FESCO http://www.fesco.com.pk

MEPCO http://www.mepco.com.pk

IESCO http://www.iesco.com.pk

GEPCO http://www.gepco.com.pk

HESCO http://www.hesco.gov.pk

QESCO http://www.qesco.com.pk

PESCO http://pesco.gov.pk

TESCO http://tesco.gov.pk

1.2.2 500KV GRID STATIONS

NTDC operates and maintains fourteen 500 KV and thirty eight 220 KV Grid Stations, 5077 km
of 500 KV transmission line and 7359 km of 220 KV transmission line in Pakistan.

View 200kv Grid Station

REGION WISE GRID STATIONS

Name of the region 500 KV 220 KV Total

Islamabad 2 7 9
Lahore 3 16 19
Multan 4 5 9
Hyderabad 4 9 13
G. Total 14 38 52

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 1.3. LIST OF 500 KV GRID STATIONS

1 Islamabad SHEIKH MUHAMMADI PESHAWAR

2 RAWAT
3 Lahore SHEIKHUPURA 
4 GATTI (FAISALABAD)
5 NOKHAR
6 Multan NEW MULTAN
7 MUZAFFAR GARH
8 D.G KHAN
9 YOUSAF WALA
10 Hyderabad GUDDU
11 DADU
12 JAMSHORO
13 NKI (KARACHI)

1.3.1 GRID STATION GATTI FAISALABAD

500 KV Gatti G/Stn. (Faisalabad) was completed and commissioned on 27.06.1979.

4x450MVA, 500/200KV Auto T/F Banks with four Banks of 500KV Shunt Reactors having
total capacity of 3x117.8MVAR (Two Nos. bank of capacity 3x22MVAR) are installed at the
G/Stn. The G/S is being fed through 500KV Muzafargarh G/S, 500KV Roush P.House, 500KV
Multan G/S & 500KV Sheikhupura G/S through 500KV Single Circuits and connected with
Barotha Power House through 500KV Double Circuits.

For 500 KV as well as 220 KV bays double bus bar with one & half breaker scheme is used

CHAPTER # 2

TRAINING WORK

11
 1.1 Single line diagram of 500kv/220kv grid station of Gatti Faisalabad

In power engineering, a one-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified notation

for representing a three-phase power system. The one-line diagram has its largest application
in power flow studies. Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus
bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols. Instead of representing
each of three phases with a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is represented. It is a
form of  block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power flow between entities of the
system. Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the electrical
equipment, but it is a common convention to organize the diagram with the same left-to-right,
top-to-bottom sequence as the switchgear or other apparatus represented. A one-line diagram
can also be used to show a high level view of conduit runs for a PLC control system.

2.1.2Six lines 500kv are coming in 500kv/220kv G/S Gatti Faisalabad

Voltage kv Ampere’s Energize’s

Name
Muzaffargarh 500kv 1459A 21-08-2008
Brotha-I 500kv 1215A 10-08-1985

12
 Brotha-II 500kv 1215A 22-07-1979
Lahore 500kv 1459A 14-101993
Multan 500kv 1459A 28-06-1995
Roshe 500kv 1215A 18-11-1986

2.2 Symbols of switchgear

Surge arrester CCVT Line Trap

Earth Switch SF6 C/B Shunt

Reactor

Line Isolator Air Blast C/B Auto

Transformer

Current Transformer

13
Description of switchgears of Grid Station

2.2.1 Surge Arrester

A surge arrester is a device to protect electrical equipment from over-voltage

transients caused by external (lightning) or internal (switching) events. Also called a surge
protection device (SPD) or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), this class of device is
used to protect equipment in power transmission and distribution systems. The energy criterion
for various insulation material can be compared by impulse ratio, the surge arrester should have
a low impulse ratio, so that a surge incident on the surge arrester may be bypassed to the ground
instead of passing through the apparatus.

Difference between lighting arrester and surge arrester

Lightning arrestor gives the protection against lightning only, as you can see these are installed
on the top of the huge buildings. That lightning arrestor is connected to a conductor which runs
along the walls and goes into the earth.
Whereas
Surge arrestor gives the protection against surge currents or voltages in a circuit. Surges can be
produced because of short circuit, lightning, sparking etc.
Hence, a surge arrestor can also be used as a lightning arrestor but a lightning arrestor can't be

14
used as a surge arrestor in case of short circuits.

2.2.2 Capacitor couple voltage transformer (CVT) or capacitor voltage

transformer(CCVT): 
A  capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is
a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low
voltage signal, for metering or operating a protective relay.

CCVT at Gatti Grid station The circuit diagram for a simple capacitor voltage transformer

Construction
Capacitor Voltage Transformers consist of two primary assemblies, 

1. The high voltage capacitor sections and 

2. The base box, housing the electromagnetic components.

15
 Capacitive voltage transformer’s principal construction Nameplate of CVT at gatti G/S Fsd

Series connected capacitor elements, housed in porcelain shells, each hermetically

(in airtight manner) sealed, are referred to as capacitor sections. The dielectric of the capacitor
elements is made up of high quality polypropylene film/paper and impregnated with highly
processed synthetic fluid. 

Each capacitor section is equipped with a stainless steel below which will allow the
synthetic fluid to expand and contract with changes in ambient operating temperature while
maintaining the hermetic sealing.

2.2.3 Wave Trap

A line trap (high-frequency stopper) is a maintenance-free parallel resonant
circuit, mounted inline on high-voltage (HV) AC transmission power lines to prevent the
transmission of high frequency (40 kHz to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of power line
communication to unwanted destinations.

Wave trap pic at gatti G/S Fsd

16
Why CVT in combination with wave traps?

Capacitor Voltage Transformers also serve as coupling capacitors for coupling high frequency
power line carrier signals to the transmission line.

CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high frequency communication
signals from power frequency. This forms a carrier communication network throughout the
transmission network.

In an electrical power substation, Capacitor Voltage Transformer in combination with Wave

Trap is placed at the sending and receiving ends of the substation. At the receiving end they are
found just after lightening arrester and before line isolator.

2.2.4 Earth Switch

It's function is to isolate the circuit after operation of circuit breaker and discharge the grapes
charges to earth through earth switch. Also it is very useful in maintenance period. Earthing
switch. Earthing switch is used to discharge the charges that are trapped in line after opening of
line by circuit breaker.

Earth switch

17
2.2.5 Isolator or Line Disconnect switch 

In electrical engineering, a disconnect or, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure

that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Isolator is a
mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as when required.
Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works. Isolators
are used after or before circuit breakers for extra protection. Isolators are not used for load
current break. The work done by electrical isolators is made easier to achieve using an isolator.
An isolator is a mechanical switch that is manually operated. Depending on the requirement of
a given system, there are different types of isolators. With isolators, one is able to see any open
circuit physically as compared to circuit breakers where no physical observation can be made.

Parts of isolator
1. Poles

2. Isolator Posts

3. Conducting parts (moveable and Fixed)

Isolator has two or three poles that Consist two or three isolator posts. Conducting parts connect
at the top of isolator posts. Conducting parts consist fixed and moving part that made of copper
or aluminum.

Moveable part can be operated using a motorized mechanism as well as by hand to open or
closed electrical circuits. Hand operation happens to be cheaper, compared to a motorized
arrangement.

Isolator at Gatti G/S Fsd

18
Switching procedure before and after maintenance

Step to open circuit

1. Open the circuit breaker

2. Open the isolator

3. Close the earth switch

Step to close circuit

1. Open the earth switch

2. Close the isolator

3. Close the circuit breaker

Types of isolator

1. Vertical Break Types Isolators

2. Horizontal Break Types Isolator

3. Vertical Pantograph type Isolator

4. Single Break & Double Break Rotary Isolator

2.2.6 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by excess current, typically resulting from an overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually
or automatically) to resume normal operation.

SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker

In such breakers, sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is used as the arc quenching medium. The
sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb
free electrons.
SF6 Gas (Sulfur hexafluoride)

Sulfur hexafluoride is an inert, nontoxic, colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable gas

19
consisting of a sulfur atom surrounded by and tightly bonded to six flourine atoms. It is about
five times as dense as air. SF6 is used in GIS at pressures from 400 to 600 kPa absolute. The
pressure is chosen so that the SF6 will not condense into a liquid at the lowest temperatures the
equipment experiences.

SF6 has two to three times the insulating ability of air at the same pressure. SF6 is about 100
times better than air for interrupting arcs. It is the universally used interrupting medium for high
voltage circuit breakers, replacing the older mediums of oil and air. SF6 decomposes in the high
temperature of an electric arc, but the decomposed gas recombines back into SF6 so well that it
is not necessary to replenish the SF6 in GIS.

Advantages of SF6 Gas

1) It insulates 2.5 times better than air (N2),
2) Over 100 times better arc quenching capability than air (N2), and
3) Better heat dissipation than air;
4) Size reduction
5) Weight reduction
6) Reliable operation
7) Ease of installation
8) Ease of handling
9) Ease and reduction of maintenance

20
 SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker at Gatti G/S Fsd

2.2.7 Shunt Reactor

A shunt reactor is an absorber of reactive power, thus increasing the energy efficiency of the
system. It is the most compact device commonly used for reactive power compensation in long
high-voltage transmission lines and in cable systems.

Shunt Reactor at Gatti G/S Fsd

Main Differences

Shunt Reactor and Transformer both appear similar in construction. Reactors are also often
equipped with Fans for cooling similar to Power Transformers.
However, there are major differences between the two. While a Power Transformer is
designed for efficient power transfer from one voltage system to another, a shunt reactor is
intended only to consume reactive VArs (or in other words it can be stated as to produce
lagging VArs).
Thus, there are more than one winding on a Power Transformer with magnetic core which
carry the mutual flux between the two. In reactor there is just one winding. The core is not
therefore meant only to provide a low reluctance path for flux of that winding to increase the
Inductance.

2.2.8 Current transformer

A current transformer is a device which is used for the transformation of
current at a higher value to a lower value with respect to the earth potential. It is used with the
AC instruments for measuring the high value of current.

21
The line current is too high, and it is very difficult to measure them directly. Thus, the current
transformer is used which decrease the high value of current into a fractional value which is
easy to measure by the instrument.

The primary of the current transformer is connected directly to the line whose value is to
measure. The secondary of the current transformer is connected to the ammeter or meter which
measured the line value regarding fractions.

Current Transformer

2.2.9 Potential Transformer

A voltage transformer is the type of instrument transformer which is used for the transformation
of the voltage from a higher value to a lower value.

22
 Potential Transformer

The primary terminal of the potential transformer is connected to the line for measuring the line
voltage. The potential transformer reduced the high value of voltage into the small value which
can easily be measured by the voltmeter or meter.

Comparison Chart

Basis for Comparison Current Transformer Potential Transformer

Definition Transform the current from Transform the voltage from
high value to the low value. high value to the low value.
Circuit Symbol

Primary Winding It carries the current which is It carries the voltage which is
to be measured to be measured.
Secondary Winding It is connected to the current It is connected to the meter or
winding of the instrument. instrument.
Connection Connected in series with the Connected in parallel with the
instrument instrument.
Primary Circuit Has a small number of turns Has a large number of turns
Secondary Circuit Have a large number of turns Have a small number of turns
and cannot be open circuit. and can be open circuit.
Range 5A or 1A 110v
Transformation Ratio High Low

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 Burden Does not depends on Depends on the secondary
secondary burden burden
Input Constant current Constant Voltage
Full line current The primary winding consists The primary winding consists
the full line current. the full line voltage.
Types
Current Transformer Two Two types (Electromagnetic
types ( Wound and Closed and Capacitor voltage)
Core )
Impedance Low High

Applications Measuring current and power, Measurement, power source,

monitoring the power grid operating protective relay,
operation, for operating
protective relay
Core Usually built up with It is made up of with high
lamination of silicon steel. quality steel operating at low
flux densities

2.2.10 Auto Transformer

Auto transformer is kind of electrical transformer where primary and secondary shares same
common single winding. So basically it’s a one winding transformer.

Basic transformer parts

 Input/ primary Connections 

 Output/secondary Connections
 Winding
 Core

Main parts of power transformer

1. Steel tank
2. Core
3. Winding
4. Conservator
5. Brather
6. Thermometer
7. Pressure relief pipe

24
 8. Valves
9. Bacull relay
10. LV & HV Bushings
11. Tap changer switch
12. Oil tubes
13. Oil gaje
14. Readiator
15. Cooling fans
16. Oil pumps
17. Insulation oil

Auto Transformer

2.3 Portable earthing

Disabling powerful live parts electrical, transformer or power lines fragment does not guarantee
full security of the people working on separate elements of the electrical systems of the lesions.
On the site of the power supply is turned off may be unintended or induced high voltage. To
eliminate human exposure to unforeseen factors applied additional means of protection -

25
Grounding portable, does not allow appearing on the zone installation voltage hazardous to
human values.

Grounding portable device

Portable earthing system consists of 3 main parts are:

 conductive component;
 the contact portion;

The insulating element or several insulating elements

CHAPTER # 3
SKILL ATTAINED

Testing of Transformer

3.1 Basic Transformer test

1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
3. Insulation resistance test or magger test of transformer
4. Winding resistance test

26
 5. Transformer turn ratio test
6. Capacitance and dissipation test
7. Dielectric test

Here we performed only four type transformer test

3.1.1 Insulation Resistance Test or Megger Test of Transformer

Insulation resistance test of transformer is essential type test. This test is carried out to ensure
the healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer.

Procedure of Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer

1. First disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.
2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation
resistance IR value in between the LV and HV windings.
3. Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth
point to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth.
4. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth
point to measure insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.
NB : It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise
in three phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as
because all the windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star
or delta and also all the windings on LV side are internally connected together to form
either star or delta.
Measurements are to be taken as follows:
For auto transformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E, LV to E.
For two winding transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E.
Three winding transformer: HV to IV, HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to E.
Oil temperature should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of transformer. Since
the IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values to be recorded
at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes. With the duration of application of voltage,
IR value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of dryness of insulation. Absorption
coefficient = 1 minute value/ 15 sec. Value. Polarization index = 10 minutes value / 1 minute
value.

Here we perform insulation test of auto transformer and take following

reading

Insulation test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Blue Phase)

SR.N MODE Applied 60SE 15SEC OIL

27
 O Voltage C TEMP
301G
1 T-G 5KV Ω 80GΩ 35
380G 1.29G
2 HXN-G 5KV Ω Ω 35
290G
3 HXNT-G 5KV Ω 1.5GΩ 35
343G 1.65G
4 HXN-T 5KV Ω Ω 35
Core Grounding 960G
5 Plug 500V Ω   35

Insulation test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Yellow Phase)

SR.N Applied OIL
O MODE Voltage 60SEC 15SEC TEMP
167.4G 66.5G
1 T-G 5KV Ω Ω 42
130.9G 82.2G
2 HXN-G 5KV Ω Ω 42
45.2G
3 HXNT-G 5KV 65.9GΩ Ω 42
157.5G 90.9G
4 HXN-T 5KV Ω Ω 42
Core Grounding
5 Plug 500V 520GΩ 447GΩ 42

Insulation test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Red Phase)

SR.N Applied OIL
O MODE Voltage 60SEC 15SEC TEMP
1 T-G 1KV 96.9GΩ 74.8GΩ 35
214.5G 127.2G
2 HXN-G 1KV Ω Ω 35
3 HXNT-G 1KV 102GΩ 93.3GΩ 35
4 HXN-T 1KV 110GΩ 26.5GΩ 35
Core Grounding
5 Plug 500V 245GΩ   35

H=HV (high voltage)

X=LV (low voltage)

28
G= ground

T=Tratiary winding

Tratiary winding

In some high rating transformer, one winding in addition to its primary and secondary winding
is used. This additional winding, apart from primary and secondary windings, is known as
Tertiary winding of transformer. Because of this third winding, the transformer is called
three winding transformer or 3 winding transformer.

Advantages of Using Tertiary Winding in Transformer

Tertiary winding is provided in electrical power transformer to meet one or more of the
following requirements-

It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to unbalancing in three phase load.

It redistributes the flow of fault current.

Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load in different voltage level in addition to its
main secondary load. This secondary load can be taken from tertiary winding of three winding
transformer.

29
 As the tertiary winding is connected in delta formation in 3 winding transformer, it assists in
limitation of fault current in the event of a short circuit from line to neutral.

3.1.2 Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement

Transformer winding resistance measurement is carried out to calculate the I2R losses and to
calculate winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test. It is carried out as a type test
as well as routine test. It is also done at site to ensure healthiness of a transformer that is to
check loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high contact resistance in tap changers,
high voltage leads and bushings etc.

There are different methods for measuring of transformer winding, likewise

1- Current voltage method of measurement of winding resistance.

2- Bridge method of measurement of winding resistance.Kelvin bridge method of Measuring

Winding Resistance.        

Measuring winding resistance by Automatic Winding Resistance Measurement Kit.

NB:- Transformer winding resistance measurement shall be carried out at each tap.

3.1.2.1 Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance

The transformer winding resistances can be measured by current voltage method. In this
method of measurement of winding resistance, the test current is injected to the winding and
corresponding voltage drop across the winding is measured.

By applying simple Ohm's law i.e. Rx = V ⁄ I, one can easily determine the value of resistance.

Procedure of Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding

Resistance
1. Before measurement the transformer should be kept in OFF condition without excitation
at least for 3 to 4 hours. During this time the winding temperature will become equal to its oil
temperature.
2. Measurement is done with D.C.
3. To minimize observation errors, polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept
constant during all resistance readings.
4. Voltmeter leads shall be independent of the current leads to protect it from high voltages
which may occur during switching on and off the current circuit.
5. The readings shall be taken after the current and voltage have reached steady state
values. In some cases this may take several minutes depending upon the winding impedance.
6. The test current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding. Large values
may cause inaccuracy by heating the winding and thereby changing its resistance.
7. For expressing resistance, the corresponding temperature of the winding at the time of
measurement must be mentioned along with resistance value. As we said earlier that after

30
 remaining in switch off condition for 3 to 4 hours, the winding temperature would become
equal to oil temperature. The oil temperature at the time of testing is taken as the average of
top oil and bottom oil temperatures of transformer.

1. For star connected three phase winding, the resistance per phase would be half of
measured resistance between two line terminals of the transformer.
2. For delta connected three phase winding, the resistance per phase would be 0.67 times
of measured resistance between two line terminals of the transformer.
3. This current voltage method of measurement of winding resistance of transformer
should be repeated for each pair of line terminals of winding at every tap position.

Here we perform winding resistance test of auto transformer and take following reading

Winding Resistance test result of 500/22kv transformer T-3(Red Phase)

Sr.n Tap winding Applied R R
o Position connection current measured refrance
1 1 H-N 10A 874.2mΩ 1.083Ω
2 2 H-N 10A 707.5mΩ 840.5mΩ
3 3 H-N 10A 664.3mΩ 788.9mΩ
4 4 H-N 10A 769.6mΩ 914.2mΩ
5 5 H-N 10A 0.969mΩ 1.1511Ω

31
 6 3 L-N 10A 210.2mΩ 250.5mΩ
7 3 L-N 10A 6.538mΩ 7.796mΩ

3.1.3 Power Transformer Turns Ratio Test

Power Transformer Turns Ratio Test

Turns ratio between the windings

The turns ratio test is an AC low voltage test which determines the ratio of the high voltage
winding to all other windings at no-load. The turn’s ratio test is performed on all taps of every
winding.
The Transformer Turns Ratio tester (TTR) is device used to measure the turn’s
ratio between the windings (example shown below).
Voltage is applied on the H marked leads and measured of the X marked lead by the test set.
Ratio measurements are conducted on all tap positions and calculated by dividing the induced
voltage reading into the applied voltage value. When ratio tests are being made on three-
phase transformers, the ratio is taken on one phase at a time with a three-phase TTR until
the ratio measurements of all three phases are completed.

32
Transformer ratio test diagram, using a Single phase TTR test set. Photo: Megger.

Single-Phase Models: Connect the exciting leads (X1 and X2) to the lower-voltage winding of

the two windings to be compared. Match transformer polarity by connecting the H1
secondary lead to the higher-voltage terminal which corresponds to the X1 connection. See
Figure. Connect the H2 lead to the other high voltage terminal. Where both windings are
grounded on one side, connect X1 and H1 to the grounded sides. Always excite the entire low-
voltage winding. For polyphase transformers, repeat procedure on each set of windings to be
measured

Figure
1 – Three-phase Transformer Turns Rati (TTR) Connection diagram.

33
Measured ratio variations should be within 0.5% of the nameplate markings.
Some TTR can perform transformer ratio measurement and also assess if on-load tap
changer contacts are making satisfactorily during its transition from one tap position to the
next position.

Example of single phase, hand-cranked TTR

– Transformer Turns Ratio Test Set (Measures the turns ratio and exciting current of windings
in power, potential and current transformers.)

Turns Ratio Test Procedure, Step by Step

Step 1.

Isolate the equipment, apply working grounds to all incoming and outgoing cables and
disconnect all incoming and outgoing cables from the transformer bushing terminals
connections.
Disconnected cables should have sufficient clearance from the switchgear terminals greater
that the phase spacing distance. Use nylon rope to hold cable away from incoming and
outgoing terminals as required.

Step 2.

Connect the H designated three-phase test lead with the military style connector at one end
to the mating connection on the test set marked with an H. Ensure that the connector’s index
notch lines up properly.
Step 3.

Connect the X designated three-phase test of lead military style connector at one end to the
mating connection on the test set marked with an X. Ensure that the connector’s index notch
lines up properly.

34
Step 4.
Connect the H1, H2, H3 designated test lead to the corresponding H1, H2,
H3  transformer terminal / bushing. Connect the H0 test lead if H0 terminal/bushing is
present.
Refer to Figure 1.

Step 5.
Connect the X1, X2, X3 designated test leads to the corresponding X1,
X2,X3 transformer terminals / bushings. Connect the X0 test lead if X0 terminal/bushing is
present.

Step 6.
Perform  turns  ratio measurements for all tap positions.

Step 7.
Confirm that the measured ratios is within 0.5% of the calculated ratios.

Here we perform transformer turn ratio test of auto transformer and take following
reading

TTR Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Blue

Phase)
TAP Calculate
HV LV Measured
POS. d
51250 22000
1 2.329 2.325
0 0
50000 22000
HV to LV Ratio

2 2.272 2.268
0 0
48750 22000
3 2.215 2.211
0 0
47500 22000
4 2.159 2.155
0 0
46250 22000
5 2.102 2.099
0 0
TAP Calculate
HV LV Measured
POS. d
51250
1 11000 26.9 26.632
0
HV to TW Ratio

50000
2 11000 26.243 25.981
0
48750
3 11000 25.587 25.335
0
47500
4 11000 24.931 24.68
0
5 46250 11000 24.275 24.031

35
 0
22000 LV to Tertiart
6 11000 11.547 11.434
0 Ratio

TTR Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Yellow

Phase)
TAP Calculate
HV LV Measured
POS. d
51250 22000
1 2.329 2.325
0 0
50000 22000
2
0 0 HV to LV Ratio 2.272 2.268
48750 22000
3 2.215 2.211
0 0
47500 22000
4 2.159 2.155
0 0
46250 22000
5 2.102 2.099
0 0
TAP Calculate
HV LV Measured
POS. d
51250
1 11000 26.9 26.621
0
50000
HV to TW Ratio

2 11000 26.243 25.968

0
48750
3 11000 25.587 25.31
0
47500
4 11000 24.931 24.665
0
46250
5 11000 24.275 24.061
0
22000 LV to Tertiart
6 11000 11.547 11.439
0 Ratio

TTR Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Red

Phase)
HV to LV Ratio

TAP Calculate
HV LV Measured
POS. d
51250 22000
1 2.329 2.3234
0 0
50000 22000
2 2.272 2.268
0 0
48750 22000
3 2.215 2.21
0 0
4 47500 22000 2.159 2.155
0 0

36
 46250 22000
5 2.102 2.099
0 0
TAP Calculate
HV LV Measured
POS. d
51250
1 11000 26.9 26.611
0
50000

HV to TW Ratio
2 11000 26.243 25.968
0
48750
3 11000 25.587 25.311
0
47500
4 11000 24.931 24.664
0
46250
5 11000 24.275 24.013
0
22000 LV to Tertiart
6 11000 11.547 11.441
0 Ratio

3.1.4 Dissipation/Power Factor Measurement (Tan Delta)

37
The condition of the insulation is essential for secure and reliable operation of your transformer.
Measuring capacitance and dissipation/power factor helps you to determine insulation condition
in bushings or between windings.
Changes in capacitance can, for example, indicate mechanical displacements of windings or
partial breakdown in bushings. Aging and degradation of the insulation, coupled with the
ingress of water, increase the amount of energy that is converted to heat in the insulation. The
rate of these losses is measured as dissipation factor.
With our testing systems, you can even determine the capacitance and dissipation/power factor
at variable frequency. Therefore, aging phenomena can then be detected earlier, and
corresponding action such as repair, oil treatment or drying can be initiated

Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Test Procedure

(Two winding dry-type transformer)

Step 1.

Isolate the equipment, apply working grounds to all incoming and outgoing cables and
disconnect all incoming and outgoing cables from the transformer bushing terminals.
Disconnected cables should have sufficient clearance from the switchgear terminals greater
that the phase spacing distance.
Use nylon rope to hold cable away from incoming and outgoing terminals as required.
Step 2.

Isolate the neutral bushing connection if applicable from the transformer grounding bar.

Step 3.

Short-circuit all high voltage bushing terminals together.

Step 4.

Short-circuit all low voltage bushing terminals and the neutral bushing terminal together.

Step 5.

Connect the capacitance and dissipation factor test set. Refer to Figure 1 above.

Step 6.

Record the capacitance and dissipation factor values once the null meter is balance for both
phasing position. Record values for the five test-variable selector switch position.

38
Power Transformer Testing – Measuring capacitance and power factor or dissipation factor

The condition of the bushings and the overall insulation of power transformers can be
investigated by measuring the capacitance and dissipation factor, also known as the tangent
delta, or power factor. Aging and decomposition of the insulation, or the ingress of water,
increases the losses and thus more energy is turned into heat in the insulation.

The level of this dissipation is expressed by the dissipation factor or power factor.

Here we perform C&DF test of auto transformer and take following reading

C & DF Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Blue Phase)

Sr.N Leakage
Device Mode   Total Cap DF
o current
k
      pF/nF % mA
v
1
1 HV Bush (New) UST 406.484pF 0.2818 1.277
0
1
2 LV Bush UST 482.654pF 0.2761 1.516
0
1
3 Neutral Bush UST 457.484nF 0.4784 14.381
0
1
4 GST 5.6867nF 0.3141 14.873
0
Transformer 1
5 UST 69.5750pF -1.1093 218.58µ
Body 0
GSTg- 1
6      
A 0

C & DF Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Yellow Phase)

Sr.N Leakage
Device Mode   Total Cap DF
o current
      k pF/nF % mA

39
 v
1
1 HV Bush (New) UST 395.094pF 0.2701 1.2411
0
1
2 LV Bush UST 490.261pF 0.0872 1.5401
0
1
3 Neutral Bush GST 19.2233nF 0.5052 60.401
0
UST- 1
4 68.9320pF 0.1569 216.54µ
A 0
Transformer 1
5 GST 19.2458nF 0.3439 60.467
Body 0
GSTg-
6        
A

C & DF Test Result of 500/220kv Auto Transformer T-3 (Red Phase)

Sr.N Mod Leakage
Device   Total Cap DF
o e current
k
      pF/nF % mA
v
UST- 1
1 HV Bush (New) 403.123pF 0.2839 1.2665
A 0
UST- 1
2 LV Bush 484.565pF 0.3087 1.5221
A 0
UST- 1
3 Neutral Bush 4.35631nF 0.5884 13.694
A 0
1
4 GST 4.35059nF 0.5925 13.967
0
Transformer
1
5 Body UST 75.8080pF -0.4382 238.14
0
6          

40
3.1.5 Dielectric strength of transformer oil

The breakdown voltage test for insulating oil...

In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings: Of an insulating material,

the maximum electric field that a pure material can withstand under ideal conditions without
breaking down (i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties).

Dielectric Strength is a measure of the electrical strength of a material as an insulator. Dielectric

strength is defined as the maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric breakdown through
the material and is expressed as Volts per unit thickness

Dielectric strength of transformer oil is also known as breakdown voltage of transformer

oil or BDV of transformer oil. Break down voltage is measured by observing at what
voltage, sparking straits between two electrodes emerged in the oil, separated by specific
gap.

Transformer oil, a type of insulating and cooling oil used in transformers and other electrical

equipment, needs to be tested periodically to ensure that it is still fit for purpose. This is
because it tends to deteriorate over time. Testing sequences and procedures are defined by
various international standards, many of them set by ASTM. Testing consists of

41
measuring breakdown voltage and other physical and chemical properties of samples of the oil,
either in a laboratory or using portable test equipment on site.

For a new insulating transformer oil(called virgin oil), the, value is 70kv for a good satisfactory
level but, where as oil in use (called in service) has values ranging from 25 kv to 50kv ,
depending upon various factors like ,running hours of use, impurities, moisture content, sludge
content etc, but it is advisable to discard old oil, if value does not improve after dehydration and
filtration above 60 KV in laboratory setup or the oil has not passing a compatibility/mixibilty
test with new transformer oil at different ratio to come to at par in usable ranges as
per standards, on the other hand the exact values and correct figures for Virgin oil are available
in IEC-60296 AND for oil in service there is a complete guide and specification available as
IEC-60247 where all the nesseccary information’s are available, including the test methods
and apparatus required.

Two standard-compliant test electrodes with a typical clearance of 2.5 mm are surrounded by
the dielectric oil. A test voltage is applied to the electrodes and is continuously increased up to
the breakdown voltage with a constant, standard-compliant slew rate of e.g. 2 kV/s

42
DES Test Of 500kv Auto T/F T1 at 500kva Gatti grid station.

Breakdown voltage testing procedure

 To assess the insulating property of dielectric transformer oil, a sample of the transformer oil
is taken and its breakdown voltage is measured. The lower the resulting breakdown voltage,
the poorer the quality of the transformer oil.
 The transformer oil is filled in the vessel of the testing device. Two standard-compliant test
electrodes with a typical clearance of 2.5 mm are surrounded by the dielectric oil.
 A test voltage is applied to the electrodes and is continuously increased up to the breakdown
voltage with a constant, standard-compliant slew rate of e.g. 2 kV/s.
 At a certain voltage level breakdown occurs in an electric arc, leading to a collapse of the test
voltage.
 An instant after ignition of the arc, the test voltage is switched off automatically by the

43
 testing device. Ultra fast switch off is highly desirable, as the carbonization due to the
electric arc must be limited to keep the additional pollution as low as possible.
 The transformer oil testing device measures and reports the root mean square value of the
breakdown voltage.
 After the transformer oil test is completed, the insulation oil is stirred automatically and the
test sequence is performed repeatedly: typically 5 repetitions, depending on the standard.
 As a result the breakdown voltage is calculated as mean value of the individual
measurements.

Insulating property: – 

• Should not interfere with any part. Therefore, it must be completely free from dirt, dust, fibers,
moisture and other solid matters.
• Dust, dirt and moisture are enemies of electricity, remove them.
• Should be stable against oxidation at working temperature of 90 deg. C
• Right viscosity and thermal conductivity to be an efficient coolant.
• Should not have a tendency to dissolve any matter.
• Density of oil is 0.89 gr/cm3 at 29.5 °C.

Specification of insulating oil:

Certain properties of insulating oil are very important.

Provide a high electric strength.

Permit good transfer of heat.

Have low specific gravity

Have a low viscosity

Have low pour point

Have a high flash point.

Not attack insulating materials and structural materials.

h. Have chemical stability to ensure lifelong service.

R Phase Y Phase B Phase

1 83.1kv 1 84.0kv 1 75.7kv
2 83.9kv 2 72.0kv 2 73.3kv
3 73.0kv 3 83.0kv 3 84.1kv
4 73.7kv 4 83.4kv 4 75.0kv

44
 5 77.5kv 5 65.5kv 5 80.0kv
Avrage 78.1kv Avrage 77.2kv Avrage 77.3kv

Value of DES test of Spare unit of T1

1 75.7kv
2 73.3kv
3 84.1kv
4 75.0kv
5 80.0kv
Avrag
e 77.3kv

3.1.6 Contact Resistance Test

Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement

Ohm’s law defines resistance, “R”, as the ratio of voltage “V” across a component, to the
current “I” passing through it:

R = V/I

To measure resistance, we apply a test current to a wire and detect the voltage drop developed.
From this, we easily calculate the resistance as shown in the following figure.

45
We measure the resistance of interest, RW, between the conductor ’s two mating pins. The
entire circuit, however, includes the resistance of the lead wires, RL1 and RL2, so the voltage
drop used in the calculation includes all three of these resistances. In many situations the lead
wire resistance is much lower than the resistance of the conductor or component we aim to
measure and therefore can be disregarded. 

In some situations, however, the resistance of interest, RW, approaches the resistance value of
the lead wires used to measure it resulting in an inaccurate reading. We correct this problem by
moving the voltage measurement points out to the endpoints of the mating pins, thus, bypassing
any voltage drop that may occur in the lead wires. Refer to the figure below: 

46
The Ohmmeter then appears to have four wires coming from it. The image at the right shows
these terminals on a typical DMM. Because we now use four lead wires instead of two, we refer
to this approach as “4-wire measurement”, or alternatively “4-Wire Kelvin” measurement in
honor of the 19th century British physicist, Lord Kelvin, who originally developed it. 

Note that the current flowing through the voltage-measuring circuit of a 4-wire system is
extremely small, typically on the order of fractions of a micro amp (six or more orders of
magnitude less than the source current), so virtually no voltage drop occurs across these lead
wires, and it’s effect on the resistance measurement is negligible. In summary, if there is no
current flowing through a wire, there is no voltage drop across it regardless of its length. This
important point means that lead wires may now be quite long, sometimes exceeding 10 feet (3
meters), without having any effect on the measurement. Long lead wires become necessary
when testing large, multi-branch wire harness assemblies, so this situation is not as uncommon
as it might seem. 

The principal advantage of 4-wire measurement is that it eliminates any effect of fixture
resistance (the lead wires) to obtain a precise resistance value of the UUT. Because 4-wire
measurements typically employ test currents well above those needed for two-wire testing, a
secondary advantage comes through the use of a high-current stress test for wiring by driving a
current of 1 A or more through each conductor, and the ability to set a dwell time from 100 ms
to many minutes –– observing a slowly-increasing resistance during a long dwell period
resulting from thermal heating may reveal problems not detected with a shorter measurement
interval. 

Software driving a 4-wire measurement system should permit individual conductors within a

47
UUT to be independently disabled from a 4-wire test by User selection to avoid potential
damage to fuses or other component not intended to carry high test current. Users should also
be allowed to independently set different test currents and dwell times for different conductors.

Contact Resistance Value

B5Q22 B4Q22
Phase Contact Apply current Result Phase Contact Apply current Result
R 1 100A 138µΩ R 1 100A 75µΩ
Y 1 100A 142µΩ Y 1 100A 76µΩ
B 1 100A 137µΩ B 1 100A 75µΩ

B3Q22 B2Q22
Phase Contact Apply current Result Phase Contact Apply current Result
R 1 100A 125µΩ R 1 100A 83µΩ
Y 1 100A 127µΩ Y 1 100A 78µΩ
B 1 100A 132µΩ B 1 100A 79µΩ

B1Q22
Phase Contact Apply current Result
R 1 100A 102µΩ
Y 1 100A 106µΩ
B 1 100A 99µΩ

3.1.7 Earth resistance test

In broad terms, "earth resistance" is defined as resistance of soil observed in the path of flow of
electric current. In general, Earth is relatively poor conductor of the electricity in comparison to
normal conductors such as copper wire. Resistance can be very low when area of the path
where current is flowing is larger in size. Hence in this condition Earth is considered as good

48
conductor.

It is important to know earth resistance as it helps in finding the location which is ideal to
ground the equipments and help to protect human beings. It also helps to determine what lies at
few distance below the earth's surface.

Earth resistance testing

The Earth resistance testing will help find the best earth location and depth to fix low resistance
electrodes. The resistivity of earth is used to indicate degree of corrosion useful in underground
pipelines. These pipelines are used for oil, water, gas etc. Typically, locations with low
resistivity values will have higher corrosion.

In earth resistance testing, earth tester generates AC signal. This signal is fed to the SUT
(System under Test). By measuring flow of current and generated voltage will give us system
resistance. The earth resistance can be measured in the range between 0.001 to 20 KOhm.

Figure depicts concepts of earth resistance testing employed in tester equipments. As shown in

the figure, Rod-3 is moved and measurement of voltage and current is recorded at various
points between Rod-1 and Rod-2. By using Ohm's Law (R = E/I), Earth resistance can be
determined at various points and location having low resistance can easily be derived from the
plot (earth resistance versus distance in feet of Rod-3 from Rod-1.

Earth Resistance Test Range=20Ω Earth Resistance Test Of T1

Equipments Rɸ Yɸ Bɸ Rɸ 0.05/0.06 N 0.06/0.05
L.V Post 0.04 0.04 0.04 Yɸ 0.04/0.05 N 0.05/0.06
0.04/0.0 0.04/0.0 0.04/0.0
T/F Body
4 4 4 Bɸ 0.06/0.05 N 0.06/0.06

49
 Fire Fighting 0.04/0.0 0.04/0.0 0.04/0.0
PDE 4 4 4
0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0
Earth mat
3 3 3
0.04/0.0 0.04/0.0 0.04/0.0
P.T Bushar Post
4 4 4
0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0
C.T
3 3 3
Droper Post 0.04 0.04 0.04
Control Box
0.03 0.03 0.03
B4Q1
0.04/0.0 0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0
High Gentry
4 3 3
0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0
Bridge Gentry
3 3 3
0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0
Water Pipe
3 3 3
0.03/0.0 0.04/0.0 0.03/0.0
Earth Switch
3 4 3
0.04/0.0 0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0
C.V.T
4 3 3
0.04/0.0 0.03/0.0 0.03/0.0
Wave Trap
4 3 3

Following are the three test methods used to measure Earth resistance. 
1. Fall of potential method OR three terminal test method 

2. Two point test method or Dead Earth method 

50
 “Dead Earth” Test

3. Clamp on test method 

51
3.2 Neutral
Neutral is return path for an AC circuit which is supposed to carry current in normal condition.
This current may be because of many reasons, primarily because of phase current imbalance
and some time because 3rd and 5th harmonics also

There may be others reasons too but the magnitude of this current is in fraction of phase current
and in few case it can be even double of phase current. So Neutral wire is always assumed to be
charged ( in  active circuit). This neutral wire is given to ground (by grounding) to make the
second terminal of neutral wire at zero potential.

3.3 Earth or Ground

 is for safety concerns against leakage or residual currents on the system via
least resistance path. While phase and neutral is connected to main power wiring, earth may be
connected to body of equipment or to any system which in normal condition doesn’t carry
current but in case of some insulation failure, is supposed to carry some minor current.

52
This current is not directly coming from live or phase wire, but is from secondary links which
was not in touch with live system in normal condition. This current is usually much lesser than
main line current or

Phase current and mostly is in order of mA. But this leakage current is good enough to kill
someone or may risk fire. Such current are being provided a low resistance path and sent to
earth via earth wire.

Because of the difference in application we never mix grounding of neutral and earth. However
both are made grounded (of-course the process may be different). If both will be mixed then the
earth wire which is not supposed to carry any current in normal condition, may have some
charges across and will become hazardous.

So in conclusion (on the difference between Neutral and Ground/Earth):

1.1 From the Generation side, the Neutral and Earth have the same common point.
Neutral/Earth is this case would act as the return path of the supply.

1.2 From the Distribution side, we start to run the Neutral lines. Neutral in this case would be
the return path of the supply.

1.3 Earth is still available but normally there will be no current flowing, only during supply
leakage

Grounding is the commonly word used for earthing in the North American standards like
IEEE, NEC, ANSI and UL etc while, Earthing is used in European, Common wealth
countries and Britain standards like IS and IEC etc.

In simple words, Earthing and Grounding are synonyms. Both are similar words used for the
same thing

As the neutral point of an electrical supply system is often connected to earth ground, ground

and neutral are closely related. Under certain conditions, a conductor used to connect to a
system neutral is also used for grounding (earthing) of equipment and structures.

How grounding is different than earthlings?

While earthing is done not for return path but only for protection of delicate equipments. It is an
alternate low resistance path for current. When we take out the neutral for a three phase
unbalanced connection and send it to ground, it is called grounding

53
This gives a small voltage between the grounded metal parts of devices connected to it and
true ground if phases are unbalanced, which is clearly suboptimal, but if you have a faulty
device where a hot wire touches the case, that will at least blow the fuse. It is however wrong
to connect ground to neutral in the wall

Why T/F neutral is separately grounded

No, the neutral and ground should never be wired together. This is wrong, and potentially
dangerous.

When you plug in something in the outlet, the neutral will be live, as it closes the circuit. If the
ground is wired to the neutral, the ground of the appliance will also be live. This can be felt as a
tingling if you touch the grounded casing of the appliance, because most of the current still goes
through the neutral where the lowest resistance is.

However, if there is something wrong and the neutral is disconnected, it will make the
appliance dangerous. If you touch the casing, and some real ground (like a water pipe) at the
same time, you will close the circuit and carry all of the current.

So, connecting the ground to neutral totally defeats the purpose of having a ground, and
actually makes it more dangerous than not having the ground at all.

When the inspector was measuring the ground, he was actually measuring the neutral, which

54
naturally shows a current when something is connected somewhere in the circuit

Importance of neutral

In the electrical trade, the conductor of a 2-wire circuit connected to the supply neutral point

and earth ground is referred to as the "neutral". ... All neutral wires of the same earthed
(grounded) electrical system should have the same electrical potential, because they are all
connected through the system ground.

All neutral wires of the same earthed (grounded) electrical system should have the

same electrical potential, because they are all connected through the system
ground. Neutral conductors are usually insulated for the same voltage as the line conductors,
with interesting exceptions

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 ABRIVATIONS
 NTDC NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH COMPANY
 LESCO LAHORE ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 KESC KARACHI ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 FESCO FAISALABAD ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 MEPCO MULTAN ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 IESCO ISLAMABAD ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 GEPCO GUJRANWALA ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 HESCO HAYDRABAD ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 QESCO QUETTA ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 PESCO PESHAWAR ELECTIC SUPPLY COMPANY
 G/S GRID STATION
 CCVT CAPACITOR COUPLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 CVT CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 C/B CIRCUIT BREAKER
 CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 PT POTANTIAL TRANSFORMER
 LDS LINE DISCONNECT SWITCH
 SF6 SULPUR HEXAFLOURIDE
 TTR TRANSFORMER TURN RATIO
 C&DF CAPACITANCE AND DESIPATION FACTOR
 HV HIGH VOLTAGE
 LV LOW VOLTAGE
 DES DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

REFRANCE
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