Structural Theory 2 - First Second Third Modules

CE 421/L
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the module, you should
be able to:
Expand knowledge on solutions for
deflections and sketch deflected
shapes.
Know the application of the degree
of indeterminacy in the set-up of the
deflection condition equations.
Have a working knowledge of the
different classical methods of
structural analysis.
Develop a proficiency in the
derivation of normal, shear, and
moment diagrams; and the
computation of bar forces in trusses.
Know how to derive the design
values from solutions of
indeterminate structural analysis.
Have the confidence to logically
interpret the response of structures to
imposed loads.
STRUCTURAL THEORY 2/L
Self-evaluation in a career of
structural engineering.
1
“The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.”
- Leonardo da Vinci 2
COURSE INTRODUCTION
This course introduced by a review of the geometric methods for solutions for deflections,
followed by a discussion on the energy methods using both real and virtual work equations.
It then focuses on the requirements for the complete analysis of statically indeterminate
structures (beams, frames, and trusses) using classical methods of analysis such as the
Force Method, Theorems of Least Work, Three Moment Equation, The Moment Distribution
and the Slope Deflection Method.
TABLE of CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE 1
TABLE of CONTENTS 2
COURSE GUDE
Course Overview 3
COURSE STUDY GUIDE
Study Schedule 5
SLU Calendar Short Term 2020 8
Evaluation
Formative Assessment 8
Summative Assessment 9
Technological Tools 9
Contact Information of the Facilitator 9
MODULE 1 10
MODULE 2 25
MODULE 3 39
MODULE 4 81
3
REFERENCES 94
ASSIGNMENT GUIDE 94
CE 421: STRUCTURAL THEORY 2 (LECTURE AND LABORATORY)

COURSE GUIDE
COURSE OVERVIEW
“The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.”

- Leonardo da Vinci
Dear Future Civil Engineers,
In this course, you will learn to analyze indeterminate structures like beams,
frames, and trusses using different methods.
As a result of your educational experiences in the course CE 421, you should

be able to:
1. Explain the difference between stable and unstable strucutures both
determinate and indeteterminate.
2. Solve deflections of determinate beams, frames, and trusses.
3. Analyze indeterminate structures using classic methods.
Your academic experience a Civil Engineering student will be utilized in this

course. To ensure that you will demonstrate the above cited course learning
outcomes at the end of the semester, this module is divided into the following:
MODULE 1: Fundamentals of Structures– This aims to give you an overview of the

course, recall the basic concepts of statics and mechanics of rigid bodies. The
difference between determinate and indeterminate structures, and the stability or
instability of structures are needed.
MODULE 2: Load Analysis- This aims to give you an overview of load analysis for
different structures. Types of loads are defined, and appropriating these loads to a
particular structural type.
4
MODULE 3: Deflection and Rotation of Determinate Structures – This aims to give you
the basic solutions in solving for the deflections of trusses, beam, and frames.
Geometric and Energy methods are given emphases on this module.
MODULE 4: Analysis of Indeterminate Trusses – This aims to give you an overview of

the analysis of trusses using the method of consistent deformation or force method
and energy method or Castigliano’s method.
MODULE 5: Analysis of Indeterminate Beams – This aims to give you an overview of

the analysis of indeterminate beams of any degree using the following methods:
(a) Force method, (b) Castigliano’s Method, (c) Three-Moment Equation, (d) Slope-
Deflection Method, (e) Moment-Distribution Method
MODULE 6: Analysis of Indeterminate Frames – This aims to give you an overview of

the analysis of indeterminate frames of any degree using the following methods: (a)
Force method, (b) Castigliano’s Method, (c) Three-Moment Equation, (d) Slope-
Deflection Method, (e) Moment-Distribution Method. The slope-deflection and
moment distribution methods are given emphases on this module.
Review the course study guide and study schedule for your guidance.
Sincerely,
EDUARDO E. CRISOSTOMO JR, MEP

Course Facilitator
5
COURSE STUDY GUIDE
This module was prepared for you to learn diligently, intelligently, and
independently. Aside from meeting the content and performance standards of this
course in accomplishing the given activities, you will be able to learn other
invaluable learning skills which you will be very proud of as a responsible learner.
In this course, you will explore and learn to analyze and analysis of structures:
1. Go over two main references for this course (pdf files attached in your USB packets):
a. Structural Analysis, 5th edition from: https://ebookpdf.com/structural-
analysis-kassimali-5th-edition
b. Lecture notes as provided by Engr. Crisostomo
2. You are encouraged to dedicate at least nine (9) hours for the lecture and nine (9)
hours for the laboratory, per week to this course throughout the short semester
3. Schedule and manage your time to read and understand every part of the module.
Read it over and over until you understand the point.
4. Study how you can manage to do the activities of this module in consideration of your
other modules from other courses. Be very conscious with the study schedule. Post it on
a conspicuous place so that you can always see. Do not ask about questions that are
already answered in the guide.
5. Do not procrastinate. Remember, it is not others who will be short-changed if you will
not do your work on time. It will be you.
6
6. Before you start doing your tasks, read and understand the assessment tools provided.
Do not settle with the low standards, target the highest standards in doing your
assigned tasks. I know you can.
7. You are free to browse and read the different units of the module even prior to doing
the tasks in each unit. However, you need to ensure that you will not miss any part of
the module and you will not miss to accomplish every activity in every unit as
scheduled.
8. Before the end of the midterms, you will be tasked to send back through
correspondence the accomplished and scheduled modules for midterms to me. Make
sure you will follow it up with me through text or any other media available for you.
9. While waiting for my feedback of your accomplished modules, continue doing the task
in the succeeding units of the module that are scheduled for the finals.
10. If needed, do not hesitate to keep in touch with me through any available means.
Remember, if there is a will, there is a way.
11. In answering all the assessment and evaluation activities, write legibly. It will help if you
will not write your answers in the module if you are not yet sure of your answers. You
must remember that all activities in the module are academic activities, which mean
that the relevant academic conventions apply.
12. Lastly, you are the learner; hence, you do the module on your own. Your family
members and friends at home will support you but the activities must be done by you.
As Louisan, we always need to demonstrate our core values of competence, creativity,
social involvement and Christian spirit.
STUDY SCHEDULE
WEEK TOPIC LEARNING UNIT LECTURE ACTIVITIES LABORATORY
OUTCOME ACTIVITIES
MODULE 1: Fundamentals of Structures, and 2: Load Analysis
1 Explain the Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Recall Courseworks 1

fundamentals of concepts of statics and and 2: You will
June
structures and mechanics of rigid bodies need an
15 to
load analysis architectural
19, Explore: Refer to text book :
plan and make
2020 Structural Analysis by Kassimali 5th
the
edition (pp 1 – 37)
corresponding
Explain: structural plan.
A vertical
● Stability and determinacy
structural like 2-
of structures
7
9 ● Types of structures story residential
hours ● Load appropriation house or
school is
Elaborate: Problem Solving
suggested.
Evaluate: My thoughts on the
OR
load effects internally for different
materials like concrete, steel, and Solve for the
timber given problem
set provided at
Explain the load Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Recall
the end of this
transfer into the flexure formula and stress
module
parts of a diagram for beams subjected to
structure bending moments)
Explore: Types of Loads and

Structures (pp. 1-37);
Explain:
● The effects of structural

parts due to the external
loads (pp 42-51)
Evaluate: What structure is

appropriate for a given function?
Why?
MODULE 3: Deflection and Rotation of Determinate Structures
2 Deflection of Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Whys is Coursework 3:

Structures: Truss, there a need of solving deflection Solve the given
June
Beam, and Frame of structures?) plate about
22
the deflection
to26, Explore: Explore the methods of
and rotation of
2020 deflection of structures.
determinate
Explain: the different methods of structures (this
solving deflection of structures will be
provided by
the facilitator)
Evaluate: Identify the most
convenient solution? Why?
Rotation of Unit 2 Engage: Pre-assessment (Whys is

9 Structures there a need of solving rotation of
8
hours structures?)
Explore: Explore the methods of

rotation of structures.
Explain: the different methods of

solving rotation of structures
Evaluate: Identify the most

convenient solution? Why?
June 24, 2020 : Summative Assessment: MIDTERM QUIZ 1
MODULE 4: Analysis of Indeterminate Truss
3 Method of Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Review Coursework 4:

Consistent different methods of solving
June Analyze
Deformation or deflections) pp 231-272
29 to indeterminate
Force Method
July Explore: The method of consistent truss using the
(Virtual Work
03 deformation in the analysis of truss Force Method
Method)
and
Explain: The solution in the analysis
Castigliano’s
of indeterminate truss (pp 428-
Theorem (to be
500)
provided by
Elaborate: Problem Solving the teacher)
9
Evaluate: Comment on pre-
hours
assessment answer
Work-Energy Unit 2 Engage: Pre-assessment (Review

Method or different methods of solving
Castigliano’s deflections)
Method
Explore: The method of
Castigliano in the analysis of truss
Explain: The solution in the analysis

of indeterminate truss

assessment answer
July 01, 2020 : Summative Assessment: MIDTERM QUIZ 2
9
July 03, 2020 : Summative Assessment: MIDTERM EXAMINATION
SUBMIT YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO YOUR COURSE LEARNING FACILITATOR ON OR BEFORE

JULY 03, 2020
MODULE 5: Analysis of Indeterminate Beams
4 and Using the UNIT 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (what Coursework 5:

5 following are differences of the methods of
Analyze
Methods: deflection solutions)
indeterminate
Force Method Explore: Three-moment equation, beams using
July 6
slope-deflection, and moment the following
to 15, Castigliano’s
distribution concepts metods (to be
Method
2020 provided by
Explain: Three-moment equation,
Three-moment the facilitator)
slope-deflection, and moment
Equation
distribution concepts for beams
15
Slope-deflection
hours Evaluate: Comment on pre-
Moment- assessment answer relative to the
distribution the methods of analyzing
indeterminate beams
July 15, 2020 : Summative Assessment: FINAL QUIZ 1
MODULE 6: Analysis of Indeterminate Frames
5 and Using the Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (what Coursework 6:

6 following are differences of the methods of
Analyze
Methods: deflection solutions)
July indeterminate
17-27, Force Method Explore: Three-moment equation, beams using
2020 slope-deflection, and moment the following
Castigliano’s
distribution concepts metods (to be
Method
provided by
Explain: Three-moment equation,
12 Three-moment the facilitator)
slope-deflection, and moment
hours Equation
distribution concepts for beams
Slope-deflection
Moment- assessment answer relative to the
distribution the methods of analyzing
indeterminate beams
July 24, 2020 : Summative Assessment: FINAL QUIZ 2
July 27, 2020 : Summative Assessment: FINAL EXAMINATION
10
SUBMIT YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO YOUR COURSE LEARNING FACILITATOR ON OR BEFORE
JULY 15, 2020
Saint Louis University Calendar for the Short-Term AY 2019-2020

Registration: June 8 to 11, 2020
Start of Classes: June 15, 2020
Midterm Examination: July 03, 2020
Cordillera Day: July 5, 2020
Final Examination: July 27, 2020
EVALUATION
TO PASS THE COURSE, YOU MUST:
1. Read all course readings and answer the pre-assessment quizzes, self-assessment
activities and problem sets.
2. Submit two graded quizzes for midterms and finals.
3. Submit the final project (portfolio) for the laboratory class (compilation of plates)
4. Take the Midterm and Final Examination.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
Formative Assessment
Formative assessments such as pre-assessment forms, self-assessment
activities and problem sets aim to enhance and deepen your understanding
of the course. The requirements will be posted upon the upload of the
modules and you are expected to submit your output by the scheduled due
dates. Submission may only be done once and you are not allowed to edit
and re-submit your work. You are required to complete these tasks to
complete the course.
All submissions are automatically time stamped and recorded. The honor
pledge shall always be a part of all requirements submitted online.
Summative Assessment
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Quizzes and Examination
The two graded quizzes will be posted one week before its scheduled date.
The two graded quizzes are 20-item multiple choice type of google quiz. You
will be required to finish the quiz within the given timeframe and you will not
be allowed to edit your answers once submitted.
Midterm and Final Individual assessments will be conducted as scheduled.

Students will be assigned a problem/question to be answered within the
given timeframe and are not allowed to edit their answers once submitted.
All submissions are automatically time stamped and recorded. The honor
pledge shall always be a part of all requirements submitted online.
TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS
To be able to accomplish all the tasks in this course, you will be needing the
following software applications: Word Processing, Presentation, Publication, and
Spreadsheet. All materials and activities will be facilitated through Google Suite
Applications particularly, Google Forms, Google Hangouts, Google Meet, and
Google Doc. These are all available in the Google Suite package subscribed by
Saint Louis University for you.
Students are required to have a cellphone/laptop/personal computer

capable to download the google classroom application, save pdf/word/ppt files;
scan/take photos of written documents; and view YouTube videos.
CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE FACILITATOR
Engr. Eduardo E. Crisostomo Jr., MEP

FB account/messenger: Eduardo Crisostomo Jr.
E-mails: [email protected], [email protected]
Cellphone Number: 0999571
Module 1
Prepared by
Eduardo CRISOSTOMO Jr, MEP
12
BASIC CONCEPTS of STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Definition of Terms
Theory
It is “a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered
to explain phenomena.” (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theory)
Theory of Structures
It deals with the “principles and methods by which direct stress, the shear and bending
moment, and the deflection at any section of each constituent member in the structure
may be calculated.” (Wang and Eckel: 1979)
Structural Analysis
It is the “prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or
other external effects, such as support movements and temperature changes.” ( Kassimali:
1999)
Structure
Generally speaking, structure is anything that is built or constructed. In civil engineering,
examples of structures are buildings, bridges, walls, dams, and towers.
According to Hsieh (1982), the stages of the complete design of structures are as follows:
1. Developing a general layout.
2. Investigating the loads.
3. Stress analysis.
4. Selection of elements.
5. Drawing and detailing.
13
Phases of a Typical Structural Engineering Project
Source: Kassimali 2015:6
Planning phase
Preliminary structural design
Estimation of loads
Structural analysis
Are the safety Revised

and structural
serviceability
design
requirements
satisfied?
Preliminary structural design
Equilibrium Principles in Structural Analysis

The principles of equilibrium are the most important concepts needed in theory of
structures. This is so because structures main function is to carry loads. Rigid structures like
beams, frames and trusses carry loads without failure or appreciable distortions.
“Equilibrium is the term used to designate the condition where the resultant of a
force system is zero. The physical meaning of equilibrium, as applied to a body, is that the
body is either at rest or moving along a straight - line path with constant velocity. Both
these statements are implied in Newton’s first law of motion; namely a particle acted upon
14
by a balanced force system has no acceleration.” (Singer 1980: 76) Mathematically
speaking equilibrium means that the resultant or summation of forces is equal to zero.
ΣF=R=0
In other words, the summation of forces in any direction is equal to zero and the summation
of moments at any point is equal to zero. These are expressed below where ΣFx is the
summation of forces along the x-axis, ΣFy is the summation of forces along the y-axis, and
ΣMo is the summation of moments about any point.
ΣFx=0
ΣFy=0
ΣMo=0
Three types of structures are considered in this term. These are truss, beam, and frame
which are narrowly defined by follows.
Truss
“A truss is composed of members connected by frictionless hinges or pins. The loads on a
truss are assumed to be connected at the joints. Each member of a truss is considered as a
two-force member subjected to axial forces only.” (Hiseh 1982).
Beam
It is “a straight member subjected only to transverse loads. A beam is completely analyzed
when the value of bending moment and shear are determined.” (Hsieh 1982)
Frame
“A rigid frame is built of members connected by rigid joints capable of resisting moment.
Members of rigid frame, in general, are subjected to bending moment, shear, and axial
forces.” (Hsieh 1982)
Internal Forces at Cut Section of Structures
Truss
For the truss below loaded by external forces 12 KN , 10 KN ,and8 KN has internal effects on
members X , Y ,and Z internally. The internal effect in the member can be in tension T or
compression C as illustrated below.
15
60°
L L L
Beam
When the beam is loaded by external uniform load w is cut between supports, the internal
reactions are the shear force S, axial force A , and internal moment M . The hinge has two
component reactions and the roller has one component reactions.
16
Frames
When the frame with external uniform and inclined load is cut at the intersection of column
and beam, it is acted upon by axial force, shear force and moment which are symbolized
as X , Y and M .
Y
X
M
X
Beam and Column Subjected to Shear, Rv

Moment and Axial Load
From the book by Kassimali, axial force, shear force and internal bending moment are
defined as follows:
Internal Axial Force Q

“The internal axial force Q at any section of a beam is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the algebraic sum (resultant) of the components in the direction parallel to
the axis of the beam of all the external loads and support reactions acting on either side
of the section under consideration.”
Shear Force S
“The shear S at any section of a beam is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to
the algebraic sum (resultant of the components in the direction perpendicular to the axis
of the beam of all the external loads and support reactions acting on either side of the
section under consideration.”
Bending Moment M
“The bending moment M at any section of the beam is equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction to the algebraic sum of the moments about (the centroid of the cross section
17
of the beam at) the section under consideration of all the external loads and support
reactions acting on either side of the section.”
Special mention are the special cases of equilibrium called two-force members and
three-force members which are defined below.
Two-Force Members
When a member is subject to no couple moments and forces are applied at only two
points on a member, the member is called a two-force member. (Hibbeler 2001: 218)
Fb Fb
b b Fb=Fc
Fb=Fc
Figure B c
Figure A c Fc NOT Two-Force Member
Fc
Two-Force Member
If the body is in equilibrium, the two equal forces must be directed along line bc as shown
in figure A. The two equal forces in figure B can not be in equilibrium because of random
orientation. These can be proven by summation of moments at either points c and b,
where in figure B is summation of moment not equal to zero.
Three-Force Members
If a member is subjected to only three forces, then it is necessary that the forces be either
concurrent or parallel for the member to be in equilibrium. (Hibbeler 2001: 219)
If the body is in equilibrium, then the three external forces Fb , Fc , and Fd applied at b, c,
and d can not be in random position as shown in figure B. To be in equilibrium, they must
be orientated as shown in figure A where the external forces intersect at a common point
o.
Fb Fb
Fd
b b
d d
o
c Fd c Fc
Figure B Fc
NOT Three-Force Member Figure A
Three-Force Member 18
Support Reaction
Rollers and hinges are provided in order to provide supports to the structure. Other
supports are fixed support and link. Supports are connected into a stationary body usually
the ground or another structure. Tabulated below are the component reactions for each
type of support.
Table 01: Component Reactions of Supports
Sample Free Body Diagrams

Type of Body Mechanical System FBD
Roller Support Roller Support Roller Support
Roller Support
Hinge Support
Fixed Support
Rope, cord, cable
Link
19
Geometric Stability of Structures According to Supports
A structure (beam, frame and truss) can be stable or unstable due to supports.
Consequently, the stability of structures depends on the number of component reactions.
These are summarized in table 02 for clarity. See next page.
Table 02
Component Reaction of External and Internal Supports
support number of component
type reaction
roller 1
link 1
hinge 2
fixed 3
Unstable Structures due to Only Two Elements of Reactions

For example, the figures below illustrate the instability of a certain rigid body due to only
two elements of reactions due to rollers (figures 1 and 2), links (figure 3), and hinge (figure
4).
Figure 1
The opposite Figure 2
and collinear Parallel
reactions reactions
supplied by the provided by the
rollers are rollers are not
inadequate to enough to resist
support horizontal
horizontal forces.
external forces.
Figure 3
The reactions
provided by the Figure 4
link supports Reactions
cannot resist provided by the
moment at their hinge support
point of cannot resist
intersection o in moments due to 20
o external load
case of external
load acting on applied to the
External Geometric Instability of Structures
The addition of supports does not necessarily help make the structure stable. Because it
must be associated with the orientation which both translation and rotation are prevented.
The figures below show that the structures remain unstable despite the addition of the
roller. This instability which results from the inadequacy of arrangement of supports is called
external geometric instability.
Figure 9
The parallel reactions of the
roller cannot resist lateral
forces (indicated by the cross
hatched arrow). Infact,
additional roller but with
parallel reaction makes no
sense in resisting forces
perpendicular to the said
reactions.
Figure 9
The reactions provided F
by the link supports and
roller cannot still resist
moment at their point of
intersection o in case of o
external load F acting on
the rigid body.
From the discussion, we can establish criteria of stability and determinacy of beams. Let r
denotes the number of component reactions, and c denotes the number of equations of
condition. See table 02 for the number or reactions and conditions.
21
Table 03
Criteria of Determinacy and Stability of Beams
Beam Criterion
Unstable r < c+3
Determinate* r = c+3
Indeterminate* r > c+3
*provided there is no geometric
instability
Figure 11
Number of Equations of Condition for Internal Supports
c=1
Internal Hinge∨Pin
c=2
Internal Roller
Shown below are illustrations of stability and determinacy of beams using the criteria.
r ? c +3
5 ? 2+3
5=5
Stable∧Determinate
r ? c +3
6 ? 2+3
6>5
Stable∧Indeterminate , 1°
22
r ? c +3
4 ? 2+3
4 <5
Unstable
r ? c +3
5 ? 2+3
5=5
Unstable
Geometric instability is possibile as shown by the dotted line
r ? c +3
6=3+3
6=6
Stable∧Determinate
Figure 12
Examples of Stability and Determinacy of Beams
Consequently, we can deduce a set of criteria for the stability and determinacy of trusses
by comparing the value of (b+ r) with that of 2 j . Shown in table 04 is the summary of the
said stability and determinacy.
Table 04
Criteria for the Stability and Determinacy of Trusses
Truss Criterion
Unstable b+r < 2j
23
Determinate* b+r = 2j
Indeterminate* b+r > 2j
instability
Shown below are illustrations of stability and determinacy of trusses using the criteria.
Figure14
Examples of Truss Stability and/or Determinacy
24
Unstable Trusses
Shown below are examples of externally and/or internally NOT stable trusses.
Figure 15: Examples of Unstable Trusses
25
26
Making the Unstable Truss Stable
Shown below is the summary of criteria for the stability and determinacy of frames.
Frame Criterion
Unstable 3b+r < 3j+c
Determinate* 3b+r = 3j+c
Indeterminate* 3b+r > 3j+c
instability
27
Shown below are examples of stability and determinacy of frames.
Figure 18: Stability and Determinacy of Frames
Note: The overhangs on the left and right portion of the frame are not considered as
members.
Note: The number of conditions c is determined by the number of members connected mc

on it less one. c=mc−1
28
Activities for the Lecture
Engage: Pre-assessment
Recall concepts of statics and mechanics of rigid bodies. What are the equations of
equilibrium? Express in symbols and statement forms.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Explore: Refer to text book : Structural Analysis by Kassimali 5th edition (pp 1 – 37)
Explain:
● Stability and determinacy of structures: give the three sets of criteria of stability and
determinacy of beams, frames, and trusses separately.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
29
● Types of structures. Give the main difference of this structures according to function
and internal reactions.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
● Load appropriation. See google and/or youtube examples.
Evaluate: My thoughts on the load effects internally for different materials like concrete,
steel, and timber.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Identify the degree of indeterminacy of the following structures. Use the space provided
just below the given structure.
Module 2
Prepared by
Eduardo CRISOSTOMO Jr
LOAD ANALYSIS
30
Definition of Terms
Mentioned in the previous lecture are the principles of equilibrium and the external
reactions of each type of structural supports. The next chapter is the application of these
principles with due regard to structures namely beams, frames, cables, and three-hinged
arches. Included as well is the analysis of loads in the structure.
Basically, there are two categories of loads namely dead and live loads. Shown
below are the different types as applied according to structural functions.
Dead loads
“Dead loads due to the weight of the structural system itself and any other material
permanently attached to it.”(Kassimali: 2015) In effect, they are characterized as having
fixed both in positions and magnitudes. These include the weight of the beams, columns,
floors, ceilings, foundations, roofs, walls, etc.
Table 2.1
Unit Weights of Common Construction Materials
(Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010Edition)
Material Unit Weight, KN/m3
Aluminum 26.7
Cement, portland,
loose 14.1
Concrete,
reinforced 23.6
Glass 25.1
Gravel, dry 16.3
Masonry, brick,
medium 18.1
Sand, clean and dry 14.1
Steel, cold-drawn 77.3
Water, fresh 9.8
Table 2.2
Minimum Design Dead Loads
(Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010Edition)
Component Load, Kpa
31
Ceilings
Acoustical fiber board 0.05
Suspended metal Lath and gypsum
plaster 0.48
Coverings, Roof and Wall
Asphalt shingles 0.1
Skylight metal frame 0.38
Floor and floor finishes
Asphalt block mortar 1.44
Cement finish on stone concrete fill 1.53
Frames Partitions
Movable steel partitions 0.19
Wood studs 50x100 plastered one
side 0.57
Live loads
Live loads “are considered to include all loads on the structure that are not classified as
dead loads. However, it has become common to narrow the definition of live loads to
include only loads that are produced through the construction, use, or occupancy of the
structure and not to include environmental or dead loads.” (West: 1993) This indicates that
live loads are of changing positions and magnitudes.
Table 2.3 Minumum Uniform Live Loads (Source: NSCP2010)
Category Live Load, Kpa
Garages, general storage and/or
repair 4.8
Hospitals, wards and rooms 1.9
Libraries, reading rooms 2.9
Offices 2.4
Residential, basic floor area 1.9
Schools, classrooms 1.9
Pedestrian bridges and walkways 4.8
Environmental loads
These loads include the effects of natural phenomena like wind, earthquake, snow and
rain.
Wind loads
32
“Wind loads are produced by the flow of wind around the structure. The magnitudes of
wind load that may act on a structure depend on the geographical location of the
structure, obstructions on its surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings, and the
geometry and the vibrational characteristics of the structure itself.” (Kassimali: 2015)
Earthquake loads
“An earthquake is a sudden undulation of the portion of the earth’s surface. Although the
ground surface moves in both horizontal and vertical directions during an earthquake, the
magnitude of the vertical component of ground motion is usually small and does not have
a significant effect on most structures. It is the horizontal component of ground motion that
causes the structural damage and that must be considered in designs of structures located
in earthquake-prone areas.” (Kassimali: 2015)
Snow loads
“The procedure for establishing the static snow loads on a building is normally based on
ground-to-roof conversion.” (West: 1993)
Rain loads
“Roof loads that result from the accumulation of rainwater on flat roofs can be a serious
problem. This condition is produced by the ponding that occurs when the water
accumulates faster than it runs off, either because of the intensity of the rainfall o because
of the inadequacy or blockage of the drainage system. The real damage is that as
ponding occurs the roof deflects into a dished configuration, which can accommodate
more water, and thus greater loads result.” (West: 1993)
Other Loads
Hydrostatic pressure
“Structures used to retain water, such as dams and tanks, as well as coastal structures
partially or fully submerged in water must be designed to resist hydrostatic pressure.”
(Kassimali: 2015)
Soil pressure
“Underground structures, basement walls and floors, and retaining walls must be designed
to resist soil pressure.” (Kassimali: 2015)
Induced Disturbances
“Numerous disturbances can occur within a structural system and induce deformations
that may cause forces to develop within the system. These disturbances result from support
33
settlements or member length changes. The latter might result from temperature change in
a member, forced fit of a member of improper length, or shrinkage. For certain classes of
structures, the forces that are induced by these disturbances are of considerable
magnitude.” (West: 1993)
Impact load
“Loads that are applied over a very short period of time have a greater effect on the
structure than would occur if the same loads were applied statically. The manner in which
a load varies with time over which the full load is placed on the structure will determine the
factor by which the static response must be increased to obtain the dynamic response.”
(West: 1993)
Shown below are selected load combinations from the 2010 edition of the
National Structural Code of the Philippines , where
D=dead load
E=earthquake load
F=load due ¿ fluids
H=load due t lateral pressure of soil∧water ∈soil
L=live load except for roof live load
W =load due ¿ wind pressure
T =self restraining force
Using Strength Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design

1.4 ( D+ F )
0.9 D+1.6 W +1.6 H
0.9 D+1.0E+1.6 H
Using Allowable Stress Design

D+ F
D+ H + F+ L+T
E
D+ H + F+ W ∨( 1.4 )
Alternate Basic Load Combination
0.6 D+W + H
34
D+ L+W
E
D+ L+
1.4
Illustrative Problem 2.1: Dead Load Analysis

Determine the total dead load (expressed in KN/m) carried by the steel beam under the
concrete slab and the special wall with the given unit weight.
0.100m
Special wall
w=10 KN/m3
3m=h
Concrete
Floor Slab
0.125m Steel Beam

A = 9280mm2
b = tributary width = 4m
Solution
35
The weight per unit length is the product of the unit weight and the cross-sectional area.
Thus, the total dead load w DL is the summation of weight per unit length of each
component due to the wall w wall, floor concrete slab w slab, and the steel beam itself w steel .
w DL =w wall +w slab +w steel
KN KN KN (1 m)2
w DL =10 3 [0.100 m ( 3 m) ] +23.6 3 [ 0.125 m ( 4 m ) ]+77.3 3 9280 mm
m m m
2
(1000 mm)2 [ ]
KN KN KN
w DL =3 +11.8 +0.717344
m m m
KN
w DL =15.517344 ans
m
Note:
The unit weights of concrete and steel were taken from table 2.1.
Illustrative Problem 2.2: Dead Load Analysis

The floor system of a building consists of 100 mm thick reinforced concrete slab resting on
four steel beams, which in turn are supported by two steel girders as shown below. The
cross-sectional areas of the floor beams and girders are 9480 mm2 and 33740 mm2,
respectively. Determine the dead loads acting on the beams CG and DH and the girder
AD.
A B Girder C D
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
7.0m
Slab
E F Girder G H
[email protected]=9.0m
Solution
The girders AD and EH are connected on the columns at corners A, D, E, and H. They carry
the floor beams AE, BF, CG, and DH, which carry the floor concrete slab. The load
diagrams of the beams and girder are as shown below, where the tributary width of beams
AE and BF are 1.5 mand3.0 m, respectively.
1.5m 3.0m
Tributary Widths
A B C D WAE
7.0m
RA RE
Beam
Floor
Beam AE
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
7.0m (Similar to beam DH)
WBF
36
Slab
7.0m
E F G H RB RF
Beam BF
RA RB RC RD
3.0m 3.0m 3.0m
RAC RDC
Girder AD
(Similar to girder EH)
KN KN
From table 2.1, the usable unit weights of concrete and steel are 23.6 3 and 77
.3 3 ,
m m
respectively.
Dead Load of Beams AE and DH

KN KN (1 m)2
w AE=23.6
m3
[ 0.100 m ( 1.5 m ) ] +77.3
m3
9480 mm 2
[
(1000 mm)2 ]
KN
w AE=4.273
m
Σ M E=0
R A ( 7 )−w AE ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R A ( 7 )−4.273 ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R A =14.96 KN
Σ F v =0
R A + R E −w AE ( 7 )=0
14.96+ R E−4.273 ( 7 )=0
R E=14.96 KN
37
Dead Load of Beams BF and CG
KN KN (1 m)2
[
w BF =23.6 3 [ 0.100 m ( 3.0 m ) ] +77.3 3 9480 mm
m m
2
(1000 mm)2 ]
KN
w BF =7.813
m
Σ M F =0
R B ( 7 )−w BF ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R B ( 7 )−7.813 ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R B=27.345 KN
Σ F v =0
R B+ RF −wBF ( 7 )=0
27.345+ R F −7.813 ( 7 )=0
R F=27.345 KN
Dead Load on Girders AD and EH

KN (1 m)2
w AD=77.3
m3 [
33740 mm 2
(1000 mm)2 ]
KN
w AD=2.608
m
The dead load on girders AD and EH is composed of the uniform load w AD and the
reactions due to the floor beams. See load diagram. Reactions R AC and R DC are
transmitted to the columns at the ends.
38
Illustrative Problem 2.3: Live Load Analysis
If the floor framing system in the previous problem is for residential buildings. Determine the
live loads for each structural member.
A B Girder C D
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
7.0m
Slab
E F Girder G H
Solution
The usable live load from table 2.3 for residential structures is equal to 1.9KPa.
First Method:
Similar to load transmission as discussed in the previous problem, the tributary areas for
each beam are shown below.
1.5m 3.0m
Tributary Widths
A B C D WAE
7.0m
RA RE
Beam
Floor
Beam AE
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
7.0m (Similar to beam DH)
WBF
Slab
7.0m
E F G H RB Beam BF RF
(Similar to beam CG)
RA RB RC RD
3.0m 3.0m 3.0m
RAC Girder AD RDC

39
Live Load of Beams AE and DH
KN
w AE=1.9 [( 1.5 m ) ]
m2
KN
w AE=2.85
m
Σ M E=0
R A ( 7 )−w AE ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R A ( 7 )−2.85 ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R A =9.975 KN
Σ F v =0
R A + R E −w AE ( 7 )=0
9.975+ R E −2.85 (7 )=0
R E=9.975 KN
Live Load of Beams BF and CG

KN
w BF =1.9 [ 3.0 m ]
m2
KN
w BF =5.7
m
Σ M F =0
R B ( 7 )−w BF ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R B ( 7 )−5.7 ( 7 ) [ 3.5 ] =0
R B=19.95 KN
Σ F v =0
R B+ RF −wBF ( 7 )=0
19.95+ R F−5.7 (7 )=0
R F=19.95 KN
40
Live Load on Girders AD and EH
RAC
9.975KN 19.95KN 19.95KN 9.975KN

Column A
3.0m 3.0m 3.0m (Similar to columns
D, E and H)
RAC Girder AD RDC

Σ M D=0
R AC ( 9 )−9.975 ( 9 )−19.95 ( 6 )−19.95 ( 3 ) =0
R AC =29.925 KN
Second Method
Live Load for Girders AD and EH
The tributary width of girder AD is 3.5 m as shown in the figure below. So that the equivalent
uniform load is given by the product of the live load pressure and the tributary width.
A B Girder C D
3.5m
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
7.0m
Slab
E F Girder G H
RAC
WAD Column A
(Similar to columns
D, E and H)
9.0m
RAC Girder AD RDC

41
KN
w AD=1.9 [ 3.5 m ]
m2
KN
w AD=6.65
m
Σ M D=0
R AC ( 9 )−w AD ( 9 ) [ 4.5 ] =0
R AC ( 9 )−6.65 ( 9 ) [ 4.5 ] =0
R AC =29.925 KN
The axial force acting in the column is the reaction transmitted by the girder which is equal
to 29.925 KN. Observe that this is similar to the axial load in the column by the first method.
Third Method
Another way to solve for the axial load in the column due to live load is to identify the
tributary area carried by the column itself. The shaded portion of the figure below is the
tributary area carried by column A.
4.5m
A B Girder C D
RAC
3.5m
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
Beam
Floor
7.0m Column A
(Similar to columns
D, E and H)
Slab
E F Girder G H
KN
R AC =1.9 [ 3.5 m(4.5 m) ]
m2
R AC =29.925 KN
42
Illustrative Problem 2.4: Live Load on Columns
The reading floor of a library has plan shown. Determine the axial load acting to the
columns B, D, and E due to live load.
A B Girder C
2
@
D E F 5
m
=
1
0
Slab
m
G H Girder
I
Solution
From table 2.3, the live load for reading floors of libraries is 2.9 KPa .Tributary areas of
columns B, D, and E are shaded as shown below.
A B Girder C
2
@
D E F 5
m
=
1
0
Slab
m
G H Girder
Axial force due to live load on column B, B¿

KN
B¿ =2.9 [ 12 m ( 2.5 m ) ]
m2
B¿ =87 KN
Axial force due to live load on column D, D ¿

KN
D ¿ =2.9 [ 6 m ( 5 m) ]
m2
D ¿ =87 KN
Axial force due to live load on column E, E¿

KN
E¿ =2.9 [12 m (5 m ) ]
m2
43
E¿ =174 KN
Illustrative Problem 2.5: Live Load on Beams

Determine the live load distribution of beams X, Y, and Z of the residential building with the
given floor framing. 3.0m 5.0m
Beam X
Open 3
Space m
Beam Y
4
m
Beam Z
Solution
The live load pressure for residential building is 1.90 KPa .
Live load distribution of beam x
3.0m 5.0m WX
Beam X
Open 3 Beam X
Space m
4
m
Live load distribution of beam y

WY2
3.0m 5.0m WY1
Open 3 Beam Y
Space m
Beam Y 44
4
m
Live load distribution of beam z
3.0m 5.0m Wz
Open 3 Beam Z
Space m
4
m
Beam Z
Illustrative Problem 2.6: Wind Pressure Equivalent

Determine the equivalent dynamic pressure induced on a flat surface of signal number 4
typhoon in the Philippines. Assume that very strong winds of more than 185 kph may be
expected in at least 12 hours for this type of typhoon.
Solution
The dynamic pressure q and wind speed V relationship can be found from the Bernoulli’s
principle of fluid mechanics, which is given by the formula below, where ρ denotes the
density of the fluid.
1
q= ρ V 2
2
45
The density of air is 1.225 kg /m3 and the wind speed must be expressed with m/s .
km 1 hr 1000 m
V =185 [
hr 3600 s ][
1km ]
m
V =51.39
s
Substitute this velocity in the dynamic pressure formula above, so that we have
2
1 kg m
[ ](
q= 1.225 3 51.39
2 m s )
kgm m
q=1617.50
s 2 m3 [ ]
N
q=1617.50 ∨Pa
m2

Recall flexure formula f =MC / I and stress diagram for beams subjected to bending
moments. Define symbols used.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Explore: Types of Loads and Structures
Explain:
Explain the effects of structural parts due to the external loads as they are transferred
internally.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluate: What structure is appropriate for a given function? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Given a beam 0.20m wide and 0.40m width, solve for the dead load due to its own weight
in terms of KN/m. See table of unit weights on this module. Use the space below.
Activities for the Laboratory Class
46
Course Works for modules 1 and 2: Use separate sheet of paper for the solution. Also, copy
the problem and show solutions just below the problem.
The ward floor of a certain hospital has plan shown.

Problem 1
Determine the axial load acting to the columns B, D, and E due to live load.
A B Girder C
2
@
D E F 6
m
=
1
0
Slab
m
G H Girder
Problem 2
Assuming similar floor plan above, determine the dead load due to its weight of beam AD
if it is made up of concrete with 0.25mx0.45m cross section.
Problem 3
If beam ADG is hinged at the columns A, D, and G, determine its degree of indeterminacy.
Summative Assessment: Quiz 1 for the Lecture
Using the same floor plan of a library (not hospital) above, solve the following problems.
Problem 1
If beam BEH is hinged at the columns B, E, and H, determine its degree of indeterminacy.
Problem 2
Determine the axial load acting to the columns B, D, and E due to live load.
Problem 3
Determine the live load of beam AD in KN/m.
47
Module 3.1
Prepapred by
DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE BEAMS BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION

Double Integration Method
The figure below represents an element of a deflected beam, which ρ is the radius of
curvature, θ is the rotation of the element from the horizontal, ds is the differential arc, dx is
the differential horizontal distance, dθ is the differential angle subtended by the element, y
is the deflection at point of horizontal distance x .
y
dθ
ρ
x
y
dS
dθ θ
x
dx
An equation of tanθ=dy /dx can be generated from triangular shape below. But for small
angles, tanθ=θ , where we can say that θ=dy /dx . Taking the first derivative of the equation
yields
dθ d 2 y
=
dx dx 2
48
Also, the arc element generates the relationship of the differential arc with the radius and
the differential angle,
ds=ρdθ
Where
1 dθ dθ
= =
ρ ds dx
1 d2 y
=
ρ dx 2
1 M
=
ρ EI
1 d2 y M
= =
ρ dx 2 EI
Finally,
d2 y
EI 2 =M
dx
The simplified equation above represents the solution of deflection by double integration.
That is to solve for the deflection, the moment M at at any section of the beam is
integrated twice, where EI is the flexural rigidity.
Since the deflection is a function of the moment and the flexural rigidity EI , which is the
product of the modulus of elasticity E and moment of inertia I , the number of segments is
a requisite in the formulation of the equations. The number of segments then, is dependent
to the following:
1. The change of load
2. The change of modulus of elasticity
3. The change in moment of inertia
Slope and Deflection at Different Types of Supports

moment area
support double integration method
deflection slope deflection rotation
dy/dx =
fixed y=0 0 Δ=0 θ=0
roller y=0 Δ=0
49
hinged y=0 Δ=0
Maximum Deflections Beams (Pytel et al 1987: 270-271)

Maximum Deflection at Free End of a Maximum Deflection of a Simple Beam
Cantilever Beam
At midspan
At Midpsan
At x = 0.519L
50
Problem3.11: Derivation of mid span Deflection due to Concentrated Load
Derive the formula to solve for the maximum deflection of a simple beam due to a
concentrated load at the mid span. Say the flexural rigidity EI is constant.
L/2 L/2
Solution
Step 1: Reaction at the Left Support
Solve for the reaction at the left support by summation of moments at the right support
equal to zero.
ΣM =0
L/2 L/2
51
A v ( L )−P ( L2 )=0
P
A v=
2
Step 2: Moment at the Cut Section of the Left Portion

Pass a cutting plane and sum up moments at the cut section of the left portion of the
beam. Assume clockwise moment is positive.
P L
M=
2
x−P x− [ ]
2
L/2 Cut
section
X
Step 3: Double Integration

Use the Euler-Bernoulli formula for the slope dy /dx and the deflection y equations of the
elastic curve of the beam. Integrate both sides of the equation as follows.
d2 y
EI =M
dx 2
d2 y P L
EI
dx 2
2 [ ]
= x−P x−
2
2
dy P x 2 P L
EI
dx
=
4
− x−
2 2 [ ]
+C 1
3
P x3 P L
EI y=
12 6
− x−
2 [ ]
+C1 x+ C2
Step 4: Boundary Conditions

Apply boundary conditions to solve for the integration constants C 1and C 2 . At at supports
x=0 and x=L, the deflection y=0.
P ( 0 )3 P 3
L
EI (0)=
12
− 0−
6 [ ]
2
+C 1 (0)+C2
C 2=0
P ( L )3 P 3
L
EI (0)=
12
− L−
6 2[ ]+C 1 ( L)+ 0
52
−P L2
C 1=
16
Step 5: Slope and Deflection Equations

Substitute these values of C 1 andC 2 for the particular deflection equation.
2
dy P x 2 P L
EI
dx
=
4
− x−
2 2
+C 1 [ ]
2
dy P x 2 P L P L2
EI
dx
=
4
− x− −
2 2 16 [ ]
3
P x3 P L
EI y=
12 6
− x−
2 [ ]
+C1 x+ C2
3
P x3 P L P L2
EI y=
12 6
− x− −
2 16 [ ]
x +0
Step 6: Maximum Deflection

Also, substitute the value of x=L/2 at mid span for the maximum deflection. Maximum
deflection y max occurs at the mid span due to load and support symmetry.
3
P x3 P L P L2
EI y=
12 6
− x− −
2 16 [ ]
x
L 3
P( ) 3
2 P L L P L2 L
EI y=
12
− −
6 2 2
− [ ( )
16 2 ]
−P L3
y max = ans
48 EI
Note
The negative sign of the deflection indicates that the final point is below the original
horizontal axis when the concentrated load is applied.
Problem 3.12: Application of Deflection Formula

Assuming the length of the simple beam is 5 m, and the concentrated load is 10 KN at the
mid span, determine the magnitude of the maximum deflection. E=20000 MPa , and
I =66.666 x 10 6 mm 4
L/2 L/2
L = 5m
53
Solution
Using the derived formula of the previous problem, the magnitude of the maximum
deflection is 19.5 mm.
N
EI =20000 2
[ 66.666 x 106 mm4 ]
mm
EI =1333.33 x 109 Nm m2
EI =1333.33 KN m2
−P L3
y max =
48 EI
− [ 10 KN ] (5 m)3
y max =
48 [ 1333.33 KN m 2 ]
y max =−0.0195 m=−19.5 mm ans
Problem 3.13: Derivation of Maximum Deflection

Derive the formula to solve for the maximum deflection of a simple beam due to a uniform
along its entire length. Say the flexural rigidity EI is constant.

equal to zero.
ΣM =0
A v ( L )−wL ( L2 )=0 L
wL
A v=
2
54
wL x
M=
2
x−wx
2[]
X
wL w x2
M= x−
2 2

d2 y
EI 2 =M
dx
d 2 y wL x wL w x2
EI
dx 2
=
2
x−wx
2
=
2
x−[]2
dy wL 2 w 3
EI = x − x +C1
dx 4 6
wL 3 w 4
EIy= x − x +C1 x+C 2
12 24

Apply boundary conditions where deflection y=0 at the supports x=0 and x=L.
wL 3 w 4
EI (0)= 0 − 0 + C1 (0)+C 2
12 24
C 2=0
wL 3 w 4
EI (0)= L − L + C1 ( L)+ 0
12 24
−w L3
C 1=
24
dy wL 2 w 3
EI = x − x +C1
dx 4 6
55
dy wL 2 w 3 w L3
EI = x− x−
dx 4 6 24
wL 3 w 4
EIy= x − x +C1 x+C 2
12 24
wL 3 w 4 w L3
EI y= x− x− x +0
12 24 24

Also, substitute the value of x=L/2 at mid span for the maximum deflection. Maximum
deflection y max occurs at the mid span due to load and support symmetry.
wL L 3 w L 4 w L3 L
EI y= ()
12 2
−
24 2
− ()
24 2
+0 ()
−5 w L4
y max = ans
384 EI
Problem3.14: Application of Maximum Deflection

Determine the diameter D of the beam’s cross section if L=5 m , and E=20000 MPa . Use the
derived formula of the previous problem. Say the allowable deflection is equal to 40 mm .
L = 5m
Solution
Make the units of the given parameters consistent prior to the application of the derived
formula.
KN 1m 1000 N N
w=6.55 [
m 1000 mm ][ 1 KN ]=6.55
mm
L=5000 mm
56
N
E=20000
mm2
y=40 mm
Substitute to the formula and simplify to solve for the moment of inertia.
5 w L4
y max =
384 EI
N
40 mm=
(
5 6.55
mm )
( 5000 mm )4
N
(
384 20000
mm2
I
)
I =66.67 x 10 6 mm 4
π R4 6 4
I= =66.67 x 10 mm
4
R=96 mm
D=2 R=192mmans
Problem 3.15: Effect of Discontinuous Load

Determine the deflection at the mid span of the simple beam loaded by a uniform length
from the left support to the mid span only. EI = constant.
L = 8m
Solution
equal to zero.
Σ M B=0
R A ( 8 )−4 ( 4 ) 6=0
R A =12 KN L = 8m
57
x−4 x
M =12 x+ 4 ( x−4 ) [ ] []
2
−4 x
2
4m
X-4

d2 y
EI =M
dx 2
d2 y x−4 x
EI 2 =12 x+ 4 ( x−4 )
dx 2 [ ] []
−4 x
2
d2 y 2 2
EI 2
=12 x+ 2[x−4 ] −2 x
dx
dy 2 2
EI =6 x 2+ (x−4)3− x 3 +C1
dx 3 3
1 1
EI y=2 x 3 + ( x −4) 4− x 4 +C 1 x +C 2
6 6

Apply boundary conditions where deflection y=0 at the supports x=0 and x=8 m .
1 1
EI (0)=2 ( 0 )3 + ( 0−4 )4− ( 0 )4 +C 1 (0)+C2
6 6
C 2=0
1 1
EI (0)=2 ( 8 )3 + ( 8−4 )4− ( 8 )4 +C 1 (8)+0
6 6
58
C 1=−48
Step 5: Deflection Equations

1 1
EI y=2 x 3 + ( x −4) 4− x 4 −48 x +0
6 6
Step 6: Mid Span Deflection

Also, substitute the value of x=L/2=4 m at mid span for the deflection.
1 1
EI y=2(4)3 + (4−4)4 − ( 4 )4 −48(4)+0
6 6
−320
y= ans
3 EI
Problem 3.16: Cantilever Beam Deflection

A cantilever beam when viewed from the top has a triangular configuration, which
thickness h of the beam is constant as shown in the side view. Determine the rotation and
deflection at the free end due to the concentrated load at the tip.
SIDE VIEW
h
L
TOP VIEW
59
Since there is no support at the left side (so no reaction to be solved), we can pass directly
a cutting plane and FBD of the left portion.
SIDE VIEW
h
x
TOP VIEW
M =−P(x )

d2 y
EI =M
dx 2
But express first the width U in terms of the constant width b , and substitute this into the
moment of inertia at the cut section.
U b
=
x L
bx
U=
L
U h3 bx h3
I=
12
=
L 12 [ ]
d2 y
EI 2 =M
dx
bx h3 d 2 y
E [ ]
L 12 dx 2
=−Px
d 2 y −12 PL
=
dx 2 Eb h3
60
Integrate both sides of the equation.
dy −12 PL
= [ x ] +C
dx Eb h3
Integrate again both sides of the equation.

−12 PL x 2
y=
Eb h3 2 [ ]
+ Cx+ D
−6 PL 2
y= x +Cx + D
Eb h3

Apply boundary conditions where deflection y=0 and dy /dx=0 at x=L.
dy −12 PL
= [ x ] +C
dx Eb h3
−12 PL
0= [ L ] +C
Eb h3
12 P L2
C=
Eb h3
−6 PL 2
y= x +Cx + D
Eb h3
−6 PL 2 12 P L2
0= L+ L+ D
Eb h3 Eb h3
−6 P L3
D=
Eb h3

Substitute these values of C and D for the particular deflection equation.
dy −12 PL
= [ x ] +C
dx Eb h3
dy −12 PL 12 P L2
= [ x ] +
dx Eb h3 Eb h3
61
−6 PL 2
y= x +Cx + D
Eb h3
−6 PL 2 12 P L2 6 P L3
y= x + x−
Eb h3 Ebh 3 Eb h3
At free end, the value of x is equal to zero. Substitute this value into the slope and
deflection equations.
dy −12 PL 12 P L2
= [ x ] +
dx Eb h3 Eb h3
dy −12 PL 12 P L2
= [ 0 ] +
dx Eb h3 Eb h3
dy +12 P L2
= ans
dx Eb h3
−6 PL 2 12 P L2 6 P L3
y= x + x−
Eb h3 Ebh 3 Eb h3
−6 PL 2 12 P L2 6 P L3
y= [ 0 ] + [0]−
Eb h3 Eb h3 Eb h3
−6 P L3
y= ans
Eb h3
62
Module 3.2
Prepared by
MOMENT AREA METHOD
Area-Moment Theorems
Theorem 1
The angle θ AB , between the tangents at two points A and B of the elastic curve of a beam
equals the area of the moment diagram between A and B divided by the flexural rigidity
EI.
Area AB
θ AB =
EI
Area AB
θ BA=
A EI
B
tA/B θAB tB/A
Moment diagram with XA and XB as the location of

its centroid from points A and B respectively
XA XB
63
Theorem 2
The deviation, t B / A of any point B relative to a tangent at any other point A, in a direction
perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is equal to the moment about B of the
area of the moment diagram between A and B divided by the flexural rigidity EI.
Area AB
t B/A= [x B ]
EI
Area AB
t A / B= [ x A]
EI
t A/B≠ t B/A
Sign Conventions for Change of Slope and Deviation

Shown below are the sign conventions for both change of slope and deviation. Take note
that change of slope is positive when the elastic curve is concave upward, and deviation
is positive when the final point on the elastic curve is above the reference tangent.
Deviation is measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam but with respect
to the reference tangent, not necessarily
A from the original Blongitudinal axis.
tA/B θAB tB/A
Positive Change of Slope and

Positive Deviation
tA/B θAB tB/A
B
A
Negative Change of Slope and

Negative Deviation
64
It is important to note in the procedure of analysis in both methods that at fixed support,
the slope and the deflection of the beam must be zero; whereas at a hinged and roller
supports, the deflection is zero but the slope may not be any more equal to zero.
Problem 3.21: Derivation of Beam Deflection at Mid Span

concentrated load at the mid span. Say the flexural rigidity EI is constant. Use the second
moment area theorem.
L/2 L/2
Solution
Step 1: Moment Diagram
Draw the moment diagram of the simple beam from the shear diagram or moment
diagram by parts. After solving for the reactions, the shear and moment diagrams can be
drawn as shown.
L/2 L/2
P/2
Shear
Diagram
-P/2
Moment PL/4
Diagram
L/2
Step 2: Geometry of Elastic Deformation

The deviation of point A measured from the tangent at point C is symbolized by t A /C .
Therefore, the area A of the moment diagram bounded by points A and B, and the lever
arm x A is measured from point A to the centroid of the area.
65
A L/2 L/2 B
1 L PL
A=
2 2 [ ][ ] 4
tA/C
Tangent at C C
Δmax
2
PL
A= xA
16 PL/4
L/2
2 L
x A=
3 2 []
L
x A=
3
Step 3: Solution of Deviation

From the geometry of elastic deformation, the maximum deflection Δ max is equal to the
deviation of point a from the tangent at point C t A /C .
Δ max =t A / C
1
Δ max =t A / C = A ( xA )]
EI [
1 PL2 L
Δ max = [ ( )]
EI 16 3
PL3
Δ max =
48 EI
Problem 3.22: Beam Deflection with Uniform Load

Derive the formula to solve for the maximum deflection of a simple beam due to a uniform
along its entire length. Say the flexural rigidity EI is constant. Use the second moment area
theorem.

drawn as shown.
L
66
wL/2
Shear
Diagram
L/2
-wL/2
wL /8 2
Moment 2° curve
Diagram

The deviation of point A measured from the tangent at point C is symbolized by t A /C . The
moment area of from point A to point C is the difference of the moment area of the
rectangle and the spandrel.
Areas of the rectangle and spandrel, A Rand A S

L wL 2 wL3
A R= [ ]
2 8
=
16
1 L wL 2 wL3
A S=
(2+1) 2 8
= [ ]
48
Lever arms of the rectangle and spandrel, x AR and x AS measured from point A.
1 L L
x AR= =
2 2 4[]
1 L L
x AR=
(2+2) 2
=[]
8
A B
tA/C Δmax
xAS
C
wL2/8 = -
L/2
xAR
67
From the geometry of elastic deformation, the maximum deflection Δ max is equal to the
deviation of point A from the tangent at point C, t A /C .
Δ max =t A / C
1
Δ max =t A / C = A ( xA )]
EI [
1
Δ max =t A / C = A ( x ) −A S ( x AS ) ]
EI [ R AR
1 wL3 L wL 3 L
Δ max = { [ ] [ ]}
EI 16 4
−
48 8
5 wL4
Δ max =
384 EI
Problem 3.23: Application of Moment-Area Method

Determine the deflection at the end of the overhang by applying the second moment
area theorem. The modulus of elasticity is 500000 MPa and the cross section is given below.
75mm
A B 120
D 2m 1.5m 1.5m 2m E mm

drawn as shown.
2m 1.5m 1.5m 2m
10
Shear
Diagram 68
-10
15
Moment
Diagram

The deflection Δ at the overhang is the difference of deviation of point D measured from
the tangent at C t D / Cand the deviation of point A measured from the tangent at C t A /C .
tD/C Δ 1.5m
tA/C 2m
XD 15KNm
2m 1.5m
D A C
1
A= (1.5 m ) 15 KNm=11.25 KN m 2
2
2
x D =2 m+ (1.5 m )=3 m
3
2
x A= (1.5 m )=1.0 m
3

The deviations at points D and A measured from the tangent at C are given below.
69
1 [ 2 33.75 KN m 3
t D / C= 11.25 KN m ] 3 m=
EI EI
1 [ 2 11.25 KN m3
t A /C = 11.25 KN m ] 1m=
EI EI
N 1
EI =500000
mm 2 [
12
(75 mm )( 120 mm )3 ]
EI =5.4 x 10 12 N mm2
EI =5.4 x 10 3 KN m2
Substitute the value of EI in the deviations above.

33.75 KN m3
t D / C= =0.006250 m
5.4 x 103 KN m 2
11.25 KN m 3
t A /C = =0.0020833m
5.4 x 103 KN m 2
So that the deflection at the overhang is given by

Δ=t D/ C −t A /C
Δ=0.006250 m−0.0020833 m
Δ=0.0041667 m ans
Problem 3.24: Moment Area in Cantilever Beam

For the 6 m long cantilever beam shown supporting a uniformly varying load, find the slope
and deflection at the free end. E=200000 MPa , I =220 x 106 mm 4
6m
Solution
drawn as shown.
70
6m
Shear
Diagram
-45
Moment
Diagram 3° curve
-90

The deflection Δ at the free end is equal to the deviation of point A measured from the
tangent at C, t A /C .
Tangent at C A C
tA/C = Δ
6m
1 xA
x A=6 m− ( 6 m )=4.8 m 3°
3+ 2
-90
1
A= ( 6 m )(−90 KNm )=−135 KN m 2
3+1
71
Step 3: Solution of Deviation and Rotation
The deviation of point A measured from the tangent at C is given below, which is in turn in
equal to the deflection at the free end.
N 1 KN ( 1 m )2
EI =200000
mm 2
[ 220 x 106
mm 4
] [ ]
1000 N (1000 mm )2
EI =44000 KN m2
Area AC
t A /C = xA
EI
1
t A /C = [ 135 KN m2 ] 4.8 m=0.015 m
EI
Δ=0.015 m ans
The rotation (or slope) at the free end is the change in slope of the tangent lines between
points A and C which follows.
Tangent at C A C
θAC θC = 0
6m
θA Tangent at A
Area AC
θ A =θ AC =
EI
1
θ A =θ AC = 2
[−135 KN m2 ]
44000 KN m
θ A =−3.07 x 10−3 rad
Module 3.3
θ =0.176 ° ans A
Beam Deflection and Rotation

by Conjugate Beam Method
72
BEAM DEFLECTION and ROTATION by CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
Conjugate Beam Method

A conjugate beam corresponding to a real beam is fictitious beam of the same length as
the real beam, but it is externally supported and internally connected such that if the
conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram of the real beam, the shear and bending
moment at any point on the conjugate beam are equal, respectively, to the slope and
deflection of the corresponding point on the real beam.
Problem 3.31: Derivation of Mid Span Deflection

concentrated load at the mid span. Say the flexural rigidity EI is constant. Use the
conjugate beam method.
L/2 L/2
L
Solution
drawn as shown.
L/2 L/2
ΔC
P/2
Shear
Diagram
-P/2
73
PL/4
Moment
Diagram
L/2
Step 2: Conjugate Beam

The conjugate beam has the same length as the original length of the real beam, but
loaded by the M / EI diagram with the same simple supports at the ends.
PL/4EI
PL/4EI
A’ B’ C’
L/2
L
Av’ Bv’ Av’
Σ M B =0'
1 PL L
− A v ( L )+
'
2
L
[ ( )]
4 EI 2
=0
P L2
Av=
'
16 EI
Step 3: Deflection of the Real Beam

The deflection Δ C at the midspan of the real beam is equal to the moment M C ' at the
midspan of the conjugate beam. See drawing of the cut section at C above.
Δ C real beam=M C conjugate beam
'
L 1 L PL 1 L
Δ C =− A v '
[ ] ( ) [ ( )]
+
2 2 2 4 EI 3 2
−P L2 L 1 L PL 1 L
ΔC= + [ ] ( ) [ ( )]
16 EI 2 2 2 4 EI 3 2
−P L3 P L3
ΔC= +
32 EI 96 EI
74
−P L3
ΔC= ans
48 EI
Problem 3.32: Cantilever Beam Rotation and Deflection

For the 6 m long cantilever beam shown supporting a uniformly varying load, find the slope
and deflection at the free end. E=200000 MPa , I =220 x 106 mm 4
6m
Solution
drawn as shown.
ΔA
6m
Shear
Diagram
-45
Moment
Diagram
-90
75
The length of the conjugate beam is equal to the length of the real beam, the free end
and fixed support of the real beam becomes fixed support and free end of the conjugate
beam, respectively.
6m
MA’
A’
3°curve 90/EI
SA’
Step 3: Deflection and Rotation

The deflection Δ Aof the real beam at point A is equal to the moment M A of the conjugate
'
beam at point A’.

Δ A real beam=M A conjugate beam
'
90
−6
EI [ ] 6
Δ A= M A =
'
3+ 1 [ 6−
3+ 2 ]
−648 KN m3
Δ A=
EI
N 1 KN ( 1 m )2
EI =200000
mm 2
6 4
[ 220 x 10 mm ] [
1000 N (1000 mm )2 ]
EI =44000 KN m2
−648 KN m3
Δ A= =−0.0147272m ans
44000 KN m 2
The rotation θ A at A of the real beam is equal to the shear S A at A’ of the conjugate beam.
'
θ A real beam=S A conjugate beam

'
90
θA=
−6 [ ]
EI −135 KN m2
=
3+1 EI
−135 KN m 2
θA= =−0.003068 rad
44000 KN m 2
θ A =0.176 ° ans
76
Problem 3.33: Overhanging Beam
Determine the deflection at the end of the overhang by applying the conjugate beam
method. The modulus of rigidity is 5.4 x 10 3 KN m 2.
A B
D 2m 1.5m 1.5m 2m E

drawn as shown.
1.5m 1.5m ΔE
2m 2m
10
Shear
Diagram
-10
15
Moment
Diagram

The conjugate beam has a length similar to the real beam but loaded with the M/EI
diagram. At free end of the real beam will become fixed support at the conjugate beam.
And internal simple supports of the real beam become internal pins at the conjugate
beam. See figure below.
15/EI
D’ E’
A’ B’
77
Bv’ ME’
2m
3m
Av’ Bv’
Ev’
Step 3: Deflection at the free end

The deflection Δ E at the free end E of the real beam is equal to the moment M E ' at E’ of the
conjugate beam. So that Bv ' must be solved first in segment A’B’, and substitute it to
segment B’E’.
Σ M A =0 '
1 15
Bv ( 3 ) − ( 3 )
'
2 EI ( )
[ 1.5 ] =0
11.25
Bv = '
EI
Δ E real beam=M E ' conjugate beam
Δ E =Bv ( 2) '
11.25 ( ) 22.5 KN m3
ΔE = 2=
EI EI
22.5 KN m3
ΔE =
5.4 x 103 KN m2
Δ E =0.0041666 m ans
Problem 3.34: Maximum Deflection

Determine the maximum deflection for the given beam using the conjugate beam
method. EI =140 x 103 KN m 2
10m 5m
A B
15m
78
Solution
The moment diagram is drawn from shear diagram, which in turn is drawn from the load
diagram using the load-shear-moment relationships.
10m 5m
A B
15m
Shear 30
Diagram
-60
300
Moment
Diagram

The conjugate beam has the same length as the real beam with simple supports remaining
at the ends as shown, but loaded by the M/EI diagram.
300/EI
A’ B’
10m 5m
Av’ Bv’
Σ M B =0
'
1 300 10 1 300 2
A v [15]− ( 10 )
'
2 EI
5+
3 2 [
− ( 5)
EI 3 ] [ ]
( 5 ) =0
79
1000
Av =
'
EI
Similar Triangles Y
A’ C’ B’
300 X 5m
SC’ = 0
y EI at cut section
=
x 10 Av’ to maximize Bv’
deflection
30 x
y=
EI

The maximum deflection Δ maxof the real beam at point C is equal to the moment M C of the '
conjugate beam at point A’.

Δ max real beam=M C conjugate beam
'
But the location of C’ must be known first, call this distance x (see figure above). Distance x
can be solved when the shear of the conjugate beam at C’ is equal to zero, which in turn
is equal to the slope of real beam at the same point C.
θC real beam=S C conjugate beam
'
1
0= xy− A v '
2
1 30 x 1000
0= x
2 EI [ ]
−
EI
x=8.165 m
And substitute the value of x in the equation above to solve for the magnitude of
maximum deflection.
1 x
Δ max = xy
2 3 []
−A v [ x ] '
1 30(8.165) 8.165 1000

Δ max = (8.165)
2 EI 3
−
EI[ ]
[ 8.165 ]
−5443.31 −5443.31 KN m 3
Δ max = =
EI 140000 KN m 2
Δ max =¿−0.039m=−39 mm ans
80
Module 3.4
Prepared by
81
DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE TRUSS by VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
Principle of Virtual Displacements for Rigid Bodies

If a rigid body is in equilibrium under a system of forces and if it is subjected to any small
virtual rigid-body displacement, the virtual work done by the external forces is zero.
Principle of Virtual Forces for Deformable Bodies
If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under a virtual system of forces (and couples)
and if it is subjected to any small real deformation consistent with the support and
continuity conditions of the structure, then the virtual external work done by the virtual
external forces (and couples) acting through the real external displacements (and
rotations) is equal to the virtual internal work done by the internal forces (and couples)
acting through the real internal displacements (and rotations).
As applied to trusses, the deflection Δ and rotation θ are given below, in which S is the
axial bar force due to real loads, U is the axial bar force due to unit load, L is the length of
the member, A is the bar cross-sectional area, and E is the modulus of elasticity.
SUL Δ
Δ=Σ ∧θ=
AE L
82
Illustrative Problem 3.51: Determinate Truss Deflection
For the deck bridge truss shown, determine the horizontal displacement at joint D and
vertical displacement at joint G. The area of the top and bottom chords is 8000 mm2 ,
vertical members BF and DH is 6000 mm2 , and vertical member CG is 4000 mm 2 . And the
modulus of elasticity E is200000 MPa.
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
Solution
The deflection δ of a truss is given by the formula below where S is the bar force due to the
real loads, U is the bar force due to unit load, L is the length of the member, A is the cross-
sectional area of the member and E is the modulus of elasticity of the member.
SUL 1 SUL
Δ=Σ = Σ
AE E A
Therefore, analyze the truss separately due to real loads, due to the vertical unit load at G,
and due the horizontal unit load at D in which the FBDs are shown below.
Bar forces due to the real loads
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
Bar forces due to the vertical unit load at G
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
83
Bar forces due to the horizontal unit load at D
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
Mb Uv at Uh at 4 at 4.0m = 16m
r S G D L A S Uv L /A S Uh L / A
KN m mm2 KNm/mm2 KNm/mm2
AB -122.67 -0.67 1 4 8000 0.0410945 -0.061335
BC -122.67 -0.67 1 4 8000 0.0410945 -0.061335
CD -133.33 -0.67 1 4 8000 0.0446656 -0.066665
DE -133.33 -0.67 0 4 8000 0.0446656 0
AF 153.33 0.83 0 5 8000 0.0795399 0
FG 181.33 1.33 0 4 8000 0.1205845 0
GH 181.33 1.33 0 4 8000 0.1205845 0
HE 166.67 0.83 0 5 8000 0.0864601 0
BF -48 0 0 3 6000 0 0
CG 0 1 0 3 4000 0 0
DH -64 0 0 3 6000 0 0
CF -73.33 -0.83 0 5 8000 0.0380399 0
CH -60 -0.83 0 5 8000 0.031125 0
0.6478538 -0.189335
Then tabulate bar forces due to the given loadings separately with the corresponding
member lengths and areas as shown below.
Then solve for the vertical deflection at G and horizontal deflections at D as follows.
External Work=Internal Work
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U ( δ )
SL
( AE
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U )
1 SUL
Δ= Σ (
E A )
Vertical deflection at G
1 SUvL
ΔGv=
E (
Σ
A )
84
1 KNm 1000 N
ΔGv=
200000
N
2
(
Σ 0.6478538
mm2 )[
1 KN ]
mm
ΔGv=0.00324 mans
Horizontal deflection at D
1 SUhL
ΔDh=
E
Σ ( A )
1 KNm
ΔDh=
200000
N (
Σ −0.189335
mm 2 ) [ 1000 N
1 KN ]
mm2
ΔDh=−0.0009 m ans
Illustrative Problem 3.52: Determinate Truss Deflection

For the deck bridge truss shown, determine the horizontal displacement at joint D and
vertical displacement at joint G. The area of the top and bottom chords is 8000 mm2 ,
vertical members BF and DH is 6000 mm2 , and vertical member CG is 4000 mm 2 . And the
moduli of elasticity E of top chords is100000 MPa and 200000 MPa for the remaining
members.
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
Solution
The deflection δ of a truss is given by the formula below where S is the bar force due to the
real loads, U is the bar force due to unit load, L is the length of the member, A is the cross-
sectional area of the member and E is the modulus of elasticity of the member.
SUL
Δ=Σ
AE
85
Therefore, analyze the truss separately due to real loads, due to the vertical unit load at G,
and due the horizontal unit load at D in which the FBDs are shown below.
Bar forces due to the real loads
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
Bar forces due to the vertical unit load at G
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
Bar forces due to the horizontal unit load at D
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
Mb
r S Uv Uh L A E SUvL /AE SUhL /AE
at
KN at G D m mm2 KN/mm2 m m
- -
AB 122.67 -0.67 1 4 8000 100 0.0004109 0.0006134
- -
BC 122.67 -0.67 1 4 8000 100 0.0004109 0.0006134
- -
CD 133.33 -0.67 1 4 8000 100 0.0004467 0.0006667
-
DE 133.33 -0.67 0 4 8000 100 0.0004467 0
AF 153.33 0.83 0 5 8000 200 0.0003977 0
FG 181.33 1.33 0 4 8000 200 0.0006029 0
86
GH 181.33 1.33 0 4 8000 200 0.0006029 0
HE 166.67 0.83 0 5 8000 200 0.0004323 0
BF -48 0 0 3 6000 200 0 0
CG 0 1 0 3 4000 200 0 0
DH -64 0 0 3 6000 200 0 0
CF -73.33 -0.83 0 5 8000 200 0.0001902 0
CH -60 -0.83 0 5 8000 200 0.0001556 0
-
0.0040969 0.0018934
Then solve for the vertical deflection at G and horizontal deflections at D as follows.
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U ( δ )
SL
( AE
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U )
SUL
Δ=Σ (
AE )
Vertical deflection at G
ΔGv=Σ ( SUvL
AE )
ΔGv=0.0040969m ans
Horizontal deflection at D
ΔDh=Σ ( SUhL
AE )
ΔDh=−0.0018934 m ans
Illustrative Problem 3.53: Determinate Truss Rotation
87
For the deck bridge truss shown, determine the rotation of member BC. The area of the top
and bottom chords is 8000 mm2 , vertical members BF and DH is 6000 mm2 , and vertical
member CG is 4000 mm 2 . And the modulus of elasticity E is200000 MPa.
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
Solution
The rotation θ of a member is the ratio of its deflection and length. The deflection Δ of a
truss is given by the formula below where S is the bar force due to the real loads, U is the
bar force due to unit load, L is the length of the member, A is the cross-sectional area of
the member and E is the modulus of elasticity of the member.
SUL
Δ=Σ
AE
1 SUL
Δ= Σ
E A
Δ
θ=
L
Therefore, analyze the truss separately due to real loads, due to a pair of vertical unit loads
at joints B and C (and perpendicular to the member) in which the FBDs are shown below.
B C D E
A
3m
Bar forces due to the real loads F H

G
4 at 4.0m = 16m Bar forces due to the unit loads perpendicular to member BC
B C D E
A
3m
F G H
4 at 4.0m = 16m
88
Mb
r S U L A S U L /A
KN m mm2 KNm/mm2
AB -122.67 0.33 4 8000 -0.02024055
BC -122.67 0.33 4 8000 -0.02024055
CD -133.33 -0.33 4 8000 0.02199945
DE -133.33 -0.33 4 8000 0.02199945
AF 153.33 -0.42 5 8000 -0.040249125
FG 181.33 0.67 4 8000 0.06074555
GH 181.33 0.67 4 8000 0.06074555
HE 166.67 0.42 5 8000 0.043750875
BF -48 1 3 6000 -0.024
CG 0 0 3 4000 0
DH -64 0 3 6000 0
CF -73.33 -1.25 5 8000 0.057289063
CH -60 -0.42 5 8000 0.01575
0.177549713
So that the deflection perpendicular to member BC is solved as follows.

1 SUL
Δ= Σ
E A
1 KNm 1000 N
Δ BC =
200000
N (
Σ 0.177549713
mm2 )[
1 KN ]
mm 2
Δ BC =0.000888m
And the rotation of member BC then is given by the solution below.

Δ
θ=
L
Δ 0.000888 m
θ BC = =
L 4m
θ BC =0.000222 rad ans
89
Illustrative Problem 3.54:
Truss Deflection with the Effect of Change in Temperature
Solve for the vertical deflection at joint F due to the temperature drop of 40 ° C on member
BC and temperature rise of 80 ° C on member CD. The coefficient of linear expansion α is
0.0000065/° C .
C
D 2m
B
4m
1m
A F
E
4m 4m
Solution
The vertical deflection at point F can be solved using the concept of virtual work which
follows:
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U ( δ )
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U ( αL ΔT )
So that the truss members are solved twice due to the change in temperature and due to
the unit load where the diagrams are shown below.
90
Due to the Vertical Unit load at F Due to the Change in Temperature
C
C
D
D
B
B
A F
A F
E
E
Then tabulate results as follows.

Mb
r U α L ΔT U α L ΔT
per °C m °C m
AB -0.75 0.0000065 5 0 0
4.4
BC -0.75 0.0000065 7 -40 0.00087165
4.4
CD -0.75 0.0000065 7 80 -0.0017433
DE -0.75 0.0000065 5 0 0
4.1
EF -0.69 0.0000065 2 0 0
4.1
FA -0.69 0.0000065 2 0 0
9.4
AD 0.79 0.0000065 3 0 0
9.4
BE 0.79 0.0000065 3 0 0
CF 0.67 0.0000065 6 0 0
-0.00087165
So, the vertical deflection at joint F is given below which is taken from the virtual work
theorem.
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U ( αL ΔT )
Δ F =−0.00087165 m ans

Truss Deflection with the Effect of Fabrication Errors
91
Solve for the vertical deflection at joint F if member AB is 0.025m too short and member CF
is 0.050m too long.
C
D 2m
B
4m
1m
A F
E
4m 4m
Solution
follows:
1 ( Δ ) =Σ U ( δ )
So that the truss members are solved twice due to the change fabrication errors and due
to the unit load where the diagrams are shown below.
C
C
D
D
B
B
A F
A F
E
E
Due to the Vertical Unit load at F Due to the Fabrication Errors
92
Then tabulate results as follows.
Mbr U δ Uδ
m m
AB -0.75 -0.025 0.01875
BC -0.75 0 0
CD -0.75 0 0
DE -0.75 0 0
EF -0.69 0 0
FA -0.69 0 0
AD 0.79 0 0
BE 0.79 0 0
CF 0.67 0.05 0.0335
0.05225
Therefore, the vertical deflection at joint F is equal to 0.05225 m.

Truss Deflection with the Effect of Fabrication Errors
Solve for the vertical deflection at C if member BG is 0.020m too short and member GF is
0.100m too long.
3m 4m 4m 3m
C 2m
B D
2m
G F 2m
A
4m 3m 3m 4m E
Solution
follows:

1 ( Δ ) =Σ U ( δ )
So that the truss members are solved twice due to the change fabrication errors and due
to the unit load where the diagrams are shown below.
3m 4m 4m 3m
3m 4m C 4m 3m 2m
B D
C 2m
B D 2m
2m
G F
2m 93
A G F 2m
A 4m 3m 3m 4m E
4m 3m 3m 4m E
Due to the Vertical Unit load at C
Then, tabulate results as follows.
Mbr U δ Uδ
m m
AB -1 0 0
BC -0.89 0 0
CD -0.89 0 0
DE -1 0 0
EF 0.67 0 0
FG 0.88 0.1 0.088
AG 0.67 0 0
BG 0.45 -0.02 -0.009
CG -0.12 0 0
CF -0.12 0 0
DF 0.45 0 0
0.079
Therefore, the vertical deflection at joint C is equal to 0.079 m.
Problem3.57: Truss Deflection due to Change in Temperature

Assuming temperature drop of 40 ° C on members AB and DF, and temperature rise on of
100 ° C member GF, determine the vertical deflection at joint C when the coefficient of
linear expansion is 0.0000070 per ° C .
Solution
Using the concept of virtual work, the vertical deflection at joint C can be solved
considering the FBDs of the truss due to real the unit load and changes in temperature.
94
3m 4m 4m 3m
C 2m
B D
2m
G F 2m
A
4m 3m 3m 4m E
Due to the Vertical Unit load at C
3m 4m 4m 3m
C 2m
B D
2m
G F 2m
A
4m 3m 3m 4m E
Due to Changes in Temperature
Then the results are tabulated below, where the summation of the last column represents
the vertical deflection at joint C.
Mbr U Α L ΔT U α L ΔT
per °C m °C m
AB -1 0.000007 5 -40 0.0014
BC -0.89 0.000007 4.47 0 0
CD -0.89 0.000007 4.47 0 0
DE -1 0.000007 5 0 0
EF 0.67 0.000007 4.47 0 0
FG 0.88 0.000007 6 100 0.003696
AG 0.67 0.000007 4.47 0 0
BG 0.45 0.000007 2.24 0 0
CG -0.12 0.000007 5 0 0
CF -0.12 0.000007 5 0 0
-
DF 0.45 0.000007 2.24 -40 0.000281745
0.004814255
Thus, the vertical deflection at joint c due to the given changes in temperature is equal to
0.004814255 m.
95
Module 3.5
Prepared By
DEFLECTION of DETERMINATE TRUSS by CASTIGLIANO’S METHOD
Castigliano’s Method
The Castigliano’s theorem as discussed in the previous chapter can be applied in the
solution of beam deflection Δ and rotation θ as follows, where M is the moment at the cut
section due to the real and fictitious load P, ∂ M /∂ P is the partial derivative of moment
with respect to the fictitious load, and ∂ M / ∂ M c is the partial derivative of moment with
respect to fictitious couple M c .
L
∂M M
Δ=∫
0
[ ]
∂ P EI
dx
L
∂M M
θ=∫
0
[ ]
∂ M c EI
dx
96
Problem 3.61: Deflection of Truss by Castigliano’s Theorem
For A=0.00001 m2 , E=200 x 10 6 KN /m 2 , determine the following:
a. Horizontal deflection of joint C, Δ Ch
b. Vertical deflection of joint B, Δ Bv
c. Horizontal deflection of joint B, Δ Bh
3m
A C
3m 2m
Solution
Horizontal deflection of joint C, Δ Ch
Using Castigliano’s Theorem, assume a horizontal load P 1 at joint C, and solve bar forces in
terms of this P1. See FBD of the truss with load P1 below.
A C
And tabulate bar forces S in terms of P 1, partial derivative of S, length L, cross-sectional

area of a member A, modulus of elasticity E, and the actual bar forces as follows.
P1 = 0 KN
Mb
r S dS/dP1 L A E (SL/AE)dS/dP1
m m2 KN/m2 m
- 0.0
AB 22.63 + 0 P1 0.00 4.2426 1E-05 2E+08 0
- 0.0
BC 28.84 + 0 P1 0.00 3.6056 1E-05 2E+08 0
97
1.0
AC 16 + 0 P1 1.00 5 1E-05 2E+08 0.04
ΔCh = 0.04
Therefore, the horizontal deflection at joint C is equal to 0.04 m.
Vertical deflection of joint B, Δ Bv

Using Castigliano’s Theorem, assume a vertical load P2 at joint B, and solve bar forces in
terms of this P2. See FBD of the truss with load P2 below. Note that the vertical real load of
40KN at joint B is removed.
A C

P2 = 40 KN
Mb
m m2 KN/m2 m
AB -0.57 P2 -0.57 4.2426 1E-05 2E+08 0.027568679
BC -0.72 P2 -0.72 3.6056 1E-05 2E+08 0.037382356
AC 0.40 P2 0.40 5 1E-05 2E+08 0.016
ΔBv = 0.080951035
Therefore, the vertical deflection at joint B is equal to 0.080951035 m.

Horizontal deflection of joint B, Δ Bh
Using Castigliano’s Theorem, assume a horizontal load P 3 at joint B, and solve bar forces in
terms of this P3. See FBD of the truss with load P3 below.
A C
98
P3 = 0 KN
Mb
m m2 KN/m2 m
4.242
AB -22.63 + 0.85 P3 0.85 6 1E-05 2E+08 -0.040804657
3.605
BC -28.84 + -0.72 P3 -0.72 6 1E-05 2E+08 0.037434276
AC 16 + 0.40 P3 0.40 5 1E-05 2E+08 0.016
ΔBh = 0.012629618
Therefore, the horizontal deflection at joint B is equal to 0.012629618 m.
A C
Deflected Shape
99
Module 4.1
Prepared by
ANALYSIS of INDETERMINATE TRUSS by VIRTUAL WORK METHOD

OR CONSISTENT DEFORMATION METHOD
Principle of Virtual Displacements for Rigid Bodies

If a rigid body is in equilibrium under a system of forces and if it is subjected to any small
virtual rigid-body displacement, the virtual work done by the external forces is zero.
Principle of Virtual Forces for Deformable Bodies

If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under a virtual system of forces (and couples)
and if it is subjected to any small real deformation consistent with the support and
continuity conditions of the structure, then the virtual external work done by the virtual
external forces (and couples) acting through the real external displacements (and
rotations) is equal to the virtual internal work done by the internal forces (and couples)
acting through the real internal displacements (and rotations).
As applied to trusses, the deflection Δ and rotation θ are given below, in which S is the
axial bar force due to real loads, U is the axial bar force due to unit load, L is the length of
the member, A is the bar cross-sectional area, and E is the modulus of elasticity.
SUL Δ
Δ=Σ ∧θ=
AE L
Method of Consistent Deformation Procedure in the Analysis of Indeterminate Truss

1. Degree of Indeterminacy and Redundancy
2. Compatibility Equation/s
3. Primary Truss due to Real Loads and Unit Load/s
4. Deflection of Primary Truss due to Real Load/s
5. Deflection/s of Primary Truss due to Unit Load/s
6. Magnitude of Redundant/s
7. Axial Bar Forces and Reactions
100
Problem 4.11: Analysis of Externally Indeterminate Truss
Assuming AE is constant, solve for all bar forces of the externally indeterminate truss shown.
B C
4m
A 3m F 3m E 3m D
Solution
Step 1: Degree of Indeterminacy and Redundancy
b+ r ? 2 j+ c
9+ 4 ? 2 ( 6 ) +0
13>12
1 ° indeterminate
Since the number of component reactions is 4 which is greater than 3 equations of

equilibrium, then there is 1 excess reaction (called the redundant). Say the redundant is the
horizontal reaction at hinge support D (replaced by a roller), so that a determinate primary
truss can be formed but remains stable. See FBD of the whole truss.
Dh=Redundant Reaction
B C
4m
A 3m F 3m E 3m D
101
Step 2: Compatibility Equation
The number of compatibility equations depends on the number of unknown redundant
(degree of indeterminacy). Thus, for this example has only one compatibility equation
which is given below, where Δ is the deflection of primary determinate truss due to real
loads, f is the deflection of primary determinate truss due to the unit load, and R is the
redundant.
Δ+f ( R )=0
SUL
Δ=Σ
AE
U (U ) L
f =Σ
AE
Step 3: Primary Truss due to Real Loads and Unit Load/s

Draw separately the FBDs of the primary truss due to the given real loads and unit loads.
Shown below are the bar forces due to these loads by method of joints and/or sections.
B C
A F E D
Bar Forces of Primary Truss due to Real Loads
B C
A F E D 102
Bar Forces of Primary Truss due to Horizontal Unit Load at the Roller Support
Step 4: Deflection of Primary Truss due to Real Loads

See tabulation of results and solve for the deflection of primary truss due to real loads.
SUL
Δ=Σ
AE
1 1
Δ= ΣSUL= ( 735 )
AE AE
Step 5: Deflection of Primary Truss due to Unit Load

See tabulation of results and solve for the deflection of primary truss due to the unit load.
U (U ) L
f =Σ
AE
1 1
f= ΣU (U ) L= (9)
AE AE
Step 6: Magnitude of the Redundant

Solve for the magnitude of the redundant using the formulated compatibility equation
from step 2.
Δ+f ( R )=0
735 9
+ ( R)=0
AE AE
R=−81.67 KN
103
Step 7: Axial Bar Forces and Reactions
And solve actual axial bar forces by method of superposition in which the equation is given
below.
S' =S+U ( R )
S' =actual axial force

¯
Summarized on the last column of the table below are the actual bar forces.
Mb Bar
r S U L SUL U(U)L Forces
at
KN D m KNm KNm KN
AB -83.33 0 5 0 0 -83.33
BC -85 0 3 0 0 -85
CD -141.7 0 5 0 0 -141.66
DE 85 1 3 255 3 3.3333333
EF 80 1 3 240 3 -1.666667
FA 80 1 3 240 3 -1.666667
BF 60 0 4 0 0 60
CE 113.33 0 4 0 0 113.33
BE 8.33 0 5 0 0 8.33
735 9
Finally, the other component reactions can be solved by the equations of equilibrium.
ΣM A =0
Dv =113.33 KN
ΣF v =0
A v =66.66 KN
ΣF h=0
Ah =−51.67 KN
Note that the redundant reaction Dh is equal to −81.67 KN . The negative sign indicates
opposite of its assumed direction. See FBD of the indeterminate truss.
Assuming AE is constant, solve for all bar forces of the externally indeterminate truss shown.
104
B C
A 3m F 3m E 3m D
Solution
b+ r ? 2 j+ c
9+ 4 ? 2 ( 6 ) +0
13>12
1 ° indeterminate
Ah=Redundant Reaction
B C
A 3m F 3m E 3m D
Δ+f ( R )=0
105
Step 3: Primary Truss due to Real Loads and Unit Load/s
B C
A F E D
Bar Forces of Primary Truss due to Real Loads
B C
A F E D
Bar Forces of Primary Truss due to Horizontal Unit Load at the Roller Support

SUL
Δ=Σ
AE
106
1 1
Δ= ΣSUL= ( 465 )
AE AE

U (U ) L
f =Σ
AE
1 1
f= ΣU (U ) L= (9)
AE AE

from step 2.
Δ+f ( R )=0
465 9
+ ( R)=0
AE AE
R=−51.67 KN

below.
S' =S+U ( R )

¯
Mb Bar
at
KN A m KNm KNm KN
AB -83.33 0 5 0 0 -83.33
BC -85 0 3 0 0 -85
CD -141.7 0 5 0 0 -141.66
DE 55 1 3 165 3 3.3333333
EF 50 1 3 150 3 -1.666667
FA 50 1 3 150 3 -1.666667
BF 60 0 4 0 0 60
107
CE 113.33 0 4 0 0 113.33
BE 8.33 0 5 0 0 8.33
465 9
ΣM D=0
A v =66.67 KN
ΣF v =0
D v =113.33 KN
ΣF h=0
D h=−81.67 KN
Note that the redundant reaction Ah is equal to −51.67 KN . The negative sign indicates
opposite of its assumed direction. See FBD of the indeterminate truss.
Problem 4.13: Analysis of Internally Indeterminate Truss

Assuming AE is constant, solve for all bar forces of the internally indeterminate truss shown.
A B
3.0m
4.0m D
C
Internally Indeterminate Truss
108
b+ r ? 2 j+ c
6+3 ? 2 ( 4 ) +0
9> 8
1 ° indeterminate
Since there are 3 component reactions equal to 3 equations of equilibrium, then the one
excess is a member. Say this redundant is member BC.
BC=Redundant Member
Δ+f ( R )=0
Step 3: Primary Truss due to Real Loads and Unit Load
A B A B
3.0m 3.0m
4.0m D 4.0m D
C C
Primary Truss due to Real Load Primary Truss due to Unit Load

SUL
Δ=Σ
AE
1 1
Δ= ΣSUL= ( 302.4 )
AE AE
109
U (U ) L
f =Σ
AE
1 1
f= ΣU (U ) L= (17.28 )
AE AE

from step 2.
Δ+f ( R )=0
302.4 17.28
+ ( R)=0
AE AE
R=−17.50 KN

below.
S' =S+U ( R )

¯
Mb Bar
KN m KNm KNm KN
AB 0 -0.8 4 0 2.56 14
BD 0 -0.6 3 0 1.08 10.5
DC -32 -0.8 4 102.4 2.56 -18
CA 0 -0.6 3 0 1.08 10.5
AD 40 1 5 200 5 22.5
BC 0 1 5 0 5 -17.5
302.4 17.28
ΣM A =0
110
C h=32 KN
ΣF v =0
A v =24 KN
ΣF h=0
Ah =32 KN
Note that the redundant member BC is equal to −17.50 KN . The negative sign indicates
opposite of its assumed directions. See FBD of the indeterminate truss.

Solve for all bar forces of the externally indeterminate truss shown.
A=4 ¿ , E=29000 ksi , α=6.5 x 10 /° F . The temperature rise on member BC is 70 ° F .
2 −6
10ft
C
10ft
A D
2 at 10ft = 20ft
Externally Indeterminate Truss
Solution
b+ r ? 2 j+ c
5+ 4 ? 2 ( 4 ) +0
9> 8
1 ° indeterminate
Dh=Redundant Reaction

Δ+f ( R )=0
111
Step 3: Primary Truss due to Unit Load and Change in Temperature
B
B
C
C
A D
A D
Primary Truss due to Unit Load Primary Truss due to Temperature Change
Step 4: Deflection of Primary Truss due to Temperature Change

See tabulation of results and solve for the deflection of primary truss due to temperature
change.
Δ=ΣU (αLΔT )
Δ=−0.218∈¿

U (U ) L
f =Σ
AE
f =0.0632∈¿
per
α= 0.0000065 °F
A= 4 in2
E= 29000 Kips/in2
Mb
r U ΔT L UαLΔT U(U)L/AE Bar Forces
°F in In in Kips
AB 2.24 0 268.33 0 0.01161 7.7408376
BD 2.24 0 268.33 0 0.01161 7.7408376
DC -2.83 0 169.71 0 0.01172 -9.779719
CA -2.83 0 169.71 0 0.01172 -9.779719
112
BC -4 70 120 -0.218 0.01655 -13.82292
-0.218 0.0632

from step 2.
Δ+f ( R )=0
−0.218+ 0.0632 ( R )=0
R=3.456 kips

And solve actual axial bar forces S' by method of superposition in which the equation is
given below. See last column of the table.
S' =U ( R )

Whys is there a need of solving deflection and/or rotation of structures?
Explore:
Explore by memorizing the formulas in the different methods of deflection and/or rotation
of structures.
Explain:
Identify the most convenient solution in the deformation and/or rotation od structures.
Explain why.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluate:
Identify the difference between the method of consistent deformation/virtual work method
and Castigliano’s method?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Elaborate:
Elaborate briefly the procedure of Castigliano’s method in the solution of deflection of
structures.
113
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Summative Assessment: Quiz for the Lecture

Problem 1
For the given cantilever beam, determine the deflection and rotation at the free end. Use
any method discussed in this module.
CANTILEVER BEAM 2.1

L/2 L/2
L = 6m
3m
SIMPLE BEAM 2.2
Problem 2
For the given simple beam above, determine the deflection at the mid span by any
method discussed in this module.
Summative Assessment: Exam for the Lecture Class

Assuming AE is constant, determine the axial bar force on each member of the truss below.
Use the table for the summary of your solutions.
EXTERNALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSS
4m C
B
Membe Axial
r Load 4m
AB
BC
A D
CD
AC
BD
Course work 3 for the Laboratory Class
114
Determine the horizontal deflection at joint D of the determinate truss shown. Use any
method used in this module.
2m
C
2m
A D
2 at 2m = 4m
Summative Assessment: Exam for the Laboratory Class

Analysis of Internally Indeterminate Truss
Assuming AE is constant, solve for all bar forces of the internally indeterminate truss shown.
Summarize your solution by filling-up the table below.
Mb Bar A B
KN m KNm KNm KN
AB 3.0m
BD
DC
CA C
4.0m D
AD Internally Indeterminate Truss

BC
115
References
Hibbeler, R. C. (2001). Engineering Mechanics:Statics. 9th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Hsieh, Y. (1982). Elementary Theory of Structures. Second Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc.
Kassimali, A. (1999). Structural Analysis. 2nd Edition. Brookes/Cole Publishing Company.

Pacific Grove, CA
Kassimali, A. (2015). Structural Analysis. 5th edition. International edition. CENGAGE Learning.
Nelson, J. K. and McCormac, J. C. (2003) Structural Analysis: Using Classical and Matrix
Methods. 3rd edition.Wiley.
Timoshenko, and Young, (1965). Theory of Structures. Second Edition. McGraw Hill Books.
New York.
Singer, F. (1980). Engineering Mechanics. Statics and Dynamics
Wang, C, and Eckel, C. (1979). Elementary Theory of Structures. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Reprinted
in the Philippines by Merriam School & Office Supplies Corp. Manila
ASSIGNMENT GUIDE
116
I. Output
For units of the module, in which you are given a problem to be solved,
detailed calculations and solutions are to be submitted.
II. Rationale
These assignments aim to evaluate your ability to analyze structures namely
truss, beam, and frame using the different methods discussed in the lecture both
on-line and off-line.
III. Materials
The students will have to go through the weekly module in their packets.
For additional insights students may also refer to the course textbook.
IV. Specific Guidelines

You are required to show your detailed calculations, solutions and answers to
the given problem. Your answers may be handwritten or computerized following
the given format below.
CLASS CODE: SCHEDULE:
ID NUMBER:
NAME: LASTNAME, FIRST NAME
ASSIGNED QUESTION/PROBLEM: (Copy the question/problem assigned to you)
ANSWER/SOLUTION:
(Please note that you have to answer only what is being asked in the
question/problem assigned to you. Unnecessary
equations/formula/answers/statements will mean deductions in your scores.)
(BOX/HIGHLIGHT FINAL ANSWERS FOR PROBLEMS AND IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FOR

ESSAY QUESTIONS)
I, pledge on my honor, that I have not given or received any assistance on this
assignment
Student’s Signature
117
Use A SINGLE FILE pdf format with file name:
classcode_lastname_firstname_gender (M/F) (i.e. 2330_CRISOSTOMO_ELIZAH_F).
You will then upload your solution to the google classroom classwork assignment for
that week. V. Evaluation Tool
The rubrics below will be the basis of the evaluation.
1. RUBRIC FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (solution proper) 90%

Program Performance Exemplar Satisfactor Unsatisfactory SCO
Learning Indicators y (3) y(2) (1) RE:
Outcome
PLO 1 to 6: Use the No errors One or Two No
method/s as in the errors in the understanding
Solution of theorems, theorems, of the theorems,
specified in
deflection of principles principles principles and
structures the given plate
and and mathematical
(truss, beam, (correctness of mathemat mathematica equations used
and frame) the solution ical l equations for structural
equations used for analysis
and answers)
used for structural
structural analysis
analysis
Completeness No errors One or Two Little or No
Analysis of of the solution in the errors in the understanding
indeterminate solution solution and of solving and
structures (The complete and deduction of deducing the
solution must deduction the theorems,
be shown like of the theorems, principles and
free body theorems, principles mathematical
principles and equations used
diagrams, the
and mathematica for structural
concepts mathemat l equations analysis
needed, the ical used for
appropriate equations structural
formulas used for analysis
structural
analysis
2. RUBRIC FOR THE PRESENTATION OF SOLUTION (10%)
PLO 1 to 6: Engineering Following With one of At least two of
presentation instruction the criteria the criteria
Solution of must be s and presented is presented are
deflection of observed well proce not satisfied present
structures complying
118
(truss, beam, the
and frame) following
criteria:m
eaning NO
erasures,
NO
unnecessa
ry
Analysis of solutions,
indeterminate correct
structures free body
diagrams,
shear and
moment
diagrams,
and
elastic
curves,
line
values)du
re
NOTES
⮚ Each plate has a total score of 60 points. The grading is dependent on the rubrics
presented above.
⮚ Late plates have corresponding score of zero, but have to be submitted still for
completion.
⮚ At least plate NOT submitted has NO CREDIT or incomplete grade if the student is
passing. Otherwise, the student is marked a failing grade.
119

Structural Theory 2 - First Second Third Modules

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What are the main topics covered in the course?

What are the main topics covered in the course?

What methods are discussed for analyzing indeterminate structures?

What methods are discussed for analyzing indeterminate structures?

CE 421/L

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

COURSE STUDY GUIDE

SLU Calendar Short Term 2020 8

Contact Information of the Facilitator 9

CE 421: STRUCTURAL THEORY 2 (LECTURE AND LABORATORY)

“The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art.”

Dear Future Civil Engineers,

As a result of your educational experiences in the course CE 421, you should

Your academic experience a Civil Engineering student will be utilized in this

MODULE 1: Fundamentals of Structures– This aims to give you an overview of the

MODULE 4: Analysis of Indeterminate Trusses – This aims to give you an overview of

MODULE 5: Analysis of Indeterminate Beams – This aims to give you an overview of

MODULE 6: Analysis of Indeterminate Frames – This aims to give you an overview of

EDUARDO E. CRISOSTOMO JR, MEP

MODULE 1: Fundamentals of Structures, and 2: Load Analysis

1 Explain the Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Recall Courseworks 1

Explore: Types of Loads and

● The effects of structural

Elaborate: Problem Solving

Evaluate: What structure is

MODULE 3: Deflection and Rotation of Determinate Structures

2 Deflection of Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Whys is Coursework 3:

Rotation of Unit 2 Engage: Pre-assessment (Whys is

Explore: Explore the methods of

Explain: the different methods of

Elaborate: Problem Solving

Evaluate: Identify the most

June 24, 2020 : Summative Assessment: MIDTERM QUIZ 1

MODULE 4: Analysis of Indeterminate Truss

3 Method of Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Review Coursework 4:

Work-Energy Unit 2 Engage: Pre-assessment (Review

Explain: The solution in the analysis

Elaborate: Problem Solving

Evaluate: Comment on pre-

July 01, 2020 : Summative Assessment: MIDTERM QUIZ 2

SUBMIT YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO YOUR COURSE LEARNING FACILITATOR ON OR BEFORE

MODULE 5: Analysis of Indeterminate Beams

4 and Using the UNIT 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (what Coursework 5:

July 15, 2020 : Summative Assessment: FINAL QUIZ 1

MODULE 6: Analysis of Indeterminate Frames

5 and Using the Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (what Coursework 6:

July 24, 2020 : Summative Assessment: FINAL QUIZ 2

July 27, 2020 : Summative Assessment: FINAL EXAMINATION

Saint Louis University Calendar for the Short-Term AY 2019-2020

TO PASS THE COURSE, YOU MUST:

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Midterm and Final Individual assessments will be conducted as scheduled.

Students are required to have a cellphone/laptop/personal computer

CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE FACILITATOR

Engr. Eduardo E. Crisostomo Jr., MEP

Preliminary structural design

Are the safety Revised

Preliminary structural design

Equilibrium Principles in Structural Analysis