Indian Archaeology 1989-90 PDF

INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90 - A REVIEW
EDITED BY S. K.
MAHAPATRA
Secretary
Department of Culture
&
Director General
Archaeological Survey of India
PUBLISHED BY TOE DIRECTOR GENERAL

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
JANPATH, NEW DELHI
1994
1
2 3 4
I Panchavaktra temple, Devli Bhanigram

2 .Terracotta sealing, Adam
3. Terracotta head, Adam
4. Coin, Adam

1994
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYOF INDIA
COVERNMENT OF INDIA
PRICE : Rs. 380.00
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PREFACE
I am happy to place this issue of Indian Archaeology 1989-90—A Review in the

hands of scholars. We are deeply aware of the delay in its publication. Several contributors
had to be reminded many times to send material for inclusion in the Review. I would like to
take this opportunity to request my colleagues in the Archaeological Survey of India, the
State Departments of Archaeology and Museums, the Universities, museums and other
research institutions whose contributions go into the making of the Review to send the
material for publication to us well in time and in keeping with the format and style of the
publication. This would also help in expeditious publication and continuity and regularity
of a scholarly publication, which is seminal, is maintained.
The present issue of the Review contains information about the activities in the field of
archaeology all over the country comprising of exploration and excavation, epigraphy,
numismatics and treasure trove, architectural survey, radiocarbon dates, palaeobotanical and
pollen analytical studies, museums, conservation of monuments and sites, archaeological
chemistry, archaeological gardens and publication. It also contains information about the
work done by the Archaeological Survey of India outside its geographical boundaries. Bulk
of the information relates to brief reports on explorations and excavations carried out
throughout the length and breadth of the country. Among the excavations carried out by
various agencies during the year under review, I would like to mention in particular
excavations carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India of the Harappan site at
Dholavira in Kutch (Gujarat), unearthing extraordinarily significant architectural features
including town planning; at the Harsh-ka-Tila in Thanesar (Haryana), revealing sequence of
different historic periods; Adam near Nagpur (Maharashtra) exposing the sequence of
remains from the microlithic to the early historic times; at Kolhua in Vaishali (Bihar), having
Buddhist remains; at Hampi, an early mediaeval period site and Gundnapur, Kadamba site in
District Uttara Kannada (Kamataka) where early mediaeval material dating back to the
fifth-sixth century have been brought to light. Of the important excavations carried out by
various State Governments, mention may be made of Thotlakonda, a Buddhist monastic site
in District Vishakhapattanam (Andhra Pradesh), and Ambari, a historical site in District
Kamrup (Assam). Among the major excavations work done by various Universities may be
mentioned the chalcolithic site of Maner (Bihar) excavated by the Patna University;
Harappan sites at Kuntasi (Gujarat) excavated jointly by the Deccan College, Postgraduate
and Research Institute, Pune and Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat;
Nagwada (Gujarat) by the M.S. University; Chalcolithic site at Mangalkot in Burdwan (West
Bengal) by Calcutta University; Purola in District Uttar Kashi (Uttar Pradesh) by the H.N.
Bahuguna Garhwal University. Apart from various conservation works throughout the
length and breadth of the country, the Survey also continued major work of structural
conservation and chemical preservation of the Angkor Vat in Cambodia. The Survey also
completely reorganized the Central Armed Forces Museum at Luanda (Angola).
The publication of this Review is the result of the joint effort of Shri B.M. Pande,
Director (Publication) of .the Headquarters office of the Survey and his colleagues namely
Shri C. Dorje, Superintending Archaeologist, Dr. Arundhati Banerji, Deputy Superintending
Archaeologist and Shri A. Jha, Assistant Archaeologist, in the Publication Section. I would
like to place on record my thanks to them and also to M/s Bengal Offset Works for the printing
of this publication.
NEW DELHI DR. S..K. MAHAPATRA

28 December, 1994
CONTENTS
PAGE
I. Explorations and Excavations ... ...

1
Andhra Pradesh, 1; Assam, 8; Bihar, 10; Goa, 14; Gujarat, 14; Haryana, 26;
Himachal Pradesh, 32; Jammu and Kashmir, 34; Kamataka, 35; Kerala, 45;
Madhya Pradesh, 46; Maharashtra, 55; Manipur, 72; Mizoram, 72; Orissa, 75;
Pondicherry, 86; Punjab, 88; Rajasthan, 94; Tamil Nadu, 94; Uttar Pradesh, 98;
West Bengal, 107.
II. Epigraphy ... ... ... ... 112

Sanskritic and Dravidic Inscriptions, 112
Andhra Pradesh, 112; Gujarat, 112; Kamataka, 113; Maharashtra, 114; Tamil
Nadu, 114; Uttar Pradesh, 115;
Arabic and Persian Inscriptions, 115
Bihar, 115; Kamataka, 116; Madhya Pradesh, 116; Maharashtra, 117;
Orissa, 118; Uttar Pradesh, 118; West Bengal, 119.
III. Numismatics and Treasure Trove ... ... ... 120
Andhra Pradesh, 120; Gujarat, 120; Madhya Pradesh, 120; Maharashtra, 121;
West Bengal, 121.
IV Other Important Discoveries ... ... ... ... 122
Andhra Pradesh, 122; Delhi, 122; Gujarat, 123; Jammu and Kashmir, 123;
Madhya Pradesh, 124; Maharashtra, 126; West Bengal, 127.
V Radiocarbon Dates ... ... ... ... 129
Arabian Sea, 129; Gujarat, 130; Haryana, 130; Jammu and Kashmir, 130;
Uttar Pradesh, 131.
VI. Palaeobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigations ,.. ... 132
Punjab, 132; Uttar Pradesh, 133.
VII Museums ... ... ... ... 134
VIII Architectural Survey ... ... ... ... 140
Temple Survey, Northern Region, 140
Temple Survey, Southern Region, 155
IX. Preservation of Monuments ... ... ... ... 156
Monuments of National Importance, 156
Agra Circle, 156; Bangalore Circle, 158; Bhopal Circle, 161; Bhubaneswar
Circle, 165; Calcutta Circle, 167; Chandigarh Circle, 169; Delhi Circle, 170;
Guwahati Circle, 171; Hyderabad Circle, 173; Jaipur Circle, 174; Lucknow
Circle, 175; Madras Circle, 178; Mini Circle, Goa, 182; Mini Circle,
Shimla, 183; Srinagar Circle, 184; Vadodara Circle, 187.
Monuments Maintained by the States, 189
Andhra Pradesh, 189; Assam, 189; Delhi, 190; Gujarat, 190;
Manipur, 190; Meghalaya, 190; Nagaland, 190; Tamil Nadu, 191.
X. Expeditions Outside India ... ... ... ... 192
Central Armed Forces Museum, Luanda, Angola, 192
Preservation of Angkor Vat Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 194
Structural .Conservation, 194
Chemical Preservation, 197
XL Archaeological Chemistry ... ... ... 198
Treatment of Monuments and Paintings, 198
Andhra Pradesh, 1.98; Arunachal Pradesh, 198; Assam, 199; Bihar, 199;
Daman and Diu, 200; Delhi, 200; Gujarat, 201; Himachal Pradesh, 201;
Jammu and Kashmir, 202; Kamataka, 202; Kerala, 203; Madhya Pradesh, 203;
Maharashtra, 204; Orissa, 205; Pondicherry, 206; Tamil Nadu, 206;
Uttar Pradesh, 207; West Bengal, 208.
Treatment of Excavated Objects and Museum Exhibits, 208
Research and. Analysis, 209
XII. Archaeological Gardens ... ... ... ... 212
Andhra Pradesh, 212; Delhi, 212; Gujarat, 212; Jammu and Kashmir, 212;
Kamataka, 212; Maharashtra, 213; Rajasthan, 213; Tamil Nadu, 213;
Uttar Pradesh, 214; West Bengal, 214.
XIII. Publications ... ... ... ... 215
Publications of the Survey, 215
Other Publications, 215.
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90— A REVIEW
I. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
ANDHRA PRADESH
1. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CHITTOOR.— The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums,

Government of Andhra Pradesh, reported the discovery of a temple of Somesvarasvami, datable to
the thirteenth-fourteenth century and temple of Venugopalasvami belonging to the late Chola and
early Vijayanagara period respectively in the village Vijalapuram in Rama Kuppam Mandal of the
district.
2. EXPLORATIONS IN DISTRICT EAST GODAVARI.—The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums,
Andhra Pradesh, reported the discovery of temples at Ramdurgam, Raghudevapuram and
Gangalakudur in the district. Of these Anandesvara temple at Gangalakudur was found to be unique
as it contains a Siva.-linga made of Dachapalli limestone and has an Ardhanarisvara carved on it. The
temple has been dated to circa fifth century AD.
3. EXPLORATIONS IN RAJAHMUNDRY LATERITIC ZONE, DISTRICT EAST GODAVARI. — K. Thimma
Reddy and P. Vijaya Prakash of the Department of Anthropology; Andhra University, Waltair,
carried out archaeological explorations in the Rajahmundry lateritic area on the low lying hillocks
on the left side of the Godavari river near Rajahmundry and brought to light evidence ranging from
the mesolithic to medieval times.
Vemagirigutta (18°45' to 18°50' N; 81°45' to 81°50'E), a small village located about 10 km
south-east of Rajahmundry town or about 4 km south-east of Dhowleswaram barrage where the low
lying hillocks are being subjected to quarrying have exposed archaeological material. Trial
excavations in three localities revealed material belonging to the mesolithic, meolithic and megalithic
periods.
The stratigraphy at Vemagiri is recorded as follows. The topmost layer is humus whose
thickness is 15 cm. The second layer below the humus has the thickness of about 37 cm. It has
occasionally yielded potsherds. The third layer is the compact soil layer which has a thickness of
about 17 cm. It underlies the loose soil. Potsherds, waterworn pebbles and microliths are recovered
from this layer. The pottery includes thin fabric as well as coarse, gritty red ware, red and black ware,
buff ware and black ware. The concrete soil layer is the bottommost layer laid on bedrock. It has a
thickness of about 6 cm. In this layer, two dishes and scores of potsherds were exposed. Also at a
depth of 72 cm a broken bone piece of tibia was obtained.
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY I989-90-A REVIEW
Mesolithic evidence comprised of geometric microliths made of quartz and chert recovered
from the hill slopes.
The neolithic material comprised of the broken ground and polished axe pieces, ribbon blades
and cores, besides pottery. The pottery is dominated by a coarse red ware besides thin red, red slipped
and red and-black wares. A good number of fluted cores and beads on semi precious stone and a
polished broken axe made on dolerite was found.
The megalithic remains at Vemagirigutta comprise of red ware and Black and red ware, the
pottery shapes being globular pots, bowls and large pots. The large size pots resemble funerary
pottery.
4. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KHAMMAM.— The Department of Archaeology and Museums,
Andhra Pradesh, discovered a megalithic site covering an area of two to three km comprising
dolmens, dolmenoid cist burials with and without stone circles, the burials containing anthropomor-
phic figures and cruciforms depicting male and female figures; a trikuta temple of the Kakatiya
period at Kothulanaduma; and extensive site covering an area of about 20 acres containing evidence
of occupation during neolithic and megalithic periods; a Siva temple at the village Madigunta in
Chintapalli Mandal belonging to the eleventh-twelfth century; an extensive Buddhist site at
Gopalapatnam village near Tuni containing traces of brick structures and votive stupas, remains of
viharas and broken chhatra pieces; four rock-cut caves, perhaps of Buddhist affiliation about one
kilometre north-east of Bhumikonda; and foundations of a maha-stupa and some votive stupas at
Veeralametta.
5. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KRISHNA.— J. Vara Prasad Rao of the Hyderabad Circle of the
Archaeological Survey of India.1 found during the course of exploration of early historical mound
at Meduru and medieval sculptures at Gollapudi, both in Tiruvur Taluk.
6. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KRISHNA-The Department of Archaeology and Museums, Andhra
Pradesh, carried out exploration in the District and brought to light early historic site respectively in
village Kadavakollu in the Vuyyar Mandal, between the village G. Madavaram and Thimmapuram
in the Erlapadu Mandal and in the village Ghantasala. At Kadavakollu, remains ranging from the
neolithic to the early historic periods were noticed while at the site between G. Madavaram and
Thimmapuram, large quantity of early historic black and red ware and black ware were noticed. At
Ghantasala, sherds of red ware and brickbats were recovered from a 15 m high mound. Sherds of
medieval grey pottery were noticed in the Rayapudi village in Tullur Mandal of the district.
7. EXCAVATIONS AT SRISADLAM, DISTRICT KURNOOL.— As a part of the research programme on
culture and history of Srisailam (16° 65' N; 78° 52' E), trial excavations were conducted at three find
1
The Archaeological Survey of India is referred to in the following pages as the Survey'.
EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
spots, i.e. Mekala Banda, Vibhuthimatham and Z.P. High School by K. Thimma Reddy, D. R. Raju,
N. Chandra Mouli of the School of History, Culture and Archaeology, Telugu University, Srisailam
campus in order to recover the material remains and to assess the historical background of Srisailam.
Chance discovery of potsherds in the surface soil quarried for the construction of school at
Mekala Banda led to this trial excavation. A trench measuring 3 x 2 m was laid 2 m away from the
quarry pit. The deposit has a thickness of about 35 cm where boulders and bedrock are met with. Wet
sieving of the soil resulted in the discovery of a large number of potsherds, beads, bangle pieces,
copper coins, silver and copper objects, small votive stone Siva-linga etc. A trench measuring 3 m x
2m was laid behind Vibhutimatham within the compound wall. Loose soil and patches of ash were
continuously encountered upto 45 cm depth. Large number of potsherds, including few with spouts
were found. The potsherds are identical to those found at Mekla Banda. Beads, bangle pieces, copper
coins, iron objects, a small votive Siva-linga (broken) were also recovered.
The excavation also brought to light an underground passage running to a length of 7m and
opening into a rectangular chamber measuring 1.40 x 1.55 x 1.80 m. The side walls and the roof of
this chamber are made up of dressed stone blocks. Iron pieces, possibly used for hanging lamps, few
potsherds and bone fragments were also found. The roof of the structure was covered with lime
mortar.
To the east of this passage a structure was partially exposed, where a bath with stone-paved floor
with an outlet and a flat circular stone grinder were found. This appears to be a place for residence
while the underground passage might have served as a place for meditation. The mound-like feature
behind Z.P. High School is one of the many of its kind observed at many places around the temple.
Some uniform features are visible in all the cases—a huge outer wall roughly rectangular, enclosing
at its centre a square/rectangular mound-like structure. In some cases, there are two outer walls. With a
view to understanding the pattern of these mound-like structures, the one behind the Z.P. High
School was taken up for excavation.
The mound is covered by thorny thickets and bushes. Some portions of it were quarried for mud
by the local people. Excavation was carried out at this mound, located about 50 m to the north of the
high school. Another wall enclosing the mound was traced about 5 m away from the outer wall. The
inner wall measures 65 m east-west and 7.5 m north-south, and 5.5 m west-east and 9.0 m
north-south, enclosing a rectangular chamber with partition and another structure containing three
chambers. This wall is made up of undressed stone blocks. The rectangular chambers enclosed by
the second inner wall, measure 5 x 3 m with a partition and steps leading to the chambers. In front
of these rectangular chambers and to the left of the steps is another small square pit lined with stone
slabs measuring 30 cm x 12 cm. Two stone pillar bases on either side of the entrance were also
exposed.
Further excavation of the mound measuring 8 m x 8 m revealed three rectangular chambers
opening into a common verandah, approachable by an entrance and steps from the northern side.
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90—A REVIEW
The chambers measured 1.45x1.20m; l-30xl.20m; l.30x1.20 m respectively. The entrances

of these chambers measured 0.50 m each. The entrances are narrowed down by raising two
rectangular stone blocks on either side. In the central chamber, facing north, were found four
fragments of stone sculptures — one of a male deity, Virabhadra and another of a female deity.
The rectangular open space in front of the chambers was also excavated where remnants of a
wall running parallel to the rectangular chambers and connected to the outer wall of the mound
extension was found.
Excavation of the mound has shown that it was a matha, with two residential rooms and three
meditation chambers all enclosed by two walls made up of undressed stone blocks and boulders.
The pottery recovered at Mekala Banda, Vibhutimatham and the High School site include grey
colour coated .ware, black ware, red ware, red-slipped ware and dull white ware.
The pottery, in general, is fine-grained, well-levigated and well-burnt. However, a few sherds
are thick and coarse grained with clearly visible sand particles. The types fall under globular pots,
with wide as well as narrow mouths of different sizes, bowls, dishes, lotas and lamps. Cups with
round base were also found. The occurrence of spouts revealed the use of spouted vessels. Some
vessels have thick and long neck while a few are found with constricted neck. Two pieces had lime
coating on both the surfaces. In all, twenty-one coins were recovered from Mekala Banda, six from
Vibhutimatham, forty-seven from the High School site while ten were from the surface collection of
the Chenchus in the Srisailam valley. The coins have the following symbols on them: a deity with
eight hands (Mahishasuramardini), elephant, wild boar, Siva-linga, bull, etc. Some of the coins have
legends in Persian.
Among other objects were a hundred and one beads of camelian, glass, steatite, chalcedony,
etc.; copper talismans, rings, fresh copper foils with Telugu letters and numerals, etc.; small votive
Siva-lingas, discs of varying sizes, sculpture fragments, grinders, etc., and fragments of bangles
made of shell, steatite, glass, camelian. etc.
8- EXCAVATIONS AT THOTLAKONDA, DISTRICT VISAKHAPATNAM.— In continuation of last year's
work (Indian Archaeology 1988-89 - A Review.1 p.5), excavations were resumed at Thotlakonda,
near the Mangamaripeta village in the Bheemili Mandal, by the Directorate of Archaeology and
Museums, Andhra Pradesh. Work was continued in the remaining portion of the Vihara No. IV in
Division 30 which had been partly exposed last year. This Vihara (30.70 x 2.40 m) with a 2..10 m wide
common verandah consists of twelve cells, access to which was through circular stone steps outside
the verandah directly in front of each cell. One of the steps, in front of cell no. 9 had a much
worn-out Brahmi label alongwith svastika marks. On the extreme southern end of the vihara is a
stone-paved revetment prefaced by a big flat stone step probably indicating a side entrance to the
vihara. A broken terracotta figurine in pralambapada posture resembling the figurines in early
historical
'This publication will hereafter be referred to by the year only

context at Dhulikatta and Peddabankur sites in Kareemnagar district and Roman type of amphorae
with globular body in red ware were also found in the cells of this vihara.
About 1.30 m east of Vihara No. IV, another small four celled vihara (Vihara No. 8) facing the
pillared congregational hall was partially exposed. The northern most cell of this vihara is
rectangular in shape while the other three cells are square on plan. Entrances of these cells are yet to
be located.
Excavations in Division No. 41 revealed an imposing rectangular seven-celled vihara desig-
nated as Vihara No. VII (21.10 x 6.10 m) with a common verandah facing the central pillared
congregational hall. Access to the verandah was provided by a pair of brick-built steps outside the
verandah. The moonstone in front of the central brick steps bears a badly abraded Brahmi label
inscription.
This vihara consists of two broad terraces with projected walls to break monotony of the
structure right from the foundation to the floor level. The first terrace forms the verandah over which
the second terracehaving cells is raised.
All the seven cells of this vihara are more or less equal in size (2.65 x 2.30 m) and are having
brick-built benches in various sizes and orientation inside except the seventh easternmost cell.
Existence of similar stone benches either for beds or platforms for keeping articles for day-to-day use
has been reported from rock-cut caves of Pitalkhora, Nasik and Bhaja.
The eaternmost cell is devoid of any benches but its floor was on a higher level compared to the
other cells of the vihara. Near its entrance, a brick with a central hole for insertion of a wooden post
was recovered from the debris which may have been intended for fixing up a wooden door. The raised
floor and perforated brick near the entrance of the cell suggest that this cell may have served as a
bathing room.
The verandah of this vihara, unlike the other vihras of the complex, was raised prominently and
extended considrably on either ends of the Vihara.
Excavations in Division 41,42 and 43 revealed a well-planned fourteen celled Vihara No. VI. It
is 'L'- shaped on plan having a row of eleven cells running in east-west direction on its longer axis
facing north (29.20 x 2.30 m) and three cells running in north-south direction on its shorter axis facing
west (11 20 m) flanked by a common two metre wide spacious verandah. Outside the verandah
moonstones were placed opposite each cell (pl. IA).
The south-eastern corner cell can be approached only through the third cell facing west (i.e.,
southernmost cell of the shorter axis running north-south). The sunken floor of this cell appears to
be lower than the floor levels of the other cells. Two storage pots having globular body with thickened
rim and rounded base were found in a crumbled state at the comers near the southern wall of this cell.
A pair of Roman coins were found inside cell no. 11 near the dislodged entrance stone step. Two
more Roman coins were found outside the 11th cell i.e., inside the third cell of the shorter axis from
north to south.
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90-A REVIEW
The northernmost cell i.e., cell No. 1, of the shorter axis, consists of a spacious bench (0.80 m)
probably utilized as a bed-cum-store room. The floor of the cells and the verandah, the walls and the
back wall of the vihara were well-plastered with lime.
Stone pathway excavations in Division 33 and 45 in-between the Viharas 6 and 7 revealed a
neatly-paved stone pathway (9.80 x 2.35 m) having well- laid dressed stones running in east-west
orientation. At the western end of the pathway is a half moon-shaped stone. Connecting this pathway
was another pathway paved with irregular flat boulders probably leading to the hall of the viharas,
which are yet to be exposed.
On either side of the entrance are two coping stone pillars (0.70 x 0.25 m) bearing lotus
medallions on their three visible sides, as the walls of varandahs of Vihara Nos. 6 and 7 are
constructed onnecting these pillars. Both sides of the pathway are revetted with well dressed
rectangular blocks of stone in a row giving added strength and beauty to the pathway.
Excavations in Division 12 and 22 revealed three votive structures besides two brick-built
circular votive stupas (pl. IB)
About 2.20 m away from the southern staircase of the Maha-stupa was a low raised rectangular
dry masonry structure (9 .90 x 9 .15 m)constructed with a row of rectangular dressed stone slabs. Over
this another square platform (5 x 5 m) was raised at the centre over which was a brick-built circular
stupa (2.90 m in diameter) having three intact courses of bricks. These two masonry terraces might
have served as lower and upper pradakshina-pathas. On the northern side of the structure was an
entrance towards the southern staircase of the Maha-stupa. A pair of small coping stones was on
either side of the pathway which bad in front a half-moon-shaped step arranged with flat boulders.
A broken pillar was noticed on the northern wall of the square platform. In front of it, on the
north-eastern comer, were found broken pieces of a cup-shaped stone trough having a Brahmi label
inscription on the rim over its flat surface, which was perhaps a donatory inscription.
Broken remnants of a stone votive stupa having three separate blocks, viz., broken peices of a
pedestal, amalaka and stupa were discovered on the western side of the platform. Mutilated Buddha
padas and miniature figure of Muchilinda Naga are the important finds recovered outside the south-
eastern wall of the structure (pl. DA).
A 0.50 m wide drain built of cutstone slabs having a thick lime floor was noticed at a distance of
0.75 east of the above structure. It started abruptly at this low-lying area and further extended
towards the slopy edge of the hillock. The space between the drain and wall of the rectangular
platform was paved with flat stone boulders to serve as revetment for these structures as well as to
facilitate the draining away of water from the structure.
About 1.70 m away from the above rectangular structure, another dry masonry structure having
stallete or cruciform plan akin to sarvatobhadra design, was found. It was raised with a row of
rectangular cutstone blocks. At present only two stone courses are extant. The floor over this was
plastered with thick lime mortar. On the northern edge of the structure a mutilated fragment of
Buddha pada was recovered.
About 0.90 m away from the southern wall of the rectangular structure and 2.50 m from the
structure measuring 7.10 x 6.00 m. On its western part traces of another square stone platform (2.15
x 2.15 m) could be seen. A number of dressed stones having blunt and smoothened edge,
well-dressed stone slabs, slabs depicting upraised lions and floral motifs were found in the debris.
Moreover, a number of broken and intact Buddha padas were discovered in this rectangular platform
on the eastern side. This platform has a stone step abutting it. A pair of small moonstones were also
seen amidst the stone pathway leading to the stone step, which suggests that the entrance proper for
the structure must have been existed right from the pillared hall, passing through the stone railing to
the square platform. A flat flooring stone bearing svastika symbol was seen lying on the western side
of the structure. All the above evidences suggest that the structure to be a raised ornate platform
housing the Buddha padas under worship.
In the earlier season, a row of three votive stupas were exposed on the north-south side of the
Maha-stupa. On continuation of excavations in this division, two more brick votive stupas and (2.30
m 2.90 m in diameter) in the same alignment were brought to light. The fourth stupa built just by the
side of the right wall of the apsidal chaityagriha has three courses of bricks intact. In the fifth stupa,
built close to the western wall of the rectangular stone platform prefacing the stone railing, two
courses of bricks were found intact.
Chaitya: Excavations in Division 21 brought to light a circular brick-built stupa chaitya (11.30
m dia.) with a rectangular platform (4.30 x 2.30 m) prefaced by a half moon-shaped step. The
thickness of the chaitya wall is lm. Four stone pedestals having sockets for insertion of wooden posts
for the roof of the central stupa were placed on the four comer points of the chaitya. The stone
pathway which was exposed earlier to the north-east of Vihara No. 3 continued and joined with
platform of this chaitya on its western side. There is another stone pathway starting on the eastern
side of the step of the stupa chaitya which may probably connect the congregational hall.
The foundation of the chaitya is very much disturbed and portions of its eastern flank are
missing. No structural remains of the stupa at the centre could be traced. Basing on simple plan and
architectural construction this chaitya could be considered as one of the earliest religious structures
of the site.
The pottery from the area consists mainly of red, black and black and red wares. Red ware is
the dominant pottery and constituted about 90% of the total assemblage. The decorations over the
pots are ropes, chevrons, grooves around the body, etc. The important forms are storage pots, vases,
shallow conical and miniature bowls, Roman type sprinklers, etc.
Besides, stucco forms having floral, full lotus and half-lotus medallions (pl. IIB), grooved and
perforated tiles, specially outside the Vihara No. 5; one broken terracotta figurine in pralambapada
posture with intact hand resting over the knee in Vihara No. 4; four Roman coins from Vihara No.
6; broken Buddha padas near the votive stupas were found.

A pitcher-like stone pot having deep chiselled mortice for keeping a wooden pole was another
important find.
Mutilated pieces of Muchilinda naga figures were also recovered near the votive stupas. A slab
depicting five-hooded naga in-between two pilasters, a slab with coiled body portion of the naga,
broken panel showing subjugation of Nalagiri episode representing intoxicated Nalagiri elephant
lifting a human with its trunk, slabs with squatting lions and floral designs, etc., were the other
important sculptural finds.
A broken cup-shaded circular stone trough (0.85 m dia and 0.50 m depth) was recovered at the
votive stupa, near the southern staircase of the Maha-stupa. The rim portion was inscribed with
Brahmi legend. The trough is well-decorated with a chain of lotus petals below its flat rim.
Based on the evidence of pottery, coins and epigraphy, the site can be dated from the second
century BC to the last quarter of the second century AD. The black, and black and red wares show
close similarity with the pottery reported from other early historical sites in Andhra Pradesh. The
fine fabric of .black ware with well-levigated core, use of fine slip and well firing with metallic sound
even suggest a still earlier date of the site.
9. PREHISTORIC SITE, PEDA TADIVADA, DISTRICT VISAKHAPATNAM.— S. K. Rao of the Department of
Anthropology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, reported the discovery of a site containing
evidence of mesolithic-neolithic remains near Peda Tadivada.
The site covers an area of 400 x 300 m. It yielded remains comprising of microliths, fluted cores,
mace-heads, ground stone tools, potsherds, etc. Microliths, include a few geometric blades, points,
fluted cores, etc. The microliths found mixed in a few exposed patches seem to belong to two cultural
stages.
Microlithic bearing mesolithic evidence consists mainly of finished forms and byproducts, the
finished forms include blade (95) and flake (17) tools, bladelets (11) apart from simple flakes (47),
and cores (19). The finished tools consist of backed blades (3), simple points (15), scrapers (12),
borers (3), simple blades (13) and bladelets (11).
Evidence about the neolithic comprises of ground mace-heads, saddle querns and grinders. The
raw materials was mainly chert although quartzite was also used. Three ground tools were found out
of which two were unfinished while the third-an axe was broken.
ASSAM
10. EXCAVATIONS AT AMBARI, GUWAHATI, DISTRICT KAMRUP.—In continuation of last year's work
(1988-89, p. 6), excavation was resumed at Ambari under the direction of T.C. Sharma and G.N.
Bhuyan, with the assistance of Minarva Sonowal, Nripen Roy and Dilip Sarma, of the Department
of Archaeology, Government of Assam.
Seven trenchs, each measuring 5 metres square, were exposed to an average depth of 2.04 metres
below which was subsoil water table; consequently, the strta submerged below it could not be
exposed.
The stratigraphy of the site was found to be more or less uniform in all the trenches. It has been
divided into several periods which are as follows: Layer 1 a (a thin humus layer), layer 1 (30 cm) and
layer 2, yielded cultural materials of the modern (post-Independence and the Indo-British) periods,
as attested by coins; layer 3 (32 cm) yielded cultural materials of the late medieval (Mughal- Ahom)
period as determined by the green-glazed pottery; below layer 3 was the thick deposit of the early
medieval period of which only a part living above the groundwater table is exposed. The exposed
early medieval layers demarcated into layer 4 (64 cm), layer 5 (23 cm) and layer 6 (33 cm) are
composed of huge quantity of brickbats and reddish-brown earth. These layers yielded antiquities
including brick structural remains, large number of sculptures, a huge quantity of pottery and other
small antiquities belonging to the period ranging from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries AD. The
associated strata of this earlier period had given a C14 date which is 920 ±105 (AD 1030) obtained
from a cnarcoal sample collected from a depth of 12 m (1970-71, p.4).
The structural remains include at least five to six construction phases of brick buildings with
tiled roofs and brick-paved floors, the settlement area being served by a well-planned sewage system
made of stone-paved and brick-paved drains, some of which were covered by stone blocks, and a
water supply system with the help of ring-wells. At the bottom of the exposed trenches embedded
in layers 5 and 6 at a depth of 1.60 m to 1.69 m, from the surface, found beautifully carved stone blocks
of gneissic rock in association with a large number of undressed stones suggesting local manufacture of
the architectural members. All these evidences provide clear examples of urban development in the
Brahmaputra Valley during the early medieval period.
Among notable finds are a unique image of Vishnu in his tortoise incarnation datable to
ninth-tenth century, two Siva-lingas and one yonipitha, the latter in an unfinished condition datable to
the eleventh-twelfth century AD.
Pottery was found in enormous quantity and consisted of among others, the distinctive
green-glazed ware. The pottery is bright red in colour and of very fine fabric. Both the exterior and
interior surfaces are glazed with shining green colour, the common shapes being bowls and dishes.
The most characteristic pottery of the early medieval period consists of white or buff coloured
kaolin wares. This kaolin ware is of very fine fabric and well baked, the common shapes being
drinking vessels or lota, bowls, dishes, water jars, plates and lids. Kaolin was also used for making
beads, bangles, earthen lamps, terracotta figurines and Siva-lingas which are found in large numbers.
The unique kaolin pottery of Ambari could be labelled as "Ambari" wares and is a distinctive feature
of the early medieval cultural phase of the Brahmaputra Valley.
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-9Q-A REVIEW
11. EXPLORATIONS IN DISTRICT SIBSAGAR.— The Department of Archaeology, Government of

Assam, took up the work of exploration in the Sibsagar district in Upper Assam. The district is
bounded by the river Brahmaputra on its north and Nagaland on the south and had all the historical
capitals of the late Ahom rulers of Assam who ruled from AD 1228 to 1826. Of the several capital
cities established here by this dynasty, the two, known as .the Garhgaon and Rangpur, retain their
complete layout consisting of multi-storeyed palaces, magazine-houses, gateways, frotifications,
tanks and other secular and religious edifices. The district is also dotted with scores of temples of
this period, among which well known ones are the groups of temples known as Gaurisagar, Jaisagar
and Sibsagar temples.
The district of Sibsagar contains a good number of huge burial tumuli known as the Maidams
which were raised by the Ahom kings and dignitaries over the dead. The earlier Maidams consisted of
one or more structures made of heavy timber and in course of time timber was replaced by bricks and
stone. However, all of these structures are invariably covered with a much bigger earthen mound, the
shape of which is perfectly hemispherical. The Maidams are found both scattered as well as in
groups throughout the district, the highest concentration being at Charaideo. In fact, Charaideo was the
necropolis of almost all the late medieval kings of the Ahom dynasty of Assam. During the course of
exploration, the entire area was mapped showing therein the Maidams, the historical roads and tanks.
The district did not reveal any site containing pre-Ahom remains; the few stone sculptures and
bricks and terracottas of the earlier period located during the exploration do not seem to be in site.
The late-medieval Kachari capital of Maibong located in the midst of the North Cachar Hills
was reconnoitred. The outline of the capital, alongwith river Mahur flowing along its north, was also
plotted and some of the major ramparts were located.
12. EXCAVATION AT DAH-PARVATIA, TEZPUR, DISTRICT SONITPUR.— The Guwahati Circle of the
Survey took up excavation at Dah-Parvatia site at Tezpur, under the direction of D. Bhengra assisted
by S. K. Choudhary and P.M. Das to the east of the existing brick structures of Dah-Parvatia. Two
trenches were laid measuring 10 x 5 m and 5 x 5 m.
At the depth of 154 metres brick flooring covering an area of 3.86 x 2 . 1 3 m was exposed. On
one of the bricks there was the footprint of an animal and a decorative design in another. No pottery
and antiquities were found in course of the work.
BIHAR
13. EXCAVATION AT MANIER, DISTRICT PATNA.— In continuation or the previous year's work
(1988-89, pp. 7-8) the Department of Ancient Indian History and Archaeology, Patna University,
resumed excavation at Maner. The work was directed jointly by B. Narayan and A. K. Singh under
the overall supervision of B. Sahai, with assistance from J.P. Singh, N. K. Arya and P. K. Bose.
The main objectives of this year's excavation were to ascertain further the pre-chalcolithic level
and to find out whether the pre-chalcolithic level and to find out whether the massive brick stucture
10
of Pala period showing plan of a number of rooms extended further towards the southern side.
Keeping in view the above objectives, the excavated trench measuring 12 x 7 m was further extended
by 2 m towards southern side for undertaking the excavation work.
Excavation in the extended area revealed four cultural periods as noted earlier, Period I,
belonging to the pre-chalcolithic phase, showed a mere replication of pottery types of neolithic
character and some other finds (pl. Ill A-B) such as microlithic tools, stone pestles, spindle whorls
made on pottery, etc., as noted in the last seasons's work. The thickness of the deposit was around
32 m. Period II was chalcolithic; it also showed a replication of wares such as black-and-red ware,
black ware and red ware associated with microliths and spindle whorls made on pottery and
terracottas as noted in the last season's work. But the most notable discovery of the period was the
terracotta model of a copper hoard type of double-eged axe (pl. Ill C) bearing punctured designs in
the form of triangles along both the edges. It bears strong resemblance with the copper hoard
double-edged axe type preserved in the Patna Museum. The thickness of the deposit was around
1.15 m. Period III was NBP and revealed a brick wall of nine courses which was traced up to a
distance of 2 m. The bricks used in the wall measure 40 m x 28 x 5 cm. The wall in question was
found running from north-east to south-west but it takes a turn at right angle towards south and also
towards the south-western end. The above wall was found at a depth of 2.20 m from the surface and
continued upto the depth of 3.20 m. It cuts into layer 5 and is sealed by laver 3. Apart from the
Northern Black Polished Ware (hereafter NBP) and its associated wares, the other finds included
terracotta human figurines, iron objects, bone points, copper antimony rod and a dice made of
ivory showing decorative patterns on its four sides (pl. Ill D). The thickness of the NBP deposit is
about 3 metres.
Period IV is represented by a massive brick structure of the Pala period. The walls of this
structure did not, however, extend further towards the southern side. Further clearance work in this
area revealed that the huge brick structure consisted of nine rooms with corridors on both sides of
the two central rooms. The rooms are oriented north-west to south-west and then take a turn towards
south-west and north leaving a corridor about 1.40 m wide. At the south-westerly end, it again takes
a turn towards north-westerly direction leaving an almost quadrangular courtyard measuring 8.15 x
6.90 m. Within this courtyard, there is another room, which measures 4.90 m north-west to south-
west and 2.50 m north-east to south-west. The room has surkhi-beaten floor and a brick drain going
towards the south westerly direction. Right above the floor, in the south-eastern comer, outline of a
koccha well having a diameter of 240 m was detected. The well in question belongs to the early
medieval period and is sealed by layer 2A which yielded mixed materials of different kinds including
green glazed sherds of early medieval period.
14. EXACAVATION AT KOLHUA, DISTRICT VAISHALI.— L.C. Singh, assisted by D. K. Ambastha, D.
K. Singh, P. C. Das, S. K. Arora, of the Excavation Branch III of the Survey carried out a limited
excavation at the Stupa and Asokan pillar-complex at Kolhua (26°00153"; 85° 01' 41"), with a view
to ascertaining the extension of the complex and to establish relation amongst them.
11
Six trenches were laid in grid pattern, each measuring 20 x 20 m. Of these, two trenches were
taken adjacent to the stupa-pillar complex towards west (Area A) and the remaining four trenches
were taken at a distance of about 80 m south-west of the Asokan pillar and the stupa complex
(Area B).
The excavations in Area A brought to light a votive stupa of svastika shape (pl. IV A)
superimposed by two other votive stupas at a late stage. Twenty-six other votive stupas of different
shapes and designs, such as circular, squarish, rectangular, damaru and cylindrical shaped, decorated
with moulded and cut-brick designs, were also unearthed. On the basis of architectural features,
pottery and antiquities, these could easily be dated to the Gupta period. It is interesting to note that
all the structures had brick jelly lime-plastered floor which had been repaired successively. A vertical
cutting line running north-south against Asokan pillar was noticed which had cut all the structures
falling on its way. It appears that most of the structures had collapsed due to flood since 140 m thick
silt deposit was uniformly noticed in all quardrants at a particular level (pl. IV B).
A monastic establishment (pl. V A) having three structural phases was exposed in Area B
corresponding to the Kushana, Gupta and post-Gupta Periods. The orientation of the monastery in
all the three phases was the same though there were marked differences in their alignment, using the
structures of earlier phase as foundation for later activities. The monastery was almost square on plan
measuring externally 10.30m (east- west) and 10.10 m (north-south). The width of the outer wall was
1.35 m. There was provision for three cells with a gallery on each side, -thus making 12 cells and 4
galleries in the monastery, with a central open courtyard, almost square on plan, measuring 6.50 m x
6.65 m. The space in-between the open courtyard and the cells all around measures 2.30 m in width
which might have formed a covered verandah in front of the cells. It appears that the monastery had its
entrance on the east, facing the main stupa, which is evident because of the covered portico in from with
side chambers, one on each side. The portico in front is bigger than the side chambers, on its either
sides, but the width remained the same.
The monastery had witnessed heavy thrust of flood from the west causing considerable damage
to its western wall. In order to protect it from floods, a retaining wall had been provided with a
buttress built in recessed offset manner, corresponding to the second structural phase of the
monastery. A flat brick-paved platform, outside the monastery adjacent to western wall, was also
noticed perhaps to serve as an open-air bathing platform. The platform remained in use in the
successive phases as well. Further, the platform was provided with a drain, which remained in use in
the successive phases of the monastery.
Among antiquities, terracotta beads, balls, gamesmen, hopscotch, stone and glass beads, iron
lump were found from all levels. A silver punch-marked coin is a noteworthy find unearthed from
the earliest level of the site excavated sc far. Terracotta snakehoods and bangles as well as shell
bangles were collected from mid-levels. A good number of terracottas comprising both human and
animal figurines, copper antimony rods, semi-precious stone beads and stone weights were also
12
recovered from the Sunga-Kuhsana levels. Inscribed terracotta plaques with the Buddhist creed "ye
dhamma hetu prabhava hetu..." and two inscribed fragmentary sherds of red ware, one with the
legend "Buddha Nandasya karakah parigraha" in Gupta Brahmi are particularly noteworthy
(pl. V B-O
On the basis of pottery, the site can be divided into three periods: Period INBP; Period II,
Sunga-Kushana; Period III, Gupta and post-Gupta. The NBP ware is associated with red, grey and
black wares. The common types in NBP Ware are bowls of different sizes and dishes with incurved
rim and incurved sides. All are made of well-levigated clay and are well-fired. The types
represented in the grey ware, which is of fine fabric and is well-fired, are bowls with incuved rim and
sides, dishes with featureless incurved rim, incurved sides and flat base. Deep bowls and few
miniature pots are represented in black ware. The fabric ranges from medium to fine. It is
well-fired and is mostly treated with a slip. A large number of pottery types are represented in red
ware, such as vases, basins, storage jars, trough, lipped bowls, etc., the fabric ranging from coarse to
fine. Red and black wares were encountered in plenty from the Sunga-Kushana levels. The types in
red ware include wide-mouthed storage jars, vases, lota, sprinklers, spouted basins and
lid-cum-bowl. The fabric ranges from coarse to fine. The pots are mostly treated with thin ocherous
red slip. Most of them are well-fired, especially the spouted vessels and sprinklers. They are of fine
fabric, well-fired and treated with thin ocherous red slip. Storage jars and wide-mouthed vases are
of coarse fabric having unoxidized smoky mid-section. Husk and grit were mixed as tampering
materials. In black ware, the types included deep bowl, sprinkler and spout. They are of medium
fabric, well-fired and treated with a slip. Grey ware and NBP Ware are totally absent in the
succeeding Sunga-Kushana period. From the Gupta and post-Gupta period, red ware was mostly
encountered. The types included vases, lamps, lid-cum-bowls, deep bowls, long-handled deep
bowls, sprinklers and spouts. Besides the types mentioned above, a few sherds bearing stamped
floral designs were also found. The fabric ranges from coarse to medium and the pots almost
well-fired. Only the big jars and thick varieties of basins are ill-fired showing unoxidized smoky
mid-section. The pots have been treated with bright thick red slip. From the uppermost level, the
types were almost the same as above. They can be distinguished by their surface treatment. The
types from the uppermost level are generally devoid of surface treatment.
On the basis of pottery, antiquities and structural remains, the following three cultural levels
have been marked:
Period I: NBP (circa third century to first century BC)
Period II: Sunga-Kushana (circa first century BC to second-third century AD)
Period III: Gupta and Post-Gupta (fourth to sixth-seventh century AD)
13
GOA
15. EXCAVATION AT ST. AUGUSTINE CHURCH, OLD GOA, DISTRICT NORTH GOA. —In continuation
of the last year's work (1988-89, p.9) the Mini Circle of the Survey, Goa, under the direction of D.
Hanumantha Rao in association with A. K. Sharma and assisted by S. K. Joshi, Ajit Kumar, S. S.
Parekh, T. L. Sirdeshpande, B R. Satbhai, Gaikwad and Chandrakant Rama resumed excavation for
the third1 season with a view to lay bare the plan of the sixteenth century monument known as St.
Augustine church complex.
Excavation was mainly taken up at three different places i.e., the southern belfry, left side
chapels and the main altar at the extreme end on the west.
At southern belfry, removal of huge quantity of debris measuring 20 x 6 x 4 m resulted in
exposing the plan and architectural details of the bell-tower. The walls are built of large-size dressed
laterite blocks and plastered with lime mortar. The plinth is provided with ornamental mouldings.
Excavation in the left side chapels, five in number, led to the discovery of architectural details of
individual chapels. These chapels were provided with vaulted roof made of dressed laterite blocks
fixed with lime mortar. The walls were lime plastered and decorated with floral and geometrical
designs in red and blue colours.
At the main altar, a huge quantity of debris flanking the entrance of the shrine was removed and
remains of an ornamental entrance flanked with octagonal pilasters were exposed. The side walls
of the shrine, including architectural details of the pilasters are further decorated with beautiful multi-
coloured Italian tiles and paintings in red and blue tints some having also golden tinge. The floor and
the pedestal of the main altar are paved with dressed and decorated basaltic slabs. The excavation
on the right side of the main altar further yielded two high pedestals built on a longitudinal platform
provided with steps built of dressed basaltic slabs.
Conservation of the exposed structures was also taken up simultaneously by way of grouting
and watertightening the top, resetting ornamental pillars at the main entrance, restoration of fallen
wall portions of various chapels on the southern side and relinking of missing architectural and other
details, based on the available evidence.
GUJARAT
16. EXCAVATIONS AT ORIYO TIMBO, DISTRICT BHAVNAGAR.—A team of archaeologists from the
Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the University Museum of the University of
Pennsylvania resumed the excavations at Oriyo Timbo near Chiroda Village in Gadhada (Swami
Narayan) Taluka. Earlier work there by this same team in 1981 -82 (not reported in the Review) had
14
revealed a two period occupation of the site with a settlement of microlith-using inhabitants
preceding a pastoral camp of the Lustrous Red Ware Period.
The renewed excavation at the site was intended to confirm that sequence, gather additional
radiocarbon dating samples, expand the exposure of the Lustrous Red Ware camp, investigate the
nature of the microlithic user's settlement and expand the sample of palaeobotanical remains for both
periods.
The Lustrous Red Ware camp was found to be an extensive affair with at least one complex
surface composed of various cooking facilities (chulhas, hearths, storage pits, etc.) along with one
very fine tandoor. A broken terracotta bead/pendant with an incised geometric design was found
associated with the -Lustrous Red Ware.
A true microlithic component was not found during the current excavation season, even though
the new trenches were laid directly adjacent to the first set excavated in 1981 -82. The newly exposed
portion of the site revealed that the Lustrous Red Ware occupants seem to have cut through the earlier
occupation, completely removing it with their deep pits and other facilities.
Intensive flotation for palaeobotanical investigation of the site was undertaken.
17. EXCAVATION AT DHOLAVIRA, DISTRICT KUTCH.— The Excavation Branch V of the Survey
carried out excavation at Dholavira under the direction of R.S. Bisht, assisted by L.S. Rao, Y.S.
Rawat, V. H Parmar, N.B. Soni, J.B. Makwana and Ravinder Kumar of the Branch and for short
duration by V. D. Jadhav and N. A. Saiyed of the Vadodara Circle of the Survey. The objectives of
this seasons's work were (i) to confirm or otherwise some visible architectural features of the
fortification system as well as of the layout of the Indus city by way of scientific surface digging to
an average depth of 50 cm in long trenches across the site; (ii) to obtain complete stratigraphic
documentation of all the three principal divisions by way of deep probing at each.
For the operation the entire site was divided into grids of 10 m square, each oriented 4° off the
north in view of the average bearing of the visible structures. Three long trenches — one from the
north to south across the citadel and the middle town, the second from the east to west across the
citadel and the third again from the east to west across the middle town an the lower town were
selected for excavation with a view to confirming the general as well as inner layout of the city and
for understanding the function of the open spaces provided within and without the built up areas.
Besides, for obtaining the stratigraphic sequence of the citadel and studying the growth of its
fortification, a deep and broad rain-gully near the south-western comer was found ideal for deep
digging.
A regular occupational deposit of over 12 m ascertained in a rain gully which has cut across the
southern rampart and associated deposit of the upper citadel provided valuable information regarding
the pre-Indus, early mature, late mature and post-urban phases of the Indus culture at the site. A
deposit of about 2 m within the total deposit and associable with the first broadening of the rampart
15
still remains unexcavated. While the broad cultural contours are clearly discernible, final periodization
is kept pending till second seasons's excavations. However, the following stages of successive
development have been noticed.
The first phase of occupation at the site pertains to a non-Harappan or pre-Harappan culture
represented by a deposit of 65 to 70 cm thickness divisible into four strata numbered 7 to 10. This
deposit underlies the hitherto known first defensive wall which is named as IA, and overlies a sterile
strata. The stratigraphic position of these .strata indicate that these should be associated with an
earlier enclosure wall concealed underneath the Wall IA. No structural remains of this period have
been exposed so far, but use of mud bricks of 36 x 18 x 9 cm is attested to in a debris, forming layer B.
Most significantly, layer 10 as well as layer 7 have yielded evidence of copper-working in the form of
fire-places associated with a lot of ash, globules of vitrified clay and copper slag and copper
implements. Layer 10 has further provided pieces of crucible and two chiselled stone blocks,
probably associated with metallurgical work of stone working.
The ceramic industry is devoid of Mature Harappan elements and is different in types,
decoration and potting. The majority of the pottery is wheel-made red ware of lighter or pinkish tones
treated with a variety of slip. Of surface treatment, there are examples of pleasing red slip, casual
smearing with dull brown pigment, thickly coated buff paste, deep black slip on leather-coloured
ware, or thinly applied white paint. A few sherds were found decorated with incised horizontal
grooves on the exterior.. In one example, the incisions were done in reserve slip technique. Among
the most distinct pottery so far noticed are a dull red ware decorated on the exterior with wavy lines
painted in black and white and a dish which is internally decorated with wavy incisions treated with
white slip. A red ware vessel of wide mouth and with a flaring rim making a C-profile with the neck is
found treated with a smooth red slip externally as well as internally upto the neck. This is further
decorated with a black band round the rim. Besides, the assemblage includes sherds of a soapy, buff,
coarse red and crude handmade wares. Minor antiquities are rare. Copper-cools and pieces were found
in a good number.
The second phase begins with the construction of defensive wall IA. This wall is found neatly
plastered with a successive coat of lime rich clay of different colours, eleven to thirteen in number.
The extant height of it measures 630 m with a steep batter of 75°. Its maximum available width at a
height of 4 m reads 265 m whereas outer face is not traceable there. The contemporary deposit is
represented by a 080 to 085 m thick accumulation of six strata which are numbered 1 to 6 from top
downwards. Layers 6 and 5 produced very little material, ceramic or otherwise while the upper strata
from layer 4 to layer 1 provided enough diagnostic items of the Harappan civilization in the form of
terracotta triangular cakes, chert blades, steatite beads, perforated jars and a few other forms of
standard fabrics as well as surface decoration. Interestingly, the ceramics of the preceding phase
continued with the new elements mentioned above.
The third phase succeeding the former without any break starts with the widening of the
fortification wall, IA from inner side by adding another 4.80 m thick mud brick wall named IB. The
16
construction of this wall shows superb workmanship as well as the use of standardized and moulded
bricks made of good clay of different colours. The size of the bricks used measure 48 x 24 x 12, 44
x 22 x 11 and 40 x 20 x 10 cm. Its inner face registers a taper of 80° and is found plastered over with
white, buff and pink-coloured clay. The initial deposit of this phase remains still untapped for over
two metres though the upper one that stands exposed shows prevalence of the regular Harappan
culture. This wall remained in use without any major rebuilding or repair till an occupational deposit
of about 3.30 m including the 2 m untapped one, deposited against it. But after this deposition, which
contains may sub-phases of house building, it seems, as revealed by the evidence, that the
fortification wall of the citadel was damaged by a catastrophe, very possibly by a severe earthquake.
After this event, a 1.90 m wide revetment was added from inner side while the exterior was
reconstructed after removing fallen debris with fresh masonry made of better quality bricks, which
was veneered with dressed stones. The work is as broad as 6 m to 6.50m. After this major phase of
rebuilding the Harappans lived through an accumulation of over 7 m which includes about 1 m
deposit of later mature Indus culture when the city started declining.
The late phase of the mature Harappan shows general decline in the architecture, house building
and fortifications, ceramics as well as in other spheres of their cultural repertoire, although the use of
all essential objects continued. Seals of this phase are simple, smaller and usually devoid of animal
figures. However, much attention was paid to the engraving of characters. That apart, there are crude
terracotta seals or amulets bearing simple geometric motifs of bold and short strokes.
Architecturally, the Harappans of Dholavira were master builders as revealed by their excellent
town-planning, as well as monumental and exquisite architecture. Many unique architectural details
of the period have been brought to light in the form of gateways, water structures, defensive walls
and houses at the site. In the citadel, two gates viz., east gate and north gate and a water structure
have been exposed partially.
The east gate of the citadel was laid bare for half the width falling in the EW trench in south.
Occupying the central location in the eastern arm of the castle, it has a staircase, a sunken passageway,
an elevated chamber and a high front terrace. From a wide doorway which opens on the terrace, a
8.20 m long passageway running beside the elevated chamber leads to a flight of fifteen steps. The
wide doorway is found reduced into a narrow passage by blocking it from either side. This blocking
was done possibly by the late Harappans. The elevated chamber on the south side of the passageway
measures 7.20 m in length and 4.60 m in breadth and the extant height of its wall measures 4.30 m
at the maximum, while the total height of the chamber from the exposed floor of passageway
measures 5.70 m. The edge of the chamber beside passageway is furnished with aesthetic
arrangement of neatly cut and highly polished sandstone blocks at its centre and at both the ends. The
central block is further surmounted by a smooth polished and beautifully moulded reel-shaped pillar
base with a circular socket on its top to hold the dismantled upper member. The other two blocks at
the either end, each at a distance of 2.35 m from the central one, bear two 31 cm long and 3 cm deep
17
parallel grooves possibly for fixing wooden case around a pilaster. Interestingly, two large
bead-shaped pillar members placed upon one another have been recovered from the side of .the central
pillar base. These are perfectly circular in cross section with a convex side and truncated ends with'
a circular socket hole in the centre. Possible restoration of the shape of pillar suggests that one of them
might have been put on the top of the reel-shaped pillar base.
In the other NS cutting across the northern wall of the citadel, a massive gate complex was
exposed, which is hereunder named as north gate. A grandest architectural achievement of
Harappans as it revealed perfect planning in its construction, this gate at present covers an area of
about28mNS x 16mEW. The main chamber of this gate is provided in the thickness of the defensive
wall and furnished with an L-shaped staircase from the inner side of the citadel and a broad terrace
from outside. The gate is planned slightly in different architectural planning than that of the east gate.
The length of the chamber including the width of sunken passageway measures 12.80 m, and it has a
width of 7.20 m. The passageway divides the chamber more or less into two equal halves of 7.20 x
4.50 m. The 3.60 m wide passageway is exposed upto a length of 8 m and was found provided with a
3.50 m wide doorway at its northern end. The passage way leads to a 3.55 m broad flight of steps of
which ten steps are exposed. This flight of steps in its turn is linked through a 3.55 m long and 182
m wide landing to another 2 m broad flight of thirteen steps leading towards eastern corridor
provided from inner side of the citadel. It seems that the latter was being raised simultaneously with
the increase in the level of corridor leading to the interior of the citadel. The chambers are at a height of
2 m. from the exposed floor of the passageway. The edge of each of the chambers on the
passageway side is furnished with highly polished stone blocks of 0.74 x 0.57x 0.20 m size at both
the northern as well as southern ends. Between them there was a central block holding a reel-shaped
pillar base as revealed by the presence of a large stone slab, a stone block with the impression of a
circle off one side and a reel-shaped pillar base, all in a disturbed position, in the central part of the
eastern chamber of the gate. The extant height of the eastern chamber from the exposed base of
passageway measures 4.30 m. On the latest working floor of the western side chamber is found the
large lettered Harappan inscription.
The front terrace of the north gate is 6 m high from the exposed topmost working level of the
open space. It projects about 12 m while the exposed breadth along east-west is confirmed for 19m
but seems to be extending on either side.
Behind the north gate, in the central zone of the citadel there has been exposed a 12.80 m wide
water reservoir furnished with a 28 m long and 0.70 m broad inlet channel duly covered with large
stone slabs having provision of manholes, one of them measuring 25 x 25 cm. The structure has been
exposed to a length of 9 m only, but surface features of the mound indicate that it must be occupying
quite a large area of the citadel.
Other remains of the Harappan period include parts of domestic structures, workshops of
lapidaries and shell workers, big drains, smaller house drains including cut-stone one, etc.
18
The outer fortification wall has been laid bare at four points : two in the western arm, and one
each in the northern as well as southern arm. But the eastern arm could not be confirmed in the
excavation at expected point. On the north, internally stone faced rampart was exposed in a 10 x 10m
area but the outer edge was found destroyed. Of the southern wall, the mud plastered inner face of
the brick rampart providing a width of 8.40 m inclusive of a thin stone-veneer on the outer face was
determined at a point where a broad tie-wall emanating from the juncture of the defensive wails of
the upper and lower divisions of citadel joins the outer fortification. On the west, the city wall was
confirmed at two points: one, in the southern EW trench, and the other, in a rain-gully close to its
northern counterpart. In the first, the inner half was found completely eroded while the other half
together with a bastion was exposed. The wall was rebuilt once. The other trench exhibited that the
outer wall was initially 3.60 m wide and subsequently widened internally by adding another
construction of 1.20 m at a later date. Initially, there was no stone veneering as is evident in both the
digs. However, it is found that quite a wide area on either side of the wall was successively floored
for an easy walk of the patrolling guards round the fortification. On the east, the city wall was found
worn down to the rock bed which itself is much higher than the level on which lower town was raised.
Of the Middle Town, all the four walls have been confirmed. While the east, north and west
walls have displayed similar architecture, i.e., all are basically mud-brick walls faced with stone, the
southern one shows different construction and consists of three thick stone walls running close as
well as parallel to each other with the interstices hearted with earth. Further, this wall is constructed
on a thick Harappan deposit which, in its upper strata, contains the material of the late phase. This
wall is the highest as well as the widest of all the walls of the middle town. It registers a width of
6.60 m while the west one which was found in fine state of preservation of only 4.20 m broad with
extant height of 2.10 m. The widths of other two walls are yet to be ascertained precisely as their outer
edges are found badly damaged in the operation area. Interestingly, a 1.45 m high and 1.10 m broad
covered drain was found provided in the west wall possibly for outletting the rain water into the outer
zone of the city.
The most valuable finding of the season is an inscription exposed on the floor of western
chamber of north gate. It consists of nine large Harappan letters. Each letter is about 37 cm in height
and 25 to 27 cm in width and made by arranging cut pieces of a milk white crystalline material.
Among other important finds of the period are seals, complete or fragmentary; sealings of clay;
one bronze figurine of an animal and several microdrill-bits made out of a hard stone. Seals bear short
epigraphs in the Harappan script and many of them are engraved with unicorns and in one broken
piece there appears to be a syncretic animal. Other finds are : beads of semi precious stones, gold,
copper, shell, steatite, faience and clay; usual copper objects, bangles of stone, shell and terracotta,
terracotta models of cart-frames, wheels, animals, gamesmen, triangular cakes, and a variety of stone
querns, grinders, rubbers, polishers, pestles and mortar used for domestic as well as industrial
purposes.
19
The last period at the site belongs to. the post-urban phase of the antecedent period in a
transformed form and size. This period is again divisible into two sub-phases on the basis of their
building architecture. In the first phase, as revealed through excavation, the people raised their jerry
built rectangular constructions preferably under the protective shelter of and right against the
standing fortwalls, or on the gate-terraces. They even occupied the gate chambers for sundry use.
Those may be held responsible for the first vandalism at the abandoned city as they removed many
attractive and useful architectural members from the earlier buildings and utilized them for different
uses.
In the the ceramics, a few new variety of wares with surface decoration closely related to the
Jhukar assemblage on one hand and to the Black-and-Red ware tradition bringing along a different
class of thin grey and black wares often burnished and dull red ware with incised decoration on the
other hand make their appearance.
The second sub-phase is attested by construction of new variety of structures for dwelling as
well as other purposes. The people started living in circular huts' made of stones recovered from the
debris of earlier houses. One of these structures exposed in the citadel area measures in diameter
340m internally and 5 m externally and in the centre of it there a stone with a depression to hold
wooden upright for supporting the roof was noticed". These type of circular structures are still in
vogue in the Kutch and are locally called 'Kuda'. Culturally, these people do not seem to be of a
different stock as their pottery and other material suggest. But they do not seem to have had a
compact or permanent settlement and may have been coming here periodically or seasonally. Such
structures can be seen everywhere at the site. After this semi-nomadic phase, the site was never
occupied again.
18. EXCAVATION AT SHIKARIJR (VALAMIYO TIMBO), DISTRICT KUTCH.— The Department of
Archaeology, Government of Gujarat continued (1988-89, p.21) excavations at Valamiyo Timbo in
Shikarpur, in taluka Bhachau, with a view to understand the overall stratigraphy and chronology of
the site. In two trenches G and H, near the southern slope rubble and mud brick structures which
mainly were oriented north-south were exposed. The top two layers which contained loose ashy earth
with charred bones, pottery, etc., indicated a huge fire which may have almost destroyed the
habitation in mound I. It may be noted that similar layer of more than a metre thickness was
encountered in previous season's excavation of mound I.
Two parallel walls of rubble were exposed in trench G and part of the trench H. Mud brick floor
or a broad wall under these two parallel walls was also noticed. At the south-western corner of these
walls a soakage jar was found embedded. In the trench H, a big circular hearth-like depression filled
with loose ash was also exposed. It was found covered with big rubbles.
Further excavation was continued in trench G, N and H in the western part upto a depth of four
metres. Apart from mud-bricks, antiquities like chert blades, typical Harappan pottery, beads, etc.,
were found here.
20
Typical Harappan pottery like heavy and medium fabric red ware, buff ware, coarse red ware,
perforated ware, dish-on-stand, storage jars and smaller jars, dishes, basins, bowls, beakers, vases,
etc., alongwith chert blades, steatite disc beads, copper fragments, camelian and agate beads and
large number of triangular cakes were found.
Trenches J, K and L were laid on the southern slopes of mound I with a view to tracing the
extension or end of habitation on that side. Here in trench J some jar-like vessels were exposed just
below the surface. In trench J, burial-like deposit in a perforated pot alongwith red ware jar was
found. Fragmentary bones in these pots probably indicate some kind of burial. However, these bones
were too fragile and fragmentary for further study. A rubble wall running north-south was found
just adjoining this burial. In the north-western corner of this trench, a mud-brick floor or top portion
of a broad protection wall was exposed. Similar structure was also exposed in trenches on the
northern and eastern slopes of the site. It therefore seems that the habitation was enclosed by this
broad wall or raised platform-like structure.
Trenches K and L could be excavated only upto the depth between 15 cm and 60 cm because
of the floor encountered there. Circular outline of a jar-like pot was already exposed here on the
surface itself. A rubble wall running NS was exposed here below layer (1). The presence of six saddle
querns around this structure is noteworthy. These querns with plano-concave surface had been used
quite a lot. Both the trenches revealed typical Harappan pottery comprising perforated red, buff and
other associated wares.
19. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MAHESANA.— The Department of Archaeology, Government of
Gujarat, reported the discovery of following mounds/sites in Sami taluka of Mahesana district:
Taluk Village Nature of remains
Sami Babari Medieval mound

-do- Baspa Late medieval site
-do- Bolera Harappan and medieval
(Kalari Mound)
-do- Bolera Medieval
Bolakiya Vimo timbo)
-do- Gochnad Early medieval and medieval
Sami Jakhel Microlithic mound
Uchodi-no-timbo)
-do-
Jesada Late medieval
(Mobhiyano timbo)
-do- Khandya Medieval
-do- Kharchariya Late historic
21

Muspur Late medieval site
Nayaka Late medieval mound
Padla Late medieval mound
Ratanpur Late medieval mound
Ratanpur Harappan and microlithic
(Tokariyo Timbo)
Runi Microlithic and medieval mound
Shankheshwar Medieval mound
Vavol Medieval mound
20. EXCAVATIONS AT KUNTASI, DISTRICT RAJKOT.— M. K. Dhavalikar, Vasant Shihde and S. Atre
of the Department of Archaeology, Deccan College, Pune, and M.H. Raval and Y.M. Chitalwala of
the State Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat, continued excavation at Kuntasi
(1988-89, p. 11). The excavation this year was confined to the eastern part of the mound.
Altogether fifteen structures including a huge gate with bastions, were exposed during this
season's work. The gateway with sloping ramp runs straight to the west to a length of 40 m and then
turns to the north. On both sides of the ramp were uncovered roughly rectangular bastions consisting
of walls along the .margin with the area enclosed by them packed with boulders. Both the bastions
are identical in size and measuring 10.30 m in length and 3.50 m in width.
A number of interconnected rooms, either squarish or rectangular on plan, were exposed on both
sides of the passage. Two roughly squarish rooms (ST 40 and 41) were exposed on the southern side,
whereas six rooms, all of them interconnected (ST 43 to 50), were exposed on the northern side of
the passage. None of the rooms mentioned above, however, yielded evidence of either cooking or
storage and therefore it is not unlikely that they were occupied by the security personnels.
A large, roughly triangular structure, measuring 765 m EW and 6.7m NS was noticed to the
west of the complex comprising of ST 43 to 50. The structure had a narrow verandah on the eastern
side (6.85 m x 1.30 m) and a step, resembling chandrasila. Inside the structure, by the side of the
southern wall in the middle, was noticed a small squarish platform measuring 15 x 15 m.
Considering its peculiar shape, isolation, chandrasila and a small platform, it will perhaps not be far-
fetched to identify this structure as a shrine.
A stone platform emanating from the southern pan of ST 26, exposed last year was also
excavated. It is 1.60 m long and 3.80 m wide and can be divided into three pans. It is semi-circular in
the centre and rectangular on either side. The semi-circular portion measures 5.95 m in length and is
3.10 m wide. The platform could be considered as ceremonial, which was joined to ST 26. It may
22
be recalled that a similar semi-circular platform built of fired bricks was encountered at
Mohen-jo-daro in the 'L' area of the citadel. The latter has been identified as a ceremonial platform
connected with the religious beliefs of the people. The same may have been the function of the
platform exposed at Kuntasi. In that case, ST 26 can be identified as the residence of the ruling chief
priest of Kuntasi.
Among the finds mention may be made of two copper rings with spiral bezels; these are the
unique specimens and have not been reported so far from any other Harappan site. The other finds
included one thousand microbeads of steatite, 600 paste beads and 14 gold foil beads.
21. EXCAVATIONS AT GORMATI-NI-KHAN, DHANSURA, DISTRICT SABARKANTHA.— B. J. Makwana of
the Department of Archaeology of the Government of Gujarat and Suman H. Pandya of the DPCBL
Mahila Arts and Commerce College, Dhansura undertook excavation at the mound known as
Gormati-ni-Khan situated to the north of the village Dhansura in Modasa taluka of the district.
During excavation, two human skeletons were unearthed from a depth of 105 cms which were
oriented north-east to south-west. One of these was of an adult while the other was that of a child.
Broken teeth of large animals, back-bones and other burnt bones, microlithic tools e.g., blade,
lunates, point, flake, scraper made from chert, carnelian and chalcedony were also found.
Mesolithic sites located over sand dunes discovered in the vicinity of the Dhansura town.
Among these, the site of Dhansura-I which is locally known as Gormati-ni-Khan meaning mine of
earth was excavated on a small scale by Suman H. Pandya of the DPCBL. Mahila Arts and
Commerce College, Dhansura, and B.J. Makwana and his colleagues from the Department of
Archaeology, Gujarat.
The site of Dhansura-I is nearly one km west of the present town of Dhansura and covers an
area measuring 337 x 268 metres and is about 7 metres high from the surrounding areas
In one of the trenches human skeleton was found. In the same trench, below the skeleton a saddle
quern found in association with charred bones of Bos indicus, hammerstones and microliths, etc.
The remains can be divided into two periods termed as Period I and Period II.
Period-I was marked by non-geometric tools, faunal remains of Bos indicus and other large
animals, a saddle quern, hammerstones, etc., from depth varying from 110 cms to 200 cms below the
surface.
The important find of this level was two human skeleton remains. Skeleton No. I was found at a
depth of 100 to 115 cms below the surface. It was oriented north-east to south-west, the face being
turned towards the right.
A one metre long bone and a chert core was also found near the left arm. The skeleton was
complete and from top of the skull to the toes measured about 170 cm. The head was typically
dolicocephalic.
23
Skeleton No II was of a teen-aged person. It was placed near Skeleton No. I and was found at a
depth of 98 cms below the surface. This skeleton was incomplete. The head and the left side of the
skeleton were missing.
Period II continued without any break, and is characterized by geometric tools made of fine
grained stones, wastes and large quantity of charred bones of small animals, birds, and an
unperforated stone bead.
22. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT SURAT.— In the course of village-to-village survey, Vilas Jadhav
of the Vadodara Circle of the Survey brought to light the following sites of archaeological interest:
Taluk Site/Village Nature of remains
Vyara Ambia Microliths
Antapur Late medieval habitation site
Balpur Late medieval Siva temple and hero-stone
Bardipada Microliths
Behra Miniature sculpture of Vishnu and Bhairava
of sixteenth century AD
Besunia Microliths
Bhamanamah Microliths
Bheskatri Palaeoliths
Dhamandevi Late medieval hero-stone
Darakwan Sculpture of Ganesa and Lakshmi of
sixteenth century
Dholka Microliths
Dolwan Remains of fifteenth century brick temple
Garwan Microliths
Khuradi Late medieval hero-stone
Kosmadi Eighteenth century habitation site
Kutnbhia Sixteenth century Vishnu sculpture
Panchol Sixteenth century Vishnu sculpture
—do— Pipalwara Remains of late medieval brick temple
24
23. EXCAVATION AT NAGWADA, DISTRICT SURENDRANAGAR.— In continuation of the previous

year's work (1988-89, pp.13-17), K.T.M. Hegde, assisted by V.H. Sonawane and P. Ajit Prasad,
resumed excavation at Nagwada to understand extension of the mature Harappan settlement and to
discover pre-Harappan settlement. The excavation brought to light one more extended burial with
grave goods of the pre-Harappan period; however, no structural remains could be found.
In the upper levels, a segment of a circular rubble structure and a number of mud brick and rubble
structures having four different structural phases of the mature Harappan period were brought to light
(fig. 1). These structures yielded a variety of pottery—both typically Harappan and non-Harappan
and large perforated jars made in gritty red ware fabric. These structures also yielded a variety of
ornamental steatite, lapis lazuli, amazonite and agate beads. A number of fragments of shell bangles
were also recovered. More evidence for the manufacture of agate and amazonite beads and shell
bangles cut from Turbinella pyrum shells at the site was also found. Four charcoal samples were
collected from different levels of the mature Harappan period during this seasons' work. Their assay is
awaited.
HARYANA
24. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KARNAL.— In the course of village-to-village survey, Kanwar

Singh of the Chandigarh Circle of the Survey discovered the following sites in Panipat tehsil:
Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Anjanthali Unidentified sculpture
Panipat
do- Bajwah Ancient site
-do-
Balwana Ancient site, temple
-do-
-do- Bhukapuri Ancient site
-do- Bursham Mound
-do- Dera Talab Wala, (Amin) Old tank
-do- Israna Mound
-do-
-do- Kayath Bathing ghats, temple
-do- Kirmach Ancient site
-do- Saga Ancient site
-do-
Samalakha Palatial building, temple
-do-
-do- Saunkra Old mosque
-do- Siwah Mound, bathing ghats, two inscriptions
-do- Taraori Old sarai
26
25. EXCAVATION AT HARSH-KA-TILA, THANESAR, DISTRICT KURUSHETRA.— The Institute of

Archaeology of the Survey continued (1988-89, pp. 21-24) excavations at Harsh-ka-tila, under the
direction of B.M. Pande, assisted by K.P. Gupta, R.P. Sharma, C.B. Mishra, K.C. Nauriyal, R, Dalai,
H. Thapliyal of the Headquarters Office, A.K. Patel of the Srinagar Circle, D.N. Dimri of the Jaipur
Circle, Jasmer Singh and Vinod Kumar of the Chandigarh Circle of the Survey.
In addition to imparting field training to students of the Institute of Archaeology, this season's
work had the following main objectives to realize: first, to explore the context of previously
excavated scanty grey ware sherds of the PGW lineage from TSR-1; second, to investigate further
components of the cultural milieu of each period; third, to further probe the nature and trace the
detailed plan of the large structure partly-excavated in TSR-3; fourth, to obtain further evidence
about remains in the area contiguous to the rain-gully towards further west on the southern slope of
TSR-3; and finally, to investigate in the north-eastern part of TSR-1, where exist the structural
remains of the rectangular hauz (cistern) and a few fallen chunks of walls with pottery conduits,
forming possibly part of a hammam (bath house) complex. For these objectives, which essentially
follow the last two season's results, deep digging was continued in some previously excavated
quadrants and a few new trenches were also opened up on both sides, and away from the old excavated
trenches.
Deep digging in trench YG3 in TSR-1 revealed an average 60 cm thick deposit of homogeneous
clay? dark brown in colour, overlying the natural soil. In fact, it was in this deposit that sherds of the
Painted Grey Ware alongwith other associated wares namely' plain grey, black-slipped and red wares
were found. Large number of sherds, some of which compare fairly well with the finest variety of
the PGW sherds known elsewhere from the main epicentral sites were from a pit cut into this deposit.
The nature and purpose of this deposit, in spite of persistent efforts, could not be understood chiefly
because of the rather too small area of excavation and excessive dampness and sticky nature of
deposits in the lower half. In the absence of any floor level or ashy layer it is not yet clear if the deposit
was a regular one; however, evidence of a complete and a fragmentary hearth was noticed. In any
case, the presence of Painted Grey Ware sherds, in such a quantity does indicate the existence of
regular PGW levels at the site. The pottery shapes are utilitarian and simple representing mainly
dishes and bowls and their variants, which are common both to PGW and plain grey ware. The types
in the associated red wares include, in addition, jars, miniature vases and handis. The paintings on
the finer variety of the grey ware are in black comprising mainly simple horizontal bands, vertical
and oblique strokes, dots and dashes, etc. A few PGW sherds also exhibit some exquisite
combination of more elaborate geometrical designs. No other object was found in these levels.
Stratigraphically, the Painted Grey Ware level antedates the Kushana period at the site;
however, it is at present difficult to work out the gap between the two periods. Excavations during
the season confirmed, among other things, the evidence about the mud-rampart of the Kushana
period. In fact, during this season's work, at least two constructional phases of the mud-rampart were
clearly determined by making a cutting across the rampart. Significantly enough, traces of a hearth
27
and a small ashy patch suggest a temporary working level atop the then existing height of the
mud-rampart. Being 14 m minimum wide at the base, the extant height of the mud-rampart was
difficult to realise for the simple reason that the composition of the mud-rampart and the natural soil
was one and the same; except for stray occurrence of bone pieces, and tiny potsherds from the body
of the rampart, it was difficult to draw distinction between the end of natural soil and the beginning of
the mud-rampart. However, an important indication was a nearly horizontal crack in the sections of
some large pits cut into the rampart. This evidence tallies fairly well with the lowest ground level
below which no signs of human habitation were encountered. With this revelation, the extant height of
this earthwork comes approximately close to two metres.
Inside the fortification were found many house walls and other associated features of a
township, majority of which have so far been excavated in the rain-gully (pl. VI). The earliest walls
for the most part were made of mud-bricks of the size 41 x 27 x 5 5 cm. It seems likely that baked
bricks were used only for drains in earlier phase. In the later phase kiln burnt bricks replaced the
mud-bricks. Evidence was also found of mud floors which had been repaired and maintained. In a
few places, mud plaster was noticed on walls and even floors.
On the northern slopes of the mound, in TSR-1, outside the fortifications a 7 m long covered
drain of square burnt bricks (size 27 x 27 x 8 cm and 28 x 28 x 9 cm) covered with bricks of the
same size was also exposed. This drain is, curiously enough, not found to be straight.
Particularly interesting among the structural remains was a square, multicoursed structure of
baked bricks, the top of which was partially exposed during the previous seasons's excavations. It
was found that the lower five courses of this structure formed part of the foundation. One of the extant
courses of this platform had fine mouldings. A small rectangular, shaft-like hollow space in the
centre of the platform, which was scooped out, yielded a few objects like a fragmentary tooth, tiny
copper pieces, potsherds and charred grains. However, in view of »he fact and the area of which the
platform was built was towards the periphery of the site and had above it eroded material from the
slopes, one cannot vouch if these objects were originally placed there. At the same time the
possibility of this platform being of some religious or ritual purpose cannot be ruled out.
Further excavations below the levels of this structure, particularly on its north-eastern side,
unearthed a large pit containing skull each of an equine and a bovine, placed parallel side by side in
north-south orientation alongwith other bones, charcoal, charred grains and ash. It is not unlikely
that this pit and its contents perhaps mark some sacrificial spot.
The pottery wares and forms of the period are the same as reported in the previous two seasons;
the new shapes are a medium vessel with broken bottom, a fragmentary pedestalled vessel and
spouted vessels. Heavily corroded copper coins, copper forcep and fragments of antimony rods;
terracotta plaques, human and animal figurines; a terracotta sealing bearing floral design; ivory, bone
and shell ornaments; beads of terracotta and semi-precious stones, bone arrowhead and a fragmen-
tary grey slate plaque depicting a female in low relief were also found. Among the terracotta human
figurines noteworthy are a mutilated female figure holding some object in her right hand; a pot-
28
bellied male figure with both hands on the chest and some plaque showing figures perhaps of Buddha.
Among animal figurines, mention may be made of terracotta bull having large hump, and a crouched
Nandi over a pedestal.
The Kushana period is followed by the Gupta period without any break. It is marked by
intensified structural activity. In the rain-gully of TSR-3 a massive structural complex, evidently
occupying an area immediately north of the defence stands exposed with the walls laid along the
cardinal directions. Raised on deep foundations, the north south oriented walls of this complex are
wide; these seem to be connected with the east-west oriented walls. In one of the .rooms of this
structure a mud floor had four pots, three partially embedded in the floor and one, complete but
broken lying on it.
The distinctive pottery of the Gupta period are the moulded wares which appear right from the
beginning of the period . The only shapes found are the bowls with decoration in the form of floral
and geometrical designs. The Red Polished Ware continued as the main pottery throughout the
period.
Important antiquities of this period are a terracotta plaque depicting an amorous couple, a pot-
bellied goat-headed seated figure of Naigamesha (pl. VII A), a beautiful female head (pl. VIIB) and
two seals, one depicting a conch and the other an inscription in Brahmi characters reading
'Vanagrama' and terracotta bull figurines having decorated bands round the neck and marks of pin
holes all over the body.. Besides, beads of terracotta, semiprecious stones, objects of bone, ivory,
shell, copper and iron were recovered.
The new features of the preceding period were found to continue in the Vardhana period as well
which followed without any break. The most important structure of this period is a massive building
complex. During this period the fortification wall was also renovated.
This large building complex in the southern portion of the mound was further excavated upto
the foundation levels in some portions. In one of the areas, within the complex, where deep digging
was done, were exposed four walls forming a small room of the size of 1.65 x 1.38 m. The bricks
used in the structure measure 38 x 21 x 7 and 35 x 21 x 6 cm. The room on all its four sides had
around it other rooms; their interrelationship however is "not clear since these have not been fully
exposed. No evidence has been found of door in any of the walls of this building which was in
constant use for fairly long time during the course of which additions and alterations were made. It
seems to have been in use in Rajput period as well.
As reported last year, the pottery of the Vardhana period is characterized by impressed designs.
Besides, simple painted decoration in the form of plain horizontal bands round the neck and,
sometimes, round the shoulder of the vessel have also been found. The impressed designs include
boldly executed chequer pattern and floral motifs mostly dusted with mica.
Only a few terracottas were found from this period among which important are an elephant and a
double-moulded leogryph (pl. VIIC) with a handle, a mould for the head of a female, a headless
29
bust with prominent female breasts and a plaque depicting a highly ornamental standing female
figure.
The Vardhana period was followed by the Rajput period without any break of occupation. The
diverse structural activity of the period is evidenced in the southern portion of the mound (TSR-3)
where a portion of the above mentioned large building-complex has been partially exposed revealing
two rooms of 2.73 x 2.10 m and 3.40 x 2. 10 m size upto a depth of sixty brick courses. One of the
rooms had well laid floor of fine bricks of which only some portions could be traced. The bricks been
laid very carefully with fine joints. As noted above, no evidence of entrance to these rooms has been
found so far. Recovery of some interesting finds from these rooms comprise a fragmentary hilt of a
sword, arrowheads, long nails, and broken pieces of sickle, all of iron, a large terracotta wheel, a
beautiful lid-like terracotta object bearing flower design at the top, and a conch-shaped terracotta
stamp with a floral design, etc. The collapse of the building seems to be due to fire, as is evident from
the marks of burning on the walls and presence of charcoal pieces.
A new trench laid on the southern slopes of the mound, not far from the southwestern corner
of the mound, confirmed the continuation of the defence wall, which was exposed in the rain gully
during the previous seasons.
The pottery of the period is basically a continuation of the preceding period with only some
changes such as sharper rim of the medium-sized bowl and poor fabric and surface decoration.
Other important finds from this period include a terracotta plaque depicting a standing couple, a
potsherd bearing stamp of a dancing figure and certain terracotta ritual objects found at the same
spot as last year. These are particularly significant and include three votive lamps, one having an
inscription in Kutila characters of eighth-ninth century, two small votive tank-like objects, three
ladles, a betel-leaf shaped patra having incised lines on the lower surface, a rectangular flat object
with a hole at one corner, a small wheel, and hundreds of clay tablets (pl. VIII A). Besides, beads of
terracotta and semiprecious stones, objects of bone, shell and ivory, copper and iron implements were
also found. Among the terracotta animal figurines mention may be made of bull figurines with
applique neck-band and eyes with prominent hump and sometime pin-hole decoration on entire
body, bird figurines and a black couchant bull over a pedestal (pl. VIIIB).
Closely following the Rajput period, the Sultanate period at the site exhibits certain new
features. The reuse of old bricks and the structures mostly of brickbats laid in mud mortar was widely
noticed. The fortification wall of this period was built by using brickbats and remains of stone
structures including sculptural pieces and architectural fragments belonging to earlier periods. The
fortification wall was built by making parallel walls and the portion in between was filled with
brickbats and fragments of sculptures and architectural members belonging to earlier periods.
The pottery of this period includes same types as found in the previous season. The important
antiquities are terracotta bull, a decorated ram; the bull figurine is decorated with bands having
pinhole around neck and transverse holes above the mouth. Besides, beads of terracotta and
30
semiprecious stones, iron and copper implements, copper coins and miscellaneous objects of
terracotta and stones were found.
The excavation in Mughal levels have revealed details of house plans, street arrangements and
other associated features. In the northern portion of the mound (TSR-I), a long north-south oriented
street was exposed upto the length of 36 m. It was flanked on its either side by many house-walls
some of which were provided with entrances directly communicating with it. At one place, the street
was joined by a lane 152 m wide coming from west. Towards the northern end of the street, a
house-complex with a brick-paved courtyard, 9.17 m long, was exposed in front of two adjacent
rooms provided with drainage arrangement; the floors of rooms were found paved with complete
bricks (pl. IX A).
In the southern portion of the mound (TSR-3), besides bringing to light further details of
partially-exposed houses, the excavations this year have revealed a large drain sloping towards the
south and joined by other smaller drains from the houses (pl. IX B). A little further south of the drain,
where house-complex was previously exposed, one more room with paved-floor was laid bare. On
the south-western comer of the room was found a human skeleton buried in a grave in north-south
direction without any grave goods. It is likely that the skeleton belongs to the later period. Similar
graves of both male and female including those of the children, have already been reported from other
excavated areas of the mound most of which belong to later periods.
In TSR-I, on its eastern side, remains of a hauz, fallen chunks of walls showing pottery drain
pipes forming part of a hammam-complex were clearly visible on surface. The excavation in this area
gave interesting information about these Mughal structures. The hauz (pl. X) was square on plan,
each side measuring 485 m. It was 080 m deep and had been originally provided with a central
fountain possibly of copper. There were four outlets in the centre of each wall of this hauz. The
original fountain was found missing; it was connected from below with a pipe, nearly two metre
below the base of the hauz. Water was brought perhaps from the east and was channelized from the
northern outlet of the hauz passing through the walls serving as the causeways. It is not unlikely that
water from the channels on other sides also was channelized in identical manner. This, however,
needs to be verified. A special feature of the hauz was the provision of flight of steps on the north
and the south, and iron loops. On present showing, it is quite likely that the hauz may have formed
part of a garden-complex.
A little to the north-east of the hauz, was another structural complex with conduit pipes running
through its walls and may also have been part of a hammam complex. Excavations in this area have
exposed a rectangular cistern measuring l0x 5.65 m with walls 0.25 m in height. On the floor of the
cistern were four holes, one in each comer and an additional one in the centre. Immediately to the
east of the cistern were found a few fallen chunks of walls, perhaps forming part of some rooms
attached to the cistern, all having pottery pipes passing through them. The purpose and interrelation-
ship of these structures exposed immediately to the west of the cistern, remains to be ascertained. The
pottery found in the area is of the Mughal period.
31
Among the antiquities of this period, the important ones are terracotta human and animal
figurines which include bull, horse, a camel, a monkey, tortoise, a couchant dog with head turned
backwards (pl. VIID), humped bull some with applied neck band with dotted design and birds and
a dancing peacock. The human figurines comprise few male heads with Turkish cap, some with
hollow cylindrical body in the form of a pedestalled cup and cylindrical-shaped female figurines.
Besides copper coins and implements of copper and iron, beads of terracotta, glass and semi-precious
stones, household utensils of stone and other material were also found.
HIMACHAL PRADESH
26. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MANDI.— In the course of village-to-village survey, Teeka Ram of
the Chandigarh Circle of the Survey explored several villages in Tehsil Karsog of the district. The
site which is of archaeological interest was the Somesvara Mahadeva temple in the village
Thakarthana.
27. EXPLORATION IN RAMPUR BUSHAHAR, DISTRICT SHIMLA.— In the course of problem-oriented
survey, Hari Manjhi, Jasmer Singh, Baldev Singh, Teeka Ram and R. K. Sapru of the Chandigarh
Circle of the Survey surveyed thirty villages in the tehsil. The sites which are of archaeological
interest are as under:
Rampur Dansa Ancient temples (datable to tenth-eleventh

and eighteenth century) and miniature
shrines (eleventh century)
-do- Dattanagar Temple dedicated to Dattatreya, probably
built during AD 1803-15; relics of an an-
cient temple (belonging to ninth to twelfth
century AD; ancient site (first century BC)
-do- Ganwi Temple in Pagoda style dedicated to local
deity
-do- Nirath Ancient Sun temple
-do- Rampur Temple (datable between seventeenth and
early nineteenth century)
-do- Sarahan Temples (datable to late seventeenth
______________________________ century _________________________
32
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

28. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT LEH (LADAKII).— In continuation of last year's work (1988-89,
p. 28), the Prehistory Branch of the Survey under the direction of S.B. Ota, assisted by S.K. Lekhwani,
N.G. Nikosey, N. Taher, R.K. Dwivedi, K.M. Girhe and V.W. Pathak undertook further exploration
and excavation in the Ladakh region with a view to find out early human habitation in the upper Indus
Valley. Investigation was confined to the area between village Gaik and Kiari along the bank of the
Indus where terrace sections are exposed due to road cutting. It is a narrow valley at an average
altitude of about 3,900 m from the MSL. During the course of investigation, two sites have been
located, one at Kiari and the other at Gaik where limited digging was conducted to ascertain the nature
of the cultural remains.
The site at Kiari is located 2 km short of the present day village on the left bank of the Indus. At
this locality, major portion of the cultural debris has already been destroyed during laying of the road.
Excavation has yielded the evidence of successive hearth activity, a good amount of faunal
remains, few potsherds, a burnt clay ball, and stone objects comprising saddle quern, pestle and a
burnisher (fig: 2). Pottery is handmade red ware with light brown slip on the outer surface, medium
fabric and well fired. So far only one shape has been identified which is a high-necked vase having
featureless rim and concave at the neck position.
Faunal assemblage from this site mostly comprise Bos sp., Capra sp. and small ruminants
Majority of the bones are charred and on few cut marks have also been noticed. The 100 F/P2O5 ratio
obtained from two specimens is 068 and 036 which show a higher ratio than Neolithic Burzahom
and Gufkral.
The site at Gaik is located about 525 km from Gaik TCP on Gaik-Kiari road on the right bank of
the Indus. Here, apart from the evidence of a hearth, no other cultural find could be noticed.
Keeping in view the evidence obtained from both these sites it may be postulated that these
settlements are purely seasonal in nature and probably occupied repeatedly at suitable locations on
the bank of Indus. The economy was mainly based on pastoralism. In the light of these evidences,
further investigation in the area is suggested.
29. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT RAJOURI.— in continuation of previous year's work (1987-88, p
32), S.N. Kesarwani of the Srinagar Circle re-surveyed some of the Mughal sarais on the Mughal
route in District Rajouri. Amongst them the sarai at Naushera is worthy of attention. It is more
spacious and. differs from others in its general lay out and composition. It comprises two enclosures
one within the other. The outermost enclosure has double-storeyed bastions at the comers and are
crowned by the crenellated battlement. It also contains row of alcoves. An imposing gateway in the
middle of the western wall provides an access to the sarai. The residential complex lies in south-west
corner of the enclosure wall. It consists of a quardrangle of arched cells facing a common courtyard
and is similar to the other sarais of the same period. Opposite to the main gateway is the Shahi
mosque which is still under use. The complex was built by emperor Akbar.
34
FXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
V
Chingas, about 23 km from Naushera, is historically renowned for containing mortal remains
of emperior Jehangir who died on his way to Lahore from Kashmir. The sarai at Chingas is well
planned and has apartments, i.e., residential complex and an open courtyard. Both the structures
have separate gateways but are interconnected with each other. The residential complex is built
within a walled enclosure. It contains number of arched cells having openings. The facade of the
gateway is simple. In the centre of the residential complex lies a small mosque with three arched
openings.
Nadpur Sarai is about 10 km from Naushera. It is a single-storeyed building and was used as a
halting station by the travellers during Mughal period. It consists of a spacious rectangular
courtyard having a walled enclosure with crenellated battlement and is entered through imposing
gateway on the east. The facade of the gateway has alcoves at the base and is adorned with recessed
panels.
The sarais at Naryan and Dharmshala are in a dilapidated condition. Both are similar in plan.
The sarai at Dharmshala is under use by the local people. It is a small-sized double-storeyed building
having main gateway on the western side and bastions at the corners. It contains the samadhi of Baba
Lai Chand. Besides, a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu is also of significance. It is now under
worship.
30. SCIENTIFIC CLEARANCE OF BRICK STRUCTURES AT KIRAMCHI, DISTRICT UDHAMPUR.— During the
course of conservation work at Kiramchi, a brick wall was encountered. To assess its nature and
character, systematic scientific clearance was undertaken by the Srinagar Circle of the Survey under
the direction of R.C. Agrawal assisted by A.K. Pandey, Puran Singh and B.S. Jamwal. The wall
which was running in east-west direction and measuring 30 metre long was 1 l/2 metre high. This wall
was found hidden inside the temple platform on the southern side. To ascertain the actual nature of
the brick wall and its relation with the temple building activity, the brick structure was thoroughly
exposed and its extent was traced by laying trenches further south of the brick wall. In all, four
trenches were laid and in all the squares, irregular brickbat floors ascribable to the Gupta period were
encountered. The major portion of the floor levels was either found missing or robbed. In the course
of exposition of flooring and the brick wall, a good number of moulded bricks, triangular and wedge-
shaped bricks were also encountered. The standard size of bricks available is 6 x 12 x 24 cms. The
above discoveries and the find indicate that the temple building activity started at Kiramchi sometime
in the fourth-fifth century AD.
During the course of this small excavation, terracotta human and animal figurines, terracotta
arecanut-shaped beads, balls, dabbers, iron arrowheads, nails, chisels and circular and rectangular
copper coins were found.
KARNATAKA
31. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BI-:LGAUM.— P.S. Sriraman of the Bangalore Circle of the Survey
explored the submergence area under the Markandeya River Project in the Belgaum and Hukeri
35
taluks. The exploration in the area (1085 Ha.) located in the narrow valley of the river brought to light
loose sculpture of Vishnu, a hero-stone, and a naga stone at Gutti (16°21' N; 74°39' E) all belonging to
later Chalukyan period. At the same place a medieval fort was located at the top of a hillock. At
Nandi (15°58 N; 74°36 E) fragments of an inscribed slab were noticed which may be ascribed to
circa twelfth-thirteenth century.
32. EXCAVATION AT HAMPI, DISTRICT BELLARY.— In continuation of the last year's work
(1988-89, pp. 30-31) the Hampi National Project of the Survey under the direction of K.P. Poonacha,
assisted by K. Veerabhadra Rao, C.S. Seshadri, M. Loganathan, T.P. Balakrishna Unnithan,
Anandateertha, V.N. Joshi and Naomi Snehalatha resumed excavations at Hampi in the area between
the Royal Enclosure and the Hazara Ramachandra temple complex and the area east of the Mint
enclosure with an objective to lay bare the disturbed structural complex and to ascertain their
relationship with the structures already exposed in the so called Ranga Mahal complex.
Excavation in the area south-east of the Hazara Ramachandra temple revealed rubble structures
with an east-west orientation (pl. XIA). There was also a row of pots filled with ashy materials in
the trenches. These pots, buried within the structures at a distance of 2.20 m to 2.50 m from each other,
also had the same east-west orientation (pl. XIB). They were probably used for storage purposes.
They were buried after cutting a pit and lining it with rubble so that the pot could be held in firm
position without being crushed.
A fully intact skeleton of a horse was found in the south-eastern comer of the same enclosure at
a depth of 0.95 m. North of this, another skeleton of a horse was also found. While the well
preserved one is lying in east-west orientation with the skull on the eastern side, the second lay in
north-south orientation with the skull on the northern side and was found badly damaged. These and
other bone fragments belonging to sheep/goat, and birds were found associated in a layer of ash on
the eastern side. A grinding stone found here along with soot, charcoal and ash suggest that the
keepers of the animals were also staying here.
Altogether three distinct structural phases were noticed here. To the first phase may belong the
rubble structures in a row in the east-west orientation and the underground water carrier covered with
stone slabs. The stone platforms, characterized by moulded, large granite blocks; on the northern and
southern sides of the enclosure along with the structures built above, belong to the second phase. In
the third phase these earlier structures were covered upto the level of the shallow stone trough for
supplying drinking water to the animus. This open courtyard, bounded by the northern and eastern
walls of the enclosures was probably meant for depositing personal belongings including mounts
rode by visitors before entering the complex. Similar shallow trough without any evidence of
habitation but with skeletal remains of an elephant were also found north of the Hazara Ramachandra
temple just outside the entrance.
The antiquities unearthed in this area include rusted iron nails and rings, copper coins, a pearl, a
forehead ornament (?) and a fragmentary sandstone plaque depicting a hero. The forehead
36
ornament made of terracotta (?) and studded with thin rubies probably formed part of the bridle of a
horse. Traces of gold foil on it can also be seen here and there.
Excavation in the area east of Mint enclosure revealed that there was a rammed flooring nearly
a metre below the foundation level of the entrance and that the exisitng one was constructed after
filling up this area besides bringing to light four steps of the basement of the mandapa on the northern
side. The basement on either side of the central passage is decorated with yali figures. The mandapa is
badly damaged probably due to setting of fire and the western portion of the mandapa as also the side
walls of the gateway are collapsed.
Excavation south of this area, adjoining the partition wall of the Mint has revealed structures
belonging to the earliest phase as also an underground soil 2 m long and 1.95 m wide with a depth of
4.40 m. The silo, cut into the yellowish granite gruss, is lined with roughly cut granite stones to
prevent falling in of the sides. There is also a fine limeplastered flooring adjoining a soakage pit that
directly rests on the gruss.
At the western end of the wall bifurcating the Mint into northern and southern portions, two
water carriers were found. On the northern side, a pillared mandapa was exposed with rooms behind.
The available evidence of pillar bases in a row strengthen this view. The last structural phase is
indicated by remnants of plastered flooring on the western side. There is also a flight of steps with
balustrades on the southern side.
The antiquities retrieved include a gold leaf, lead ingot cooled in the furnace itself with
biconvex sections, a copper bell, nails, hooks, linch pins and rods all of iron, which are badly rusted.
The lead ingots were probably meant for the lead shots, commonly used in the muzzle loading guns.
Lumps of iron slag embedded in them were also found indicating smelting activities in the
neighbourhood, but no furnace was encountered.
33. EXPLORATIONS IN SHORAPUR TALUK, DISTRICT GULBARGA.— As part of his comprehensive
study of the archaeological sites of the Hunsgi-Baichbal valleys, belonging to the stone age,
protohistoric and historical periods. K. Paddayya of the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research
Institute, Pune, continued his explorations during this field season and brought to light several new
sites.
Two new Acheulian occupation sites (Locality III at Sadab ad Locality VII-A at Fatehpur) were
discovered in the Baichbal valley. At Sadab-III, over one dozen artifacts of limestone and quartzite
(cleavers, handaxes, knives, cores, flakes, etc.) were found on a loose colluvial gravel patch overlain
by black soil measuring up to one metre in thickness. The Acheulian artificer obviously exploited
the gravel as source of raw material. At Fatehpur VII-A, lying on the right bank of the Fatehpur
nullah, a trench measuring 45 x 4 m was dug by the local farmers up to a depth of 25 to30 cm in a
field in connection with the preparation of a field embankment. Below 20 to 25 cm thick brownish
soil a regular Acheulian horizon was encountered on the surface of weathered granite-gneiss. The
horizon (about 10 cm thick) yielded over 50 artifacts of granite and dolerite. These included
37
handaxes, cleavers, chopping tools, knives,, cores, flakes, etc. This locality is a very good example
of an Acheulian occupation site found on bedrock.
Middle Palaeolithic sites of the primary type at Gundalgera and Arikera were also located. The
former site was found on the slope of shale-limestone tableland, while at Arikera the artifacts were
found on an uncultivated, stony strip of land in the foothill region. At both these sites quartzite was
the chief raw material, and the artifact types included scrapers, small handaxes, chopping tools, cores,
simple flakes, etc. A small Mesolithic site lying about a kilometre south of the famous ashmound at
Kodekal was also discovered. Here a small quantity of artifacts of chert and dolerite (fluted cores,
simple and blunted blades, large flakes and discoidal artifacts of dolerite) were found on the banks
of a minor hill stream.
Paddayya also brought to light two ashmound localities lying about a kilometre southwest of
the village of Bohnal. Both are located on agricultural lands. On account of ploughing activities ash
no longer occurs as mounds, but soft powdery ash deposits measuring up to 30 cm in thickness were
observed in the fields. These ash deposits were found mixed up with true habitation deposits.
Cultural material comprising greyish and red pottery, polished stone tools, chert artifacts and animal
bones was found at both these localities. Fresh explorations at the previously known ashmounds of
Budihal, Kakkera, Thanmadi Thanda, Malnur and Kodekal revealed extensive habitation area
around the ash formations. Contrary to F.R. Allchin 's earlier interpretation of these sites as Neolithic
cattle-pens, it now seems possible to treat them as stations of periodic cattle congregations which
served a variety of purposes including exchange of materials, finished products and information.
At Arikera a megalithic burial site was discovered. It occupies a stony patch of land at the foot
of Iime-stone-shale plateau and has preserved over 50 cist -burials with a passage chamber. Several
of the burials have been subjected to treasure-hunting by the earth-moving workers of the Upper
Krishna Irrigation Project.
34. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KOLAR.— In continuation of last year's work (1988-89, p. 33)
explorations in the Mulbagal taluk, P.S. Sriraman of the Bangalore Circle of the Survey recorded the
following antiquarian remains:
Village/Site Latitude/Longitude Nature of remains
Amblikal 13°13 35 N Habitation site yielding early
78°26 33 E historical pottery, uniseribed hero-stones of circa
tenth century
Arahalli 13°13 22 N Megalithic burials (?)
78°21 14 E
Baiyapalle I3?7 33 N Megalithic stone circles
78°30 59 E
38
FYPI.ORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS
Village/Site Latitude)'Longitude Nature of remains

Balasandra 13°45 N Kannada inscription of circa sixteenth century;
78° 25 30 E bastion of late medieval period Inscribed hero-
Bangawadi 13°16 30 N stone of circa tenth century; temple in Vijaya-
78°30 E nagara style Temple of circa thirteenth century
Bevahalli 13°12 8 N in late Chola style
78°20 E
Budideru 13°15 10 N Early historical (?) site
78°30 10 E
Chikkur 13°15 16 N Early historical pottery - scatter loose sculpture
78°29 10" E
Dasarallahalli 13°15 N Inscribed hero-stones of circa
78°29 E tenth century, matrika sculptures
Dodda Hattihalli 13°17 51" N Megalithic stone circles
78°29 44" E
Duggasandra 13°14 N Inscribed hero - stones and inscription of circa
78°22 E tenth century, matrika sculptures in Chola style,
hero-stone of medieval period
Gajjanahalli 13°14 N Inscription, temple and hero - stones of post-
78°22 E Vijayanagara period
Gollahalli 13°15 25 N Hero-stones of post-Vijayanagara period
78°23 E
Haranaya- 13°15 N Fortification of post-Vijayanagara period
kanahalli 78°23 20 E
Iragamutta- 13°14 N Fortification of post-Vijayanagara period
nahalli 78°20 30 E
Kadenahalli 13°14 43 N Matrika images
78°3O 50 E
Kerasamangala 13°13 N Megalithic burials (1), matrika images in late-
78° 31 E Chola style
Kodahalli 13°16 N Fortification of post-Vijayanagara period
78°33 45" E
Kottavuru 13°16 N Temple, sculpture of Vishnu
78°29 E
39
Village/Site Latitude/Longitude Nature of remains

Kottur 13° 6 N M e Megalithic stone circles
78°30 31 E
Kurubarahalli i3°13 46 N
Megalithic stone circles
78°29 46 E
Kurudamale 13°12 40 N
Temples of late-Chola period and style
78° 22 3 E
Mallapura 13°8 N Temple of medieval period, sculpture of Durgi
78°30 E
Manighattahalli 13°16 15 N
Inscribed hero-stone of circa tenth century
78° 35 E
Minichinahalli 13°4 27 N
78°10 20 E
Mudigiri 13°11 48 N Habitation site of early historical period, inscribed
78°31 55 E hero-stone of circa tenth century
Naganahalli 13°15 52 N Megalithic stone circles
78°30 18 E
N. Venkatapuram 13°11 20 N Megalithic stone circles
78°31 30 E
Oddipalli 13°17 15 N Hero-stone of circa tenth century
78°27 45
Pedduru 13°14 36” N Habitation site of medieval period, inscription of
78°32 16 E
Chola period
K. Ramachan- 13° 8 N
Inscribed hero-stone of circa tenth century,
drapura 78°30 45 E
matrika images
Sangasandra 13°13 N Temple and inscriptions of medieval period
78°24 45 E
Sattanur I3°17 20 N
Inscribed hero-stone of circa tenth century
Bisanahalli 78°22 3 E
Tavarekere 13°14 15 N
Habitation site of early historical period, inscribed
78°23 E
and uninscribed hero-stones and temple of circa
tenth century, sculptures of Bhairava, Chamunda,
Kumara and Surya, medieval inscription
Valuvahalli 13° 13 N Inscribed hero-stones of circa tenth century,
matrika images
78°27 30 E
40
35. EXCAVATION AT GUDNAPUR, DISTRICT UTTARA KANNADA.— In continuation of the previous

seasons's work (1988-89, pp. 36-39), the Bangalore Circle of the Survey under the direction of KP.
Poonacha, assisted by S.S. Nayak, M.V. Visweswara, C.S. Sheshadri, S.G. Samak, T.P. Balakrishna
Unnithan and M.V. Mallikarjuna resumed the excavation at the early medieval site (fifth-sixth
century AD) at Gudnapur with the objectives of (i) exposing the complete plan of the buried
structures; (ii) ascertaining the pattern of lay-out, constructional methods and possible functions of
the structures; and (iii) identifying the structures exposed with those mentioned in the Gudnapur
inscription of the Kadamba king Ravivarma (circa AD 485-519).
Excavation continued in the south-western part of the mound revealed that the brick structure
(STR-I) exposed earlier (1988-89, pp. 37-39) was in fact originally a rectangular hall (10.9 m N-S
x 2.10 m E-W) with an entrance from the east. Subsequently, partition walls (0.45 m wide) of laterite
blocks were raised to form five rectangular rooms, the largest being the central one (3.40 m N-S x
2.10 m E-W).
This rectangular hall was provided with an open pillared verandah (10.90 m x 1.40 m) having
moulded adhisthana on the eastern and western sides and brick-paved passage on the north and the
east. The width of the passage on the north is 1.30 m and on the east it extends beyond 280 m. Since
the mound slopes towards south and west, the peripheral walls of the structure are much damaged.
Work is in progress to expose the complete plan of the structures in this area.
Further excavation north of STR-I in an area of 1000 sq m in front of the present Virabhadra
temple, laid bare the complete plan of a most imposing structure (STR-2) entirely built of burnt
bricks. This east facing structure (fig.3; pl. XII A) occupies the central portion of the complex and
on plan has two chambers and an entrance porch. Of the two chambers, the western is squarish (3.30 m
E-W x 3.35 m N-S) and the eastern is rectangular (5.9 m E-W x 3.35 m N-S). It is surrounded by
a low platform, a spacious brick-paved courtyard, all enclosed by a prakara having a pillared
verandah and a portico on the east.
The platform surrounding the chambers has moulded exterior and rises in two stages (fig. 4; pl
XIIB). The lower, 0.50 m in height, serving as an upa-pitha, has a uniform width of 0.22 m on the
northern and southern sides and projects respectively to 1.00 m and 1.75 m on the west and east. The
second stage, extant to a height of 075 m, is more elaborate comprising eight mouldings. The
maximum width of this platform is 120 m on the northern and southern sides but reduces to a mere 0
75 m on the east and 50 cm on the west. The extension of the platform on the eastern side and the
provision of flight of steps indicate the existence of a square entrance porch on the east. The
peripheral squarish post holes traced at regular intervals suggest that the platform having slopy, tiled
roof supported by a dwarf wooden pillars served probably as pradakshinapatha. It is approached by
entrances on three sides. The eastern main entrance has three flights of steps (1.40 m wide). While
the northern entrance leads to the platform from west, the southern entrance is approached from east
Both are narrower in width (50 cm wide) and have a chandrasila with peripheral design of lotus
petals.
43
A brick-paved open courtyard surrounds the structure proper. The pavement encompasses an
area of 4 m on the north, 4.20 m on the south, 4.70 m on the west and to a maximum of 10.20 m towards
east. The present Virabhadra temple rests on the debris accumulated over this brick pavement.
The prakara built of 0.75 m wide wall, encompasses a total area of nearly 636 sq m. It is
interesting to note that the outer surface of the prakara walls is plain whereas the inner surfaces
(facing the structure proper) are moulded. If the inner surfaces of the eastern and western walls are
moulded throughout their length, the northern and southern walls have them only at the middle
portion. Offsets, in low relief, are provided on the north-eastern and south-western parts of the
eastern wall. They are formed by two projections of 0.75 m width receding inwards by 0.10 m.
Significantly, the mouldings of the adhisthana differ in the projected portions the recessed portions
having the same mouldings as that of the remaining part of the wall. A number of regularly paved
squarish (0.20 x 0.20) post-holes noticed on the eastern side of this wall along with another wall
running parallel to it at a distance of 2.65 m suggest that there existed a pillared verandah on the east. It
probably had an entrance on the east. The floor of the verandah is not paved. At the northern and
southern extremities of the verandah two rectangular rooms (3.20 m E-W x 2.30 m N-S) are formed
by raising walls. Beyond the pillared verandah existed probably a narrow portico, the extant portion of
which measures 0.70 m in height ,comprising eight moulded courses.
Both STR-I and II had channels covered by stone slabs for draining out the rain water. The
method of construction incorporated in these structures is interesting. The main walls running in a
particular orientation are built first and the bifurcating walls at right angles are raised later, without
giving any bonding. Perfect bonding is seen only in the four corners of the main part of STR-2,
Maximum care however has been taken to minimise the gap between two consecutive courses of
bricks and the junction between the two walls.
The extension of excavation upto the present Virabhadra temple clearly indicated that it is a
post-Kadamba structure. Major part of the sabhamandapa of the temple rests over the southern half
of the brick-paved courtyard of STR-2 and the southern arm of the prakara continues below the
present temple.
Besides the above main structures, a number of walls built of laterite blocks and bricks not
conforming to any specific plan were also encountered in the excavation. Further work to ascertain
their complete plan is in progress.
Ceramics unearthed from the excavation resolve into two distinct wares, viz., polished red and
red slipped ware and fine grey or light greenish ware. The types represented in the former are
sprinklers, spouted vessels, bowls, and miniature vases as also some big storage jars with profuse
decorations. Concentric circles, hatched bands, twisted rope, punched designs and lotus petals affixd
by applique method are some of the common decorative motifs used (pl. XIII A), Important among
the grey ware types are medium-sized pots with flared and out-turned rims, straight-sided bowls,
storage jars, and variety of lids and platters. Besides the above wares, a few sherds of late medieval
44
black ware and red ware were also been found in the uppermost levels.
A large number of flat and curved tile pieces with holes and projections were also retrieved from
the excavation. The flat tiles have right-angled projection at one end and the other end is fashioned in
a variety of shapes, viz., pointed, multi-cusped, angular, etc. The angular ones have multiple holes for
fixing them on wooden rafters using iron nails which were also encountered in considerable
numbers.
The excavation yielded good number of antiquities of stone, metal and terracotta. Among the
stone antiquities the image of Parsvanatha, broken into two parts, is noteworthy. Head and body
fragments of the Jaina Tirthankara images, naga hoods, decorated but fragmentary architecutral
members, uninscribed nishidi stone, all fashioned on basalt and small marking rods of soapstone are
the other stone antiquities retrieved.
Ornaments of silver, stamped (coin ?) or unstamped roughly circular ingots, wires, rings and
foils of copper (pl. XIIIB), bronze objects used in worship (pl. XIIIC), a variety of nails and other
iron objects constitute the important metallic antiquities.
Among the other noteworthy antiquities mention may be made of fragmentary human and
animal figurines of terracotta, beads of terracotta and glass, hopscotches, decorated spouts and glass
bangles.
KERALA
36. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CALICUT.—Muhammed K. K. discovered two rock-cut tombs with

single benches and central shaft in Koduvally and Kizakoth villages in the District. Besides these,
two-topikals and a number of urn burials were also noticed in both the above villages.
37. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MALAPPURAM. —- Muhammed K. K. discovered a dolemenoid cist
in Pattappiriyam village. In one of the disturbed burials, bronze vessels notably jars, vases, bowls,
lamps and knobbed lids could be noticed. Other important items in the grave furniture are sickles,
javelin heads, knives of various sizes and a tripod.
38. MEGALITIHIC BURIAL, VALIYAPADAM, DISTRICT QUILON.— During an excavation at Valiyapadam
in Quilon district P. Rajendran, a U.G.C. Research Scientist in the Department of History, Kerala
University, discovered Megalithic pot burials, besides pottery and iron implements.
During the excavation, two rock slabs measuring 85 x 85 cms were found three metres apart at
a depth of 60 cms in the lateritic gravel. Several iron implements were found above the rock slabs and
comprise of knife, axe, daggers and zoomorphic forms (pl. XIV A). The rock slabs are placed
above two big pots which are 90 cm in height and have a circumference of 75 cm at the top. The
middle portion of the pots is 90 cm in diameter and the bottom tapers down to a conical form. The
pots are thick and it is partly baked with finger mark impressions on the exterior near the mouth.
45
Except earth no other remains were found inside these jars. Several small black and red ware sherds
were found around these jars at a depth of 80 cm; unlike the bigger pots these are well fired, and both
were wheel made.
39. MEGAUTHK: URN BURIALS, PQREDAM, DISTRICT QUILON.— P. Rajendran, U.G.C. Research
Scientist in the Department of History of Kerala University, discovered megalithic remains at
Poredam near Chadayamangalam. The evidence includes thirty-five pots of various sizes, iron
implements and child bones. The pottery was found upright at a depth of 15 to 2 metres within the
lateritic clay. Some of the bigger pots were closed with rock slabs while the smaller ones were placed
near the bigger ones. In one of the bigger pots an iron axe was found along with a small sickle. A
few fragile bone pieces, which seem to be child's limbs were found in another pot.
The bigger pots had a wider mouth and their bottom tapers downwards from the middle. These
have thick section and are made with lateritic soil. The smaller pots which are found near the bigger
ones is the typical Black-and-red ware pottery of the Megalithic culture. The smaller pots were
well-baked while the bigger ones were poorly baked. Both are wheel made and do not bear any
decoration. The occurrence of only a few bones within the pot clearly shows that it was secondary
burial.
40. NEOLITHIC REMAINS, MANTROTHURUTH, DISTRICT QUILON.—P. Rajendran, a U.G.C. Research
Scientist in the Department of History of Kerala University, reported the discovery of a neolithic
stone axe at Mantrothuruth (pl. XIV B). This is the first neolithic find from south Kerala.
MADHYA PRADESH
41. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT DHAR.— Manual Joseph of the Bhopal Circle of the Survey
discovered the following sites of archaeological interest:
Badnawar Amodia Sculptures of Vishnu, Uma-Mahesvara,

Varaha, Nandi, etc., of Paramara period
-do- Balgara Sculptures of four-armed deity, Siva
linga, Nandi of Paramara period
-do- Barichho Sculptures and architectural fragments
of Paramara period
-do- Bamasa Sculptures of Siva, Nandi, Sarasvati of
Paramara period
-do- Bamodia Vishnu, four-armed deities of Paramara
period
46

Badnawar Bhatbamanda Two step-wells, Paramara period
-do- Bhatkhareli Ancient mound, Paramara sculptures and
architectural fragments
-do- Bhounda Ancient mound, pottery and sculptures of
Paramara period
-do- Step-well and architectural fragments
Bhumpura
Bir Wells and sculptures of Paramara period
-do-
-do- Borali Mound, Vishnu and other sculptures of
Paramara period
-do- Bukrawadakheri Mound with pottery, Vishnu, Nandi and
other sculptures
-do- Changara Sculptures of Mahishasuramardini,
jaladhari, Nandi and architectural fragments
-do- Chhotichho Sculptures of Nandi, jaladhari and archi-
tectural fragments of Paramara period
-do- Daulatpura Ancient mound
-do- Dhaniyakheri Paramara sculptures
-do-
Diwaniya Sculptures of Siva and Mahisha-
suramardini, architectural fragments of
Paramara period and eighteenth century
tomb
-do-
Dudwal Sculptures
-do- Golawada Ancient mound with pottery, sculptures and
architectural fragments
-do- Jalod Ancient mound with pottery

-do- Kachnariya Monument related to Tejaji (circa eight-
eenth century)
-do- Kanwan Mound with Chalcolithic pottery, sculp-
tures and well
-do- Kanwasa Ancient mound with pottery, sculptures of
Uma-Mahesvara, Ganesa, Vishnu, etc., of
Paramara period
47

Badnawar Karariya Monument related to Rejaji1 (c. eighteenth
century)
-do- Karod Khurd Ancient mound with pottery
-do- Katalwada Ancient mound with pottery of different
periods
Kathoriya Ancient mound with pottery, sculptures of
-do-
Ganesa, Nandi, etc.
-do- Khajuriya Mound with pottery of different periods and
well.
-do- Khandigarh Ancient mound and sculptures of Paramara
period
-do-
Makni Chalcolithic mound with different types of
pottery; brick structure; and
-do- Manasa terracottas-Ancient pottery and well
Masaniya Sculpture and architectural fragments of
-do- Paramara period
Nowakhera Medieval sculptures
-do-
-do- Palwara Ancient mound with Chalcolithic and other
pottery, well and tomb
-do- Paduniya Ancient mound with pottery and Paramara
sculptures
-do-
Rangarkheri Structures of circa eighteenth-nineteenth
century
-do- Rithora Sculptures of Kali, well
-do- Rithori Sculptures of Mahishasuramardini,
Uma-Mahesvara, Nandi of Paramara
Sanawada period
-do-
-do- Sanoli Wells of circa eighteenth century
Sculptures, architectural fragments and
Dhar Bachanpur inscription of Paramara period
Sculptures of Paramara period and
step-well
48
Dhar
Bachrawada Step-wells, sculptures and sari-stones
-do- Bagdi Paramara sculptures and step-wells
-do- Baneriya Step-wells, sculptures and architectural
members
-do-
Baykhera Ancient mound, step-wells and sculptures
-do- Bercha Paramara sculptures and step-wells
-do- Bhojapura Paramara sculptures
-do- Bilodakhurd Step-wells
Borda Ancient mound
-do-
Cherawad Sculptures and architectural members
-do-
Chhapar Step-well
-do-
Chor Bavadi Step-well
-do- Daulatpura Step-well
-do- Diglay Ancient mound and Paramara sculptures
-do- Gunera Step-well
Gutkia Step-well
-do-
Haldia Sculptures of Ganesa, Hanumana,
-do- Narasimha and architectural fragments of
Paramara period
Himmatgarh Sculptures of Paramara period and sari-
-do-
stone
Ikalduna Sculptures of Paramara period and well
-do- Jamukheri Sculptures
-do- Kalamkheri Sculptures and step-well
Kalsara Sculptures and step-well
-do-
Kanawal Sculptures of Paramara period
-do-
Karanjwa Step-well and sari-stone
-do-
Karondiya Sculptures and step-well
-do- Khamla Sculptures and step-well
49
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90-^A REVIEW

Dhar Khanpur Sculptures of Paramara period
-do- Krariya Ancient mound with pottery; sculpture
-do-
Maharajkheri Step-wells
-do-
-do- Mohanpura Sculptures of Paramara period, brick structures
-do- Mundla Sculpture, step-well
-do-
-do- Najikbaroda Wells and sati- stone
-do- Nayapura Wells and architectural members
-do- Nizampura Brick temple
-do-
Patalyapura Step-wells
-do-
-do- Pipliya Sculptures
-do- Ratway Sculptures and step-well
-do-
-do- Sugdi Step-wells of Indo-Islamic period
-do- Shankarpura Step-wells
-do- Siloda Buzing Ancient mound, step-wells, sculptures and sati-
stone
-do- Siioda-khurd Sculpture
-do- Silotya Step-well
-do- Ujjeni Sculptures
-do- Uttarsi Well and mosque
42. EXCAVATION AT BALWARA; DISTRICT EAST NIMAR.— In continuation of last year's (1988-89,
pp. 43-44) work, the Prehistory Branch of the Survey under the supervision of S.B. Ota, assisted by
S.K. Lekhwani, N.G. Nikosey, J.S. Dubey, K. M. Girhe, R.K. Dwivedi, N.K. Nimje, C.L. Yadav, P.S.
Pashine and P.C. Dogra resumed excavation in the main trench at Balwara (22°10'21" N and
76°31,’11 E) which had remained incomplete, the objective of this season's investigation was to
understand the quarternary landscape and environment of the area. Therefore, 13 more test pits were
opened at various places in the site. From the deposits noticed in these test pits, the following
composite stratigraphical succession has been reconstructed.
The pre-Acheulian deposit is represented in the form of brownish grey to reddish colour sandy
silt alluvium, which is locally derived, resting on Vindhyan or on weathered Deccan trap. The
occurrence of this deposit is fan-shaped and confined to the site. It is a low energy sedimentation.
The oxidisation of the sediment and the formation of pedogenic carbonates suggest a comparatively
low rainfall during the deposition of this sediment.
50
Overlying the pre-Acheulian alluvium is the rubble horizon (colluvium) which is about 40 cm
thick, associated with Acheulian industry. This rubble deposit is confined only to the pediment
surface, which is locally derived from the hill slope due to surface run off. In the test pit dug in the
depression, it has been noticed that the rubbles are partially to fully weathered and some with
developed weathering rind upto 2 mm thickness. In contrast to this, the associated artefacts are
absolutely fresh. This suggests that the deposition of rubble in the area started long before Acheulian
occupation at the site. This rubble seems to have been slided down from the hill slope and got
deposited in the depression. That is why the remnants of this early rubble formation is noticed resting
on the bedrock only in the deepest trench. Except this, the usual rubble formation overlying the
pre-Acheulian alluvium was formed alongside the Acheulian cultural deposit. The change of
sediment from the earlier low energy alluvium to high energy colluvium suggests the change in
climate, i.e., from low to high rainfall. Probably the congenial climatic regime during this period was
one of the major factors for Acheulian man to occupy this area. During the Acheulian occupation at
the site there are evidences of palaeo-channels and seasonal water pools in and around the site. The
pool sediment which is basically of low energy shallow water pond origin has been noticed in the
form of greyish and brownish clay, which is fissured. Palaeo-channels have been encountered with its
bed gradient and knick points.
The implementiferous rubble deposit is capped by Narmada Older alluvium, which is preserved
only in the palaeo-channels at the site. It suggests that during terminal Pleistocene aggradational
phase of Narmada, the older alluvium of Narmada got deposited at the site through Pipalghati nullah
and its tributaries. Exploration along Pipalghati nullah and Dharikotla valley has yielded the
remnants of this older alluvium, thereby confirming the observation at Balwara.
The Acheulian horizon underlies the Narmada older alluvium in the palaeo-channels whereas at
the higher level it underlies black clay sediment. Therefore, stratigraphically Narmada older
alluvium is sandwiched between implementiferous rubble horizon and black clay deposit. In other
words, black clay which is subsequent to Narmada older alluvium, is the last Quarternary sediment
capping all over the site. It is compact, crudely laminated and fissured. At places this clay is
impregnated with powdery carbonate of ground water origin. During the terminal Pleistocene
aggradational phase when the Narmada was flowing at a much higher level, the mouth of tributaries
like Pipalghati flowing to Narmada got choked up, resulting in rising of water level in the tributaries
and nullahs. Since these nullahs drain the flat land of Deccan trap, they bring black clay sediment
which is the weathered product from Deccan trap, as their bed load. Due to rising of water level in
these streams the black clay sediment got deposited at a much higher level as overbank flood deposit
spreading over the Acheulian horizon and Narmada older alluvium.
43. EXCAVATION AT SAMNAPUR, DISTRICT NARSINGHPUR.— In continuation of last year's work a
team comprising V. N. Misra, S.N. Rajaguru and R. K. Ganjoo of the Department of Archaeology,
Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, Pune, carried out geo-archaeological and
prehistoric investigations at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Samnapur (79° 07' 30" E; 23° 06 17" N)
51
district Narsinghpur. The site is situated at-the foot of a dolomitic limestone outcrop of the Bijawar
Series on the north bank of the Narmada river, about 1-5 km away from the present river channel.
The 4 x 4 m main trench opened in 1986-87 and later enlarged to 8 x 6 m was dug down to sterile
layer this year. The trench was divided into 1 m wide segments which were numbered H to M from
north to south. Each segment was further divided into 1 m squares which were numbered 1 to 8 from
east to west. Squares 7 and 8 in segments L and M were not excavated. Thus the total area excavated
was 44 sq m. The archaeological horizon consisted of a rubble deposit of 50 -70, cm thickness and
an area of 100 x 60 m. The rubble is buried under nearly 13 m of silt which has been considerably
eroded, creating a badland topography and exposing a part of the rubble. The excavation was done
in arbitrary spits of about 5 cm thickness each and the record of finds was kept in terms of 1 m squares.
AH finds including artefacts, unmodified cobbles and fossil bones were plotted on graph sheets.
Levels 1 to 7 were dug during first three seasons and layers 8 to 14 were dug this season. This year
950 artefacts were recovered, bringing the total artefacts recovered in all the four seasons to 3126.
Typologically, the artefacts comprise (in the order of frequency) end flakes, flake cores, indetermi-
nate flakes, worked nodules, side scrapers, blades, flake blades, knives, end scrapers, transversal
scrapers, chips, notches, convex scrapers, side-cum-end scrapers, blade cores, double side scrapers,
denticulates, convex scrapers, dejete scrapers, hammers, round scrapers, and borers. An interesting
find was a large dolerite core and four flakes which could be conjoined.
Handaxes and cleavers are conspicuously absent in the entire assemblage. Essentially the
assemblage consists of large flakes with sharp edges many of which are damaged due to use and/or
trampling and pressure of the overlying deposit. Geologically, the rubble deposit containing the
assemblage overlies a fissured clay unit and a reddish brown silt. Below the silt is a deposit of
pebbly-cobbly gravel which is exposed in a well close to the site as also in the alluvial cliff along the
north bank of the Narmada river. This pebbly-cobbly deposit contains a typical Acheulian industry.
The Samnapur assemblage is therefore both stratigraphically and typologically post-Acheulian.
Although it contains a small proportion of blades these are larger in size than the typical Upper
Palaeolithic blades and are made by stone hammer technique. No typical Upper Palaeolithic
assemblage has yet been discovered in the area, Microliths, however, occur on the surface of the
Narmada alluvium in which the Samnapur .site lies buried. Thus on stratigraphic and typological
considerations the Samnapur assemblage can be designated as Middle Palaeolithic. The predomi-
nance of flakes, low percentage of shaped tools, and comparatively large size of the artefacts all
suggest it to be representing an archaic or early stage of the Middle Palaeolithic.
Majority of the artefacts are made on the locally available cherty quartzite, formed along the
fault in the Bijawar Series. A smaller number of artefacts are made on Vindhyan quartzite and a few
on dolerite. The last two rocks are not available in the close vicinity of the site. The nearest source of
Vindhyan quartzite could be cobbles and pebbles in the upper reaches of the Richai nala and other
ephemeral streams originating on the Damoh plateau about 10 km north of the site and in the
Narmada bed. The nearest source of the dolerite is the Deccan Trap formation of the Jhira Ghati
area about 25 km northwest of the site. Besides artefacts, isolated teeth of Bos sp, indt.
52
and bones of indeterminate vertebrates were found in several levels. Small nodules of red ochre were
found in two squares in one level.
The Samnapur site stands out as an unique archaeological occurrence because it lies buried in a
thick deposit of alluvial silt. Palaeolithic sites in fine-grained sediments are rare in India, the only
exception being the sites in the Didwana region of Rajasthan. The restricted size of the archaeological
rubble in a vast flood plain of fine-grained alluvium is intriguing. To understand the origin of the
rubble and the incorporation of the archaeological material in it, we carried out extensive
geomorphological survey, examination of sediments along the north bank of the Narmada river as
well as in the gullies and nalas, and a study of ancient geological formations. Our observation from
these studies can be summarised as follows.
The rubble is a misfit in the 23 m exposed alluvial sequence of the Narmada. It is absent in the
overlying yellowish brown silt as well as in the underlying black fissured clay and reddish brown silt.
The rubble does not show any variation in the proximal and distal facies. Its poor consolidation and
conformable relationship with the overlying silt suggests that it was not exposed for a long time and
was buried under the silt during an aggradational phase of the Narmada when the river was flowing a
few metres above the present bed-level during the late Pleistocene. The rubble was formed largely by
soil-creep processes. Freshness and high concentration of artefacts, lack of imbrication and the
presence of mahuports imply considerble contribution by human agency in the formation of the
rubble. The hominids probably contributed to it by bringing in suitable cobbles for manufacturing
artefacts and other activities. The artefact assemblage associated with the rubble represents a
semi-primary archaeological context. Its importance lies mainly in its occurrence within a thick
finegrained alluvial deposit.
At the moment it is not possible to assign a firm absolute date to the rubble and the associated
archaeological assemblage. However, a volcanic ash layer has been located on the Narmada about
10 km upstream of the Samnapur site. This ash layer occurs within alluvial facies which are
stratigraphically equivalent to those containing the rubble at Samnapur. Ash samples from this layer
are being processed for K-Ar dating at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.
Several factors seem to have been responsible for attracting Palaeolithic man to this site. First,
the raw material for making tools was easily available in the form of blocks of cherty quarzite in the
adjacent hillock and Vindhyan quartzite cobbles in the beds of Narmada and its tributaries. Secondly,
the location of the site away from the Narmada channel and close to the hills provided relative
immunity from the monsoon foods. There is no sedimentological indication that the site was
subjected to recurrent and prolonged inundation during its occupation. And finally, the occupants
had access to the plant and animal resources of the alluvial plain as well as the hills, both of which
were probably as rich, if not more so, as they are today.
Two microlithic sites - one on the plateau of the Mrigannath hill, about 10 km northeast of
53
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90-nA REVIEW
Samnapur village and the second two km west of Samnpaur village on he right bank of Richai nala in
the forest close to the Jabalpur -Bhopal road were also located. The microliths from both sites are
made on chalcedony and chert and comprise blunted back blades, lunates, and triangles in addition to
simple blades and fluted cores.
44. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT S AGAR.— V. N. Misra, Malti
Nagar and R. K. Mohanty of the Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Postgraduate and
Research Institute, Pune, located a microlithic site on the western periphery of Chandarpura hamlet, 2
km northeast of Umrari village located 34 km south of Sagar town on the Sagar-Narsinghpur road.
The microliths occurred on rocky ground. Made of chert and quartz, they comprised blunted back
blades and lunates in addition to simple blades and fluted cores. A rich Lower and Middle
Palaeolithic site was also discovered between Chandarpur hamlet and the S agar - Narsinghpur road, 1
-5 km northeast of Umrari village. The Palaeolithic site is located on cultivated land at the foot of the
low basalt outcrop near the hamlet Artefacts in very fresh condition are found in dense
concentration in the ploughed fields. Lower Palaeolithic artefacts are made of quartzite and comprise
handaxes, cleavers, various forms of scrapers, flakes, blades and cores (pl. XV A). The nearest source
of quartzite is near Umrari village and therefore the raw material was brought to the site from a
distance. Middle Palaeolithic artefacts on the other hand are made of chert which occurs as veins in
basalt outcrop. The artefacts comprise miniature handaxes, various forms of side scrapers, end
scrapers, notches, denticulates, points, flakes, blades and cores (pl. (XVB). Both simple and
Levallois flakes and cores are represented in the collection. The chert artefacts are generally
patinated.
Data was also collected on the hunting techniques, technology, subsistence, social organization
and religious practices of the Pardhi community in Chandarpura hamlet and Umrari village. The
Pardhis are an essentially semi-nomadic hunting group although a few of them have acquired land
and taken to agriculture. Majority of them, however, live a nomadic life for eight dry months of the
year. During this period the males hunt small game as well as wild boar for their own consumption
and also for selling to the village and town people. They use a variety of nets and traps, spears and
occasionally guns for hunting and trapping. The females engage in selling jewellery and cosmetics
to village women. During the rainy season the Pardhis return to their permanent camps when they
repair their huts. Some of them also have a few heads of cattle and goats. In recent years the
Government has been trying to settle them permanently by giving them house plots and agricultural
land and loans for building houses, purchasing livestock and agricultural equipment and inputs.
However, majority of the Pardhis prefer to practise their ancestral vocations of hunting and petty
trade and living a semi-nomadic life.
45. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICTS SHAHDOL AND UJJAIN.—Narayan Vyas of the Bhopal Circle of the
Survey discovered the following sites of archaeological interest:
54
District TaluklTehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Shahdol Birsinghpur Pali Belli and Jamulaipur Sculptures of Kalachuri period,
old fortress known as
Zin-zingarh, rock-cut passage
-do- -do- Pali Kalachuri sculptures
Ujjain Ujjain Asampura (Hasampura) Microliths, temple remains and
sculpture of Paramara period;
inscribed brass images ranging
in date from circa thirteenth to
fifteenth century, ancient tank,
ruined stone structure known
as Ranikot
-do- -do-
Sculptural remains of Paramara
Chintaman period, baoli (medieval
period)
MAHARASHTRA
46. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT AHMEDNAGAR. — In course of village-to-village survey in

Sangamner Taluka, S.S. Parekh of the Aurangabad Circle of the Survey noticed the following
antiquarian remains:
Village/Site Nature of remains
Ashwi (BD) Two medieval temples namely Amritesvara Siva temple and Vithala
temple having an image of Vithoba. Residential building of Dastane
called Harilbag Haniswada of the Maratha period built during the
regime of Bajirao Peshwa.
Ouzar (KD) Ruins of Siva temple with linga and Nandi of late medieval period.
Umbri Late medieval. temple of Siva known as Sankatesvara with
Ekamukhalinga
47. EXCAVATION AT BANOTIWADI, DISTRICT AURANGABAD.—Debris clearance of Dharkund caves
was taken up by PJNF. Kamble assisted by J.M. Thapar, MR. Dhekane and SJL. Jadhav of the
Aurangabad Circle of the Survey to understand the development of rock-cut architecture to western
India. As a result of the removal of vegetation and loose soil, the pillars in front of the caves were
exposed. The caves at Banoti, which are three in number, arc known as Dharkund caves. These
comprise of the main hall with two sub-shrines and an incomplete circumambulatory passage,
55
antechamber and shrine and two cells to the north and the south respectively. There is no image of
Buddha inside the main shrine. The door frame is elaborately carved with mithunas and dvarapalikas.
On the lintel of the doorway, in the centre, is the representation of dvarapalikas accompanied with
two female figures. The right side pilaster has a dancing figure on the medallion and other designs.
Out of the four pillars in front of the cave three have dwarfish and mithuna figures. The pillars are
contemporary with Ajanta/Ellora Buddhist caves. Architecturally, it represents the transitional
phase of architecture in western India between the Vakatakas and the Chalukyas between the middle
of the fifth to the middle of the sixth century AD.
48. EXCAVATION AT VETALWADI, DISTRICT AURANGABAD.—In continuation of the work of debris
clearance at Vetalwadi, the Aurangabad Circle of the Survey resumed the work under the guidance
of P.N. Kamble, assisted by J.M. Thapar, M. R. Dhekane, Ajit Kumar, S.L. Jadhav and G.L.
Gaikwad. Vegetation and loose soils were entirely removed with a view to knowing the exact
position of the Buddhist monastery, which belongs to the earliest phase of cave architecture in
western India. It consists of a plain hall supported by four square-shaped pillars. Chinese glazed
Ware, red and black wares, iron objects and arrowheads, stone lamps and animal teeth and bones as
well as human bones were found.
49. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT AURANGABAD.— P. N. Kamble of the Aurangabad Circle of the
Survey noticed some rock-cut caves at Daulatabad. On the basis of a report from local persons, P. N.
Kamble visited the Balaghat hill which is about 6 to 8 km away from the Daulatabad fort. On
ascending the hill to a height of about 91 metres from the ground level facade of a rock-cut cave was
noticed. The rock-cut cave measures about 914 metres in length and is between 1-2 to 1-52 metres
in height. It appears that in the centre of the cave was a. shrine. A fine sculpture of Lakulisa was
noticed in the right comer of the cave. There are figures of two male atendants to the left and the right
of Lakulisa which is shown having with four-arms. To the right of the Lakulisa, a chaturbhuja
dvarapala is shown in a standing position, holding a weapon in one of his raised arms.
From the vertical line marks on the rock as well as horizontal chisel marks, it appears that
portions of the cave night have been divided by die artist; it seems that at a time at least four to five
artists were working in the cave. One of the pillars is unfinished.
Apart from the above, ten rock-cut caves were found in the course of exploration of the Balaghat
hill. Some of the caves have sculptures, of saptamatrikas. The caves measure about 3 metres in
length, 3 metres in width; their height could not be ascertained since the caves are filled up with
debris. Besides these ten caves, another three to five caves were noticed which are buried under
debris.
At the southern foot of the hill in the centre of the ravines, regular cuttings of the rock were
noticed at about six or seven places. At some places, adjacent to the cuttings rock-cut walls were also
noticed. The purpose of these is not clear.
56
50. E XPLORATION AND SCIENTIFIC CLEARANCE , ELLORA CAVES, DISTRICT A URANGABAD.— P.N.
Kamble of the Aurangabad Circle of the Survey carried out exploration at Ellora besides scientific
clearance work which was carried out under the supervision of M.R. Dhekane. At Ellora there are
three groups of caves; of these one is Jaina while the remaining ones are Brahmanical.
The caves are buried under debris and are located to the north of the Jaina caves; another group
of caves, located close to a stream and to the north-east of the great Kailasa temple can be divided
into two phases. Clearance of debris and vegetation was carried out from the Brahmanical caves
located near the stream. These caves were found to be dedicated to Siva. In the Jogeshwari group, in
the caves which were exposed, were noticed loose medieval sculptures of Brahmanical female
deities as well as antiquities like pottery, bangle pieces, metal snake, iron objects, copper fishhooks,
sickles, bones of animals and birds, etc. Among the loose sculptures, the most important are of Kali
and Mahakali. Kali is seated on pedestal with hanging breasts without head; Kalaratri (Mahakali) is
shown seated on corpse with hanging breasts in a terrific posture.
On the lintel of the shrine is the representation of Lakulisa, which is four-armed, seated in
padmasana accompanied by two attendants and semi-divine beings. He is shown with urdhva-linga
and is holding club, akshamala, skull-cup and coconut in his right and left hands. On both sides of
the shrine are the figures of Saiva dvarapalas holding an axe, double trident and snake. To the right,
is the figure of Parvati standing on lizard between two fires performing tapas. She holds the linga
and Ganesa in her hands having nine small heads over her head which is a unique feature. The
attributes, dress, ornaments, etc., of the Saiva dvarapalas show strong Pallava and Chalukya
influence and could perhaps be dated to circa sixth-seventh century AD. Several Mahesamurti
figures were also noticed in the Ellora caves.
51. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BEED.—In the course of village-to-village survey in Georai Taluka,
S.L. Jadhav of the Aurangabad Circle of the Survey noticed the following antiquarian remains :
Taluk Village/Site Nature of remains
Georai Borgaon Medieval step-well
Jalgaon Medieval pottery
Khandvi Hero-stones, brass figures in the temple of
Khandoba and Mahishasurmardini and medieval
pottery, microliths
Nimgaonwadi Disturbed mound yielding medieval pottery
Nipani Jawalka Late medieval pottery
Pachegaon Small tomb, stone ghani, sari-stone, etc.
Rui Two medieval red ware
sherds and late medieval
Rama temple
57
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90-^. REVIEW
Taluk VillagelSite Nature of remains

Georai Ranjani Step-well
- do - Sindewadi Sati stone, etc.
-do- Siras devi Sati stone, etc.
52. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BHANDARA.—Chandrashekhar Gupta of the Department of Ancient
Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Nagpur University, explored Arjuni and Pauni Tehsils in
the district. At Arjuni on way to the Mahadeva temple on the hillock which also has a medieval fort,
a crude neolithic celt was found. Similar neoliths have also been reported earlier from Pauni. At
Pauni, a good number of four-legged querns, bead polishers, beads of semiprecious stones and
terracotta and structural remains were noticed. The legged-querns, which numbered several
hundred, are generally broken into two halves. Some show decorated devices as well. Most of the
querns are rectangular in shape, but some are of square and apsidal shapes. They are made of different
types of stone, viz., sandstone, quartzite, trap, etc. The bead-polishers and unfinished beads from
Pauni prove the existence of a factory site. Bead-polishers are made of quartzite and quartz. Some
beads show employment of lathe as well. Some brick and stone masonry was noticed on the western
and northern sides of Hardolala Tekadi. A well of well-baked bricks, about a metre in diameter,
showing ten courses of bricks, was found in a pit to the north of the mound, dug by the villagers for
murum (laterite soil). Agricultural activity noticed around this as well as Jagannatha Tekadi may
have resulted in spoiling the site.
53. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICTS BHANDARA AND NAGPUR.— S.K. Lekhwani, N.G. Nikosey, J.S.
Dubey and N.K. Nimje of the Prehistory Branch of the Survey under the direction of S.B. Ota carried
out a reconnaissance survey in taluk Pauni and Bhiwapur in districts Bhandara and Nagpur
respectively. This work was undertaken as a part of salvage exploration in the area to be submerged
under Gosikhurd Dam Project on the river Wainganga. The following archaeological evidences
brought to light:
District Tehsil Village Nature of remains
Bhandara Pauni Gaidongri Solitary handaxe and late medieval sculptures
Gosikhurd Microliths
Jogikhera Iron slag and late medieval sculptures
Kawadsi Historical mound with iron slag
Khapri Historical site
Kosra Maratha period temple
Mendha Historical mound
Naigaon Late medieval sculptures
58
District Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Bhandara Pauni Nimgaon Late medieval sculptures
Pahungaon Late medieval sculptures
Pathri Medieval sculptures
Pendhri Early historical mound
Nagpur Jambuida Microliths, iron slag with potsherds
Neri Late medieval sculptures
Parsori Historical mound
Salebhatti Early historical mound
Kuhi Ambhora Khurd Early historical mound
54. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CHANDRAPUR.— Amarendra Nath of the Excavation Branch (I)
A.K. Sharma and S.B. Ota of the Prehistory Branch of the Survey explored in taluk Bhadravati an
early historical site at Nandori (79°02'E, 20°ll N) situated on the right bank of Shimai nala, a
tributary of Wardha river. The mound lies off the state Highway No. 84 between Bhadravati and
Warora; it is quite an extensive one, and rises over eight metres from the surrounding plains. The site
has brought to light stray microlithic tools, early historical and early medieval remains. The
microlithic artefacts picked up from the site consist off take and core tools on materials like chert,
chalcedony and agate. The pottery picked up from the site were mainly red and grey wares of both
slipped and unslipped varieties. The red ware of medium to coarse fabric showed shapes like vases,
basin, bowl, etc., which were akin to those found from other early historical sites located in
Wardha-Wainganga divide. The antiquities of the early historical period included a barrel-shaped
ear-stud of stone, sandstone fragment of a muller of dumb-bell type, a hopscotch dressed out of
stone, and a glass bangle of black colour. Inside the village several architectural fragments of temple
remains in Hemadapanti style, dated to tenth-eleventh century, were noticed. Between the
Gram-Sevaka office and the entrance to a Maruti temple were noticed some thirteen loose
sculptures of Brahmanical origin, they are, left to right; (1) Umamahesvara (45 x 35 cm); (2)
four-handed Vishnu standing (40 x 35 cm); (3) Ganesa seated in lalitasana, trunk and hands
mutilated (48 x 35 cm); (4) four-handed Ganesa, seated in lalitasana, trunk turned to left (80 x 48
cm); (5) sati stone in low relief showing right arm raised up in L-shape and symbols like the sun and
the" moon in the upper panel (110 x 35 cm); (6) four-handed image of Varahavatara Vishnu (70 x 80
cm); (7) four-armed, standing Vishnu (85 x 50 cm); (8) four-armed, standing Chamunda with
ferocious look, scorpion seen carved in the sunken abdomen (50 x 45 cm); (9) two nayikas standing
(48 x 35 cm); (10) Brahma seated cross-legged (45x 30 cm); (11) Uma-mahesvara (50x 35 cm); (12)
Uma-mahesvara, Uma's head mutilated (45x25 cm) and (13) unidentifiable lower portion of a
dancing figure (30x40 cm). All these sculptures may tentatively be dated to circa tenth-eleventh
century AD.
59
55. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT DHULE.—S. N. Raghunath and K. P. Rao of the Excavations Branch
of the Survey, as a part of the problem-oriented exploration in the upper Tapti Valley for the possible
diffusion of Late Harappan Culture, if any, discovered the following sites in Nandurbar Taluk.
Taluk Village Location Nature of Remains
Nandurbar Arle Backlash of eroded and Weathered Chalcolithic painted and
monsoonal cultivated unpainted black on red ware, etc.
site deposit in the Tapti
-do- Halt-Moida Tapti Basin I & II Acheulian bifaces and cleavers on trap
terraces dolerite
-do- Hat-Moida Juni Basti 5 kms Deserted early historic rampart—
upstream with remnants of stone temple;
Chalcolithic black on red painted
pottery, chalcedony fluted cores and
flakes
Tapti/III Gravel Rolled point, scraper with chalcedony
and jasper, flakes and pebbles
Ancient flood plain and Weathered Chalcolithic painted and
Nandurbar Korle
recent monsoonal unpainted black on red ware, etc.
alluvial deposit of
Patalganga
II flood plain disturbed Scarce fragments of Malwa/black on
-do- Shelte
by modem agriculture red painted pottery with other
and lift irrigation associated pottery
Flood plain of (Maulad) Redeposited secondary gravel fields,
-do- Sujalpur
5 km from Sujalpur on stray rolled cores and flakes of siliceous
the western flank material; Black on red painte pottery
with usual Malwa-Saurashtrian affilia-
tion
56. EXPLORATIONS IN DISTRICT GADCHIROLL— In the course of explorations in the southern tip of
Sironcha taluk, Amarendra Nath of the Excavations Branch (I) of the Survey assisted by S.
Pratapchandran and D. K. Kasbi, explored four villages of archaeological interest. At Sironcha
(79°58/E, 18°51/ N) near the ferry point towards the left bank of Pranhita, good number of
microlithic tools, basically on agate and chalcedony, were found. Besides worked flakes and cores,
the assemblage included long blades with parallel sides, with and without retouch, backed blades,
60
lunates, crescents, etc. A few Middle Palaeolithic tools in the form of scraper were also picked up.
Almost similar assemblages were noticed at two more villages, one at Somnur (80°16/E, 18°44/N)
situated on the north side of the confluence of the Godavari and Indravati, and this other at Asarali
(80°12 IE, 18°44/N) situated up in the valley slope on the left bank of the Godavari. At Somnur the
microlithic tools were on chert and jasper also. The frequency of tools showed more of cores both of
fluted and amorphous varieties than parallel-sided blades. At Asarali, majority of tools were on
agate with some exceptions on chalcedony and milky quartz. It consisted of parallel-sided blades
and scrapers.
The fourth site Nagaram (79°56fE, 18°50/N) is situated on the north side of the confluence of
the Pranhita and the Godavari. Besides microlithic cores and flakes on chert and chalcedony the site
has reportedred wares of early historical period. Among the shapes met with are jars, bowls,
lid-cum-bowls, spouts of vases, basins, etc. Some sherds have decorations of roundels, slashed
oblique lines and criss-cross patterns, the techniques adopted for were incision or applique. Among the
antiquities mention may be made of shell bangle fragments, beads and hopscotches.
57. EXCAVATIONS AT ADAM, TALUK KUHI, DISTRICT NAGPUR.— In continuation of first season's
work (1988-89, pp. 50-62), the Excavations Branch I of the Survey, Nagpur, resumed excavation at
Adam (21°00/N, 19°2IIE) under the direction of Amarendra Nath assisted by S.N. Raghunath and
S. Pratapchandran, N.C. Prakash, N.K.S. Sharma, R.K. Roy, S.V. Sutaone, P.M. Bhope, H.J.
Barapatre,D.K. Kasbi, D.S. Shambharkar, A.U. Ganarand Sultansingh with a view to.(i)reascertaining
the chronology noticed during the first season's work, (ii) re-examining the phases of fortification
and its relationship with the habitation inside, and (iii) the nature and formation of the moat around
the rampart.
Out of the seven cuttings of the season, two were laid across the moat, one each on the north and
the south, four inside the rampart at the centre, north, north-east (pl. XVI A) and south-east and one
across the rampart on the east. The cuttings in which the natural soil could be reached reconfirmed
the five-fold chronology noted earlier.
Period I: The first settlers at the site were the microlithic tools using people, who camped over
the lateritic rock base having medium to thin soil coverage. The deposit, free from pottery, was found
distributed extensively below the defence strata and also in the trenches at the south-east, centre,
north and north-east, covering an area of approximately 150 x 150 m square. The deposit of reddish
brown compact earth was fifty to sixty centimetres in thickness. The finds included a good number
of cores and waste flakes besides finished tools like parallel-sided blades with and without retouch,
and a few backed blades, lunates, points, burins, scrapers, etc., on chert, chalcedony, agate and quartz.
In one of the trenches (18) traces of post-holes were noticed forming a semi-circle; it suggests the
practice, during the period, of raising circular or oval huts of perishable material.
Period II: The deposit, of sixty to seventy centimetres of the pre-defence strata uniformly
occurring in the cuttings wherever the natural soil was reached, showed a marked change in colour,
61
composition and compactness. It is a type of clayey earth, varying in colour from dark brown to pale
brown with an admixture of grit and charcoal bits. The change in colour and composition is due to
growth in the subsistence activities at the hands of the 'first farmers' of Vidarbha at the site. The
continuance of microlithic traits of the preceding period, the introduction of copper technology,
ceramic industry and manufacture of bone implements stratigraphically gives a horizon of Vidarbha
Chalcolithic in the Wardha-Wainganga Divide. The ceramic industry comprised of red, black and
black and red wares; white and black pigments were used externally for painting limited design
elements like hatched diamonds, combed patterns and parallel horizontal lines over these wares. The
fabric in general was coarse to medium, turned on medium fast wheel. The shapes prepared were
vases, bowls, etc.
Corroded copper bits, terracotta annular beads, crucibles and bone implements occurred in this
deposit Among them a bone disc with incised criss-cross oblique lines on one side deserves mention.
The C14 assaying carried out on a charcoal sample (PRI No. 1368), gave a date for the period
The C14 assaying carried out on a charcoal sample (PRI No.. 1368), gave a date for the period
to 3230 +325 BP
- 310
Period HI: It witnessed the emergence of iron technology at the site; however, other cultural
equipments of the preceding period continued without any break. The ceramic industry while
retaining the older painted design-elements, experimented with new ones in thick brush over a thick
and coarse micaceous red ware, which included vertical parallel dashes, parallel horizontal lines,
flame designs, etc. Another important feature noted was the painting in black on the interior of red
ware dishes and bowls of medium fabric. The frequency of medium to coarse red ware predominated
over the Black-arid-red ware while the latter outnumbered the black slipped ware.
Structural remains in the form of mud floors and post-holes were noticed but no complete plan
could be obtained due to space constraint. The number of antiquities recorded include arrowheads,
chisels, knives, ploughshares, rods and points on iron, finger rings and antimony rods on copper,
points and engravers on bone and antler, bangle fragments on shell, beads of terracotta and semi-
precious stones like agate. A few camelian etched beads with parallel lines on either ends, and zigzag
lines covering surfaces in barrel-shape deserve special mention.
Period IV: This period is marked by a deposit of brownish clayey earth in composition. The
black-slipped ware of the earlier periods was almost completely abandoned, while the
Black-and-red ware continued with a flat or slightly convex base and a straight to 'S' profiled sides.
The thick, coarse micaceous red ware of the previous period continued but the paintings
committed to band motif of varying thickness in concentric order were limited to shoulder portion.
Conspicuously, NBP sherd was obtained from this horizon.
Structures of the period were deviced either of burnt brick or stone with murrum lining at the
base. Of the two structural phases, phase I is represented by a two coursed shale stone wall in mud
mortar; the base of it had murrum lining. The exposed portion of the single coursed wall was semi-
circular on plan while its thickness was 25 cm. The inner portion had mud floor. Of the phase 2 a
62
well of burnt brick (dia. 110 m) having fifty-four courses was noticed cut into the natural soil (pl.
XVII A). Another brick wall of eighteen courses was exposed which was aligned to a lane. The either
ends of the wall seem to have been robbed; however, the wall appears to have been used as retaining
wall in the succeeding period in which an outlet for a private drain was envisaged (pl.. XVIB).
Antiquities of the period include iron spear and arrowheads, chisel, sickle, ploughshare, knife
etc., a decorated copper hair-pin; bone scrapers, points and a dice; ivory stylus terracotta ear studs,
gamesman, wheels and balls; sling balls, studs and weights of stone; beads of different shapes of
semi-precious stones, shell and terracotta.
Period V: On the basis of numismatic evidence, the period has broadly been sub-divided into
two phases, namely the Satavahanas and Maharathis, however, no change is noticed in the material
cultures of these two historical phases. Pottery of this period was predominantly red while the black,
kaolin and red polished wares remained subordinate in demand. A variety of shapes like handi, jars,
dishes, bowls, lids and lid-cum-bowls and sprinklers were noticed. Decoration was done by different
techniques like incision, applique, stamping, pinching, cording, etc., while painted decoration was
altogether dispensed with. Among the decorative motifs birds, rosettes, triratna, svastika, etc., are
worth mentioning. Small and meidum sized limestone ware, having very smooth lathe-turned finish,
provided shapes of casket, bowls and lids, etc. Some of the caskets and lids are having incised
decoration. One medium size red ware container with convex base and straight profile with jali sides
deviced by arranging series of svastika motif one above the other was another notable ceramic type.
Structures (fig. 5) reported from this period were rectangular, square, elliptical and, circular on
plan. The complex of a rectangular stone (9x3-5 m) structure and circular brick well sealed by layer
(1) could be exposed completely. The well (dia. 1.10 m) of seventy-six courses cut into the natural soil
was built out of wedge-shaped bricks in mud mortar. On the north and south sides of the well, traces
of post-holes and low parapet wall were noticed which supported a low roofed structure over the well,
and was open from east and west sides for the purpose of drawing water. The covered space along the
well was paved with same types of bricks (pl. XVIIB). The elliptical structure, on plan, consisted of
central chamber and antechambers on either ends of the apse formed another type of structure at
the site. Several circular platform-like stone structures within an enclosure were also noticed. The
exact nature of these structures remains to be determined. A good number of terracotta ring-wells
with a maximum of twenty-three (pl. XVIII A) and a minimum of seven rings were exposed at the
site. Interestingly, the latter had a chamfered globular ring base over which six rings of uniform size
were set. In one of the ring wells double rings were used to form a course. It had' broken insertion
of ring over the ring, unmindful of structural uniformity.
64
Out of the three primary burials, two were extended and the third was in cross-legged seated
posture (pl. XVIII B) of a grown up person. Of the two extended burials one was Of a child lying
on its left side while the other was of an adult disposed in prone position, with portions below the knee
mutilated.
Number of antiquities were reported from this period which include sealings, coins, figurines,
beads, pendants and other miscellaneous household items on clay, metal, ivory, bones, glass and
semi-precious stones. The terracotta sealings of Sevaka Putra (pl. XIX A), Salankayana (pl. XIX
E) and Mahasenapati (pl. XIX B) are of historical interest, while the occurrence of coins of Bhadras,
Satavahanas (pl. XIX C) and the Maharathis (pl. XIX D) in the stratigraphical context establish the
chronology of these rulers in this region.
The site' had a bead industry evidenced by beads in various stages of manufacture. They were
of. various shapes, manufactured on glass, terracotta, semi-precious stones, steatite, kaolin, shell,
bone and copper. Mention may be made of few etched camelian beads with line designs and a crystal
bead with an excellent finish, and studs of black jasper, having radiating grooves. Mention may be
made of a few bead polishers found in the course of excavation.
Number of terracotta figurines excavated included profusely ornamented dwarfish mother
goddess, mithunas, yakshas, and fragmentary male and female heads with elaborate head-gear.
Animal figurines included caparisoned horses, elephants, bulls, dogs and. birds. Some of the animal
figurines had a hole across the legs to be used as wheeled toys. Majority of the figurines were
prepared in double mould. A few kaolin terracottas were also recorded from this period. Terracotta
antiquities like wheels, spindles, skin rubbers, bangles, weights, ear studs, gamesmen, votive tank,
etc., were also found.
The discovery of a broken but rare bone comb with carved handle depicting on one side two
pairs of seated mithuna couples (pl. XX A) and on the other a row of elephants coming out of pond
(pl. XX B) is one of the outstanding finds at the site.
The cutting across the rampart further confirmed, besides the different phases of construction,
the nature and formation of the rampart. However, the moat cuttings provided new evidences
showing the outer escarpment of the moat with steep cutting into the bedrock, while southern moat
with steep cutting into the bedrock, while southern moat provided a series of parallel channels of
differing dimensions running east-west. Whether these channels formed part of some filtering
system or some other hydraulic need of the time is yet to be ascertained.
58. EXCAVATIONS AT RAIPUR, DISTRICT NAGFUR.— The megalithic site of Raipur, about 20 km
west of Nagpur was excavated after a break of three years, over three seasons between 1988-90 by
G. B. Deglurkar of the Department of Archaeology, Deccan College, Pune. He was assisted by Gouri
Lad and P.S. Joshi. In all, four megalithic circles were excavated. The Raipur stone circles,
conforming to the general pattern in Vidarbha, however, display certain special typological features,
which though partially traceable on the surface, are better detailed in the excavations.
65
Circle No. 1 and 2, more or less of the same dimensions with a diameter of about ten metres,
differed in the quantum of filling. No. 1 with a minimal filling did not yield any skeletal remains, a
very small quantity of pottery and only two fragmentary iron objects were recovered from it. No. 2,
with greater amount of packing yielded a much greater quantity of pottery and more numerous iron
objects— adzes, nail-parers, a ladle and a knife, besides two copper bells. The excavation was thus
able to establish a connection between the quantum of filling and the quantum and variety of cultural
assemblage.' Greater care about filling and packing seems to have been taken with regard to circles
containing larger number of funerary goods.
Circle No. 3 with a diameter of about 18 metres was one of the largest circles in the complex.
The peripheral boulders of this circle too were unusually large. Right in the centre of the circle were
visible a group of four boulder heads jutting out prominently despite the heavy filling. Excavations
revealed a central chamber of nine huge boulders placed adjacent to each other, to form an irregular
circle. The chamber measuring 1 -60 to 2-30 metres in diameter, and two metres deep, was filled with
loose brown soil. No skeletal remains or antiquities, except a broken muller stone was recovered
from within the chamber. A more interesting feature typologically was the stone alignment with
many courses of horizontally laid stones, encircling the chamber, to its full height,, from the outside.
Specially large stones with flat surfaces were chosen for the alignment to give the impression of a
compact walled-in chamber, besides lending support to the erect chamber boulders. The antiquities
came from outside the chamber, mostly laid on the murrum below the black clay patch in the north-
west and south-west quadrants. They include bangles, rings, a pot with a decorated lid and a bell all of
copper, two assemblages of iron tools and weapons, chisels, daggers, arrowheads and sprearheads
besides a number of smaller iron objects. The circle was particularly rich in pottery which included
micaceous red, Black-and-red and coarse red wares in ample quantities. Human skeletal remains,
probably of two individuals, were- also recovered from the black clay patch. They are however mostly
in a fragmented and crushed stale.
Circle No. 4, immediately adjacent to No. 3, was one of the smallest circles in the complex, with a
diameter of about 8 metres and a very thin layer of filling. The circle erected on a slope running
north-south revealed, after excavation, a peculiar arrangement of the boulders on the northern
periphery, with two layers of rather biggish stones laid one over the other, to prevent the dislocation
of the periphery and consequent water-logging and erosion of the soil. A number of small iron objects
and micaceous red, Black-and-red and coarse red ware pottery were recovered from the circle.
59. EXCAVATION AT THARSA. DISTRICT NAGPUR.— The Department of Ancient Indian History,
Culture and Archaeology, Nagpur University, Nagpur, conducted archaeological excavation in
continuation of earlier work (/ 985-86, pp. 58-60) at Tharsa (Lat 2 3 ° 13’ N; Long 79°23 E) in Tehsil
Mauda, Nagpur, under the direction of Ajay Mitra Shastri assisted by Chandrashekhar Gupta and
Ismail Kellellu. Four trenches were laid out at different localities of the habitational mound and on
the western slope to get the nature of habitational pattern. One trench (XA1) was laid in the fields
lying south-west of the mound near the first seasons' trenches. Second trench (YA1) was taken at
66
the foot of the mound on the western side. The trench (ZA1) on the north of the mound on the flat
surface on the slope of the mound while the main trench (A1) was taken on the highest point of the
mound near the present Zilla Parishad High School. Due to modem constructions and the agricultural
activities the scope of the excavations was restricted.
The trench XA1 gave evidence of protohistoric period which was also found represented in the
main trench A1. In Trench A1 thirteen habitational layers were exposed which may be divided into
five periods on the basis of cultural material yielded in them. They are as follows:
Period I : Protohistoric Chalcolithic/Megalithic (layers 6 to 13)
Period II : Early Historical Pre-Satavahana, Satavahana (Layers 4 and 5)
Period III : Late Historical Vakataka (layer 3)
Period IV : Medieval (layer 2)
Period V : Modem British (layer 1)
Period I yielded pottery comprising of black ware, Black-and-red ware, red ware, tan ware,
micaceous red ware and black painted on red ware. Some potsherds show slip while some show
burnishing. The pottery types include bowls, dishes, troughs, globular pots and lotas. The painting is
done in black on bright red surface. In a few cases it has turned violet. One solitary piece of
Black-and-red ware out of which a hopscotch was prepared shows hatched diamond design painted in
white. The designs are vertical and oblique strokes, diamonds with various types of hatchings,
horizontal straight and wavy bands, etc. Some potsherds show graffitti marks. Bone objects,
hopscotches in stone and terracotta, spindle whorls, copper rings and bangles, terracotta beads and
stone artefacts, viz., a flat polished celt, ringstone, rubberstone, pounder etc., was found from this
Period. The neolithic celt is interesting as it is almost rectangular (very slight tapering towards butt)
on plan. The evidence goes well with the finds of the last season.
Period II was represented by a rich habitational deposit yielding red ware, grey ware and
micaceous black as well as red ware. Besides bowls, dishes and globular vessels, some lid and
spouted pots were also noticed. Some beads of semiprecious stones, terracotta, shell, etc., and
pendants in terracotta and ivory, ear ornaments, shell and glass bangles, terracotta toy cart wheels,
hopscotches in terracotta and stone, copper bangles and miscellaneous objects; iron nails, chisels, etc.
and terracotta figurines of animal and human forms were the noteworthy finds of Period II. One
terracotta fragment illustrating head with sharp facial features and a turban-like headgear shows
double-mould technique. A square copper coin was also reported, but due to heavy coating of exides it
is not possible to identify it. It may be noted here that a good number of coins have recently been
reported from Vidarbha region bringing to light some new dyansties of local rulers belonging to
pre-Satavahana period. These dynasties are Mitras and Bhadras. The fabric of this coin very much
resembled the coins of these rulers.
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Period III was represented by typical pottery such as red ware, black ware, Black-and-red ware,
Red Polished ware, etc. Some beads of semi-precious material and terracotta, shell and glass bangles,
terracotta animal figurines, tiles, iron nails and other objects were encountered. The animal figurines
are worth noticing as they represent both solid and hollow body types and applique decorations.
Period IV was medieval and yielded mostly red and grey wares and a few copper coins issued
by the Muslim rulers.
Period V showed foundation pits and a burnt brick masonry of British period when a Police
Chowki was constructed on the top of the mound and at places the slope was trimmed or raised in
order to meet the need. Some iron clamps and clasps and a Victoria copper coin were found from
this Period.
Periods II and III were found very much disturbed by pits dug in Period III. Middle Palaeolithic
tools and microliths were found in the debris of the Historical Period and from the river bed which
may suggest the possibility of existence of stone age cultures in the vicinity of Tharsa,
60. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT NAGPUR.— In the course of explorations in the Nagpur, Saoner,
Ramtek and Kuhi Tehsils, Chandrashekhar Gupta of the Department of Ancient Indian History,
Culture and Archaeology, Nagpur University, discovered several sites belonging to different
periods.
One handaxe and several Middle Palaeolithic tools were found in the sand brought to Nagpur
for construction purpose from the Kanhan river-bed. A neolith and some sherds of Black-and-red
ware were found at village Sillewada situated about 16 km north of Nagpur. The tool is a small chisel
made by grinding technique. Both Sillewada and Kamptee (from where sand yielding tools are
found) are situated on the banks of the river Kanhan. On the hill of Ramtek and Mansar fortification
walls of the Vakataka period were noticed. These are built in dry stone masonry. In one of the
medieval temples on the hill some early architectural members of the Vakataka period and an iron
pillar were noticed. The pillar is about three metres high and provided with flutings placed obliquely
and facets on the shaft. An abacus circular in section, and a serpent-hood-like capital surmouting it
are seen at the top while the other end is buried in the floor of the small sabha-mandapa of the shrine.
A stone plaque depicting Balarama, a fragment of carved conch-shell and some early and late
copper coins were also noticed at Ramtek. At Adam, in Kuhi Tehsil, a few early copper coins, beads
of camelian and terracotta were collected on the slopes of western side of the mound.
61. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT NAGPUR.— In the course of his explorations Ismail Kellellu of the
Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Nagpur University, discovered
one protohistoric and two early historic sites respectively at Shirkanda (locally known as Shrikanda),
Morgaon and Wagholi in the Mauda Tehsil of the District.
The extensive protohistoric site lying between the left bank of the river Sur, a tributary of the
river Wainganga, and the small village Shirkanda (lat 21°17' N; Long 79°31'E) (total population
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about 125) is about 13 acres (5.2 hectares in extent with habitational deposit of about 4 metres at its
highest The whole surface of the mound is littered with potsherds of micaceous red ware, red ware,
black-slipped ware, Black-and-red ware and black painted red ware the types and painted designs of
which may well be compared to the Chalcolithic/Megalithic pottery recovered from the recently
excavated site at Tharsa in the same Tehsil. Besides this diagnostic pottery, Shirkanda also yielded
fluted cores, iron slag and some charred animal bones. The importance of this site lies in the fact that
after Adam it is the second most extensive and intact of all sites so far known in the Vidarbha region.
The other two early historical sites, one at Morgaon (Lat 21°16' N; Long 79°31'E) about one
and a half kilometre to the south of the village on the left bank of seasonal nala, Baggar, a tributary of
the river Sur, and the other site at Wagholi (Lat 21°15' N; long 79°29' E), about three kilometres
north of the village Revrala, yielded pottery comparable in type, shape and fabric to those
encountered from the Satavahana and Vakataka sites.
62. EXCAVATION AT IRLA, DISTRICT OSMANABAD.— Excavation at Irla was conducted by the
Department of Archaeology and Museums, Maharashtra State, under the guidance of A.P. Jamkhedkar
and Shri K.D. Kawadkar, Chetan S. Sali and R.R. Borkar.
Irla is a small village located on the right bank of river Tena and 23 kms south-east of
Osmanabad. The site was discovered by M.G. Dikshit and is spread over 10 acres (4 hectares) area.
In all, three trenches were dug at different levels to find out the potentiality of the mound.
Altogether, three floor levels were exposed at different depths. Two urn-burials, one sealed by the
middle floor level and another by the earliest floor level were exposed. The earlier contained a broken
tibia along with a piece of long bone and the later a cranium with a piece of long bone.
Pottery assemblage consists of Red polished ware, red ware and black ware, the last two include
burnished as well as plain-variety. Associated antiquities included terracotta beads and those of
silicious material; bangles of glass and shell; blade, knife and nails of iron and terracotta figure of
monkey.
The remains could be assigned to the third century AD.
63. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT OSMANABAD.-- M.R. Dhekane of the Aurangabad Circle of the
Survey during the course of exploration of submergence area of the Lower Tena Project, Taluk
Umerga, noticed a Hemadpanti temple at Nagpur. It is of the thirteenth century belonging to the
period of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The temple faces the east. It is a fine specimen of temple
architecture of the Deccan without sikhara. The temple is situated in the heart of the village on high
platform of dressed stone, lthas sabha-mandapa, ante-chamber, proper shrine and pradakshinapatha.
It is dedicated to Siva. It has a plain exterior except for the two hundred and thirty five kirttimukhas
which are sculptured on the outer wall of the temple or on the devakoshtha of the temple. The sabha
mandapa is supported by four elaborately carved pillars, which are square at the base and rounded
on the top. Over the shaft of the pillars are the figures of ganas carrying the weight of the temple in
their four hands.

The door-jambs of the temple are also elaborately carved with male and female dvarapalas and
dvarapalikas on the lintel of the temple is a four-armed seated Ganesa, flanked by two lions. The
antechamber is also supported by two pillars and pilasters minutely and lavishly sculptured with four
armed Vishnu figures. The miniature paintings are done on the wall of the antechamber as well as
the sabha-mandapa. The scenes depicted are from the epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
The temple has two windows. The paintings are done in red, white and black pigments. Outside,
there is a rectangular shaped stone on which pancha-saktis are sculptured with Ganesa and
Virabhadra as their guardians seated on their respective vehicles, viz., Brahmi seated on hamsa;
Vaishnavi seated on Garuda; Sarasvati-Mangala seated on ram probably; Mahesvari on bull; and
Chamunda/Kali or Kalaratri seated on corpse. Village goddess is also represented in the village who is
worshipped for the protection of the child. She is known as Satawaidevi in the village. She is
represented in a semi-divine form.
64. EXPLORATIONS IN DISTRICT PUNE.— Consequent upon the discovery of the Acheulian site of
Bori (Lat 19°07' 30" Long 74° 06' 30"), in Junnar Taluk, Pune district in 1986 by V.S. Kale of the
Department of Geography of Poona University and dating of the volcanic ash deposit discovered near
Bori by K-Ar method to 1.4 million years, the Kukdi river deposits around Bori were mapped in detail by
the Deccan College, Pune. This mapping has shown that there are eight volcanic ash exposures
between the villages of Vadgaon and Jadaovadi. At two locations, artefacts were found in contexts
which are definitely below the ash. More importantly, the Acheulian gravel at location 4 interlayers
with the magnetically reversed clay deposit in which the ash layer occurs. These findings suggest
that hominids were present at Bori prior to the ash fall. At the time of the ash fall Early Acheulian
technology was already developed. The first evidence for the presence of man prior to the ash fall
comes from location one. At this location, well has been dug into the volcanic ash bed. The volcanic
ash is the uppermost layer in the well. The well reaches the bedrock 8 metres below the volcanic ash
and 5 metres below the river level. The volcanic ash is underlain by black fissured clay which has
well developed slickenslides and nodular kankars. The lowermost layer in the well is a pediment
gravel containing weathered trap pebbles. One dolerite flake was found in this gravel. The flake
shows a well developed striking platform bulb of percussion. It matches the pebbles in the gravel in
abrasion and patination.
In January 1989, a large basalt flake was found in situ 1.5 metre below the ash exposed on the
right bank of the Kukdi at location 5. The dorsal surface shows some step flaking along the left margin
due to previous flake removals.
The Acheulian assemblage is from gravel at location 4.152 artefacts were collected from this
gravel. These include 3 choppers or cores, 3 polyhedrons, 6 bifaces, of which 4 are trihedral picks, a
bifacial chopper and a crude ovate handaxe. 140 flakes were present of which 120 are of basalt or
dolerite and 20 of multicoloured cherts. The flakes are mostly small with an average size of
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5.2 x 4.1 x 1.5 cm. They have thick wide-angled platforms which are plain or dihedral. Flake scars
are deep and prominent with a distinct lip on the platform edge. Regular retouch is absent.
The gravel in which these artefacts were found cuts into the volcanic ash layer which is exposed
as a small patch surrounded on three sides by the gravel and the fourth by the Kukdi river. The gravel is
overlain by black fissured clay which can be traced to a clay exposure in the adjacent nala. In this nala
exposure the gravel is absent but at the gravelash level a thin band of volcanic ash is present. This,
in effect establishes that the gravel and ash are both lenses within the clay. Thus, the
lithostratigraphical correlation demonstrates that there is not significant time gap between the tool
bearing Acheulian gravel and the underlying volcanic ash.
All this evidence has led to the important conclusion that the Lower Palaeolithic in India goes
back well into the Lower Pleistocene.
The Middle Palaeolithic site of Ranjani on the Mina river (Lat 19°3' N, Long 74°4' E), Junnar
taluk, Pune district, was discovered by Sheila Mishra an Savita Ghate of the Deccan College, Pune.
The artefacts occur in a weathered gravel deposit. The gravel is part of the Pleistocene deposits
exposed just downstream of a dyke crossing the Mina river. The gravel directly abuts the dyke which
supplies the raw material for the tools. The collection consists of 9 cores and 15 flakes all made on
dolerite dyke material. The low proportion of flakes and abrasion and weathering of the artefacts
shows that we are not dealing with a primary artefact context. The most interesting feature of the
collection is the variety of core types, documenting a more sophisticated flaking technology than that
seen at Bori. Two prepared cores, two disc cores and a single platform cylindrical core are present.
Four of the flakes show traces of deliberate retouch, partially obliterated by abrasion and weathering
of the artefacts.
65. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT WARDHA.— Amarendra Nath of the Excavation Branch (I) and A.
K. Sharma and S.B. Ota of the Prehistory Branch of the Survey. Explored a major site yielding
protohistoric and early historical remains at Arambha (20°34' N 78°59' E) in taluk Samudrapur.
Situated in the flood plains of the Vena and the Pothara rivers, tributaries of the Wardha, the site lies
to the immediate east of a highway between Jam (8 km north) and Hinganghat (12 km south). The
site brought to light typical black-and-red ware bowl with graffiti marks which normally occur in
megalithic .context. The micaceous red and chocolate-slipped red wares demonstrated shapes like
vases having splayed-out featureless rim, and bowls having convex profile with featureless rim.
Retouched flake tools in jasper and chert were also picked up. The pottery of early historical period
was predominantly red ware, both slipped and unslipped. The shapes met with were vases, basins and
bowls. The antiquities picked up from the site included a barrel-shaped camelian bead, terracotta toy
wheel with projected hubs, red ware dressed spindle whorl, hopscotches both dressed on pottery and
stone, shell bangle fragments, one having groove decoration, sandstone sling ball, sand stone muller
fragment, circular spool-like terracotta spacer bead one end decorated with radiating rays.
Several structural remains in stone and burnt brick were noticed on the surface and in the
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exposed sections of the mound. A burnt brick structure, seemingly circular on plan, imposingly
stands in south-eastern part of the present day village. It is in highly denuded condition and is
camouflaged by modem habitation. However, in the upper slope portion of an exposed elevation
eight brick (23 x 18 x 5 cm) courses in mud mortar and at its base random-rubble in mud masonry
could be noticed. It would be too early to call it a stupa. There are remains of several other structures
below the present day village.
MANIPUR
66. EXPLORATION AT SEKTA, DISTRICT IMPHAL.— The State Archaeology, Government of

Manipur, reported the discovery of a number of elaborately decorated human skulls along with
necklaces made of precious stones, bronze vessels, bracelets, etc., from the Sekta village, located
about 16 kms north-east of Imphal. The materials were recovered from the valley side slope of the
hill locally known as Thumkhong Ching at a height of about 60 metres. Thumkhong Ching (Hill)
forms part of the hill range, running in north-south direction, known as Pidonnu hill range. The hill
slope from where, the archaeological materials were unearthed is covered thickly with red soil.
However, continuous erosion of the surface by small shallow channels led to the exposure of the
buried cultural materials. The gold masked human skull along with necklaces, bracelets and bronze
vessles were found buried inside three big pots. The archaeological materials and the site have,
however, been damaged extensively by villagers in their search for hidden treasure. The hill slope
was excavated upto a depth of about 5 metres and large pits dug here and there by villagers were
noticed throughout the entire hill slope. The material was later recovered from the villagers and is
now in the custody of the Manipur State Museum.
67. EXPLORATION AT CHINGEI CHING, WAITHOU, DISTRICT THOUBAL.— The State Archaeology,
Government of Manipur, carried out exploration at Waithou and discovered charred rice grains on
the top of the small hillock known as Chingei Ching. The charred rice grains are found deposited
upto a depth of 0-35 metre near the western part of the hillock.
MIZORAM
68. EXPLORATIONS IN MIZORAM.—The Archaeology unit attached to the Mizoram State Museum,
Aizawl reported the presence of archaeological remains in the following different areas of the state.
At a distance of about half-a-kilometre from the Zote village in District Aizawl are located six
caves in two rows, more or less similar in size and shape. These caves (Mura Puk) take their names
from a legendary story supposed to be connected with this Mura. According to the legend, a gigantic
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eagle known as 'Mura' used to live in this area long ago. It used to prey upon human beings inhabiting
the area. The eagle followed a unique method of capturing its prey. It would sit quietly on the hutment
spreading its wings to cover the whole roof. Its tail would then be pushed through the rear door to
knock up the inmates and as anyone would, out of fear try to run out of the front door, it would catch
him with its fierce beak. Mura was thus a source of constant fear to villagers and they were trying to
device measures of safety from the attack of the Mura. Thus the inhabitants of the area dug these
caves as a means of protection against Mura’s onslaught.
It is believed that the Hmar, one sub-tribe of the Mizos who inhabited the north-eastern part
of Mizoram, were living in the area during that time.
The other remains are that of a brick building at Zamuang in District Aizawl. Two important
features of this structure is a drain covering a fairly large length, and a brick pillar about 5 feet (15
metres) high, one foot (03 m) in breadth without any plaster. Burnt bricks of four different sizes were
used in the construction of walls which were lime plastered.
There are nine stones erected in memory of Mahgkhaia, a famous Ralte Chief at the southern
extremity at Mangkhaia Lung of Champhai Valley.
According to local source, till recent past, quite a large number of stones (exact number not
known) were erected in the memory of Mangkhaia at the southern tip of the Champhai Valley which
occupied about two hundred square feet (1858 metres square) of land area. With the passage of time,
Ruantlang village, previously a small village, was extended and the memorial stones were removed
and on their place, houses were built. At present, nine memorial stones removed from the original
places could be seen. On one memorial stone, twenty-five human figures with hands interlocked are
engraved.
There are diverse views about the story of Mangkhaia Lung. According to Pu Saingena of
Champhai these memorial stones were erected by the Raltes in the memory of their beloved chief
Mangkhaia. Mangkhaia was the son of Mangthawnga, the chief of Tuichhin. When Mangkhaia
attained maturity, he established a new village at Zotlang in which he ruled over his subjects with
kindness and generosity. Zotlang is situated about two kilometres south of Champhai. As the story
goes, Mangkhaia's village was invaded by the Sukte from the east Even though the heroes of
Mangkhaia's village fought valiantly, the Sukte were victorious and Mangkhaia himself was taken as
captive. Then the Sukte killed him at Rallang village which is situated somewhere in Burma. When his
subjects came to know about the death of their chief, they erected his memorial stones which came to be
known as Mangkhaia Lung, Others believe that the memorial stones of Mangkhaia were erected by the
Hmars who inhabited the area until the first quarter of the present century.
It is, however, more likely that the memorial stones of Mangkhaia were erected by the Ralte
as Mangkhaia belonged to Ralte sub-tribe of the Mizo.
At the old site of Zote village, about half a kilometre east of the present Zote village can be seen
73
the Sikpui Lung, a solid rock about nine feet long (2743 m) four feet and six inches (1 "371) in breadth
and ten inches (0254 m) thick lying flat on the ground.
According to Pu Saingena of Champhai, the Hmar, in their usual practice, used to observe
Sikpui when a village enjoyed good health and harvest at least for three consecutive years. On this
rock the following lines were written :
"He lung hi hmanlai Hmar ho Sikpuina a ni. keini kum 28.2.1918-ah hian kan awm tan ta.
Zahulha Sailo.
Its translation into English is as follows:.
"This is the Sikpui stone of Hmar of the past and we occupied this place from 28.2.1918".
Zahulha Sailo"
The Lianhela Puk is situated about nine kilometres south-east of Ngopa village, two and half
kilometres south of Lengteng peak, the highest peak in Sialkal range. As the cave is located on the
face of a great precipice there is only one pass leading to it. It is ninety-nine fathoms long
(181051m) and six feet (182 m) deep. The location of the cave is about 6,000 ft (1828 m) above sea
level, and the climate is very cold even in summer.
ORISSA
69. EXCAVATIONS AT BARABATI FORT, CUTTACK, DISTRICT CUTTACK.—The Excavation Branch IV of

the Survey under the direction of B.K. Sinha, assisted by K.M. Suresh, P.N. Biswas, P. Biswas,
M.P. Singh, B. Pattnaik, N.K. Behera, B.K. Das, S.K. Bhoi and R.N. Sahoo, undertook excavations at
the high mound situated inside the Barabati Fort, Cuttack (Lat 20° 29; Long 85° 52') in district
Cuttack. The aim of the excavations were: (1) to establish a cultural sequence at the site in view of
the existing tradition that the city of Cuttack was founded in AD 989; and (2) to conduct area
excavation at the mound in order to expose the remains of various cultural periods.
The mound at Barabati Fort covering an area of approximately 6,500 sq metres, at its highest
point, has a height of 15.6 metres. The top of the mound was occupied by a bench mark, having a
height of 40.6 metres above MSL. Around the highest point, in a small area, were steep slopes
descending to a depth of 9 metres, at which height the mound had a flatter appearance.
Trenches (fig. 6) taken at the highest point adjacent to the bench mark showed that there was
loose filling, supplemented by stones upto a depth of 5 metres, below which there was a structure of
dressed khondalite stone, profusely pointed in lime mortar.
It was seen from the records available in the office of the Director, Geological Survey of India,
Bhubaneswar, that this filling was done by the Survey of India in the year 1854-55 for establishing
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a triangulation station at a height of 40.6 metres above M S L which also served as a bench mark and
Pendulum Station.
The stone structure, below the triangulation station, was cleared on all sides. The excavations
revealed that the structure was a square one, built up of dressed khondalite stones and was available to
an average height of over 3 metres with each side measuring 20 metres. On the eastern side, the
structure was available upto a height of 5 metres. The structure, at a height of 1.95 metres from the
base, had a terrace all around and the recession marking the terrace measured 1.85 metres, the terrace
being more prominent on the southern and eastern sides. The comers of the square structure, showed
tapering inwards and lime pointing was profusely done. The total thickness of the structure was 4.10
metres on each side and the central area of the square structure had a filling of greenish compact earth
embedded with potsherds. The structure was approached by a gentle ramp from the northern side
which had walls of dressed stone. The space, in between, was filled with earth akin to that in the core
Of the structure. The stone ramp was interlocked with the main structure and was available to a length
of 25 metres, running towards north. The dressed stone walls of the ramp had a thickness of 1 metre
and the area between the two walls consisting the filling had a width of 7.6 metres. Like the structure,
the ramp was also pointed in lime mortar all around:
Associated in the north-eastern corner with the structure and the ramp was found a lime flooring
having a width of about 5 metres and was available to a distance of 20 metres, along the eastern side of
the ramp (pl. XXI A).
In the construction of the structure and the ramp architectural fragments and sculptural panels,
possibly extracted from some destroyed temple in the area, were used along with dressed khondalite
stone blocks. In the filling cleared from over the structure, two mutilated heads of female deities and
other small and big architectural fragments numbering over hundred, were found. A small earthen
lamp found in the debris over the terrace of the structure, on the eastern side, indicated the possibility
of lamps being lit on the structure which possibly hinted the structure, being a 'Samadhi'.
Excavations at the foundations of the structure all around, revealed that the structure was built
over an area which was carefully prepared by filling upto about 5 metres the earlier remains at the
site with sand and malba and thus preparing a fairly big flat area. Dressed stone paving and traces
of lime flooring were found on other sides of the structure also.
Trenches taken on the eastern side of the structure and beyond the lime flooring, revealed a
filling of sand and debris. Cutting through this filling, upto a depth of 5 metres, revealed the existence
often pillars, roughly square on plan measuring 2.35 metres, 1.90 metres, 1.70 metres, 1.90 metres
and, the last one partially excavated, 1 .45 metres, made of laterite blocks. The gap between the pillars,
being 1 metre, 1.20 metres, 1.35 metres and 1.65 metres, the pillars were in two rows of five each and
the distance between the rows, was 4 metres. The pillars, specially the two in the south-eastern corner,
had been subjected to thorough stone robbing and the robber trenches were seen running down from
the top (pl. XXIB). The space between the pillars and the rows of pillars, showed a dump alternately
76
comprising of sand and murrum layers interlocking with each other. One of the pillars was found
going down to a depth of 5 metres and showed 21 courses of laterite blocks, the 21 st course not being
the last. One significant thing was that no occupational strata has so far b8en seen and the working
level of these pillars has not yet been reached.
At the foot of the mound, on the eastern side, two trenches 10 metres long, were taken and these
revealed the existence of what appears to be a citadel wall. This wall is built up of laterite blocks and
has been thoroughly robbed; the wall is available to a length, east-west, of 20 metres and shows a
width of about 5 metres. The outer face of the wall, has not yet been exposed but the wall is available
to a depth of about 1 metre below the public road, running 20 metres south.
Besides the sculptures and architectural fragments recovered during the excavations, other
antiquities found were, pieces of Chinese porcelain, iron nails, empty brass cartridges, lead bullets, a
stone cannon ball, stem and base of a glass goblet and some earthen lamps.
70. EXCAVATION AT LALITAGIRI, DISTRICT CUTTACK.— In continuation of previous work,
(1988-89, pp.65-66) excavation was resumed by the Bhubaneswar Circle of the Survey at Lalitagiri by
G.N. Srivastava, assisted by S.K.Dey, D.K. Lokhande and Amal Roy under the direction of G.C.
Chauley. During this season, digging was concentrated mainly in the monastic establishment of
LTG - 2 mound. However, an extension of 1 5 metre on the back side of the Chaityagriha was dug to
expose the brick retaining wall, a portion of which was already visible. Another mound, named as
LTG-4, on the extreme north-western comer of the hill was taken up for excavation and 12 trenches
of 6 x 6 metres were dug. Besides, two trial trenches of 5 x 2 metres on the back side (westwards) of
the matha, falling in LTG-2 mound were excavated.
As reported earlier (1988-89, p. 65) the monastery is quadrangular on plan measuring 36 x 36
metres. It comprises a central courtyard, bordered on all sides by a pillared verandah (all pillars except
one are missing) around which are arrayed an entrance porch, seventeen cells, a sanctum chamber, a
flight of steps, an additional opening on the southern side and a water-reservoir on the back side.
The entire establishment has been badly robbed and some of the walls are even reduced to
foundation courses. The construction is of bricks laid in clay mortar and the use of stone is restricted
to the entrance, pillars verandah-kerb, steps and drain. Of the walls, the facing bricks are larger and
smoothly chiselled with fine joints, while the core is made of courses of small bricks, generally
following the courses of facing. The peripheral wall is 3 metres thick and rises in receding footing
from foundation. A few pieces of bricks carved with floral designs have also been found in
excavation, which suggests that the superstructure (which is totally missing) was ornamented with
these bricks.
The monastery is facing east and is to be entered through a porch. Unlike the Ratnagiri
monasteries the porch here does not project beyond the main peripheral wall-alignment. The door-
frames and the other accessories of the entrance-gate arc missing, only a brick pylon raised upon a
77
stone base has partly survived on the southern side of the entrance. The porch is flanked by cells on
either sides and opens into the verandah through a wide door-sill of stone-courses. This entry (1.30
metres wide) is flanked by pillars (2 m high), one each on the either side.
The entrance leads to a running quadrangular verandah (the width varies from 2.70 to 3 m in
different wings) with four extensions (between comer cells of the four wings), facing the cardinal
directions, thus have a plan like the megalithic cist. The verandah pillars rested upon a stone-kerb,
which is 1.12 metres wide and 0.22 metres high, and built over base of two stone courses. The top
course of this stone kerb is almost robbed. On the extant portion of the top course are the shallow
chases upon which the verandah-pillars were erected and clamped with iron pins. The floor of the
verandah is missing however, at one place in the southern verandah, traces of brick-grit ramming
were noticed. The corner extensions of southern and western verandah are paved with bricks.
The courtyard is 1260 sq m and extended from the basement of the stone-kerb. The flooring of
the courtyard is totally missing. The rain-water used to be channelled and drained out through an
underground drain which passed through the northern verandah and turned towards east, projecting
out from the eastern peripheral wall.
The verandah had on its back side cells, five each on the north and south, three on the east and
four on the west. The width of the cells between the front wall to rear is 3 metres which varies minutely
in the cells of the southern wing where it is 3'10 metres. The width of the sanctum cell and of its two
flanking cells is reduced to 220 metres as here the rear wall has been made extra thick internally to
check the water seepage from water reservoir, existing at its back wall. The length of the cells varies
from 170 metres to 380 metres; however, the most average length varies between 280 and 290
metres. The length of the sanctum cell is approximately 4 metres.
Usually the verandah gives access to the cells but here the cells have been blocked from both
the sides. It is therefore not clear how one entered the cells. It is supposed that levels of occupations of
these cells were raised in successive periods and the whole raiment of the front walls was also
renovated. Thus, at the time of renovation, the cell-openings of the earlier levels were flashed nicely
leaving no traces of previous construction as exemplified in most of the leading monasteries in India,
viz., Nalanda, Udayagiri, etc.
A staircase with four intact steps was found on the southern comer of the eastern wing
approached through eastern verandah. This staircase may have been used when the occupational
level shifted from ground floor to higher level.
An additional opening attached with the eastern verandah-extension on the south was exposed
to a width of 1.67 metres. This opening had a two-leaf door as indicated by the presence of shallow
stone sockets on either side behind the door sill. The doors were shut and locked from inside with
argala (horizontal bars) as two sockets with stone casing were noticed in the right side jamb; the left
side iamb was damaged.
78
A water-reservoir measuring 7.05 metres in length, 480 metres in width and 3 metres in depth
was exposed on the back side of the monastery. The eastern boundary of this reservoir is formed by
the western peripheral wall of monastery while the remaining three sides are enclosed by the natural
rock-boulders. A low retaining wall was raised on the southern and northern side upon rock-boulder
to check overflow of water from the sides.
Besides carved architectural members eight sculptures (all fragmentary except two tiny pieces)
were found in the monastery area. Of the two intact pieces one represents four-armed Vishnu (pl.
XXII A) and the other Mahishasuramardini (pl. XXIIB). The features of these images resemble folk
art and these images entered here as folk deity. This again indicates that keeping of Hindu deities by
the monks within Buddhist monastery was not forbidden as revealed from Nalanda as well. Another
important antiquity from the site were terracotta/clay sealings, sixteen in number, all fragmentary.
Of these sealings, thirteen are votive in nature, two seem to be monastery seals (not identified -one
seems to be of clay) and one seal seems to bear the name of some individual. Among the terracotta
finds, important is the fragment of a female figurine representing the mother and child motif, (pl.
XXIIC). Among other finds are beads, two in terracotta, one in agate and one in jasper(?), circular
stone disc with a hole in the centre, a fragment of dice-stick and fragment of an ear-lobe. Iron
implements include a fragmentary arrowhead and sickle. Pieces of faience bangles were found
mostly from the upper levels.
Pottery is found in plenty at the site. There is no painted pottery while red and black slip could
be noticed. Among the pottery shapes are sprinklers, votive lamps, bowls, dishes, kadahi with handle,
basins, handi, vases and spouts.
On the western side of the apsidal chaityagriha the road leading to sculpture shed obstructed
further digging towards west and an area of about 2 metres width was therefore left unexcavated;
however, portion of a brick wall was exposed during rains. With a view to exposing it further, a
trench, one and half metre wide (east-west) and 24 metres long was dug. During the course of this
digging one almost complete and twenty-five fragmentary sculptures representing Buddha in
different poses (pl. XXIII A), one window-grill in stone depicting a snake with five hoods (pl
XXIII B), one fragmentary stone inscription (47 x 35 x 6 cm) in Kutila script on Pratitya-
samutpadasutra and a terracotta sealing probably bearing the name of some individual (pl. XXIIIC),
were found. The sculpture depicting Buddha's descent from heaven (pl. XXIID), is of high artistic
merit. Trial digging on the back side of the matha yielded a fragmentary inscription in Gupta
characters.
In the mound LTG4 in all 12 trenches of 6 x 6 metres were excavated. Remains of a later stone
structure with two stone pillars could be seen on top of the mound below which were the remains of a
brick structure, the ground plan of which is also disturbed. Since the area is full of rocky outcrop and
the builders used these rocks as the base for laying the walls; as a result, traces of the walls could not be
noticed in the area. However, it seems that there may have existed an oblong brick structure
79
(24 x 15.40 m) facing east with two wings of cells, and a passage in between. The northern wing is 6
metres wide while the southern wing is 7 metres in width. The passage in between is 2-30 metres
wide. Outline of a cell was traced in the northern wing which measures 2-80 (north-south) x 3 metres
(east-west).
71. EXCAVATION ATMANAMUNDA, DISTRICT PHULBANI.— C.R. Mishra and S. Pradhan of the P.G.
Department of History, Sambalpur University, took up excavtions at Manamunda (20°51' N and
83°59' E) locally known as Asurgarh, located on the right bank of the river Mahanadi in the Boudh
Tehsil of Phulbani district. The site was explored by the P.G. Department of History under the
leadership of N.K. Sahu. It extends over an extensive area of about 1.5 km x 0.5 km between the right
bank of the river Mahanadi and the State Highway No. 14 running between the Sub-Divisional
headquarters of Boudh (Phulbani District) and Sonepur (Bolangir District). Sonepur, the metropoli-
tan capital of the Somavamsis under the name Suvamapura is at a distance of about 3 kms from the
site on the other side of the confluence. The local rulers ruling over Suvamapura region during the
elevertth and twelfth century AD described this territory in their epigraphs as 'Lanka' and themselves
as "Paschima Lankadhipati".
The site had been subjected to excavation in 1981 and 1983 when six trenches were taken
around the periphery of the mound. The excavators (N.K. Sahu and S.C. Behera) reported the
antiquities to the first century AD without reaching upto the natural soil.
The present excavation dug upto the natural soil yielded four occupational layers encountering
the natural soil at a depth of 1.90 m from the surface. Layer 1 from the top was the surface humus
with a deposit of loose brown earth. This being a deposit of only 0.20 m yielded a few sherds of
inferior red ware along with pieces of tiles. Layer 2 with 0.40 m occupational deposit was
characterized by a deposit of compact, hard and brown earth mixed with brickbats. The ceramic
industry from this layer comprised sherds of inferior red ware more in number than layer 1 and pieces
of tiles. They all appeared to be heavily weathered and on rubbing leave behind an ochrous colour
on fingertips. At the base of the layer was a circular burnt brick structure with its pebble-paved floor.
The antiquities from this layer were iron objects like nails, plates, hinges and beads. Lumps of
charcoal and hearth were also traced in this layer and also inside the structure on the floor.
The underlying layer 3 with a deposit of compact black cotton soil measured 0:75m in
thickness. A remarkable change in the ceramic industry was noticed in this layer. It yielded sherds of
well-fired, well-potted, polished and slipped red ware with a variety of incised decoration, black
ware and Black-and-red ware. The most important discovery from this layer was a silver
punch-marked coin datable to the third century BC. The other antiquities include a few beads and a
large number of iron objects like knife, dagger, spearhead, arrowhead, axe, nails, etc. This layer also
rests on a pebble paved floor level with traces of burning activities (hearth) and lumps of charcoal.
Bone pieces have also been collected from this layer.
80
Layer 4 is a deposit of 0 55 m resting above the natural soil. There was no marked difference
from layer 3 in regard to pottery except the predominance of Black polished ware and Red-slipped
ware. A few sherds of Micaceous red ware were also found from this layer. Besides iron objects, three
microliths (blades) and a broken copper ring were found from as this layer.
Natural soil was dug to a depth of 0.45 m. It was a sticky brown earth.
A circular burnt brick structure belonging to layer 3 was also encountered. It measured 1.30 m
on its exterior and 0 %1 m in its interior. Making a cross-section of the structure excavation was
continued upto a depth of 2.95 m where sub-soil water was encountered along with the base of the
structure. The structure measured 2 .90 m in depth with 42 courses of brick masonry. This cylindrical
brick pit yielded broken pieces of five large pots (storage jars). Two of them were wheel made and
three handmade with beautiful floral decorations on their thick rim. Along with a few sherds of B
lack-and-red ware there were four complete pots at the base of the pit (well -7). The other objects
recovered from the pit were pieces of bone, charcoal, charred rice, one rectangular polished stone of
whitish colour measuring 32 cm x 13 cm.
Another interesting feature of the site associated with Layer 3 was a stone appendage noticed
in an eroded section. It measured U&2 m in diameter and had 35 boulders of various size and two
broken bricks. Below the appendage was a pit cutting across the natural soil to a depth of 1.60 m from
the stone circle and 2.10 m from the surface. The soil inside the pit was more compact, hard and black in
colour and was devoid of any cultural material. The pit at the base yielded a thick broken red basin,
patches of ash, a small piece of fragile bone near the basin and a piece of iron.
The ceramic industry of Manamunda comprised of red ware, black-slipped ware,
Black-and-red ware and Red slipped and polished wares. The shapes in the red ware from layers 1
and 2 are mostly miniature vessles, bowls and basins, without any painting or decoration. The
black-slipped, Black-and-red and Red slipped wares were found from layers 3 and 4. The red as well
as the black-slipped wares in these layers were brightly polished, prepared out of well-levigated
clay, wheel-turned and well fired having incised decoration. Some of the black wares had concentric
grooves on the inner base with or without a central knob. Some of the red ware sherds had graffiti
marks and were decorated with applique band of finger tip pattern, sometimes also with a cord.
The popular decorative pattern however was the rectangular notches arranged in oblique rows, with a
band of cord pattern, the other decoration being grain incisions in rows and fish patterns. The
handmade thick sturdy red wares found from the brick pit were decorated with beautiful floral
pattern on their rims.
The Black-and-red ware found in association with the black-slipped and red-slipped wares
were altogether absent in layers 2 and 1. They are prepared of levigated clay, wheel-turned and
well-fired and could be compared in fabric, texture and shape with the south Indian Magalithic
Black-and-red wares. The Black-and red wares are without any decoration or paintings. The shapes
are mostly bowls with their typical sharpened rims.
81
In all, the excavation yielded 49 antiquities. Iron objects which predominated the collection
included axes, daggers, knives, spear and arrowheads, nails, door clamps, hinges, sickle, etc.
The other antiquities were a silver punch-marked coin found from the upper level of layer 3; five
beads of semi-precious stones (camelian, quartz, and coral);and four microlithic blades and a broken
thin copper ring from layer 4. The bricks used in the structures were well fired and were made up of
clay mixed with husk and straw. They varied in length from 32 cm to 26 cm and breadth from 23 cm to
20 cm with an uniform thickness of 5 cm.
On the basis of stratigraphy, pottery analysis and other important antiquities two cultural
phases have been worked out. Period I has two phases i.e. Period IA and Period IB as identified by
the deposits of layer 4 and layer 3 respectively. Though the ceramic industry does not show any
remarkable change, it is the antiquities like the microliths and copper objects from layer 4 and the
Punch-marked coin from layer 3 and the pebble-paved floor level between these two layers that have
led the excavators to such subdivisions of Period I. The ceramic industry of the site right from the
beginning shows a general sophistication suggesting thereby that the people arrived here with an
advanced material culture of the early historic period being equipped with the copper and iron
technology alongwith, of course, the limited use of microliths. The period may tentatively be
assigned to the third-fourth century BC because of its stratigraphic position below the punch marked
coin with an occupational deposit of one metre in between.
Period II of Manamunda has been identified on the basis of pottery found from layer 2 and 1.
Black and red ware and black polished ware of the earlier period ceased to exist and gave way to a
degenerated red ware. B.B. Lai has also identified such a degenerated red ware stage at Sisupalgarh
and assigned a period from the end of the second. century AD to the beginning of the third century
AD.
The present site of Asurgarh near the village Manamunda was explored by the P.G. Department
of History under the leadership of N.K. Sahu. It extends over an extensive area of about 1.5 x 0.5 km
between the right bank of the river Mahanadi and the State Highway No. 14 running between the
Sub-divisional Headquarters of Baudh (Phulbani district) and Sonepur (Bolangir district). Sonepur,
the metropolitan capital of the Somavamsis under the name Suvamapura is at a distance of about 3
kms from the site on the other side of the confluence. The local rulers ruling over Suvamapura
region during the eleventh and twelfth centuries AD described this territory in their epigraphs as
"Lanka" and themselves as "Paschimalankadhipati".
The site had been subjected to excavation in 1981 when six trenches were taken around the
periphery of the mound and the excavators reported antiquities datable to the first century AD without
reaching the natural soil. In 1983, the P.G. Department of History, Sambalpur University took up
another trench (MND-VII) near the Lift Irrigation point. During the latter excavations in a trench
measuring 8 m x 8m, sherds of red ware, black polished ware, Black-and-red ware, inferior variety
of N.B.P. (?), etc., alongwith a good number of iron objects and semi-precious stones were found.
82
The aim of the present excavation was to reconstruct the cultural sequence of the site by digging
upto the natural soil, and to tap the site at all possible viable points.
During the current season four trenches MND VIII, MNDIX, MND X and MND XI were laid
at different potential points of the mound. Trench MND VIII measuring10 m x 10 m was laid almost at
the centre of the main mound. The excavation yielded four occupational layers encountering the
natural soil at a depth of 1.90 m from the surface. Layer 1 from the top was the surface humus with a
deposit of loose brown earth. This being a deposit of only 0.20 m yielded a few sherds of inferior red
ware alongwith pieces of tiles. Layer 2 with 0.40 m occupational deposit was characterized by a
deposit of compact, hard and brown earth mixed with brickbats. The ceramic industry from this
layer comprised sherds' of inferior red ware more in number than layer 1 and pieces of tiles. They all
appeared to be heavily weathered and on rubbing leave behind an ocherous colour on the finger tips.
At the base of the layer was a circular burnt brick structure with its pebble-paved floor level which
was encountered in the northern quadrant of the trench. The antiquities from this layer were iron
objects like nails, plates, hinges and two beads. Lumps of charcoal and hearth were also traced in this
layer and also inside the structure on the floor.
The underlying layer 3 with a deposit of compact black cotton soil measured 0.75 m in thickness.
A remarkable change in the ceramic industry was noticed in this layer. It yielded sherds of well-fired,
well-potted, polished and slipped red ware with a variety of incised decoration, black ware and
Black-and-red ware. The most important discovery from this layer was a silver punch-marked coin
datable to the third century BC. The other antiquities include a few beads and a large number of iron
objects like knife, dagger, spearhead, arrowhead, axe, nails, etc. This layer also rests on a pebble paved
floor level with traces of burning activities (hearth) and lumps of charcoal. Bone pieces have also
been collected from this layer.
Layer 4 is a deposit of 0.55 m resting above the natural soil. There was no marked difference
from layer 3 in regard to pottery except the predominance of black polished ware and red slipped
ware. A few sherds of micaceous red ware were also found from this layer. Besides iron objects, three
microliths (blades) and a broken copper ring were found from this layer.
Natural soil was dug to a depth of 0.45 m. It was a sticky brown earth.
At a distance of 89 m towards east from the main trench (MND-VIII) on the eroded section of
the river a trench of 5 m x 5 m was taken just above a heap of brickbats in order to know the nature of
the brick deposit. At a depth of 0.30 m i.e., below a thin deposit of sand and silt a circular burnt brick
structure was encountered. It measured 1.30 m on the exterior and 0.87 m in. its interior. Making a
cross-section of the structure, excavation was continued upto the depth of 2 95 m where subsoil
water was encountered along with the base of the structure. The structure measured 2.90 m in depth
with 42 courses of brick masonry. This cylindrical brick pit yielded broken pieces of five large pots
(storage jars/urns -?). Two of them were wheelmade and three handmade with beautiful floral
decorations on the thick rim. Alongwith a few sherds of Black-and-red ware there were four complete
83
pots at the base of the structure. The other objects recovered from the structure were pieces of bone,
charcoal, charred rice, one rectangular considerably big polished stone of whitish colour measuring
32 cm x 13 cm.
The trench MND X was taken at a distance of 1 -93 m from the main trench on its western side. A
trench of 5 m x 5 m was taken just above the stone appendage which was noticed in the eroded
section. At a depth of 0.50 m a circular stone appendage was encountered which comprised of 35
boulders of various size and two broken bricks with a diameter of 1-32 m (east-west) and 1.30 m
(north-south). The deposit above the appendage was compact, hard, black soil yielding sherds of
inferior red ware, black-polished ware and a few sherds of Black-and-red ware.
Below the appendage was a pit cutting across the natural soil to a depth of 2.10 m from the
surface and 1-60 m from the stone appendage. The soil inside the-pit was more compact, hard and
black in colour and was devoid of any cultural material. The pit at the base yielded a thick broken
basin of brick-red colour that left an ochrous colour on the finger tips on rubbing, patches of ashy
black soil, a small piece of fragile bone near the basin and a piece of iron.
At a distance of 36 m from the main trench towards east a 5 x 5 m trench was taken on the eroded
section of the river. There were eight boulders here in-situ forming almost a circle, along with three
displaced boulders of identical size now lying below on the bed of the river. Making a cross section
of the stone-circle, the northern half was excavated. At a depth of 0.80 m from the surface, pieces of
bone, charcoal, and fragments of black-and-red ware, Red-slipped ware and black-polished ware
were recovered. The other antiquities from this trench were only an iron knife, lower portion of a
sickle and some unidentified iron plates. These stone circles, which were clearly Megalithic burials
belong to the punch marked coin level of the main trench.
The ceramic industry of Manamunda comprised of red ware, black-slipped ware, black-and-red
ware and Red slipped and polished wares. The shapes in the red ware from layers 1 and 2 are mostly
miniature vessles, bowls and basins, without any painting or decoration. The black-slipped,
Black-and-red and Red slipped wares were found from layer 3 and 4. The red as well as the
black-slipped wares in these layers were brightly polished, prepared out of well-levigated clay,
wheel-turned and well fired having incised decoration. Some of the black wares had concentric
grooves on the inner base with or without a central knob. Some of the red ware sherds had graffiti
marks and were decorated with applique band of finger tip pattern, sometimes also with a cord.
The popular decorative pattern however was the rectangular notches arranged in oblique rows, with a
band of cord pattern, the other decorations include grain incisions in rows and fish pattern. The
hand-made thick sturdy red wares found from the brick pit were decorated with beautiful floral
pattern on their rims.
The Black-and-red ware found in association with the black slipped and red slipped wares were
altogether absent in layers 2 and 1. They are prepared of well levigated clay, wheel-turned and
well-fired and could be compared in fabric, texture and shape with the south Indian Megalithic
Black-and-red wares. The Black-and red wares are without any decoration or paintings. The shapes
are mostly
84
bowls with typical sharpened rims.

In all, the excavation yielded forty-nine antiquities. Iron objects which predominate consist of
axes, daggers, knives, spear and arrow-heads, nails, door clamps, hinges, sickle, etc. The other
antiquities were a silver punch-marked coin found from the upper level of Iayer3;five beads of
semiprecious stones (camelian, quartz, opal and coral); and four microlithic blades and a broken
thin copper ring from layer 4.
The excavation brought to light two brick structures; one in Trench VIII and another in Trench
DC. The structure in Trench VIE was circular in plan, the outer diameter being 6.90 metres and the
inner diameter 6.20 metres. The bricks used in the structure were well fired and were made of clay
mixed with husk and straw. They varied in length from 32 cm to 26 cms and in breadth from 23 cm
to 20 cm with an uniform thickness of 5 cm. The pebble-paved floor inside the brick structure was at
a distance of 26 cm to 30 cm from the circular wall. Traces of burning activities (hearth) were
noticed inside the structure. Only two post holes could be traced. Broken tile pieces from layer 2
suggest that the circular structure had a tiled roof. The structure stratigraphically belongs to period
II.
The second structure, in Trench No. DC, was a circular brick pit (well-?) measuring 2.90 metres
in depth having an inner diameter of 0.87 m and outer diameter of 1.30 m.
The structure had forty-two courses of burnt bricks made of clay mixed with husk and straw.
The bricks used in this structure measured 30x25x9 cm. At the base of the structure sub-soil water
was encountered and there were four pots placed on a pebble surface. Two pots were filled with sand
and other two were filled with clay which on floatation yielded charred rice and fragments of bone.
These four pots were superimposed by the sherds of thick fabric hand-made as well as wheel-turned
large size pots with their very beautifully decorated rims. A few sherds of Black-and-red and
black-slipped wares were also recovered from this deposit. The deposit of the potsherds continued from
the bottom to a thickness of 1.25 m reaching upto the twenty-third course of the structure from the
top. The other associated objects found from this deposit were lumps of charcoal, pieces of bone and
a polished rectangular stone measuring 32 x 13 x 13 cm. It is very difficult to associate the structure
with any occupational layer of the mound because its upper portions and the sealing layers have
already been washed away by the .river. During the 1981 excavation two such cylindrical structures
with almost identical deposits had been reported, in one structure the pots (five complete and two
broken) had been placed one upon the other resting on a rectangular brick platform.
On the basis-of pottery and other important antiquities the two periods: Period I and Period II
have been identified. Period I had two phases i.e., IA and IB. The beginning of Period I may be
tentatively dated to circa fourth-third century BC since it is stratigraphically below the
punch-marked coin with an occupational deposit of one metre in-between.
85
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 19X9-90—A REVIEW
The megaliths characterized by the stone-circles may be assigned to this period. Period II could
be assigned the date from the end of the second century AD to the beginning of the third century-AD.
PONDICHERRY
72. EXCAVATION AT ARIKAMEDU, PONDICHERRY.—Excavations were undertaken at Arikamedu, in

the Union Territory of Pondicherry, by Vimala Begley of the University Museum, University of
Pennsylvania, and K.V. Raman of the Madras University, for the purpose of better understanding the
history of maritime trade and refining the internal ceramic chronology of the site. Other members of
the American team were Elizabeth Lyding Will from Emherst College, and Steven E. Sidebotham of
the University of Delaware. As part of the programme, amphoras from previous excavations at
Arikamedu were examined by Elizabeth Lyding Will with a View to .understanding the history of
trade as well as the chronology of Arikamedu. It was observed that Arikamedu amphoras were in part
Greek containers for wine from the islands of Kos, Knidos and Rhodes dated to the first century BC
and perhaps even the second century BC; and in part Roman Campanian imitations of Koan products. In
addition to wine jars, she also identified a few fragments each of Spanish jars for garum (a Roman fish
sauce) and Olive oil, and olive oil Jars from the Istrian peninsula in the northern Adriatic,
suggesting thereby that south India had either developed a taste for such products or there was a
demand for them among the members of Roman trading community resident at Arikamedu. None of
the pieces examined by her are later than the first century AD. It was also reported by her that
several Greek Koan pieces at Arikamedu are covered with patches of what appears to be the
water-resistant pozzolana cement, which was used by Romans in the construction of underwater
installations; they also used amphora pieces as "bricks" in such- constructions.
The excavations were limited to four small trenches, 2x3 metres each, one of which proved to
be sterile. All trenches were located in the Northern Sector, an area which is much disturbed by the
activities of the villagers and erosion of the bank along the Ariyankuppam river. In addition, a
partially exposed brick structure was cleared, which turned out to be two brick enclosures,
perpendicular to each other, measuring 1.80 x 1.04 and 1..40x 0.85 metres on the inside (pl. XXIV).
The enclosures are close to the river front; not an unusual feature at Arikamedu, but neither the
structural form nor associated finds indicate their function. Although they are partially similar to the
brick-lined tanks and pits found by Mortimer Wheeler and J.M. Casal in earlier excavations which
arc considered to have been used for dyeing of textiles, the present examples could not have been
intended for mat purpose, for there are no indications of paved floors or drainage outlets. The pottery
assemblage from the brick enclosures is comparable to that from the 'intermediary5 levels of Casal's
trenches excavated in the Southern Sector between 1947-50, where rouletted ware and related
ceramics are introduced into the predominantly "Megalithic" pottery tradition. According to present
dating of Arikamadu, the pottery assemblage from the brick enclosures would be of the second to
86
early first century BC. If there were other structures related to these enclosures they would have been
towards the west, closer to the river bank, for trench A V90-III plotted 0 80 metre to the east contained
sterile sand.
Trench AV 90-1, plotted due east of Wheeler's AKII and Casal's Group III was excavated to
fresh water level but virgin soil was not reached during this season. No architectural features were
discovered in situ but large quantities of brick fragments and pottery were recovered, including a few
sherds of terra sigillata and Mediterranean amphora. Severe disturbance across the site noted by
earlier excavators was evident here as well. In loci lower than 020 the pottery paralleled many forms
and fabrics from Wheeler's "Arretine" and "pre-Arretine" levels of the Northern Sector. Trench
AV90-II was plotted due south of Wheeler's AK II and Casal's Group III and as close to the river
as possible in the hope of better understanding the plan of the commercial section close to the river.
While this trench revealed architectural features—two walls and the remains of a ring well—there
was a noticeable dearth of pottery. Trench A V90-IV was plotted away from the river front in an area
where over a metre of dirt had been removed earlier by the land owner. The trench contained much
pottery and broken bricks from disturbed deposits.
Among the artifacts found are stone and glass beads—two of which have traces of gold
leaf-glass bangles, a crystal bead or pendant with two perforations, and a bone stylus or cosmetic
stick. In terracotta are gaming pieces, discs, spindle whorls, and a large quantity of pottery - over
10,000 sherds from trench A V90-I alone. The limited excavations have shown distinctive patterns of
pottery assemblage in different trenches. Especially noticeable are differences in the ratio of specific
pottery fabrics and forms, such as the so called "Megalithic" Black and red ware, chalky grey ware
and rouletted ware, between Trench AV-90-I and the brick enclosures. Such differences could be
significant for understanding the layout of the settlement, more specifically the organization of its
space, but pottery from a larger area of excavations should be sampled before a convincing
hypothesis can be proposed.
The Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Madras carried out
excavations at Arikamedu in the Union Territory of Pondicherry, under the directorship of K.V.
Raman, in collaboration with the American team led by Vimala Begley of the University Museum,
University of Pennsylvania.
Four trenches measuring 3 x 2 metres were plotted in the northern sector in order to trace the
extent of the port area. Section scraping was also done at a place near the exposed tank-like structure
found on the southwestern side of the northern sector of the site. The trenches AV 90-1, AV 90-11 and
AV 90-IV yielded pottery of different types such as Rouletted ware, Black-and-red ware, black ware
and red ware. Few terra sigilatta sherds without stamps were picked up from AV 90-H. Besides these,
there were also sherds of dull grey ware, urns, storage pots and pieces of conical jars and finger
grooved tiles with a hole at the centre meant to tie them on the rafters supporting the roof. But the
trench AV 90-111 is devoid of much pottery and is full of sand deposit. The forms and fabrics of the
87
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90—A. REVIEW
pottery recovered from the trenches AV 90-1, AV 90-11 and AV 90-IV are of domestic types similar
to that of Mortimer Wheeler and Casal's excavation yields. There are few sherds with grafftti. There is
a sherd with Tamil Brahmi letter. A full black and red ware deep dish and a full red slipped ware
deep bowl were picked up from a depth of 94 metres of the tank. Few pieces of double handled
amphorae were also found.
The trench AV 90-1 exposed a portion of the mud wall structure and few rings at the lower level
of a ring-well found in the trench. The structure revealed out of the section scraping (SS-I) consists of
two rectangular tanks constructed at right angles. Of the two tanks, the bigger one with east-west
orientation measured 2.33 metres in length on the east-west and 1.62 metres in breadth of the
north-south. There are 16,14,15 and 10 courses of bricks respectively on the southern, northern,
eastern and western sides. The size of the bricks of this tank was 44 x 28 x 6 cm. The smaller tank
measured 2-01 metres in length on the north-south and 1.32 metres in breadth on the east-west. This
tank had fifteen courses of bricks on the northern side, 9 courses on the southern side and 14 courses
each on the eastern and western sides. Though the inner sides of the tanks were plastered, the outer is
devoid of it. There is an outlet at the lower level of the western side of the big tank measuring 10x6
cm. The patinations on the inner side of the tanks beside the out-let suggest the structure to be
dyeing-vats. Similar but separate structures were already reported by Mortimer Wheeler.
The occurrence of the terra sigilatta ware, pieces of double handled amphorae and the existence
of the tanks beside other antiquities suggest not only the promising extension of the port area but also
the existence of the industrial site.
PUNJAB
73. EXCAVATIONS AT SANGHOL, DISTRICT LUDHIANA.—In continuation of the previous season's

work (1988-89, pp.69-73) the Excavation Branch-H of the Survey in collaboration with the
Department of Cultural Affairs, Archaeology and Museums, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh,
resumed excavations at Sanghol, under the joint direction of C. Margabandhu and J.P. Srivastava
assisted by I.D. Dwivedi, G.S. Gaur, R. Krishnaiah, L.S. Mamani, V.R. Verma, Vinod Kumar,
Chandra Bhan, Keshar Singh, D.D. Dogra and V.K. Kaul of the Survey and K.K. Bisht,.Kuldeep
Singh, Gurdev Singh and Heera Singh of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Govern-
ment of Punjab.
This season's work had the following objectives: i) to further trace the expansion of the
additional brick buildings on the north-western side of the Hathiwada (SGL-1) mound along with the
palace complex; (ii) to check up the existence of the mud-rampart on the nor:h-westem side; (iii) to
obtain full details of the structural features, after removing the baulks, both of the palace complex
and the religious area; (iv) to expose the plan of the monastic complexes and the stupas discovered
at SGL-5 and SGL-11; and (v) lastly, to ascertain the stratigraphic position of the various structures
and to correlate and co-ordinate the entire work as this being the final season.
In the area palled the Palace Complex, apart from the additional brick buildings traced adjacent
to the assembly hall, a few trenches on its north-western comer were laid for checking the portion
wherein a large number of Kuninda terracotta coin moulds were found in the last season's work. The
extension of mud rampart on the northern side of the Hathiwada mound was also to be ascertained, in
addition to the removal of baulks to fully expose the remains of the structures.
To the immediate north of the brick building consisting of small chambers, a circular furnace
built over a platform made up of very compact clay and forty terracotta moulds of Kuninda coins
were found. These moulds pertain to the Amoghabhuti type datable to the first century BC. The
discovery of this furnace along with Kuninda moulds around it, suggests its use as a mint or so. A
furnace was also met with during the last season's dig. However, the area was quite small and it
required further evidence to confirm.
After removal of the baulks, fourteen brick-built small chambers on the same level with floors
made of lime and clay, in uniform pattern, were exposed which represent possibly an official building
relating to treasury or mint as the available finds indicate. To the east of this group of structures is
the main platform which may denote an Assembly (pl. XXV A) or a hall of audience.
Contiguous to the Assembly Hall oh the north-west comer stands, as stated, this brick building,
neatly built by massive brick wall ranging in thickness from 0.75 to 0.90 m and the building itself
measures 16x 12-50 m. The rooms were provided with thick successive lime floors mixed with surkhi,
red gravel and lime. In all probability, this large building may have been used to keep important
records and transactions of the State. It is also not unlikely that some of these rooms may have been
used for non-residential purposes. An interesting feature of these chambers is that all these were filled
with fine textured clay, when they fell into disuse. The filling was found upto the top of the wall
which possibly indicates complete levelling of this area in the later Kushana period.
The chambers of this complex range in dimension from 6.45 x 2-30 m to 210 x 1.90 m. The
chambers in between slightly vary from one another. The Assembly Hall and these chambers of the
buildings stand damarcated by an east-west long wall.
In the pre-Kushana horizon was found the Kuninda coin moulds on a high platform consisting
of very compact and sticky clay, built directly above the natural soil.
The comparative stratigraphical position suggests that the earliest floor of the Assembly Hall
was raised over a deposit which is contemporaneous with the additional 'office’ building and thereby
envisaging a slightly earlier date to the construction of this building. This apart, it is also clear that
the Assembly Hall survived upto the late Kushana period, whereas the 'official' building had fallen
into disuse.
On the western and southern sides, no remains of fortification could be traced. Chronologically,
89
the foundation of the fortification was laid in the first century BC and it was subsequently raised in
Kushana period in two phases.
In the area of the Assembly Hall-cum-Palace Complex, (pl. XXVI A) in this season, the work
was mainly confined to the removal of baulks and finding out, if possible,, the demarcating line
between the Assembly Hall and the 'office' complex. The emergent picture of the Assembly Hall and
'official' building is much clearer after removing the baulks.
The entire structural complex, Assembly Hall and 'official' buildings measure 43 x 20 m, on
the east-west and north-south, respectively.
The Assembly Hall, measuring 18.25 x 15.50 m, was built in three successive structural phases
commencing from the early Kushana to the late Kushana times. These phases are represented by thick
massive brick laid floors, mostly in single course. Occasionally, more than one course was also
noticed. The floor, was not laid uniformly, but in blocks, demarcated by thin walls and, therefore,
possibly showing, its extension with short time gaps. Numerous post-holes were made on the floor
to accommodate wooden posts for supporting the timber structures and roof. On the southern fringe, a
narrow strip of floor was separated by an east-west running wall and the resulting area was divided
into almost one metre square divisions providing the seat for the main authority to preside. Such seats
were also built on the floor which were raised upto 10-20 cm or so.
Through the northern entrance runs a north-south oriented brick laid pathway along the eastern
extremity of the Assembly Hall (pl. XXV B). This pathway was lined on either side by
bricks-on-edge and was paved with brickbats, etc. Near the south-east comer this pathway
gradually turns towards west and runs east-west and ultimately joins the second pathway running
north-south almost in the middle of the Assembly Hall.
On the north-east area of the Assembly Hall were traced four equally distanced post-holes (pl.
XXVII A) cut out in bricks, to accommodate wooden post for holding a canopy over an elevated seat,
possibly for the presiding person as its central position suggests.
The religious complex (pl. XXVI B), comprised of eleven fire altars, and two platforms with
dimensions of 14.35 x 17.75 m and 13.10 x 5 .30 m, on its north and south respectively and a
strip-like wall of 3.25 m width running east-west, 10.35 m in length attached to the western end
appears to be a place for performance of specific rites of religious character.
All the eleven fire altars were found containing ash mixed with charred grains generally used in
performing the rituals. The report on palaeobotanical evidence from the altars is awaited.
Apart from these, two off-sets were provided to each fire altar. In some of the fire altars,
especially Nos. 2 and 10 extensions were also provided with. The area resulting from this may
possibly have been used for the purpose of keeping the ritual materials, etc. As regards the dating of
the religious complex, the structure could be assigned to the first century AD on the basis of typical
Kushana pottery and antiquities like Kushana copper and gold coins, including those of Vima
90
Kadphises, Indo-Parthian copper coins of Gondopharnes and typical Kushana terracottas. There are,
however, some layers and floorings preceding the religious complex and could be dated to the
first-second century BC.
Other important antiquities found from this complex include handled pottery, ladles, sankha
modelled in terracotta, terracotta votive tanks, balls, knife and perforated pot of copper, etc.
In continuation of the previous year's (1988-89, p. 73) work at SGL-5, it was felt that the area
beyond the monastery exposed towards the north of the stupa is still traced continuing across the main
baulk in the fields, a portion of which is at elevated part of the land. In SGL-5, trenches were therefore
further extended to the north of the excavated stupa and the remains of some structures like cells,
brick floor, verandah and pillar bases were exposed. This area is under cultivation and much of the
remains are therefore lost. At places, a well laid out drainage system was also noticed.
A hoard of 178 copper kota and kapa coins datable to the sixth century AD were recovered.
Other antiquities include copper coins of Kuninda and Kushana rulers, a few terracotta animal
figurines, beads, balls, etc.
At SGL-11, the exposed monastery contains 27 cells of various sizes. There is only one row of
cells on three sides, while the eastern side has two rows of cells. The monastery exposed so far
measures 39x 36 metres, and is rectangular in plan. The width of the outer wall of the monastery is
0.70 metres. A 2..40 m wide entrance on the southern side was also observed. In front of the cells, a
verandah, divided into seventeen parts of variable sizes was also exposed.
Further, in SGL- l l a circular small stupa was exposed in the last season; however, the remains
of monastery have not been fully excavated and the work was therefore resumed again in this season.
A newly discovered stupa (S-2) of Dharmachakra pattern has a square plan measuring
8-50 x 8-50 metres. This platform was erected for strengthening the entire stupa from outside. A flight
of steps is on the southern side. The inner pradakshina-patha, almost a metre wide, was also exposed.
The stupa has three tiers intersected by 24 and 12 spokes in the outer one, while the third inner one
could not be excavated. The bricks measuring 36x 6 cm were used in English bond in mud-mortar.
This stupa is 20 metres away from the previously excavated stupa (S-1) towards the south-west and
has been exposed only in half within the available portion but may be traceable in fields after further
extending the excavated area.
A third stupa (S-3) on the south-east side of the above mentioned monastery at SGL-11 was also
brought to light. Only a small portion of this stupa with tiers and spokes (pl. XXVIIB) was exposed,
as the adjoining area is under cultivation.
Notable antiquities found from this season's excavations include terracotta human (pl. XXIX
A-B) and animal figurines (pl. XXDCC), varieties of stamps, some with geometric patterns; animal
headed spouts (pl. XXIXD), etc., other objects in terracotta include cart frame and wheels,
gamesman, votive tanks, dabbers, crucibles, ear-studs (pl. XXVIII A), etc. Objects of shell include
91
large number of bangles decorated with geometric and floral patterns (pl. XXXA). Objects of bone
and ivory include points, antimony rods and hair pins, some with animal-headed designs (pl. XXX
B), styluses, dice, pendants, buttons, etc. Beads made from different materials and numerous shapes
and types bespeak rich artistic traditions and aesthetic taste of the times; foremost are those made
from semi precious stones (pl. XXVIII B) such as agate and camelian, chalcedony, quartz and crystal
(pl. XXX C), garnet, jasper and lapis lazuli. Many etched beads were made from agate and camelian.
Other materials used for beads include glass, faience, shell (pl. XXX D), paste, copper, bone and
terracotta. Bangles of copper, shell and glass, copper antimony rods, ear-rings, buttons, pendants,
etc., were other finds. Gold is represented by a coin of Vima Kadphises and small pieces of gold foil;
iron objects include knife, three-pronged arrowheads, other domestic objects such as ladles, spoon,
etc.
The Department of Cultural Affairs, Archaeology and Museums, Punjab, resumed excavations
at Sanghol in collaboration with the Survey under the overall directorship of C. Margabandhu of the
Survey. The Punjab team was represented by K.K. Rishi and Kuldip Singh, assisted by Gurdev Singh
and Hira Singh. Excavations were continued at SGL-5 and SGL-11 for unearthing the complete plan
of the stupa and monastery complexes which were partially exposed during earlier excavations.
Details of the excavated sites are as under:
Excavations at SGL-11 were initiated in 1986 and portions of a stupa which is on a
dharma-chakra pattern and part of monastery around it were unearthed on the northern side. The
stupa had two tiers, the inner tier having four spokes and the outer tier eight spokes with interspaces
filled with kankar-remmed earth. The square platform was strengthened with three base walls on each
side filled with rammed earth. Some of the cells and verandah were partially exposed.
During current season, excavation was extended towards southern side and remaining portions
of the monastery complex was exposed and several cells were unearthed. The complete rectangular
plan of the monastery complex (barring some unexcavated portions on eastern and western side) was
exposed. The dharma-chakra shaped stupa rests on a square platform measuring 8.50 x 8.50 m which
was built for strengthening the stupa from outer side. There is a flight of steps from southern side.
One metre wide inner pradakshina-patha around the stupa was also exposed.
On the southern side of the stupa are four cells, two on each side of a 2.40 metre wide pathway
which leads to the stupa. These cells could be entered from the pathway and were perhaps meant to
keep articles of worship by the monks. The second pradakshina-patha which is 1.50 m, 3.50 m, 3m
wide respectively on the western, eastern and northern sides and enclosed within brick-on edge was
also traced. On the outer side of the pradakshina-patha was noticed brick floor perhaps representing
a compound.
In this rectangular monastery, twenty-seven cells varying in size and shape were exposed. While
some of the cells are very small and the others are larger. A peculiar feature of the monastery was
that while there was a single row of cells on three sides, on the eastern side there were two rows of
92
cells. The monastery is rectangular on plan and measures 39 x 36 m. The width of the outer walls of
the monastery is 70 cm. In the foundation only ghost walls were noticed at some places. On the basis
of the ghost walls the entire plan of the stupa and monastery complex could be reconstructed. There
was a 2-40 m wide entrance to the monastery from the southern side. In front of the cells a verandah
divided into seventeen parts varying in size was also exposed. Similar monasteries have been
reported at Taxila (now in Pakistan). The verandah was approached from the compound
mentioned above. The verandah and the cells were perhaps used as the abode of the monks. Major
portions of the monastery were exposed leaving some portion on north-east and south-west comer
unexcavated since the land was privately owned and the owner did not permit excavation in the area.
A depression was noticed on the outer side on the north-west comer of the monastery complex
which was filled with debris. A brick wall about 1 metre wide and narrow at the base and wider on
the top was unearthed in this comer which was perhaps raised to check flood water damaging the
comer and periphery of the monastery complex.
With a view to locating more details of the area around the monastery, some trenches to the south
of the monastery were laid resulting in the discovery of another Buddhist stupa (S-2) of the Kushana
period on dharma-chakra pattern. This discovery corroborated the description given by
Hiuen-Tsang, who travelled India during the time of Harsha Vardhana (AD 606-647); the Chinese
pilgrim in his account mentions that there were 10 stupas and monasteries at She-tu-to-lu (now
Sanghol). The recently discovered stupa is built of baked bricks measuring 36 x 22 x 6. cm and has
three tiers intersected by 24 and 12 spokes in the outer ones while the third inner tier could not be
exposed due to paucity of space. The stupa has been badly damaged due to brick robbing and at certain
places only ghost walls were noticed based on which plan was prepared. This stupa is 20 metres away
from the previously excavated stupa (S-l) towards south-west side.
'Some more probing was done on the south-east side of the monastery and a third stupa (S-3),
circular on plan and dharma-chakra pattern was brought to light. Only some portions of the stupa
with tiers and spokes could be exposed since the other portions of the stupa are under cultivation and
could be subjected to excavation. On the western side of this stupa some ghost walls were noticed,
which probably represent portions of cells. Bricks-on-edge were also noticed just in the alignment of
the pathway of the main monastery complex. This stupa was also badly damaged due to ploughing and
brick robbing.
During excavations, copper coins of the Kunindas, Kushanas, Hunas, terracotta sealing, stamps,
beads, cakes, pendants, crucibles, animal figurines, bone styluses, points, iron objects, arrowheads,
etc., were recovered. An inscribed broken bowl of the Kushana period containing letters in
Kharoshthi script was also recovered from this site.
Some areas at SGL-5 which are under cultivation on the northern side of the stupa were
excavated with a view to exposing the extension of the monastery complex which had been exposed
during the preceding years. During the last year's excavation it was observed that some walls of the
93
monastery oriented east-west and north-south were exposed. The outer wall is one metre wide; only
some traces of this wall could be noticed since the entire area has been badly damaged due to
ploughing. Outline of structures like cells, verandahs and brick flooring and some brick-built bases of
pillars were also exposed. The monastery seems to be rectangular on plan with living quarters for the
monks, a kitchen, an assembly hall, open courtyard and bathing place. Drainage system was also
noticed.
Copper coins of Kushanas, Kunindas, terracotta objects like beads, animal figurines, balls, etc.,
besides large quantity of pottery of Kushana period was found. A hoard of 178 coins of copper of .'Kot
and Kapa' variety buried in Kushana incurved bowl (broken) were also recovered.
RAJASTHAN
74. EXPLORATIONS AROUND JAISALMER.—A Middle Palaeolithic site was discovered one km north
of Bariyari and 72 km south of Jaisalmer on the Jaisalmer-Barmer road by S..N. Rajaguru, Sheila
Mishra, Savita Ghate and Nitin Karmalkar of the Deccan College Post-graduate Research Institute,
Pune, during explorations around Jaisalmer. The artefacts occur on the surface of a small quartzite
ridge on the west side of the road. A particular pinkish quartzite with spots which occurs as veins in
the quartzite had been used for the artefacts. The low-lying land consists of Tertiary bentonitic clays
which are presently being mined. The presence of impervious Tertiary clay at the foot of the hill might
have favoured the accumulation of water in hill slope depressions on the pediment surface during
human occupations. The artefacts are weathered and a few show wind abrasion and traces of desert
varnish. Ten flakes, seven of them with edge' retouch and two prepared cores are the major
components of the surface collection. This site is important for the evidence it provides of-palaeolithic
occupation of an arid zone in the western part of the Thar desert during the Early Late Pleistocene.
TAMIL NADU
75. EXPLORATIONS .IN DISTRICT CHENGAI ANNA.— G. Thirumoorthy of the Madras Circle of the
Survey in the course of village-to-village survey in Madurantakam taluk of Chengleput M.G.R.
District discovered the following:
Village/Site Nature of remains

Acharappakkam Wood fossils, middle palaeolithic tools, microliths; neoliths; mega-
lithic burials of cairn circle type, early medieval habitational site;
Atchiswara (Siva) temple of Pallava period and seventeenth century
linga and Nandi sculpture
94
Village Site Nature of remains

Agil Megalithic burials of cairn circle type, early historic habitational site,
glazed ware of late medieval period.
Alapakkam Loose sculptures of Ganesa (nineteenth century).
Ammanur Medieval habitational site
Anaikunnarn Microlithic tools, neolithic tools, Megalithic burials of cairn circle
type, linga and Nandi sculpture (seventeenth century)
Attivakkam Megalithic cairn circles, early medieval habitational site, porcelain
(seventeenth century)
Chintamani Medieval habitational site
Endathur Late Stone Age tools, megalithic stone circles, cairn circles and
dolmenoid cist type, early historic habitational site
Gudalur Megalithic cairn circles, medieval habitational site, Brahmanical
loose sculptures of seventeenth century
Gudapakkam Medieval habitational site yielding glazed ware
Kalanipakkam Middle palaeolithic tools, megalithic cairn circle and dolmenoid cists
Kattugudalur Early historic habitational site, late medieval glazed ware Tamil
inscriptions and sculptured stone slabs of eighteenth century
Kattukaranai Late medieval glazed ware Late
Kilmaruvathur medieval sculptures Early medieval
Kilamur habitational site
Kiliyanagar Early historic habitational site, late -medieval temples of Ganesa,
Vishnu and Siva, Tamil inscriptions of seventeenth century, late
medieval glazed ware
Kottaikavapakkam Early medieval habitational site
Madur Loose sculpture of Muruga (eighteenth century)
Mattur Early medieval habitational site, late medieval Vishnu temple, late
medieval glazed ware
Mogalvadi Megalithic cairn circles and urns, late medieval glazed ware
Morapakkam Megalithic cairn circles, late medieval Vishnu temple and loose
sculptures
Muniyanthangal Megalithic cairn circles
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INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90-4 REVIEW
Village Site Nature of remains
Nemam Middle palaeolithic tools, late medieval glazed ware and porce-
lain
Orattur Early historic habitational site, loose sculptures including linga
and Durga of Pallava period, ruined sixteenth century Siva
temple.
Padiri Megalithic urn burials, thirteenth century Siva temple and late
Chola Tamil inscriptions
Lower and Middle Palaeolithic tools, microliths, neolithic tools,
Pallipettai megalithic cairn circles, late medieval habitation site
Pammaiyarnabattu Late medieval sculptures,
Pasunkaranai Early medieval habitation site and late medieval sculptures
Puliyani Early medieval habitation site and eighteenth century Tamil
inscription
Ravuttanallur Late medieval sculptures Early
Sempundi historic habitation site
Tandarai Early historic habitation site and Durga sculpture of Pallava
period
Timmapuram Early medieval habitation site, late medieval glazed ware
Tirumukkadu Wood fossils, early historic habitation site, late medieval sculp-
tured stone slab
Tittaiam Late medieval sculptures
Tuduvalampattu Megalithic cairn circles
Uttamanallur Middle, palaeolithic tools, megalithic cairn circles with
sarcophagus and early historic habitional site
Vaippanai Eighteenth century Brahmanical sculptures
Vitangadu Early historic habitation site, late medieval linga and Nandi
Velamur Sanskrit inscriptions of Vijayanagara period
96
76. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT COIMBATORE.—The Pre-historic Branch of the Department of

Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu, explored the village Edayarpalayam in the Coimbatore
taluk. At a place locally known as Beerangi Medu of this village a cist burial was noticed and a large
number of antiquities were collected from it. The antiquities include sherds of Russet-coated ware,
Black-and-red ware, black-slipped ware, iron slag and shell bangle pieces.
77. EXPLORATION AT ONBATHARU, DISTRICT COIMBATORE.—At a site called Onbatharu which is
about 16 kms from Udumalaipettai a large number of dolmens were noticed on a small hill by the
Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu. As quarrying was in progress, most of them
were found destroyed.
78. EXPLORATION AT THIRUMALVADI, DISTRICT DHARMAPURI.— A menhir about 10 feet (3.048
m) in height was located by the Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, at
Thirumalvadi in the Palacode taluk. It is locally known as 'Yanaikattunkal' (the stone used to tie the
elephant). According to local legend this stone was used to tie the elephant which comes out from
the adjoining forest.
79. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT NORTH ARCOT.— K. Moortheswari of the Madras Circle of the
Survey in the course of village-to-village survey discovered the following:
Gudiyatham Ammundi Brahmanical sculptures of Vijayanagara period

-do- Kallapadi Siva temple (Chola period)
-do- Kalapathur Pillared mandapa (Nayaka period)
-do- Melpatti Tamil inscriptions (Nayaka period) Saptamatrika
-do- Katpadi sculptures (Pallava period)
-do- Sevur Tamil inscriptions of Chola period
Vellore Abdullapuram Medieval architectural remains
-do- Maganipattu Tenth century Tirthankara image and seventeenth
century Tamil inscriptions
-do- Konavattam
Siva temple and late Chola Tamil inscriptions,
pillared mandapa of Nayaka period
-do- Muthukumaranmalai
-do- Odukathur Hero-stones of Nayaka period
Vaniyampadi Ambalur Tamil inscriptions of Nayaka period
97
-do- Bomrnainayakanpalayam Late medieval habitational site and hero-stone of

Nayaka period
-do- Kovilur Siva Temple (Chola period) and Tamil inscrip-
tions of Sambuvarayar period
-do- Kovilanthangal
-do- Melsanankuppam Tamil inscriptions of Nayaka period Inscribed
-do- Minnur hero-stones of late Pallava period Hero-stones
-do- Vaniyambadi (Nayaka period) Brahmanical sculptures of
-do- Seenanthal Chola period Vishnu temple (Vijayanagara
-do- Vadakkupattu period) Megalithic urn burials
80. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT THANJAVUR.—The Excavation Branch of the Department 6f

Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, explored Sekkadimedu, a suburb of Thanjavur. From this
site, some outstanding terracotta figurines datable to eighteenth century were collected.
81. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT TRICHY.— The Excavation Branch of the Department of
Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, carrried out exploration at Aravakurichi which is situated
in Karur taluk of the district. A terracotta mother goddess showing a child held on mother's hip was
found. Stylistically, the figurine is assignable to later Chola period, i.e. thirteenth century AD.
UTTAR PRADESH
82. EXPLORATION IN THE GAGAS VALLEY, DISTRICT ALMORA.— In continuation of the earlier
work the Regional Archaeological Unit, Almora, under the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological
Organization, resumed exploration in the Gagas valley. The Gagas is a tributary of the river Rama
Ganga-west. The exploration was conducted by Krishan Kumar Singh of the Unit under the general
direction of the Regional Archaeological Officer, Hem Raj. Remains of ancient temples and stone
sculptures belonging to early medieval and medieval periods were brought to light at Reetha and
Silora-Mahadev villages. Among important finds are, the image of the Buddha (circa twelfth
century) at Reetha village (pl. XXXIA) and Parvati (circa tenth century) at Silora-Mahadev village;
the other sculptures found are those of Uma-Mahesvara, Surva. Mahishasurarnardini, Lakulisa, etc.
98
83. EXPLORATION IN THE SOMESVARA VALLEY, DISTRICT ALMORA.—Under the scheme of valley-
to-valley survey the Regional Archaeological Unit, Almora, under the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeo
logical Organization, undertook exploration in the Somesvara valley. It was conducted by Krishan
Kumar Singh of the Unit. An early medieval temple built in Nagara style alongwith a number of stone
sculptures was discovered at Diyari village. The images of makaravahini Ganga, Surya, Uma-
Mahesvara and Indrani are important finds. In the villages of Nakot and Kakrai, the medieval
sculptures of seshasayi Vishnu, vinadhara-Siva, Karttikeya, Parvati, Saptamatrika panel and Ganesa
were also brought to light during exploration in the valley.
84. EXPLORATION OF ANCIENT WOOD CARVINGS IN HAVELIS, DISTRICT ALMORA'.— The Regional
Archaeological Unit, Almora, under the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Organization undertook
exploration of ancient havelis containing wood-carvings in Almora city. The work was conducted
by Hem Raj under the general guidance of Rakesh Tewari.
About two hundred havelis with wood-carvings situated in different mohallas of the Almora
city were discovered during exploration. Most of the havelis are situated in the mohallas of Lala
Bazar, Upreti-khola, Rajpura, Niyazganj, Mall-Danya, Dubkiya, Kunjpur, Kholta, Narsingbari,
Thapalia, Gangola, Pokharkhali, etc. But Johri Bazar and Khajanchi mohalla are full of ancient
havelis, which contain rich wood carvings. The wood-carvings were found in the form of windows,
entrances, ceilings, and balconies etc. The subjects of wood-carvings include images of various gods
and goddesses, lotus-flowers, creepers, animals, birds, flower-pots, etc. The house-entrances are
richly decorated like a temple-entrance carved out of wood. It consists tri-sakha or pancha-sakha
having pillar at the bottom, out of which are shown sprouting flowers, creepers, and other kind of
sakhas. The images of gods and goddesses are carved on the lintel of the gate.
An ancient haveli having a number of wood-carvings was brought to light in Soopi village
of tehsil Begeshwar in district Almora.
85. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BIJNOR.— In the course of exploration under village-to-village
survey scheme, Narendra Kumar of the Agra Circle of the Survey brought to light the following sites:
Chandpur Athathza Late medieval mosque

-do- Adampur Grey ware, medieval red ware
-do- Buchanagla Black and red ware
-do- Chandpur Medieval site
-do- Khera Medieval site
-do- Kalyanpur Medieval site
99
-do- Mayam pur Raja Late medieval wall

-do- Mainum Nagla Medieval wall
-do- Rehta Tagir Black-slipped and red ware
-do- Umrabuzurg Medieval site
86. EXCAVATION AT ERICH, DISTRICT JHANSI.— The Lucknow Circle of the Survey under the
direction of H.N. Singh, assisted by Arun Kumar, R.Pathak, Indu Prakash, S. B. Shukla,D.
Goswami and K.M. Saxena, undertook excavation at Erich (Lat 25° 47'; Long 79° 7' E), a small
town on the right bank of the river Betwa (ancient Vetravati) in Garautha tehsil. The site had been
explored earlier by the Survey. Trial trench was laid on the Kila mound of the Erich town to
ascertain the cultural sequence and connection if any with Suktimati, the ancient Chedi capital. A
trench, measuring 5x5 metres, was taken on the southern slopes of the mound. At a depth of 5.60
metres a burnt brick structure of residential type, datable to Gupta period was found.
Another trench was taken on the western slopes of the mound facing the river. Here, hard,
compact and blackish natural soil was reached at a depth of 9.60 metres. In all, 19 layers were
identified which have yielded the following habitational levels of different periods ranging from
pre-NBP at the earliest to fourteenth century AD at the top when the mosque was built on the
mound.
The thickness of deposit of Period I ranges between 25 and 45 centimetres which overlies the
natural soil. It is characterized by plain black-and-red and black-slipped wares and is devoid of iron
or any other associated wares. Shapes in wheelmade pottery consist of bowls and dishes (incurved
with its variants). No antiquity was reported from the regular layers but in a pit sealed by this
habitational deposit yielded lumps of copper, a bone point and also a ghata-shaped terracotta bead.
Period II is characterized by the appearance of NBP ware. The thickness of the habitational
deposit of the period is 2.60 metres. The NBP found is black as well steel grey in colour with its
classical lustre and the usual types such as bowls and dishes and its variants. The associated wares
are black-and-red, black-slipped and red wares as well as orange coloured ware. The frequency of
black-and-red and the black-slipped ware was much higher in the lower levels and outnumbered the
NBP. The minor antiquities included beads of terracotta, one six faceted biconical crystal bead,
terracotta disc, bangle piece, pendant, hopscotch, stone ball, bone stylus, copper coin, ghata-shaped
terracotta bead, glass bangle piece, terracotta mother goddess, skin rubber and numerous iron objects
such as nails with square section, etc. Houses were built perhaps of bamboo, plastered with mud as
attested to by the find of mud clods with reed impression. In upper levels, remains of burnt brick
structures were found.
100
This period is marked by Kushana wares and typical pottery such as the inkpot, sprinkler,
knife-edged bowls and carinated handi and other associated red wares with utilitarian shapes.
Evidence of structural activity was in the form of remains of a wall built of burnt bricks, which
conform in measurement to the Kushana bricks. The thickness of the habitational deposit is 1^50
metre.
The most significant find from these levels was that of a terracotta seal having inscription in
Brahmi characters of the Kushana period reading 'Samghasya' suggesting the existence of a
monastic establishment. The other antiquities included ivory bangle piece, a miniature terracotta bull
figure, a bone stylus, copper antimony rod and iron objects.
Period IV could tentatively be assigned to the Gupta period. Of this period was a residential
burnt brick structure and also some typical terracotta figurines. Other antiquities from this level are a
copper coin, terracotta ear stud, ghata-shaped bead, pendant, ivory miniature vase, bone point, shell
bangle, arecanut-shaped bead and numerous iron objects. Deposits of this period were much
disturbed due to brick robbing and huge pits.
No clear cut division of habitation subsequent to the Gupta period could be worked out due to
the mixed material. Medieval pottery comprised of a few glazed ware sherds at the top level.
Tentatively, the whole deposit could be assumed to be early medieval and the structural activities on
top of the mound taking place sometime during the Indo-Islamic period between the twelfth and
fourteenth century AD.
The following tentative time bracket may be assigned to the different periods at the site
I. Pre-NBP Period - Pre 600 BC
II. NBP Period - 600-200 BC
III. Sunga-Kushana Period - 200 BC-AD 300
IV. Gupta Period - AD 300-600
V. Early medieval Period - AD 600-1200
VI. Indo-Islamic Period - Post AD 1200
87. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT LALITPUR.— Ambika Prasad Singh, of the Regional Archaeo-
logical Unit, Jhansi, of the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Organisation, under the direction of
Rakesh Tewari, undertook explorations in Bar region of the district.
During the course of exploration medieval temple remains were located at Gugarwara and
Dhawari. The jangha portion of these temples was found in a dilapidated condition. Apart from these,
temple remains like pillars, rathika-bimba, amalaka, etc., were also recovered at these sites. Siva
linga is installed in the cella of Gugarwara temple, whereas the cella of Dhawari temple is without
any image. Among the important images are those of Surya, Ravananugraha, Trivikrama-Vamana,
Vishnu, Mahishasuramardini, Uma-Mahesvara, Seshasayi Vishnu and fragment of Tirthankara
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image. Apart from these, many architectural remains and sculptures belonging to the Jaina sect
datable to early medieval period were also noticed. list of sites discovered is given below:
District Village/Site Nature of remains
Lahtpur Bar Medieval temple remains and sculptures

-do- Bachharavani Medieval sculptures
-do- Bhelonilodh Medieval sculptures and temple remains
-do- Bhelonisuba Medieval sculptures
-do- Bastguwan Medieval sculptures
-do- Banpur Medieval temple remains, sculptures and remains of a fort
-do- Bir Medieval temple remains and sculptures
-do- Barokhara Medieval sculptures
-do- Buragaon Medieval temple remains and sculptures
-do- Dasrara Medieval temple remains and sculptures
-do- Dhawari Medieval temple remains and sculptures
-do- Deoran Medieval sculptures and eighteenth century Jaina temple
-do- Gadyana Remains of a garhi, eighteenth century Jaina temple
-do- Gedoura Remains of an eighteenth century temple
-do- Gugarwara Medieval temple remains and sculptures
-do- Kailguwan Remains of a fort
-do- Khaira Medieval sculptures
-do- Kuwagaon Medieval temple remains and sculptures
-do- Larvari Medieval sculptures
-do- Paron Eighteenth century Jaina temple
-do- Tori Medieval temple remains and sculptures
88. EXCAVATION AT MANIGARA, ADWA VALLEY, DISTRICT MIRZAPUR.—Located on the northern

foot of Adhesar hillock in Adwa valley near the M.P. (district Rewa)-U.P. (district Mirzapur) border at
a distance of about 70 km south of Mirzapur, the Acheulian site of Manigara (Lat 24°39 'N; Long 82°
19' E) was first discovered by the Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology,
University of Allahabad during the course of explorations. Bounded by Adhesara hillock and
Chulhia nala in the south, village Manigara and Chugwa nala in the east, villages Murpeli and
102
Pokhara in the north and river Adwa in the south, it measures about 3-75 sq km (2-5 km from north to
south and 1 -5 km from east to west). Several branches of the Jhadwa nala (a tributary of Adwa river)
which flows through this site, dissect it into various sectors. The acheulian artifacts appear to be
embedded in a gravelly dark brown clay matrix which is finally sealed by a red-yellow sandy loam,
the last geological deposit formed in the Adwa valley. Where this sealing layer has been washed away
the Acheulian artifacts comprising shaped, semi-shaped tools and fabrication debitage generally
made on quartzite and occasionally on limestones and chert, have been exposed abundantly. The
artifacts are generally found in clusters in the concentrations of sandstone rubbles of various shapes
and sizes. Some of the rubble concentrations are characterized by big sandstone-boulders on their
periphery. Big tabular sandstone or quartzite blocks lying almost in the centre of some of these
circular rubble-concentration bear bruised surface and as such they appear to have been used as
anvil-stones for manufacturing the artifacts. The Acheulian artifacts occur in three contexts, from
factory site, from basal-bouldery gravel and from erosions of the Jhadwa nala. The artifacts from
Gravel I which is generally exposed in the upper reaches of Jhadwa nala (in the eastern direction) are
as fresh and as slightly abraded as those from workshop-site.
With a view to understanding the total thickness of the cultural debris and developmental
trends of the Acheulian industry it was decided to conduct excavation at the site. For this purpose a
place on the bank of Jhadwa nala, locally known as Patehar in the revenue village Manigara was
selected on account of high concentration of artifacts and sand-stone rubbles on the surface.
The excavation was conducted by B .B. Misra and Kamalakar Thakur of the Department. First a
5m x 5m grid was laid immediately to the north of the gully running east to west. A s the excavation
work proceeded it. became necessary to expand the main grid in the eastern side by an additional 10
metres to completely expose and delimit the cluster. Thus the main area of excavation consisted of a
7m x 5m grid which was laid out over an area where the greatest concentration of surface artifacts
belonging to different stages of manufacture and rubbles were available. In order to determine the
stratigraphic sequence and total thickness of the acheulian debris at the site and also for necessary
stratigraphic control in the main grid-excavation, a l m x l m test trench was laid out at an elevated spot
at the distance of 10m to the east of the main grid.
The surface topography of the area selected for excavation varies considerably. The greater
elevations are found in the east and the north sides with a minimum depth in the south. Before the
commencement of the excavation all the artifacts and the rubbles lying on the surface of the main grid
were plotted and photographed.
Test Trench was dug first. Excavation in the test trench was conducted upto the bedrock,
struck at the depth of 45 cm below surface. The uppermost layer at the site is a red-yellow sandy loam
about 5 cm thick. This appears to be the remainder of a sandy loam, sealing the acheulian debris at
the site. Beneath this level was found a 40 cm thick acheulian debris embedded in brown clay matrix
with lateritic and iron/manganese inclusions. A few artifacts were found from this deposit (level 2).
Noteworthy among them were two cleavers one from the upper and another from the bottom of level.
103
Excavation in all 25 squares of the main-grid was conducted simultaneously. Here the
uppermost .level (1) encountered in the test-trench dig, was completely washed away. Excavations
were conducted upto the bedrock. As the bedrock in this area was undulating precise thickness of the
acheulian deposit could not be determined. Acheulian artefacts generally in mint condition along
with manufacturing debris were found from this level (2). The general features (viz. clustering of
artifacts and sandstone rubbles) noticed at the surface generally continued below almost upto the bed-
rock. Thickness of the acheulian debris varied considerably. Maximum thickness was recorded in
squares E3, E4, and E5 of the grid where the bed-rock has deepened considerably. Similarly
concentrations of artifacts and rubbles also varied greatly in the main grid. Grid squares A1, B2, C1,
C2, C3, Dl, D2, El, E3, E4, E5, F3, F4, Gl, G3 and G4 have a very high to moderate concentration of
artifacts and rubbles while the remaining of the squares have only small quantity of debitage and very
few artefacts. The distribution pattern of artefacts and rubbles is shown in the site-plans.
Excavations have yielded as many as two hundred thirty seven lithic artifacts. They may
broadly be divided into two categories—(i) shaped/modified artefacts (123 Nos.: 51-9%) and (ii)
unmodified wastes (114 Nos : 48-1%). Shaped tools comprise pebble-tools, various types of
handaxes (pear-shaped, ovate, cordi-form, picks, chisel-ended, almond-shaped, sub-triangular, etc);
cleavers (parallel-sided, divergent, convergent, splayed types); scrapers (side, end, convergent,
round notched or hollow varieties), besides a few discoids, spheroid, backed knife and denticulates).
Among the shaped tools cleavers, generally made on flakes are in majority. The ratio of cleavers to
handaxe is about 2:1. Majority of the tools exhibit evolved traits-sharper edges, cortex completely
removed, better workmanship, symmetry and shallow flake-scars etc. Unmodified waste consists of
cores, flakes/flake fragments, chunks, etc.
Artifacts are made on quartzite and limestones/chert. However, quartzite is the most common
raw material utilised for manufacturing the artefacts. It accounts roughly for more than 97%. It was
locally available in the immediate vicinity of the sites in Adhesar hillock. Limestones and chert occur
as erratics in tabular form. Chert and limestones seem to have their source in limestone formations in
the adjacent Kaimur range. Limestone formation is exposed in the Kharbotia nala (a branch of
Jhadwa). Evidence for the use of both the hard hammer (block on block or anvil) and soft hammer
techniques are available. Hard hammer flaking seems to have been the dominant mode of flake
detachment as is evident by the platform angles on most of the flakes which are well over 100 degrees.
Low length to breadth ratios of flakes and prominent positive bulbs on them also lead to the same
conclusion. For retouching purpose (secondary work) on the shaped tools, generally
soft-hammer-technique was resorted to as is evident by the presence of shallow flake scars on most
of the shaped tools.
Located in the intermediary area between the Belan and the Son valleys the acheulian
assemblage from Manigara shares the characteristic features of the Lower Palaeolithic industries of
104
both the tracts and thus provides a link between them. A TL date of 103,800 BP has been obtained
from a loessic deposit that overlies basal Gravel I (Shihwal formation) of the Son valley, incorpo-
rating Acheuliean artifacts. This TL date indicates clearly that Lower Palaeolithic Acheulian
industries of the Vindhyan area are much older than 103,800 BP, a date which marks the transition
from Lower Palaeolithic to Middle Palaeolithic in the region. This loessic deposit yielding the above
TL date forms the base of another formation (Patpara formation) which incorporates Middle
Palaeolithic artifacts. Thus this TL date provides the terminal date of Lower Palaeolithic in the
region.
89. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT NAINITAL.— In continuation of the previous work Krishan
Kumar Singh of Regional Archaeological Unit of the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Organiza-
tion, Almora, resumed village-to-village exploration in the vicinity of Pahar Pani and Bhawali.
About 45 villages were surveyed during exploration, and four obelisks were located near Pahar Pani
and medieval stone images of Lakshmi-narayana, Vishnu, Ganesa, Siva and Vaishnavi were noticed
in a Siva temple at Naukuchiatal, Bhimeswara temple of Rawat village and modem temple of
Damyantital.
90. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT PAURI GARHWAL.—Under the direction of Rakesh Tewari, P.K.
Singh assisted by B.P. Badoni and B.B.S. Rawat of the Regional Archaeological Hill Unit, Pauri
Garhwal, of the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Organization, discovered the following sites in
the course of exploration in district Pauri Garhwal:
District VillagelSite Nature of remains
Pauri Garhwal Bada Medieval sculptures

-do- Kanda Medieval sculptures
-do- Kandi Medieval sculptures
-do- Kothar Medieval sculptures, inscription
-do- Kyark Medieval sculptures
-do- Kukhargaon Medieval temple group and sculptures
-do- Navoli Medieval naula
-do- Rampur Medieval temple remains and sculptures
-do- Sabdarkhal Medieval temple
91. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT PITHORAGARH.— A team of Regional Archaeological Unit, Almora, of

the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Organization located a group of early medieval temples built
in pidha style at Kotli village. The group of temples is locally known as Vishnu temple and there lie
a number of stone images of Ganga, Yamuna, Karttikeya, Uma-Mahesvara, Varahavatara, Vishnu
105
INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90- A REVIEW
and Mahishasurmardini datable between circa eighth century and twelfth century. In continuation
of previous year's work Krishna Kumar Singh of the Regional Archaeological Unit, Almora, under
the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Organization resumed village-to-village exploration in tehsil
Champawat. About 47 villages were explored in the vicinity of Kimtoli and Pulhindola villages about
30 km away from Lohaghat. Archaeological remains were located in the villages of Basan, Patoli,
Mazpeeple, Madlak, Baskuni and Mana. Early medieval temples built in pidha style were located in
the villages of Mazpeeple, Madlak, Baskuni and Mana. A Nagara style temple of medieval period
was found at Basan village. There is a sun temple at Mana village which is bearing a Brahmi
inscription, datable to circa eighth century. The sun image, originally installed in the temple is lying
in a modem temple of the village. Stone sculptures of Vishnu, Lakshmi-narayana, Parvati,
Uma-Mahesvara, Karttikeya, Mahishasuramardini, Ganga, Lakulisa, Ganesa, etc., datable between
eighth century and twelfth century AD were discovered at Chamdeval, Mana, Madlak, Mazpeeple
and Khapar-Mahadeva temple at Patoli village.
92. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT SONBHADRA.— Girish Chandra Singh, under the direction of
Rakesh Tewari of the Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Organization discovered the following
sites:
District Village I Site Nature of remains
Sonbhadra Amdih Medieval Brahmanical sculptures and architectural fragments

-do- Agandwa Historical pottery and brick-bats; medieval Brahmanical
sculptures
-do- Amghat
Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Baijnath Historical pottery and brickbats, medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Bar Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Bardia Medieval Brahmanical sculptures and architectural fragments
-do- Bhagahi Stone celt, medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Bhainsi Historical pottery and medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Bisrekhi Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Devgarh Pahar Microliths
-do- Domani Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Dulhtha Historical pottery and brickbats; medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Eklavyanagar Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Gaukunda Historical pottery and brickbats, medieval Brahmanical sculptures
106
District Village!Site Nature of remains
Sonbhadra Haramkhuri Historical pottery and brickbats; medieval Brahmanical sculptures

and ruined temple remains
-do- Kandiya Tara Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Kandhara Historical pottery and brickbats; medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Khajuri and ruined temple remains
Medieval Brahmanical sculptures and architectural remains
-do- Lakshminia Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Mahadeva Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Mahanv Historical pottery and brickbats; medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Majhigawa Mishr and ruined temple remains
Medieval Brahmanical sculptures Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Mukha Medieval Brahmanical sculptures Historical pottery and brickbats;
-do- Rumma medieval Brahmanical sculptures
-do- Satdwari
Historical pottery and brickbats, fort, medieval Brahmanical and
-do- Shivdwar Jaina sculptures and architectural remains
-do- Singhraha Medieval Brahmanical sculptures
WEST BENGAL
93. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT BANKURA.—In the course of village-to-village survey, T.J.

Chakraborty of the Calcutta Circle of the Survey discovered the following sites of archaeological
interest :
Police Station Village/Site Nature of remains

Kotulpur Baitalkuh Late medieval watch tower
-do- Belpushkarini
Mound
-do- Chamat
Stone sculpture
-do- Chatrapara
Late medieval temple
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INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989,90—A REVIEW
Police Station Village/Site Nature of remains
-do- Diachpri Late medieval temple

-do- Gourangapara Late medieval temple
-do- Raghunathpur Late medieval temple
-do- Srirampur Late medieval temple
94. EXCAVATION AT MANGOLKOT, DISTRICT BURDWAN.—In continuation of the previous

season's work (1988-89, pp. 90-91) the Department of Archaeology, University of Calcutta, resumed
excavation at Mangolkot. The work was directed by Samir Kumar Mukherjee with the assistance of
Amita Ray, Anil Chandra Pal, Asok Datta, Mallar Mitra, N.C. Das, B. Chatterjee and D.K.
Chakravarty of the Department. The present season's excavation, besides imparting routine training
to the final year students of archaeology of this Department, envisaged first, to study in more details
the use of iron at the Chalcolithic phase; secondly, to trace out the relationship of the structural
complex exposed at KX2 and KX3 with those remains noted earlier at IX1 and IX2; thirdly, to locate the
deposits of the medieval period, the existence of which was hinted through earlier excavtions and
fourthly, to expose homestead pattern of the Kushana and Gupta periods.
In order to achieve the desired objectives, four trenches, measuring 6 x 6 m, were laid out on
the western and north-western slopes of the main mound, locally known as Vikramadityer Danga
(MGKT1). Another trench, measuring 6x6 m was laid out at MGKT2, which was adjacent to the local
Madrasa (school).
As in the previous season, this year too the trenches revealed a succession of occupational
periods ranging in date from the Chalcolithic to the late medieval times. Period I (Chalcolithic, circa
1200 BC - 600 BC) as noted in the previous year, the earliest habitation revealed at this site is
characterized by the occurrence of black and red, black-slipped, red-slipped, lustrous red, black and
grey, buff and cream-slipped wares. The principal pottery types in the black and red ware consist of
bowls, vases, jars, channel-spouted bowls, dish-on-stand, handis. Three mud floors with post-hole
marks were observed in this level. The floors are made of rammed earth with lime, cowdung and
potsherds. Further evidences of reed marks in burnt clay lump were found in the debris. That
cultivation of rice was practiced is evident from the remains of rice husk in pottery. Bones of humped
Indian cattle, sheep, goat, antelope tortoise were found in plenty. Other finds that deserve mention
include copper objects like stylus, fish-hook and some bone tools and comb, stone beads, balls,
terracotta beads, net-sinkers, etc. Iron in the form of slags, ingot and tool-like broken portion of an
arrowhead were recovered almost at the bottom of this level. The most important discovery of this
season's excavation were the highly fragmented skeletal remains along with heaps of black and red
108
ware of various sizes, a few beads and iron objects, probably used as 'grave furniture', found
embedded in a floor in the east-west direction.
Period II (Transitional, circa 6(X):300 BC) at this site, like the previous year, yielded lesser
number of black-slipped ware along with some new ceramics. The dominant ceramic industry of this
phase is represented by plain red, brown and grey, black-slipped and buff wares. The important finds
of this period consisted of profuse iron objects including spearhead, sickle(?), terracotta female
figure and a few beads of terracotta.
Period III (Maurya and Sunga periods, circa 300 BC to the close of the first century BC) was
marked by total absence of black and red ware though black-slipped ware continued in appreciable
number. Other notable ceramics include coarse variety of NBP, red-slipped, grey and black-slipped
wares with incised patterns. The principal shapes are bowls, dishes, basins and vases. Among the
assemblage, an interesting type of pottery represents a bowl type of object either of grey or black
polished sherds with straight edges. The shallow dishes made in black slip are found with flower
motifs at the centre (pl. XXXI B). The important finds in this period consist of a small sized terracotta
female head with an elaborate headdress bearing unmistakable resemblance to the typical Mauryan
head of the Patna style (pl. XXXI C), beads of semi-precious stones like crystal, camelian, glass,
jasper, agate, onyx, terracotta beads, bangles, cast copper coins of both circular and square varieties.
The .structural remains comprised of mud houses with potsherd and lime-rammed floorings.
Period IV (Kushana, circa AD 100-300). This period was characterized by the total absence
of the NBP or associated wares, the dominant ceramic industry being the sturdy red ware which is
represented by shapes as bowls, dishes, vases, sprinklers, lids, long necked surahi, etc. Some of the
pottery was decorated with stamped and incised designs. In general, the types of the above ceramics
bear striking resemblance to similar finds from other Kushana levels of northern India. The period
further revealed remains of structural activities in well burnt bricks, the sizes of the bricks used being
26 x 24 x 6m and 38 x 28 x 5 cm on an average. In the trench JY10 portion of a room complex with
well laid surkhi rammed with brick soling floor and attached bricklined courtyard was exposed. The
notable finds that deserve mention include beads of semi-precious stones like camelian, agate, jasper,
glass and crystal, seals and sealings bearing various motifs, stone pestle, flesh-rubber, antimony rods,
copper bowls and needles.
Period V (Gupta, circa AD 400-600) coeval with Gupta period, like the preceding phase, this
period was marked by more structural activities. The main ceramic industry during the period was
characterized by a rich repertoire of red ware with thin fabric, cream ware with slip and wash, grey
ware at times with incised designs, representing bowls, dishes, vases, basins, vessels, etc. The
structures of this period were made of well-burnt bricks of different sizes (18 x 24 x 8cm;24x 26 x
6 cm; 35 x 25 x 5 cm). The bricks were found to have been laid in clay mortar on the foundation of
brickbats and kankar. The floor, as the evidence suggests, is made of rammed mud, lime and
broken potsherds. A noteworthy feature of this phase was the discovery of three huge thick storage
109
jars for storage of either food grains or water, affixed to the house floor in Trench No. KX2. The most
remarkable find of this period consisted of an oval terracotta seal having a size of 5.5 x 5 cm found in
a pit in MGKT2 pl. XXXI D). It depicts a couchant bull on the top below which runs two lines of
mostly effaced inscription in Brahmi characters of circa fourth-fifth century AD. Another seal
having a size of 4 x 2t£ cm depicts 'stupa dhvaja' symbol (pl. XXXI E). Other objects include beads
of semi-precious stones, copper and iron objects of utilitarian use.
Period VI (Early and late medieval period). The cultural deposit of the period is disturbed but
shows some structural remains made of bricks of varying sizes. The levels in general witness an
overall decadence of material cultural ramains. Further evidence of extensive brick robbing in the
area was also noticed. As a result, details of house plans could not be ascertained. Some structural
ramains gave indications of the use of well burnt bricks of the earlier periods. The pottery of this
period was primarily plain and simple unslipped red, black and grey wares. Carinated vessels, dishes,
wide-mouthed heavy-rimmed jars, vases, saucers and globular jars are the principal pottery shapes.
The finds in the upper level in general bear striking similarities with the finds of the Kachhandanga
site excavated by this Department in 1988-89 season. The level further yielded remains of three
fragmentary skeletons lying in north-south orientation. The general character of the skeletal remains
and the associated ceramic assemblages leave no room for doubt that the spot in particular was used in
later period as a burial ground.
95. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MALDA.—Gautam Sengupta of the Department of Archaeology,
West Bengal, surveyed the early medieval mounds comprising of one central, big mound and several
small mounds at Tulabhita village in Monza Jagajibbanpur, P.S. Habibp.ur. One bronze Buddha
sculpture in bhumisparsa-mudra recovered from this site is now kept in the Malda museum.
96. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT MIDNAPORE.—In the course of village-to-village survey work,
Santanu Maiti of the Calcutta Circle of the Survey located the following sites of archaeological
interest:
Police Station Village!Site Nature of remains
Egra Basudebpur Late medieval temples

-do- Chirulia
Late medieval atchala twin Siva temples
-do- Dulapur
Flat-roofed square temple
97. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT PURULIA.—S. De of the Directorate of Archaeology, West

bengal, carried out exploratory survey in the northern extremity of Purulia district, right from the
source of the Kansai, with the assistance of D. Roy, P. Sen, B. Samanta, G. Chakraborty, M.
Bhowmick and R. De.
110
The chain of hills bordering the district on its north and north-west extremities goes towards
Ranchi-Hazaribag, Bihar. Actually, the western part of West Bengal shows the eastern edge of the
pre-Cambrian shield with stable cratonic mass of archaean proterozoic rocks which is the eastern
continuity of the Chhotonagpur plateau. The geological history of this area from Pre-Cambrian to
Quaternary is seen recorded in the geostratigraphy being denuded by fluvial dentritic drainage in the
form of gullies and ravines. Later on these have dissected deeply the tableland lying horizontally and
bordering the shelf. This tableland overlooks the low-lying fills stretching to the east and is underlain
by Pleistocene lateritized boulder conglomerate.
The aforesaid geological background was ideal for searching prehistoric habitation and hills
on the north-west of Purulia district were surveyed. Two caves were found, one in the hill locally
known as Belamu with the village name wherefrom they unearthed an elongated iron spearhead and
other in the Jabarbon hill at a height of 100 m approximately, having three entrances, eastern, western
and southern. The surface deposit inside the cave is about 0.87 m below from the roof of the cave.
The maximum inside length of the Jabarbon cave is 11.1 m (east-west). The width of the three
entrances is 3.05 m (eastern), 2-3 m (western) and 2-85 m (southern) respectively. Three cuttings were
made inside this cave to understand the stratigraphy of the deposits. The first cutting was in the middle
portion of the cave just in front of the southern entrance. This was dug upto a depth of 0.32 m. In the
deposit comprising yellowish grey medium compact earth, no artifact was found. The second cutting
was made in front of the eastern entrance. At a depth of 0.34 m a thin layer of 0.05 m lateritic soil
with pellets was noticed. Below this layer, an underlain floor consisting of well-shaped and
well-arranged rock fragments of quartz were noticed. Similar cutting made on the western
entrance yielded some pottery fragments of grey ware and a bone piece with traces of working at a
depth of 0-22 m of yellowish grey earth.
At Belamu (86°2' 46"; 23°7'25") in a cave showing traces of habitation inside the foothill,
occurrence of Middle Palaeolithic tools, handaxes, points, etc., was noticed in the foothill area.
Form Khataga (85°3f 43"; 23°27' 20"), Upper palaeolithic and mesolithic tools were found.
Worth mentioning is an engraving on a free standing huge boulder of granitic gneiss which shows
four figures standing in a row.
At Sulung Lahar (86°4' 38"; 23°28' 6") mesolithic and neolithic tools were recovered. At
Chitmu (86°4' 32"; 23°28' 6") a mesolithic site has been discovered.
From Korcha (86°2" 34"; 23°28" 6"), Masjor (86°5' 33"; 23°28' 22") and Pargo (86°4' 38";
23°26' 37") palaeolithic implements like chopping tools and crude handaxes were found-.
Ill
H. EPIGRAPHY
SANSKRITIC AND DRAVIDIC INSCRIPTIONS1
ANDHRA PRADESH
1. INSCRIPTION OF KANDURI CHIEF, KOPPOLE, DISTRICT NALGONDA.—This inscription, engraved

on a slab lying near a tank opposite the Mutyalama temple, is in Telugu language and characters and
is dated in the Chalukya Vikrama era (year not specified) Angirasa (AD 1092-93). It registers a gift
of land in the village Jalapattu for the upkeep of the lake at Kroproli and for the maintenance of the
Rudresvaradevara-satra, on the occasion of Uttarayan-sankranti, by Kanduri-Tondaya-Chola-
maharaju. The gift was entrusted to Chilyakamti-Anamtasaka-pandita.
2. KAKATIYA INSCRIPTION, MEDAVARAM, DISTRICT NALGONDA.— This inscription, engraved on
a slab set up in a field outside the village, is in Telugu language and characters and belongs to the reign
of Kakatiya Rudradeva-maharaju. Dated in Saka 1226, Krodhi (AD 1304), it registers a grant of land
for the ranga-bhoga of the deity Svayambhu-Somanathadeva of Medavaram by mummadi Devaraju
belonging to Karikala-vamsa, Kasyapa-gorra and Malav-aravaya. The gift was made for the welfare
of mahasamanta Immadi Bolaya-reddi. of the Cheraku family (pl. XXXII A).
3. KAKATIYA INSCRIPTION, PALIVELA, DISTRICT NALGONDA.—This inscription, engraved on a
slab lying in front of the Chennakesava temple, is in Telugu language and characters and belongs to
the reign of Kakatiya Pratapa-rudradeva-maharaja (pl. XXXII B-C). Dated in Saka 1226, Krodhi
(AD 1304), it registers a grant of land as the vritti of Chennakesava-perumal of Palavera, along with
income from taxes from these lands, as sarvamanya, by Chakragala Vallabhaya-lemka, the
srivaishnavas of the eighteen countries and the ubhayananadesi-pekkamdu.
GUJARAT
4. PEDESTAL INSCRIPTIONS, L.D. INSTITUTE, AHMEDABAD, DISTRICT AHMEDABAD.— Three in
scriptions engraved on the pedestals of three marble images are in Sanskrit language and Nagari
characters. Dated in Vikrama 1285 (AD 1228), these inscriptions record that the images of Maharaja
Jayasimghadeva, Sriyadevi and Jasadevi, were caused to be made by Tha ° Vilhanat In view of the
proximity of the known date of Jayasimha Siddharaja of the Vaghela family and Jayasimghadeva of
the present epigraph, the images in question may be identified as those of that ruler and his queens.
1
Information from: 1-8 and 11-16, K.V. Ramesh assisted by Madhav N. Katti, M.D. Sampath, S.P. Tewari, S.S.
Iyer, D.M. Nagaraju, T.S. Ravishankar, S.Swaminathan, A. Ramulu and S. Rajavelu of the Epigraphy Branch of the
Survey; and 9-10, Hyderabad Circle of the Survey.
112
EPIGRAPHY
5. STONE INSCRIPTION, AHMEDABAD, DISTRICT AHMEDABAD.— This inscription engraved on a

slab kept in the L.D. Institute Museum is in Sanskrit language and Nagari characters of about the
twelfth century AD. It gives the genealogy of the Pragvata family and mentions Yasodeva,
Mahadeva, etc. This stone inscription states that the eulogy was composed by the royal poet (name
lost), son of Malladeva and engraved by Sutra Haripala.
KARNATAKA
6. KALYANA CHALUKYA INSCRIPTION, BANAHALLI, DISTRICT BIDAR.— This inscription,

engraved on a slab set up in the Ramlingesvara temple in the village, is in Kannada language and
characters. It belongs to the reign of Chalukya Bhulokamalla (Somesvara III) and is dated in his 4th
regnal year, Saumya (AD 1129).. It refers to the genealogy of a chief (name lost) belonging to the
lineage of Banaraja, the mahamandalesvara of Khandavamandala and to god Bibbesvara.
7. KALYANA CHALOKYA INSCRIPTION, MARKHAL, DISTRICT BIDAR. — This inscription

(pl. XXXIIIA) engraved on a slab set up in front of the Hanuman temple in the village is in Kannada
language and characters. It belongs to the reign of Chalukya Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) and
is dated Chalukya Vikrama year 3, Vikrama (= D 1078). It refers to mahamandalesvara Gonkarasa
of Khandava-mandala as belonging to the family of the Banas and describes the greatness of Hejja,
probably a local chieftain.
8. ASOKAN EDICTS, SANNATHI, DISTRICT GULBARGA.— Four edicts, engraved on two sides of
a slab used for installing the Kalikamba image in the Chandralamba temple, are in Prakrit language
and Brahmi characters of the third century BC. One side contains portions of the XII and XIV Rock
Edicts of this emperor. The diction and orthography closely follow the Erragudi version. The other
side contains portions of the texts of separate rock-edicts already known from Jaugad and Dhauli.
This is the third version since it somewhat differs from the other two in diction, orthography and
grammar. Of these two separate edicts (pl. XXXIII B), edict I contains instructions to judicial officers
and edict II is meant to give assurance to the border people.
9. LABEL INSCRIPTION, SANNATHI, DISTRICT GULBARGA.— A label inscription in Brahmi char

acters was noticed on the limestone pillar of a Vihara which refers to a son of minister who performed
yajnas and is dated to first-second century AD.
10. SATAVAHANA INSCRIPTION, SANNATHI, DISTRICT GULBARGA. — This inscription in two lines
on a sculptured panel fragment of a memorial stone {chhaya-sila) in limestone, datable to first-second
century AD, records the eulogies, conquests and victories of a king named Satakarni. The
fragmentary panel denotes a memorial stone (chhaya-sila).
113
MAHARASHTRA
11. Two PEDESTAL INSCRIPTIONS, UDGIR, DISTRICT LATUR.— The first inscription, engraved on
the pedestal of the image of Chahdraprabha, is in corrupt Sanskrit language and Nagari characters.
Dated Vikrama 1548 (AD 1491)), it refers to the obeisance of bhattaraka Sri Jinachandra of Mula-
sangha and that of Javaraja. The second inscription, engraved on the pedestal of the image of
Parsvanatha kept in the mandir, is in local dialect and Nagari characters and is dated Vikrama 1581
(AD 1524). After mentioning the pedigree of the preceptors of the Mula-sangha, Sarasvati-
gachchha, Balatkara-gona and Kundakund-anvaya, the epigraph refers to the making of the image.
TAMILNADU
12. VlJAYANAGARA INSCRIPTION, KANCHIPURAM, DISTRICT CHENGAI ANNA (FORMERLY

CHINGLEPUT).— This inscription, engraved on the adhishthana of the Sabhanayaka shrine in the.
Ekambaranatha temple, is in Tamil language and characters. It is dated Saka 1496 (AD 1574) and
belongs to the reign of the Vijayanagara ruler Virapratapa Srirangayyadeva-maharaja (Sriranga I). It
records the gift of the village Kadambur-Urattur for the purpose of the expenses of various festivals,
daily worship and offerings to the deity Tiruvekambam-udaiya-nayinar of Kanchipuram by
Tikkama-nayakkar, son of Tippu-nayakkar of Velur. The mahajanas of the gifted village undertook to
supply ghee for the bathing ceremony of the deity on the Tiruvadirai day, in the newly constructed
mandapa near the main stone-temple. The gift is stated to have been made for the merit of
Nagama-nayakkar, the elder brother of the donor.
13. Two PANDYA INSCRIPTIONS, MELNETTUR, DISTRICT PASUMPON TEVAR TKUMAGAN (FORMERLY
RAMNED). — Of the two inscriptions, in Tamil language and characters, the first one is engraved on
the south and east walls of the central shrine of the Tiravalangadu-udaiya-nayanar temple. It is dated
in the fourth year (AD 1219-20) of the reign of the Pandya king Maravarman Sundara-Pandya I
(pl. XXXIV A-C). It registers the royal gift of land at Kannanur in Melamangala-nadu owned by
Nakkan Keralan alias Kangeyarayar as devadana - iraiyili, after exempting the taxes such as
antarayam, viniyogam, vettipattam, etc., from his fifth regnal year, for providing food offerings and
worship to the deity of Tiruvalngadu-udaiya-nayanar at Meinettur in Karungudi-nadu on the
occasion of the king's natar star Avittam, in the month of Avani. It also states that Malavarayar, on
the orders of the king, issued orders for the collection of fifty kasu as tax, instead of the previous taxes.
A number of persons figure as signatories to the above order.
The second one, engraved on the south wall of the ardha-mandapa of the above temple, is dated in
the third year of the reign of the Pandya king Sadaiyavarman Kulasekhara. It registers-fee grant of
Wrdramma for the sandhya lamp to the deity Tiravalangadu-udaiya-nayanar in Karangudi-riadu by
Araiyan Marudavanam-udaiyan alias Vilupparaiyan of the above nadu.
114
EPIGRAPHY
The tiruvunnaligaiyar of the temple are stated to have received the gift and undertaken to
maintain the lamp perpetually.
14. Two KONGU-CHOLA INSCRIPTIONS, ERODE, DISTRICT PERIYAR.-— Of the two inscriptions in
Tamil language and characters of about the thirteenth century AD, the first one, brought from the
village Ammapettai in Bhavani taluk, is now preserved in the Government Museum, Erode. It is dated
in the 55th year of the reign of the Kongu king Kulottunga and records the gift of a tank and excavation
of a channel by Semba-vettuvan Tondaiyan-Pillai alias Jayangondasola-Kongalvan of Kulavarrur
in Vadakarai-nadu.
The second inscription brought from the Koduveri village in Gobichchettipalayam taluk, is now
preserved in the same museum. It is stated in the 4+6 year (AD 1217) of the reign of the Kongu Chola
king Virarajendra. It records the gift of two palanchalagai-achchu for maintaining two twilight
lamps to the deity Tirumunnai-aludaiyar of Koduveli by Sattanchetti alias
Padinen-vishayach-chakravarti of Sattimangalam in Kilpa-nadu.
15. PANDYA INSCRIPTION, SAYALKUOI, DISTRICT RAMANATHAPURAM.—This inscription (pl.

XXXIV D), engraved on the tier of the ardha-mandapa of the Kailasanathasvami temple, is in Tamil
language and Vatteluttu characters of about the tenth century AD. It is dated in the 2+10 year of the
reign of the Pandya king Sadaiyan Maran. It registers the gift of fifteen sheep for the perpetual lamp
to the deity of Sagiilkudi, a brahmadeya of Olokachintamanipperaraiyan-bhataran, son of the kon of
Manimangalam, is stated to have instituted the gift for the merit of Araiyan Ilaiya-bhataran.
UTTAR PRADESH
16. SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION, RISHIKESH, DISTRICT PAURI-GARHWAL.— This inscription, engraved

on a rock in Svargasram area, is in Sanskrit language and late Brahmi characters of the sixth-seventh
century AD. It records the pious deed of one sutradhara Sudeva, a resident of Sri Siddhesvara at this
place, in the vicinity of the new temple (nava-devakula).
ARABIC AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS1
BIHAR
1. PERSIAN EPITAPH, AMJHAR SHARIF, DISTRICT AURANGABAD.— The epitaph records the death of
Sayyid Shah Abu'l-Ma'ali alias Shah Bhikh in AH 1091 (AD 1681).
1
information from : M.F. Khan, assisted by S.S. Hussain, M.Y. Quddusi, M.I. Quddusi, G.S. Khwaja and M.A.
Siddiqui of the Epigraphy Branch of the Survey, Nagpur.
115
2. EPITAPH, KOATH, DISTRICT ROHTAS.—An epitaph, composed by Ahsan, registers the demise
of Sayyid Nurul Hasan Khan Husaini Wasti Bilgrami in AH 1209 (AD 1794).
KARNATAKA
3. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS, KOLAR, DISTRICT KOLAR.— Of the four inscriptions, three

copied from Kolar and one from Mulbagal, the first inscription refers to the construction of an
auspicious sara (i.e. inn) by Muhammad Uthman in AH 1200 (AD 1785-86).
The second inscription records the construction of a sara' i for public utility by Ishaq in AH 1216
(AD 1801-02).
The third inscription records the demise of Muhammad Ishaq in AH 1220 (AD 1805-06).
According to the fourth epigraph Ishaq, who has been referred to above, had constructed one
more sara’i named Sara'i Haidari in AH 1220 (AD 1805-06) before his death.
4. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, HANAMSAGAR, DISTRICT RAICHUR.— This metrical Persian

inscription records the demise of Shah Abul Hasan, a saintly person, in AH 1234 (AD 1818-19) and
that the erection of his tomb (rauda) adorned this place,
5. INSCRIPTION OF THE MUGHALS, KUKNUR, DISTRICT RAICHUR.— This Persian inscription,

executed in beautiful Nasta'liq characters, states that Sher Khan, the faujdar of Kadak i.e. Gadak,
and his brother' Abdur Rasul built an auspicious mosque during the reign of (Aurangzeb)' Alamgir
in his fortieth regnal year corresponding to AH 1108 (AD 1696).
6. EPITAPH, SIRA, DISTRICT TUMKUR.— The epitaph records the demise of Sayyid 'Umar son
of Muhammad Ilahdad, probably a man of high lineage, in AH 904 (AD 1499).
7. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, SIRA, DISTRICT TUMKUR.—The epigraph assigns the construc-

tion of the auspicious mosque to Shaikh Farid in the year AH 1108 (AD 1696-97).
MADHYA PRADESH
8. INSCRIPTION OF THE SULTANS OF MALWA, CHANDERI, DISTRICT GUNA.— Belonging to Sultan

Ghiyathu'd-Din Khaiji of Malwa, a damaged inscription (pl. XXXV A), executed in Thulth and
Naskh characters, records the demise of Malik-i-Mulukish Sharq Malik 'Alau'l Mulk son of Ahmad,
Wazir-i-Kabir (great minister).
9. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, CHANDERI, DISTRICT GUNA.— This partly effaced inscription

engraved on a loose sarcophagus states that Malik Hamza Beg died in AH 895 (AD 1409); It appears
that the deceased may have held some important position under the Sultans of Malwa.
116
EPIGRAPHY
10. INSCRIPTION OF THE MUGHALS, CHANDERI, DISTRICT GUNA. — The inscription, fixed on the
entrance of the tomb, records that during the reign of Muhiyu'd-Din Badshah (i.e. Aurangzeb) one
Hamidu'd-Din, a saintly person, built his tomb in his life time in AH 1094 (AD 1682-83).
11. INSCRIPTION OF THE MUGHALS, KUTWAR, DISTRICT MORENA.— This damaged inscription is
the only record of the Mughal emperor Humayun so far found here which records the construction
of a mosque in AH 937 (1531 AD) by some one whose name is not mentioned.
12. INSCRIPTION OF THE SINDHIYAS, KARAHAL, DISTRICT MORENA.— This bilingual inscription
states that repairs of the well inside the Garhi (i.e. fort) was carried out by Srimant Raja Krishn in
the time of Maharaja Bahadur Jhankoji Rao Sindhiya in AH 1252 (AD 1836). It also mentions the
names of the officials and artisans, Babu Rao Jiu, Bahadur Khan Jama' dar Sitaram, who were
instrumental in this work.
MAHARASHTRA
13. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, ASHTI, DISTRICT BEED.— Dated in Fasli year 1182 (AD 1772)
this Persian inscription records the construction of the tomb of Shah Fattah Bukhari by Shah 'Inayat.
14. BAHMANI INSCRIPTION, CHANGAD, DISTRICT KOLHAPUR.—An interesting epigraph of the time
of 'Adil Khan Ghazi records the construction, obviously of a mosque, in AH 907 (AD 1501 -02) and
contains name of Abul Muzaffar Mahmud Shah Bahmani. It may not be out of place to mention here
that 'Adil Khan Ghazi who was the governor of Bijapur under Bahmanis, having declared his
independence, founded the 'Adil Shahi dynasty in AD 1490. The epigraph speaks that although he
had become an independent ruler of Bijapur, he recognised the overlordship of Sultan Mahmud Shah
Bahmani.
15. INSCRIPTION OF 'ADIL S HAH, MALE, DISTRICT KOLHAPUR .— The epigraph, in Naskh
characters, records the construction of a mosque by 'Abdul Latif son of Shaikh Muhammad.
16. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS, PANHALA, DISTRICT KOLHAPUR.— The inscription, lying

loose
near the tomb of Hadrat Sa'dud-Din, records the demise of Haji Mannan, probably a pious and
religious person, in AH 920 (AD 1514).
17. INSCRIPTIONS OF GOND RAJAS OF DEOGARH, NAGPUR, DISTRICT NAGPUR.— Of the two
inscriptions found in the graveyard of the Gond Rajas in A'zam Shah layout Colony, the first records
the death of Raja Burhan Shah in AD 1796. The other inscription records the demise of Raja Rahman
Shah but the date of his death is not mentioned. The other inscription belonging to the same family
is fixed on the gate of the fort. It states that the Naqqar Khana (drum-house) alongwith a lofty gate
was constructed by Raja Sulaiman Shah at the instance of Hasan Khan in AH 1292, Fasli year 1282
117
(AD 1874). It also provides information that seven, thousand, two hundred and fifteen rupees were
spent on it and it took four months for completion of this work.
18. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, SUPA, DISTRICT PUNE.—This epigraph states that the tomb of
Mansur 'Arif was built with the effort of Latif Shah, one of the descendants of the saint, in AH 1108
(AD 1696-97).
ORISSA
19. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, SEMALPADA- DISTRICT CUTTACK.—A metrical Persian inscrip

tion, composed by Hasan 'Ali, records the construction of a mosque by Maqsud Ufaqi in the Fasli
year 1248 i.e. AH 1258 (AD 1842-43).
20. MUGHAL INSCRIPTION, NARSINGHPUR-PIPU, DISTRICT PURL— Belonging to Aurangzeb, this

Persian inscription, in Nasta'liq characters, records the construction of a mosque by 'Abdul 'Aziz,
son of 'Abdul Karim, son of Mirza Ansari in AH 1085 (AD 1674).
21. INSCRIPTION OF THE MUGHALS, PIPLL, DISTRICT PURL— The inscription, in possession of Fida
Husain but originally belonging to the tomb of Hadrat Sayyid Sultan, states that in the sixteenth
regnal year (i.e. AH 1147 = AD 1734) of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, when Nawwab
Muhammad Taqi Khan was the Subedar, this noble edifice obviously the tomb, was constructed
under the supervision of Shaikh Fathullah son of Shaikh Fasihullah, the resident of qasba Unam (i.e.
Unnao) in the sarkar Lucknow of the province (Suba) of Awadh.
UTTAR PRADESH
22. INSCRIPTIONS OF THE MUGHALS, SAUMPUR, DISTRICT DEORIA.—This metrical record of Shah
Jahan in Persian, executed in beautiful Nasta'liq characters, records the construction of the mosque
along with the well by Khuda Quli in AH 1065 (AD 1654-55),
23. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, FATEHMJR, DISTRICT FATEHPUR.— The epigraph records the
construction of a mosque by Husain Bakhsh Khan in AH 1195 (AD 1780-81).
24. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS, HASWA, DISTRICT FATEHPUR.— This Arabic inscription,

executed in Naskh characters, records the construction of the mosque by 'Abdul Hadi in AH 940 (AD
1533,-34). The other inscription in Persian states that the mosque which had been built earlier, in AH
650(AD 1252-53) was rebuilt on the same foundation in the year AH 1359 (AD 1940-41). One more
inscription, also from the same place, assigns the construction of a mosque to Siddiq Ahmad in AH
129,4 (AD 1877-78).
118
EPIGRAPHY.
25. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTION, KALPI, DISTRICT JALAUN.—The epigraph assigns the construc
tion of the ka'ba- like mosque to Afdal Muhammad in AH 1261 (AD 1845)
26. INSCRIPTION OF THE MUGHALS, DERAPUR, DISTRICT KANPUR.— Dated in the first regnal year
(of Ahmad Shah) in AH 1161 (AD 1784/) the epigraph states that the mosque was built by ' Azmat
Khan.
27. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRHTION, DERAPUR, DISTRICT KANPUR.— This inscription records the
construction of a mosque by Mir Aman Ali in AH 1253 (AD 1837-38).
WEST BENGAL
28. INSCRIPTION OF THE MUGHALS, DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD.— This interesting inscription

belonging to Shah Jahan, engraved on a palki (palanquin) made of ivory, contains the date AH 1050
(AD 1640-41) and the place-name Delhi which indicates that the palki was in the personal use of the
said emperor.
29. PERSIAN INSCRIPTION, DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD.— This Persian inscription on another palki
reads : Sarkar Zaibun Nisa Begam and records the date AH 1089 (AD 1678-79) which indicates the
fact that the palki belonged to Zaibun Nisa, the daughter of Aurangzeb.
30. MISCELLANEOUS INSCRIPTIONS, DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD.—The epigraph records the demise

of Manuchihr Khan, a pious and religious person, in the year AH 1152 (AD 1739-40). Another
Arabic inscription registers the death of Muhammad Hadi, son of Mirza Abu Turab al'alawi al -
'Aqili, popularly known as Hakim Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Khanbu, is AH 1174 (AD 1760).
According to one more Arabic inscription from the same place, Hakim Sayyid Muhammad Husain,
son of Muhammad Hadi mentioned above died in AH 1203 (AD 1788).
31. PERSIAN INSCRIPTION, DISTRICT MURSHIDABAD.— A beautiful Persian inscription records the
death of Mir 'Ali Naqi in AH 1207 (AD 1792-93). Another inscription states that a generous lady
of high lineage, named Badrun-Nisa Begam, built this beautiful mosque in AH 1259 (AD 1843-44).
32. INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SULTANS OF BENGAL, QASBA MAHSO, DISTRICT WEST DINAJPU'R.— This
Arabic inscription (pl. XXXV B), executed in Naskh in Tughra style, records the construction of a
mosque during the reign of Abul Muzaffar Husain Shah by Rukn Khan (son of) 'Alauddin, a man
of high dignity, in AH 906 (AD 1500-01).
33. PERSIAN EPITAPH, QASBA MAILSO, DISTRICT WEST DINAJPUR.— This badly damaged epitaph
records the death of Taqiul Miliat Shaikh Sulaiman. Unfortunately the date portion is lost.
119
III. NUMISMATICS AND TREASURE TROVE1
ANDHRA PRADESH
1. IKSHVAKU AND SATAVAHANA COINS, AMARAVATI, DISTRICT GUNTUR.— Lead coins of the
Ikshvakus and lead and copper alloy coins of the Satavahanas datable to second-third century AD
were recovered during debris clearance work around Maha-Stupa.
GUJARAT
2. SILVER COINS, TAJPUR, DISTRICT BHAVNAGAR.— Four hundred seventy three silver coins
were found from the foundation of a house in Tajpur in Botad taluk. The weight of these coins is 5
kg and 331 grains. The coins (pl. XXXVI A) are of Mughal emperors Muhammad Shah (AD 1719
to 1748), Farukhasiyar and Shahjahan II; most of these were minted at Ahmedabad and Surat. On
the obverse of these coins occurs the name of the king and the title "Badshah Ghazi", and oh the
reverse the date and the name of mint is given. Some coins bear the Kalima.
3. COINS, AMTHOLI, DISTRICT SURAT.—Out of the nine coins found from taluk Choriyasi, one
is a Gadhaiya coin found from railway pool area of the above mentioned village while the rest are
of the Indo-Islamic period.
4. INDO-ISLAMIC COINS, JASPOR, DISTRICT VADODARA.— P.M. Solanki submitted two hundred
Indo-Islamic coins to the Mamlatdar of Padra taluk.
5. SILVER COINS, DUNGRI TALUK, DISTRICT VALSAD.— Eighteen silver coins probably of the
Indo-Islamic period were found from Dungri taluk during the construction of the tank in Block-1710.
MADHYA PRADESH
6. COPPER COINS, MANDU, DISTRICT DHAR.— Sixty-three pre-Mughal copper coins were
collected from around Mandu fort.
1
Information from: 2-5, Department of Archaeology and Museums, Gujarat; and 7, Department of Ancient Indian
History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Nagpur; and the rest from the Survey
120
NUMISMATICS AND TREASURE TROVE
MAHARASHTRA
7. DYNASTIC COINS, DISTRICT PAUNAR.— Coins of the Mitras and Bhadras who ruled over the
Vidarbha region in the post-Mauryan and pre-Satavahana period were found at Paunar and are
preserved in the collections of Prashant Kulkarni and Raghunath Sanghi. A copper coin of the punch-
marked type attributed to a king named Subandhu was also discovered and is preserved in Prashant
Kulkarni's collection. New varieties of the copper coins of the Kalachuri king Krishnaraja and
altogether unknown coins of Sankaragana and Bhudharaja are in the collections of Prashant Kulkarni
and Chandmal Verrna. It is interesting that all these coins are in Vishnukundin fabric.
WEST BENGAL
8. COPPBR COINS, R.L.O., CALCUTTA.— Seven copper coins (pl. XXXVI B-C) belonging to
Kushana period were acquired through the Returned Letter Office, Calcutta; these are now kept in
the custody of the Calcutta Circle of the Survey.
121
IV. OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES
ANDHRA PRADESH
1. TAMIL INSCRIPTION, NANDALUR, DISTRICT CUDDAPAH.— A.P. Sagar, A. V. Vasanta Rao and
C. Rama Devi discovered donatory inscriptions in Tamil on the outer plinth wall of the garbhagriha of
Saumyanathasvami temple.
2; MEGALITHIC SITES, DISTRICT MEHBUBNAGAR.—The Department of Archaeology and Muse-

ums, Andhra Pradesh,' carried out excavations of megalithic sites having cist chambers with stone
circles at Erladinne and Mustipalli under the Jurala Project.
3. EARLY COINS AND REMAINS AT DUVVAR, DISTRICT NELLQRE.— The Department of Archaeol-
ogy and Museums, Andhra Pradesh, reported a mound of nearly 50 ft. (15.24m) height in Duvvur
village in Sangam Mandal of the district. Preliminary survey of the site had earlier brought to light
a number of coins including silver punch-marked coins of second-third century AD besides a few
copper coins belonging to the Satavahana and the Ikshvaku periods. The excavtions revealed black-
and-red painted ware datable to circa first century BC. On the basis of stratigraphical evidence, the
site has been dated between the second century BC and third century AD.
4. INSCRIPTIONS AND COPPER PLATES, DISTRICT NIZAMABAD.— The Directorate of Archaeology

and Museums, Andhra Pradesh, during the course of epigraphical survey in Nizamabad district
covering a total of 6 taluks, reported the discovery of one hundred eighty four inscriptions belonging
to various dynasties namely the Satavahana, Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, Kakatiya and
Mudigonda Chalukyas.
5. STRUCTURAL REMAINS, BODHAN, DISTRICT NIZAMABAD.— The Department of Archaeology

and Museums, Andhra Pradesh, reported the discovery of the foundation of a square brick cell
measuring 4x4 metres and an antechamber conforming to the sarvatobhadra plan of the early Jaina
architecture.
6. SURYA SCULPTURE, GOVINDARAOPET, DISTRICT RANGA REDDY.— A.P. Sagar, C. Rama Devi
and R.Y. Krishna Rao of Hyderabad Circle of-the Survey discovered a Surya image datable to
twelfth-thirteenth century AD.
DELHI
7. PROTOHISTORIC SITE, KHARKHARI-NAHAR, NEW DELHI.—B.R. Mani assisted by Urmila Sant

of the Delhi Circle of the Survey discovered a protohistoric site at village Kharkhari-Nahar near
122
OTHER IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES
Najafgarh which yielded Late Harappan pottery besides ceramics of degenerate Siswal ware,
black-and-red ware, Painted Grey Ware, grey ware and other associated wares.
GUJARAT
8. MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURE, DISTRICT MAHESANA.— The Department of Archaeology,

Gujarat State, reported the discovery of three sculptures of Lakshmi, a Surya image and an
unidentified image of circa twelfth century and Ganesa, and a fragment each of kumbha and sikhara
datable to circa thirteenth-fourteenth century from Vagdod in Patan taluk.
9. SIVA TEMPLE AND KUNDA, LOTESWAR -DISTRICT MAHESANA.— A temple locally known as
Lotesvara Mahadeva and a kunda called the Pancha Pandava dating back to circa seventeenth
century were reported from Loteswar in taluk Sami of the district by the Department of Archaeology,
Gujarat State.
10. SIVA TEMPLE AND OTHER REMAINS, SONAR, DISTRICT MAHESANA.— The Department of
Archaeology, Gujarat State, reported the discovery of a one hundred and fifty year old Siva temple,
locally known as Bhimnath Mahadeva temple, a sixteenth century renovated well and a sculpture of
Indra found in the lake near the Dudhanmata temple and part of & sikhara, at Sonar in Sami taluk.
11. GUPTA INSCRIPTION, THAN, DISTRICT SURENDRANAGAR.—A Gupta inscription was found near
Than village in Chotila taluk of Surendranagar district. The inscription is in Brahmi script painted
in ochre. The inscription is located in a deep, well-protected cave in a sandstone formation.
12. STEP-WELL, KOLIYAD, DISTRICT VADODARA.—A seventeenth century step-well was discov-
ered by the Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat, at Koliyad in Karjan taluk of the
district.
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
13. MISCELLANEOUS FINDS, NARANAG, DISTRICT SRINAGAR.— The Srinagar Circle of the Survey
reported the discovery of sculptures and other objects datable to the eighth century AD during the
course of conservation work at Naranag. These comprise of stone sculptures of Vaikuntha Vishnu
(in three pieces), the hands and legs being broken (size 48 x 25 cm); four-handed Siva holding mala
and fruit (in three pieces), the lower part and hands being broken (size 32 x 31 cm); part of a sculpture
showing left side hand and leg (size 15 x 10 cm); broken lion-head (size 1 0 x1 1 cm); part of two
sculptures showing leg with vanamala (size 22 x 10 cm); votive Siva linga on a pedestal (size 16 x
10x8 cm); pedestal of a sculpture showing right leg of a seated deity (size 30 x 21 cm); mutilated
sculpture of Ganesa (size 25 x 16 cm); head portion of Vaikuntha Vishnu (size 24 x 20 cm); water
spout decorated with mythical figure of a human with bird face (size 38 x 15 cm); sahasra-Hnga or
123
Siva-linga, showing miniature lingas (size 48 x 29 cm); and a copper coin of Karkota dynasty
showing a standing figure wearing loose attire on the obverse and a symbol on the reverse.
MADHYA PRADESH
14. ANCIENT SCULPTURES, LANJI, DISTRICT BALAGHAT.— S.N. Shrivastava of the Bhopal Circle
of the Survey found sculptures of the Kalachuri period, representing Siva, Bhairava, apsara, etc.,
during the course of conservation in Lanji fort.
15. PARAMARA SCULPTURES, KHED, DISTRICT DEWAS.—Narayan Vyas of the Bhopal Circle of the
Survey noticed sculptures and architectural fragments of the Paramara period in the vicinity of Khed
village.
16. PAINTED SHELL INSCRIPTION, BAGH, DISTRICT DHAR.— Narayan Vyas of the Bhopal Circle of
the Survey noticed painted shell inscription in red colour on the facade of Cave 3.
17. PAINTED ROCK SHELTERS, DISTRICT HOSHANGABAD.— P. Masih of the Department of

Archaeology and Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh, discovered forty two painted rock
shelters in district Hoshangabad in course of her research work. These painted rock shelters are
located in and around Satpura National Park and Bori Game Sanctuary between longitude 77°56'44"
to 78°20*40" East and latitude 20°19'28" to 22°20'18" North and extend over an area of 101607 sq.
km.
The main group of painted rock shelters are as follows :

Name of rock Forest Number Period
shelter compart- of rock Meso- Chalco- Early Late
ment No. paintings lithic lithic historic historic
total1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Shernala I 486 38 47 47 11 8
Shernaia II 486 36 5 24 6 1
-do- III 486 154 1 74 72 7
Dhanaboi I 238 50 7 27 5 11
124
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Dhanabdi II 238 32 9 25 8 0
Mama Bhanja 264 30 10 12 8 0

Neem Chan 481 14 0 12 1 1
Gaj Patthar 236 20 0 20 0 0
Lamhi Jheet 238 17 5 12 0 0
Dundra Aam Nala 237 11 0 7 4 0
Aam Wali Kap 241 19 7 7 4 1
Hawalana 247 2 2 0 0 0
Kanmar 468 26 0 19 7 0
Beendni Patthar I 474 201 5 80 63 53
-do- II 474 80 9 39 22 10
Kurra Lane — 29 6 11 9 3
Bharga Lane — 13 5 8 0 0
Minka Pat I 380 2 0 2 0 0
-do- II -do- 5 0 5 0 0
-do- III -do- 5 0 5 0 0
-do- IV -do- 2 0 2 0 0
-do- V -do- 63 14 47 2 0
Khadadhar 474 73 0 44 19 10
Kumbha Jhiri 474 36 10 25 1 0
Bhurbhuri Lane 471 288 8 64 43 13
Churna Gundi I 216 155 7 53 32 72
-do- II 216 23 0 2 4 17
Chitra Katri I 189 188 3 63 65 57
-do- II 189 5 0 4 0 1
-do- III 189 63 11 27 23 2
-do- IV 189 17 1 15 0 0
Dodal Pani 217 14 0 7 7 0
125
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kakotiya Nala 29 8 0 2 6 0
Bel Khandar I 162 159 2 32 47 78
-do- II 162 4 0 34 1 0
Jumkar Nala 97 41 1 28 8 4
Bheem Kal Gufa 96 5 0 3 0 2
Deo Khala 87 10 0 1 6 3
Dhapdi Patthar 129 53 0 35 5 13
Sher Gufa 97 41 0 39 0 2
Trisul Nala 12 26 3 20 2 1
Bhurkum 33 2 0 0 0 2
The subject-wise distribution of these paintings are under :

Human figure —1291
Animal and birds —616
Miscellaneous — 59
Paintings of two giraffe, winged horse, life-size bison and boar, horse-faced "Turran Devta"
which is still worshipped by Korkus, Mermaids, "Chhatris" which are still used by Korkus in
marriage processions, wicked god with string of human skull, elaborate family scenes, etc., are
noteworthy.
18. ANCIENT PILLAR, SANCHI, DISTRICT RAISEN.— D.K. Richaria of the Bhopal Circle of the
Survey noticed a yashti pillar made of yellow sandstone around Stupa 1.
19. MEDIEVAL POTTERY, TIONDHAR, DISTRICT REWA.— P.K. Mishra of the Bhopal Circle of the
Survey collected medieval pottery from Tiondhar.
MAHARASHTRA
20. PAINTINGS, CAVE 12, ELLORA, DISTRICT AURANGABAD.— P.N. Kamble assisted by M.R.
Dhekane, G.L. Gaikwad at S.D. Vyas of the Aurangabad Circle of the Survey, in the course of
inspection, brought to light several phases of paintings. The colour used in the paintings are mostly
red, green and white.
21. PLAQUES OF THE MOTHER GODDESS LA.UA, PAUNI, DISTRICT BHANDARA.— Two plaques
depicting the mother goddess Lajja were noticed by the Department of Ancient Indian History,
Culture and Archaeology, Nagpur University, at Pauni in the locality known as Tadesvara ward. One
plaque is kept in a small shrine on a platform alongwith some broken legged querns, worshipped as
Matamai while the other is in a private shrine.
126
22. INSCRIPTION, MANSAR, DISTRICT NAGPUR.— Ismail Kellelu of the Department of Ancient
Indian History Culture and Archaeology, Nagpur University, discovered a short inscription on a
rectangular stone chunk on the northern slopes of the Hidimbachi tekadi situated about 1 km east of
the village Mansar, Tehsil Mauda, district Nagpur. The stone chunk looking like a slab is actually
part of a big boulder peeled off as a result of weathering. The slab is about 2 m x 1.5 m with a maximum
thickness of about 20 cm. The inscription in typical Sankha lipi, is engraved on the right side bottom
of the slab and runs obliquely with three or four chain-like characters. One of the characters (top one)
is circular and engraved in bold type.
23. MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES, MANSAR, DISTRICT NAGPUR.— The Department of Ancient

Indian History, Culture and Archaeology of the Nagpur University reported the discovery of an early
sculpture of Surya belonging to the Satavahana period. It is in folk style and depicts the god seated
in utkutasana and is holding a lotus stalk and a dagger. The icon is in high relief and a halo depicting
triangular border is carved. The chariot is shown symbolically by engraving a wheel in the centre of
the forepart and a horse each on the left and the right sides of the pedestal. The second is a fragmentary
sculpture of the river goddess Yamuna broken into several pieces. The hand, part of the belly and the
lower portion are missing; but the position of her hand carrying pitcher suggests that she may be no
other than Yamuna. It has been shifted to the Central Museum, Nagpur.
WEST BENGAL
24. MOUNDS AND SCULPTURE, BANYETKUR, DISTRICT BANKURA.— In the course of exploration,
TJ. Chakraborty of the Calcutta Circle of the. Survey discovered two mounds in the village
Banyetkur, P.S. Jaypur. While the bigger mound represents a temple complex below which is an
earlier settlement as well, the smaller mound is devoid of any structural remains. However, a
beautiful stone image of Uma-Mahesvara of tenth-eleventh century AD was found near the mound.
Scattered brickbats, potsherds, etc., indicate the existence of a medieval settlement here.
25. TEMPLES, GOPINATHPUR AND KHIRKEONDI, DISTRICT HOOGHLY.— TJ. Chakraborty of the
Calcutta Circle of the Survey discovered flat-roofed brick temple of eighteenth century in
Gopinathpur village and a temple complex consisting of five temples in Khirkeondi village. While
the main navaratna temple locally known as the Sridhar temple is surrounded by boundary wall, the
four other atchala temples with rich terracotta ornamentation in the front facade are outside the
boundary wall. This complex belongs to the eighteenth century.
26. BRAHMANICAL IMAGES, ADINA MOSQUK, PANDUA, DISTRICT: MALDA.— The Calcutta Circle of
the Survey discovered in course of conservation work two images of Ganesa and Siva inside the
dislodged portion of the masonry wall.
127
27. IMAGE OF SURYA, EKLAKHI, DISTRICT MALDA.—B. Bandyopadhay of the Calcutta Circle of the
Survey located an image of Surya belonging to circa eleventh-twelfth century.
28. MOUNDS AND SCULPTURE OF VISHNU, JALESWAR, DISTRICT 24-PARGANAS (NORTH).— S.S.
Biswas and S.K. Ghosal of the Calcutta Circle of the Survey, alongwith S.C. Mukherjee of the
Department of Archaeology, Government of West Bengal, located two mounds at Jaleswar in P.S.
Gaighata, locally known as Sivapota and Bhogapota datable to around tenth-eleventh century AD.
One stone image of Vishnu of the same period was recovered from one of the mounds and is now
kept in a recently-built temple on the mound Sivapota.
29. MOUND ANDSTRUCTURE,SIMULIA,DISTRICT24PARGANAS<NORTH).—S.S. Biswas and Samar

Kumar Ghosal of the Calcutta Circle of the Survey, alongwith S.C. Mukherjee of the Department of
Archaeology, Government of West Bengal, visited and inspected the mound, locally known as
Mangalpota, at Simulia in P.S. Gaighata and ascertained the nature, importance and period of the
finds. The mound is approximately 6 metres in height and 100 metres in circumference. The exposed
portion of the structure, embedded beneath the mound, shows that .it is a religious structure with
beautiful niches and mouldings. It appears that the ruins may be that of a temple as. indicated by the
chaitya windows and possibly a votive tank with regular recesses in front. The antiquities examined
corroborate a date of circa tenth-eleventh century AD which is also the probable date of the religious
structure.
128
V. RADIOCARBON DATES1
The following radiocarbon measurements were made on archaeological and Quaternary

samples2 during the period (April, 1989 to March 1990). All the dates are based on 5730 ± 40 years
half life value of radiocarbon. The year 1950 is the base year to convert these dates into AD/BC scale.
All the dates are unconnected for 14C/12C variation.
ARABIAN SEA
1. OFF MALABAR COAST

i. PRL-1338. quaternary 5110+110
Sediment cores from 0-5 cm depth. (3160 BC)
Core no. SK-46-2.
ii. PRL-1340. Quaternary 9700±130

Core no. SK-46-2. _
iii PRL-1342. Quaternary 10400±180
Core no. SK-46-2.
iv. PRL-1343. Quaternary 6010+180

Core no. SK-46-1
v. PRL-1348. Quaternary 8060+180

Core no. SK-46-1. vi.
vi PRL-1352. 10170±130
Quaternary (8220 BC)
Sediment cores from 80-82 cm depth.
Core no. SK-46-1.
''Contributed by Sheela Kusumgar and M.G. Yadava of the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. Further
details of the dated samples can be obtained from excavators.
2
SampIes submitted by : 1, National Institute of Oceanography, Panjim, Goa; 2» Deccan College, Pune; 3 & 4,
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh; 5, Prehistory Branch, of the Survey; 6, PRI,
Navrangpara, Ahmedabad, Gujarat; 7, Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of
Allahabad; 8-10, Department of Botany, D.S.B.C. College, Kumaon University, Nainital, Uttar Pradesh.
129
GUJARAT
ASI DISTRICT
2 KUNTASI,DIST RAJKOT
RAJKOT
i. PRL-1370. Harappa Culture 3820±170
Charcoal from Trench J5; Locus NW Qdt. (1870 BC)
Layer 12; depth 0-7 m.
ii. PRL-1371. Harappa Culture 3750+140

Charcoal from Trench Fl; Lous KTS1, (1800 BC)
ST-16, Room 4, Layer 7, depth 1 m.
HARYANA
3. GUDAH, DISTRICT KARNAL 4210+60

PRL-1337. Quaternary (2260 BC)
Calcium carbonate kankar from
soil profile, from sandy clay
loam; depth 1.35 m.
Sender's sample No. 22/6
4. +440
URLANA, DISTRICT KAITHAL
8240
PRL-1336. Quaternary -420
Calcium carbonate kankar
(6290 BC)
from soil profile; from silty
clay loam; depth 115 m.
Sender's sample no. 21/4.
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
5. KIARI, DISTRICT LEH

i. PRL-1400. Neolithic Culture 289Otl60
Charcoal from oven, Trench-Kiari I, (940 BC)
Layer-Boulder deposit, depth-1-85 m.
Sender's sample no. KIARI/CH/89-4.
ii. PRL-1401. Neolithic Culture 2830+130

Charcoal from hearth, Trench-Kiari I, (880 BC)
Layer-Gravel deposit, depth-1 -25 m.
Sender's sample no. KIARI/CH/89-3.
130
RADIOCARBON DATES
iii. PRL-1402. Neolithic Culture 277G±120

Charcoal from hearth, Trench-Kiari I, (820 BC)
Layer-Boulder deposit, depth-1-30 m.
Sender's Sample no. KIARl/CH/89'2.
6. MANASBAL, DISTRICT SRINAGAR
PRL-1372. Lake sediment 1830±130
Organic mud from Lacustrine Core MO (AD 120)
depth 2-5 m.
Sender's sample no. MO-97.
UTTAR PRADESH
7. BHUJIAGHAT, DISTRICT NAINITAL

PRL-117. Quaternary Modern
Calc-tufa from exposed layer of Bhujiaghat Siwaliks,
Sender's sample no. 5.
8.. KHURPATAL, DISTRICT NAINTTAL PRL-1118. Quaternary

Calc-tufa from exposed layer of Khurpatal 6060±140
Kral group. Sender's sample no. 6 (4110BC)
9. DAMDAMA, DISTRICT PRATAPGARH

i. PRL-1077. Mesolithic Culture
Charred bone from Trench M-7, M-8, 4040±110
Layer 4, depth 0-55m. (2090 BC)
Sender's sample no. AU/DDM/3.
ii. PRL-1080. Mesolithic Culture

Charred bone from Trench M-8, 4540±110
Layer 8, depth 0-85 m. Sender's (2590 BC)
sample no. AU/DDM/6.
10. SUYALBARY, DISTRICT NAINITAL

PRL-1116. Quaternary
Calc-tufa from exposed layer of Nathuakhan Formation. 660±150
Sender's sample no. 4. (AD 1290)
131
VI. PALAEOBOTANICAL AND POLLEN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS1
The present report incorporates the work done at Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow.
PUNJAB
1. MAHORANA ANA, DISTRICT SANGRUR.— Some broken pieces of large-seeded legume from
Mahorana Period IB (circa 2100-1900 BQ witnessing a gradual transformation of the pre-Harappan
to Bara Culture, in the ash content of the sample from trench MRN. 42 UX-41 were critically examined.
They revealed morphological affinities with the cotyledons of hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus;
Syn. Dolichos lablab). The evidence of hyacinth nth bean at Mahorana is the earliest so far recovered in
India and now reported for the first time in the Harappan context. This bean happens to be a popular
vegetable crop and needs frequent irrigation. The cultivation of vegetable crop by the skilled
pre-Harappan or Baran farmers, certainly indicate a great advancement in arbori-horticultural
practices over the general agricultural practices.
2.ROHIRA, DISTRICT SANGRUK.— In continution of the report on wood remains from the mature
Harappan period (I9S5-S6, p. 122), further investigation was made on the wood charcoal remains
from the pre-Harappan and mature Harappan deposits at Rohira. The complete picture of the
exploration of timber taxa at this site from circa 2300-2000 BC is given below:
A. Pre-Harappan Period (circa 2300-2000 BC) : Wood charcoals have been identified as
belonging to babul (Acacia nilotica). kareel (Capparis aphylla), jhau (Tamarix dioiga), teak
(Tectona grandis), toon (Cedrela toona), khinrni (Manilkara hexandra), deodar (Cedrus deodara),
henna or mehndi (Lawsonia inermis) and grape-vine (Vitis vinifera).
B. Mature Harappan Period (circa 2000-1700 BC): Wood charcoal remains of babul (Acacia
nilotica), khejri (Prosopis spicigera),jhau (Tamarix dioica), sheesham (Dalbergia sp.), jujube or ber
(Ziziphus sp.), grape-vine (Vitis vinifera) and parijat (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis) have been identified.
Predominance of Acacia, Tamarix, Capparis, Ziziphus and Prosopis in the collection indicates
that these locally available species were utilized by the settlers at Rohira as fuel and to meet out other
requirements. Teak was made available from the forests of central India and deodar from the
Himalayas. Sheesham is found in the sub-Himalayan tracts and Himalayan valleys upto 3,000 feet,
from the Indus to Assam; gregarious in the forests of upper Gangetic plains.
Lawsonia or mehndi is a shrub cultivated throughout India as a hedge plant and for its leaves
which, powdered and made into a paste, give the 'hina' dye which is used for colouring the handpalm
and nails. The evidence of its cultivation at Rohira is, therefore, of considerable cultural significance.
The charcoals of grape-vine stem have been found at different cultural horizons right from circa 2300
'Contributed by K..S. Saraswat and Chanchaia of inc. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226007.
132
PALAEOBOTANICAL AND^&LLEN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS
upto 1700 BC mixed with the remains other local woods. Together with the evidence of grape seed from
Rohira (1984-85, p. 161), it seems that the settlers made use of the waste portions of grape-vine after
pruning as fuel, along with other locally available fuel woods. Circumstantial evidence of grape seed
and the grape-vine charcoals may be regarded in order of likelihood for the cultivation of grapevines in
Punjab during the pre-Harappan and Harappan times (circa 2300-VJJM) BC).
Parijat, a well known tree grown for fragrant flowers which open at night and drop off in the
morning is found in wild state in the sub-Himalayan forests upto 5000feet, from the Chenab to Nepal.
The flowers of parijat or harsingar are often used for garlands and employed in rituals as well.
UTTAR PRADESH
3. HULASKHHKA, "DISTRICT LUCKNOW.— Wood charcoals have been studied from different
cultural horizons of Hulaskhera dating Bade from 800 BC to AD500. Mahua (Madhuca indica). sal
(Shorea robusta), babul or khair (Acacia sp.), toon (Cedrela sp.), jujube (Ziziphus sp.) and jarul or
dhaura (Lagerstroemia sp.) have been identified from the Black-slipped Ware phase (800-600 BC).
Wood remains from the subsequent Sunga, Kushana and Gupta periods have tentatively been
identified as those of families Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae, Leguminosae, Lythraceae, Meliaceae
and Rubiaceae
In continuation of the crop remains already reported (1987-88, p. 152) a large number of weeds
and other wild taxa have been identified, to sketch the ecological perspectives of agricultural fields at
Hulaskhera (800 BC-AD 500). The assemblage of the carbonised seeds and fruits include
Commelina benghalensis, Dactylocienium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Echinochloa crus-galli,
Trianthema ponuhicastrum. Scleria data, Lathyrus aphaca, Polygonum barbatum, Trigonella
occulta, Sida a spinosa, Datura stramonium, Desmodium gangetiewn and the species of Fimhristylis,
Portulaca, Pamcum, Cyperus, Elaeocharis, Chenopodium, Solanum, Vicia, Poa and Carex.
133
VII. MUSEUMS
1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, AMARAVATI.— The collection of the museum was enriched by

acquiring five copper plate grants from Guntur and Prakasam districts, four inscribed pillars and one
stone image of Mahishasuramardini of the mediaeval period from the Amaresvara temple, Andhra
Pradesh. Two wall showcases were arranged in Gallery No. 3 for the display of minor antiquities.
3. ASSAM STATE MUSEUM, GUWAHATL— The Assam State Museum collected a good number
of objects .from different places in Assam among which the important pieces are : five illustrated
manuscripts, Anadi Patan, Bhagavata, Shymanta Harana, Rantayana and Mahabharata; two metal
images of Krishna datable to the nineteenth century from Pulibar Satra, Jorhat; seven terracotta
sculptures datable to about eighteenth-nineteenth century from Pulibar Satra, Jorhat; seven terracotta
sculptures dtable to bout eighteenth-nineteenth century from Dudhnai in district Goalpara; and sale
deed of eighteenth century from Silsako, North Guwahati, about purchase of a woman. The Anadi
Patan and Bhagavata manuscripts were collected from Kuji Satra in Nagaon district while the
Ramayan and the Mahabharata were collected from Joriiat. One hundred and fifty Koch copper
coins (half-done, Bhutanese copied) were purchased from Darranga mela in Nalbari district. Three
gold ornaments which are more than one hundred years old were acquired from Uluberi, Guwahati.
2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, BDAPUR.—One island showcase was completed for display of

coins. Glass panes have been provided to the showcases containing porcelain jars in the Gallery No
6. Trilingual labels were provided to all the exhibits.
4. PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM OF WESTERN INDIA, BOMBAY.— The museum acquired one
hundred and forty-seven antiquities during the year, which comprise of printed cotton rumals and
Kalamkari pieces, portraits on glass of a Maratha nobleman from Satara, Paithani sari, pataka
(turban cloth), embroidered sari border, silk brocades, puppets of leather and tortoise shell, masks,
paintings on cloth, wooden figures, sextant, etc.
5. INDIAN MUSEUM, CALCUTTA.—During the year the Archaeological Section of the museum
was enriched by the acquisition of the following antiquities and coins through purchase and gift: (a)
eighteen stone objects belonging to different periods and provenance including one Buddha image
and four inscribed slabs; b) one hundred and twenty-five terracotta and clay objects of different
periods and sites; c) three copper plate inscriptions; d) nineteen bronze sculptures which include two
Chola bronzes; e) fifteen stone, terracotta and clay seals; f) nine gold and two copper ornaments; g)
one ivory sculpture; h) one wooden sculpture; i) three objects of precious and semi-precious stone
including one Buddha image on ruby and two strings of beads from Chandraketugarh; j) thirty-one
miniature pots and four potsherds inscribed in Kharoshthi script or both Kharoshthi and Brahmi
scripts; k) four minor objects made out of horns and one female figure in bone; 1) three hundred and
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five coins of gold, silver and copper of different periods. Some of these are very important from the
numismatic and aesthetic point of view. For example, mention may be made of bar pieces, saucer
shaped coins, coins of Chandragupta I, Kumargupta I, Udayadeva, Jayadeva, Muhammad Bin Sam,
Solaiman, Kamran, Zodiac Siyar Udayamsnikya, Alimardan, Sikandar Shah of Bengal and others.
The work of renovating the Java Bay of the Long Gallery was taken up while renovation of the
Bhumara Bay was completed. Repainting of the showcases of the Minor Arts' Gallery was in
progress. Preliminary arrangement for the reconstruction of the Pre-and-protohistoric Gallery was
in progress. The Cellar Godown was provided with new iron gates. Printed labels of the displayed
antiquities including both general and individual labels was nearing completion. Lamination of the
printed labels as well as labelling of remaining objects was in progress.
6. ARHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, CHANDRAGIRI.— The museum acquired bronze sculptures from
the Hyderabad Circle of the Survey and one small boulder inscribed with early Telugu-Kannada
script.
7. MATTANCHERRY PALACE MUSEUM, COCHIN.—The museum acquired nine wooden objects (pl.
XXXVII) from the Bombay Customs, one brass jar and ten coins of the Cochin Maharajas from the
Fort St. George Museum, Madras.
8. DISTRICT MUSEUM, CUDDAPAH.—Five inscribed slabs belonging to the Bana and Vaidumba
dynasties of the sixth-seventh century AD were shifted from the Collector's bungalow to the
museum.
9. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, RED FORT, DELHI.— To strengthen the security measures, one
generator set was installed with the provision of halogen lamps at suitable points. The central hall
was provided with venyle floor covering.
10.. INDIAN WAR MEMORIAL MUSEUM, RED FORT, DELHI.— Damaged glass panes in the
showcases were replaced by transparent perspex sheets. The old labels were renewed and carpets laid in
the Gallery 5 leading to the Gallery 6.
11. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, VELHA GOA, GOA.— Jute carpet was provided to the staircase
in the Gallery 5 and 6.
12. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, HALEBID.— The museum collection was enriched with the
addition of sixty-one antiquities acquired from the Bangalore Circle of the Survey.
13. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, HAMPI.— The museum acquired twelve antiquities including
three gymnasium, five copper coins and one small copper plate. Reorganization of the Gallery No.
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2 was completed. Laminated photographs of the Vijayanagara monuments were displayed in the
corridor of the museum. The "World Heritage Day" and the "World Heritage Week" were celebrated
by organizing a photo exhibition, screening of documentary film, slide shows and other cultural
activities.
14. STATE MUSEUM, HYDERRABAD.— The museum acquired one hundred and seventy-three
objects comprising of sixty-one bronze objects, one hundred and ten wooden sculptures and two
paintings. One thousand, six hundred and ninety-three coins of various dynasties and thirty-one lots
of treasure-trove from various districts of Andhra Pradesh were also added to the collection. The
treasure-trove finds consist of gold and silver ornaments, some of which could be dated to the
fourteenth-fifteenth century and eighteenth-nineteenth century.
15. GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, JHANSI.— The museum acquired one hundred and eighty-nine
antiquities during the year. One gold coin each of the Chandella rulers Madana Varmana and Govinda
Chandra, a line drawing of a nude female, perhaps representing some tantric them and an erotic
figure dated Samvat 1821 are the noteworthy objects.
16. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, KHAJURAHO.— The museum acquired the bust of a female
figure (nayika) and the other of a lower part also of female (nayika) in stone, from the premises of
the Tourist Office, Government of India, at Khajuraho. These two sculptural pieces adorned once the
temples of the Chandellas at the site there.
17. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, KONDAPUR.—Organization work was taken up in the museum

and running showcases were provided for display of minor antiquities of the early historic period.
18. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, LOTHAL.—One scale model of the excavated site at Lothal was
prepared and displayed in the museum. An exhibition was arranged in connection with the "World
Heritage Day" during the year.
19. S TATE MUSEUM, LUCKNOW.— The museum acquired eighty-five objects during the year
which comprised of sculptures, terracottas, textiles, coins, paintings, copperplates, seals, etc. Among
these, a beautiful headless sculpture (pl. XXXVIII A) wearing bracelets, armlets and necklace,"
datable to circa second century BC and a seated Uma-Mahesvara image (pl. XXXVIIIB) of circa
eleventh-twelfth century with the depiction of five Siva-lingas on top are worthy of mention; both
these were from Allahabad.
20. GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, MADRAS.— The museum acquired a number of images and various
other objects through treasure trove from different places of Tamilnadu. Of these, important ones
include images of seated Kali from Vedasandur, in district Anna; standing Siva from Kannanmangalam
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MUSEUMS.
and two Tirthankaras one Mahavira, one Parsvanatha, two Devi figures, two chauri-bearers from
Salukkai in district North- Arcot; one crawling Krishna from Melakkidaranur in district
Ramanathapuram; Vishnu from Nallur in district Salem; two crawling Krishna, one Devi from
Edappalayam and Ganesa,, seated Devi, standing Devi, seated Kali and Siva from Elleri in district
South Arcot; Vishnu, Sri-devi, Bhu-devi, Venugopala, Rukmini, Satyabhama, Kaliyakrishna,
Balakrishna Srinivasa from Viragalur in district Tituchi; Somaskanda from Udayarnarthandapuram
and Vishnu, Devi from Nandavanampatti; Nataraja, three Devi figures from Valangaiman; and three
Devi sculptures from Vadapadimangalam in district Thanjavur besides a few other miscellaneous
objects from Chengalpattu, Kanyakumari, Pudukkottai and Thanjavur districts of the State.
21. FORT ST. GEORGE MUSEUM, MADRAS.— The museum acquired two hundred and five coins,
one medal from Bombay Customs and five copperplates of British ships from the Port Trust, Madras,
Tamil Nadu. An exhibition was organized in the museum in collaboration With the Department of
Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu, to commemorate the 350th anniversary of Madras, Tamil
Nadu. The museum also published multi-coloured brochure in English.
22. DISTRICT MUSEUM, MAHBOOBNAGAR.— Twenty-six stone sculptures from the villages
Erladinne, Mustipalli and Upperu under the Jurala Project and ten stone Chalukya sculptures from
Koppunuru village under the Srisailam Project were shifted to the museum.
23. GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, MATHURA.— During the year under review, one thousand, seven
hundred and sixty nine objects were received through acquisition, gift and purchase. These include
eleven stone sculptures, fourteen terracottas, one stone inscription, one clay seal, twenty eight gold
and silver ornaments, four gilt ornaments, two textiles, three art ware, twenty six paintings, one
medallion, ten gold coins, six hundred and forty-two silver, one thousand and seven copper and
nineteen alloy coins. Among these red sandstone head of Siva (pl. XXXVIII C) and large stele
representing an image of standing goddess Vasudhara (pl. XXXVIII D) of the Kushana period
deserve mention.
24. HAZARDUARI PALACE MUSEUM, MURSHIDABAD.— Reorganization work was taken up in the
Hall of the Royal Exhibits with painting and colour washing and completed with the display of an
ivory jhapanak (palanquin) of Zebunnisa, daughter of Aurangzeb and an ivory tanjam (sedan chair)
of Shah Jahan with the help of human model-bearers to indicate the mode of their actual conveyance
(pl. XXXIX A-B). The silver throne displayed in the Durbar Hall (pl. XXXIX C) and in the
Committee Room have been provided each with transparent perspex sheet casing for safety and clear
visibility of the objects. The paintings in the Dewans' Gallery, Portrait Gallery of the Nawab Family
and in the Hall of the Royal Exhibits have been provided with brass labels. The Manuscript Room
was provided with air-conditioner for better preservation of records and rare manuscripts.
137
New electric lines were provided in the British Portrait Gallery, Landscape Gallery, Dewans'
Gallery, Portrait Gallery of the Nawab Family, Hall of the Royal Exhibits and also in the Library and
Manuscript Room and completed with other outfits. Besides the provision of iron grills and
collapsible gates to the window-openings, one 10 KVA generator set was installed for proper safety
and security of the Museum.
Coir carpeting was provided in the Portrait Gallery of the Nawab family, Dewans' Gallery,
Portrait Gallery of the Nawab-Nazims and also in the staircase of the north-west landing in close
symmetry to their corresponding axis.
25. CENTRAL MUSEUM, NAGPUR.— Shri Kulkarni from Bhandara has given his collection of
metal objects to this museum on loan basis. This collection includes sculptures, seals, lamps, etc.
The work of Reorganization of sculpture gallery was in progress. Additional sculptures from this
gallery were provided with wooden pedestal:
26. PATNA MUSEUM, PATNA.—During the period under review, the museum acquired one black
basalt image of standing four-handed Vishnu of circa eighth-ninth century from village Dhanarua,
P.S. Masaurhi, district Patna.
27. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, SANCHI.— The work of painting and colour-washing was
completed with the replacement of old labels by new ones in the Gallery 1.
28. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, SARNATH.— False wall was provided on one side of the main
hall and the mosaic tiles flooring laid in Gallery 2.
29. TIPU SULTAN MUSEUM, SRIRANGAPATNA.— The museum acquired one dagger with the
handle of parallel bars (jamdhar) of exquisite workmanship.
3D. BIIARAT KALA BHAVAN, ART AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, VARANASI.—The museum
acquired ninety-two coins, one inscription on stone, sixteen stone sculptures, seven terracottas and
one hundred and eighteen paintings during the year. Of the ninety-two coins, eighty-eight were
copper punch-marked coins found from Gaya and four of gold. Out of the four gold coins, one was of
Kanishka with his standing figure offering at the altar on the obverse and standing Buddha on the
reverse; the second was of Vasudeva with the king standing and offering at the altar on the obverse
and standing Siva with bull on the reverse; the third was of Kacha with the standing figure of the king
on the obverse and standing goddess with cornucopia on the reverse while the fourth coin was of
Alaud Din Khalji dated AH 711 (AD 1311) having on the obverse the kalima in the centre and the
name of the four Khaljis in the margin and on the reverse the legend alongwith the name of Alaud' Din
and the mint name Delhi. The coin of Kanishka as well as that of Alaud' Din Khalji are rare. Out of
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MUSEUMS
the seven terracotta figurines, a male head and upper portion of a female figurine both of the Sunga
period, a male head of the Kushana period and fragment of a Buddha image of the Gupta period are
important.
Among the important sculptures acquired during the year are a crowned image of Surya of
eighth century AD, a broken Krishna lila scene of ninth century, an eleventh century female bust, a
flying vidyadhara of circa AD 1000, a broken devadasi and a decorated male bust of the twelfth
century and a Surya image, navagraha figure, Siva-Parvati (all three broken) arid a dancing yakshini
of the sixteenth century.
Of the three metal objects, one is a silver chilum and a bronze lady in dance posture on the back
of a peacock, probably a melon-shaped bronze pitcher with leaves on the neck and lower portion.
The other important objects are : a plate of Ganga-Yamuni work and two huqqa bases with
geometrical designs and leaf decoration in Bidari ware, an oval-shaped ivory piece with perhaps the
golden temple of Amritsar painted over it, one mica painting, perhaps of Kalki avatar a, two portraits,
one of Giidharilal of Nathdwara and the other of Maharaja Mahip Narayan Singh of Kashi and six
paintings of eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a painted wooden box and one hundred
and ninety-seven ganjifa cards.
31. DISTRICT MUSEUM, WARANGAL.— Two portions of pillars and a bronze image of
Umasahita Chandrasekharamurti were shifted from the Ujjali base Masjid near Hanamkonda to the
museum.
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VIII. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY
TEMPLE SURVEY, NORTHERN REGION.— The Temple Survey Project (Northern Region) of the
Survey under B.L Nagarch continued the survey of the temples of the Paramaras. These include the
Boresvara Mahadeva temple at Dangwada, the Dhurjatesvara Mahadeva temple at Dhulet,
Hinglajamata temple at Bari Delchi, all in district Ujjain, and the ruins of temples at Kotara in district
Dewas.
The Boresvara Mahadeva temple at Dangwada consists on plan of a sanctum approached by a
flight of seven descending steps, an antarala and a sabha-mandapa with three mukha-mandapas on
the eastern, northern and southern sides. The sanctum enshrines a Siva-/mga installed on
ayoni-patta. The walls of the sanctum are plain except a niche each in the westem,northem and
southern walls. The sanctum-doorway shows seated Ganesa on the latatabimba. The elevation of the
temple shows from bottom upwards khura, kumbha, kalasa and kapota surmounted by jangha
showing a niche in each of the three bhadras and divided into three compartments by two median
bands. Above the jangha rests the kutachhadya supported by brackets. Above this rests the
sikhara which had collapsed and has been restored in modem times. The temple, facing east, is
pancharatha on plan and elevation. The original temple has been heavily restored during recent times.
The other Paramara sculptures which were recovered from the site of Boresvara Mahadeva temple
have been re-fixed in the walls of another shrine at the site. Noteworthy among these sculptures are
those of Andhakasuravadhamurtti of Siva, Nataraja, a saptamatrika panel and images of
surasunddris.
The Dhurjatesvara Mahadeva temple at Dhulet stands on a platform and consists on plan of a
sanctum, an antarala, a sabha-mandapa and an ardha-mandapa. The temple, facing east, is
dedicated to Siva. The sanctum enshrines a Siva-linga and has plain walls relieved by a aiche each in
the southern, western and northern walls. The ceiling of the sanctum consists of eight tiers of
receding octagons and shows on the top a square containing a full-blown lotus. The sanctum is
approached by a flight of two descending steps and the sanctum-doorway consists of five sakhas
showing four-armed seated Ganesa on the lalatabimba. The northern and southern walls of the
sanctum have each a niche which is vacant at present The antarala ceiling is flat, plain and is
supported by two pilasters. The architrave of the ceiling is carved with a frieze of flying vidyadhara
couples carrying garlands. The ceiling of the sabha-mandapa rests on eight pillars and four pilasters
arranged in four vertical and three horizontal rows and is divided into six compartments. The
ardha-mandapa enshrines a modem image of seated Nandi and its ceilingrests on four pillars. The
elevation of the temple shows, from bottom upwards, two plain bhittas that support the adhishthana
mouldings consisting of plain khura, kamika, kumbha decorated with a band of diamonds and
rosettes and a niche containing diamond design, plain kalasa and kapota decorated with kudus.
The sanctum is pancharatha on plan and elevation. The adhishthana mouldings support the plain
jangha which is divided into two compartments by a plain median band and shows a niche each on
the southern,
ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY
western and northern bhadras which are lying vacant. The jangha supports a kutachhadya which
rests on plain corbelled brackets. Above the kutachhadya rests the pancharatha sikhara of bhumija
style, which is decorated in each of the four quadrants with four miniature shrine-models and. with
two urusringas on the spine (mulamanjari) which are decorated with mangala-kalasas. The sikhara
is a later restoration and crowned by griva, amalaka, kalasa and bijapuraka. The roof of the antarala
and the sabhamandapa are flat and a parapet wall runs on their eastern, southern and northern sides.
The temple is located inside an enclosure wall provided with bastions at each of the four comers. On
the basis of its architectural style, the temple is assignable to the twelfth century AD.
The Hinglajamata temple at Bari Delchi is built of white sandstone masonry and consists on
plan of a sanctum, an antarala and an ardha-mandapa. The temple stands on a high platform with its
pancharatha sanctum. The exterior facades of the sanctum are plain and are relieved on the
southern, western and northern bhadras by a niche which is lying vacant. The walls of the sanctum
support kutachhadya above which rests the pancharatha sikhara crowned by an amalaka,
chandrika, kalasa and bijapuraka. In fact the sanctum and the sikhara above it have been restored in
modem times. The roof of the ardha-mandapa is flat and is provided with a parapet wall decorated
with merlons. The interior of the sanctum is plain and there is a cusped niche in its southern,
western and northern walls. Inside the niche in. the western wall are enshrined three images,
assignable to twelfth century AD, the central one being those of six-armed Mahishamardini Durga
while, the side ones being those of standing Vishnu and Surya. The walls of the sanctum support a
circular ceiling resting on two octagons. The centre of the ceiling is decorated with a full-blown lotus.
The sanctum doorway is plain and shows on the lalatabimba an image of seated Ganesa. The walls of
the antarala are plain and are provided with a niche each in the southern and northern walls. The
ceiling of the antarala is supported by four pilasters, one at each of the four comers. The original
temple was built in twelfth century AD during the reign of the Paramaras.
In addition to the above, the Bhumija temples of Rajasthan including the Siva temple at
Rarqgarh, district Kota, the Undesvara Mahadeva and Hajaresvara temples at Bijolia, district
Bhilwara, the Mahanalesvara temple at Menal, the Adbhutanatha and Samidhesvara temples at
Chittaurgarh in district Chittaurgarh, the Surya temple at Ranakpur, district Pali, Mahavira temple at
Sewari in district Pali and the ruins of temples at Chandravati, district Sirohi were also studied and
surveyed.
The Siva temple at Ramgarh (pl. XLA)is about half a century later in date than the Udayesvara
Mahadeva temple at Udaipur, district Vidisha. On plan the temple consists of zsaptaratha sanctum,
an antarala, a sabha-mandapa with lateral transepts and an ardha-mandapa. The interior of the
sanctum is, however, plain but for a niche in the western wall. In the northern wall of the sanctum is
fixed a protruding stone lintel. The ceiling of the sanctum is of nabhichchhanda variety and is
decorated on the top with a full-blown lotus. The sanctum enshrines a Siva-linga installed on
yoni-patta and a seated Nandi. The sanctum-doorway is composed of seven sakhas. The
lalatabimba contains an image of seated Parvati inside a niche. The walls of the antarala are plain and
its coming
141
consists of kola and gajatalu courses. The ceilings of the sabha-mandapa and its lateral transepts
rest on eight tall pillars and twenty-four dwarf pillars which are richly carved. The elevation of the
temple from bottom upwards shows pitha mouldings consisting of two plain bhittas which support a
pattika, decorated with diamonds in panels while another pattika is carved with diamonds and
rosettes. Above this rests the jadyakumbha ornamented with lotus-petals, kudus and hamsa
mithunas. Above the jadyakumbha rest the karnika, a pattika decorated with diamonds and rosettes
and friezes of kirttimukhas, elephants, lions, horses and human beings. The adhishthana mouldings
above this consist of khura carved with a frieze of diamonds, kumbha with friezes of diamonds and
rosettes and niches containing images of seated deities, plain kalasa, a recess decorated with a frieze of
diamonds and manchika carved with diamonds and rosettes respectively. These adhishthana
mouldings support the jangha which is decorated with a single row of sculptures. The bhadra-niches on
the jangha of the sanctum show Siva killing a demon probably Andhaka on the south and Nataraja on
the west and north. Above the jangha rest the varandika mouldings consisting of a karnika, double
padma and khura-chhadya. These mouldings are surmounted by a saptaratha. sikhara of bhumija
style showing five horizontal and five vertical rows of miniature shrine-models. The sikhara has lost
some portion on the southern and northern sides and its crowning members are also missing. This
temple, which is of panchdyatana variety, has only one subsidiary shrine on the north-west. This
shrine with a bhumija sikhara consists on plan of a sanctum and an antarala. The sanctum of this
shrine originally enshrined a Siva-linga as is evident from a socket in the centre.
The Undesvara Mahadeva temple at Bijolia (pl. XLB) dedicated to Siva is assignable to twelfth
century. It follows the plan of the Siva temple at Ramgarh. The temple consists on plan of a
saptaratha sanctum, an antarala, a sabha-mandapa with a central hall and three mukha-mandapas,
of which only two lateral ones have been converted into small chambers. The temple, facing west,
stands on a platform approached by a flight of steps on the western side. The sanctum is square and
enshrines a Siva.-linga installed on yonipatta. The interior of the sanctum is plain with its ceiling of
nabhichchhanda variety. It is decorated on the top with a full-blown lotus. The floor of the sanctum is
lower than the floor of the antarala, and is approached by flight of eight descending steps. The
sanctum-doorway is elaborately carved with seven sakhas. A four-armed Siva seated in padmasana
occupies the lalatabimba.Thc ceiling. of the central hall of the sabha-mandapa rests on four pillars,
one at each of the four comers. These pillars are similar in design and ornamentation. The ceiling is of
nabhichchhanda variety and is decorated on the lower portion with eight brackets showing flying
bhutas carrying different attributes such as sword and shield in their hands. The noteworthy feature of
the central hall of the sabha-mandapa is that it has four makara-toranas of which the one on the
eastern side is missing. The pillars of the central hall are carved with sculptures of surasundaris,
bearded ascetics, Kubera, Bhairava, male drummers and Saivacharyas. The top of the ceiling of the
sabha-mandapa is decorated with a full-blown lotus. The lateral mukha-mandapas of the
sabha-mandapa contain a shrine chamber. The mukha-mandapa on the western side has a parapet
wall on the northern and southern sides which is surmounted by asanapatta. The kakshasana
above the
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dsanapatta is missing. The ceiling of this mukha-mandapa is of nabhichchhanda variety and is

supported by four dwarf pillars, similar in design and ornamentation to the other dwarf pillars of the
southern and northern mukha-mandapas. At each of the four comers of the ceiling is carved a
kirttimukha . The elevation of the sanctum from bottom upwards shows pitha mouldings which are
identical to those in the mukha-mandapas upto gajathara. Above this, the sanctum comprises a
plain khura, karnika, kumbha decorated on the top with lotus-petals, a median band of diamonds
and rosettes and niches containing the images of seated deities, plain antarapatra, kalasa decorated
with diamonds and rosettes, plain antarapatra, kapota embellished with kudus and manchika also
decorated with typical arches of the Paramara style. These mouldings constitute the adhishthana and
support the jangha carved with a single band of sculptures. The bhadra-niches on the jangha of
the sanctum snow flying Garuda on the north, Brahma on the east and Vishnu on the south. It may be
noted that besides the sculptures on the bhadras inside niches and on the projections, the recesses of
the jangha contained pilaster designs surmounted by a shrine-motif and diamonds in panels. This
feature is common with the Mamlesvara temple at Onkarmandhata in Madhya Pradesh. There are
two-holes in the walls of the sanctum on either side of the three bhadras for admitting light and air.
The jangha supports the varandika mouldings consisting of kutachhadya and a kapota decorated
with kudus. Above the varandika rests the nine storied sikhara filled with nine horizontal and five
vertical rows of miniture shrine models. The mulamanjari of the saptaratha sikhara is decorated
with a mesh of chaitya-axches and shows at the bottom on all the four sides, a large chaitya-dormer
crowned by a kirttimukha and an image of dancing Siva. Below the chaitya- dormers on all the four
sides are shown niches with images of seated deities. The roof of the sabha-mandapa is of
samvarana variety, marked bykutag hantas.
The Hajaresvara temple at Bijolia consists on plan of a pancharatha sanctum, an antarala and an
ardha-mandapa. The temple is dedicated to Siva and its sanctum enshrines a Siva-linga carved with
a thousand lingas. The interior of the sanctum is plain and its ceiling is that of nabhichchhanda type.
The sanctum-doorway is decorated with five sakhas. The lalatabimba comprises a two-armed
Lakulisa seated in padmasana, carrying bijapuraka and lakuta. The walls of the antarala are plain
with its flat ceiling which rests on two pilasters. There are five full-blown lotuses to decorate the
ceiling. Inside the ardha-mandapa is found a loose image of seated Nandi. The ceiling of the
ardha-mandapa rests on two pillars and two pilasters. The ceiling of the sanctum is of bhubanesvari
type marked by two intersecting squares. The ceiling is carved with a full-blown lotus in the centre
and shows a bold kirttimukha at each of its four comers. The elevation of the temple from bottom
upwards shows pitha mouldings consisting of a plain bhitta, Jadyakumbha, karnika and a
grasapattika. Above the pitha mouldings rest the adhishthana mouldings consisting of a plain
khura, karnika, kumbha carved with a median band of diamonds and rosettes and niches exhibiting
images of seated deities and lotus-petals carved on the top, kalasa with a band of diamonds and
rosettes and kapota engraved with kudus. The adhishthana mouldings support the jangha having
two median bands, one showing chaitya- arches of the typical Paramara style while the other that
of kirttimukhas
143
Aknough no sculptures are found on the anurathas and karnarathas, the niches on the bhadras
of the sanctum show dancing Siva on the south, Vishnu seated in lalitasana on the west and
Brahma also seated in lalitasana on the north. The images of ten-armed Bhairava also appear
in southern and northern walls of the sanctum respectively. The varandika mouldings above
thejangha consist of a kutachhadya and kapota decorated with kudus. These mouldings
support the pancharatha sikhara having two vertical and three horizontal rows of miniature
shrine-models on the karnarathas, and a single row of urusringas on the central ratha on the
second or middle urusringa is shown a large chaitya-dormex containing an image of Siva
mostly dancing, on all the four sides. There is a row of sculptures on the lower portion of the
sikhara showing Brahma, Vishnu, Siva and several other deities. The sikhara is crowned by
griva, amalaka, kalasa and bijapuraka. While the roof of the antarala is surmounted by a
rampant lion, the ardhamandapa has a flat roof with a parapet' wall running around above the
kutachhadya. It is decorated with merlons. This beautiful temple of twelfth century AD shares
many features of a bhumija temple and is marked by a special feature showing introduction of
two miniature shrine models at either ends of the roof of antarala.
The Adbhutanatha temple at Chittaurgarh, dedicated to Siva is built of white
sandstone (pLXLIA). It consists on plan of & pancharatha sanctum, an antarala, a
sabha-mandapa and three mukha-mandapas, one each on the northern, southern and western
sides. The interior of the sanctum is plain and its ceiling is of nabhichchhanda variety. The
sanctum enshrines a Siva-/mga installed on a yoni-patta. There is a niche in the eastern wall
of the sanctum containing a modern image of standing Parvati. Above this niche on the
eastern wall is seen a beautiful image of six-armed and three-headed Mahesamurti carrying
abhayaksha, dagger, indistinct object, kapala, sarpa and matulunga. Siva wears
jatamukutas on the central and right heads and matted hairlocks tied by a garland of skulls
on the left head. The sanctum-doorway is elaborately carved with five sakhas. A four-armed
Ganesa in lalitasana appears on the lalaiabimba. The walls of the antarala are plain with two
niches which are lying vacant at present, one on the southern and the other on the northern walls.
The collapsed ceiling of the sabha-mandapa now completely missing, was supported on
eight pillars, arranged in the form of an octagon. All these pillars are almost similar in
design and ornamentation. The extant portion of the ceiling on the eastern side, indicates
that it was of nabhichchhanda variety. Each of the lateral mukha-mandapas has an antarala
with plain walls, a flat ceiling decorated with full-blown lotuses and the doorways carved
with five sakhas. The main mukha-mandapa which is on the western or front side has an
elaborate doorway decorated with five sakhas. It is approached by a flight of seven steps on
the west. The elevation of the temple exhibits from bottom upwards pitha mouldings
consisting of a plain bhitta surmounted by another bhitta marked by half-diamond design,
apattika carved with half-garland loops, jadyakumbha, karnika, plain antarpatra, kapota
decorated with kudus and a grasapattika. Above this rest the adhishthana mouldings
comprising a plain khura, kumbha adorned with a median band of diamond and rosettes and a
niche on the bhadra containing an image of a seated deity, plain kalasa and antarpatra and
kapota showing a frieze of diamonds in panels and kudus. The adhishthana mouldings
support the
144
jangha which is embellished with a single band of sculptures and is surmounted by varandika
mouldings. These varandika mouldings consist of a kutachhddya supported by brackets and
karnika, padma and kapota. Above this rests the sikhara of bhumija style having four spines,
each carved with two urusringas on each of the four sides. Each of the two urusringas has a niche
with an image of a deity and is also decorated with usual mesh of chaitya-dormers. The quadrants
in-between the spines are filled with miniature shrine models of diminishing heights arranged in
three horizontal and three vertical rows. However, this temple does not have a prominent
sukanasika exhibiting a sculptural medallion within a conspicuous dormer at the base of spine
on each side. Among the sculptures shown on the jangha of this temple, the icons of standing
and dancing surasundaris, dikpalas, Saiva ascetics, vyalas, dancing Chamunda, Nataraja,
Andhakantaka Siva, Agni and Svaha and Yama and Yami are noteworthy. The three niche in the
bhadras of the sanctum on the kumbha moulding of the adhishthana contain an image each of a
seated devi. The niches on the urusringas of the sikhara above the sanctum contain images of
seated and dancing Siva besides an image of dancing Bhairava.
The Adbhutanatha temple represents a late regional version of bhumija style and is an
important temple of late fifteenth century .
The Samidhesvara temple at Chittaurgarh consists on plan of a pancharatha sanctum, an
antarala, a sabha-mandapa and three mukha-mandapas two on either side and one in front (pi.
XLIB). The temple was built byParamara king Bhoja in the eleventh century and later repaired
by Maharana Mokala in 1428. The temple dedicated to Siva has an image of three-headed
Mahesamurti, fixed-in the western wall of the sanctum. The ceiling of the sanctum is
oinabhichchhanda variety and consists of seven bands of concentric overlapping circles. The
top of the ceiling is decorated with a full-blown lotus. The sanctum-doorway is composed of five
sakhas. The walls and ceiling of the antarala are plain and its flat ceiling rests on four richly
carved pillars. The sabha-mandapa has a central hall, the ceiling of which rests on four tall pillars.
Of these, two pillars on the eastern side are richly ornamented. The ceiling of the central hall is of
nabhichchhanda variety and consists of seven bands of concentric overlapping circles carved with
kola and gajatalu courses. The lower portion of the ceiling is carved with twelve brackets some of
which show flying bhutas playing on musical instruments. This feature of the ceiling is found in
the ceiling of the Siva temple at Bhojpur, district Raisen in Madhya Pradesh, also built by
Paramara king Bhoja. The ceiling of the sabha-mandapa rests on twelve pillars and eighteen
prop-pillars which were provided during time of Maharana Mokala. The doorways of the
northern and southern mukha-mandapas are carved with three sakhas each "However, the lintels
of both the doorways differ in details of ornamentation and sculptural representation. The ceilings
of both the mukha-mandapas are suppported by two pilasters and two pillars. The western
mukha-mandapa resembles the northern and southern mukha-mandapas in architectural
design and ornamentation.The elevation of the temple shows from bottom upwards, pitha and
adhishthana mouldings which support the jangha, decorated with a single band of sculptures
and a niche-shrine on each of the three bhadras. Above the jangha rest
145
the varandika mouldings and the pancharatha-sikhara clustered by four urusringas and two rows
of karnasringas. The sikhara is crowned by griva, amalaka, chandrika, kalasa and bijapuraka. The
sculptures on the jangha show surasundaris in various postures, Sarasvati, Saiva ascetics, Siva and
dikpalas, Ambika and Chakresvari Yakshis. Among the sculptures carved on the pediments of
sabha-mandapa, those of Gajalakshmi, Sarasvati, Chamunda, Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesa are
noteworthy. The roofs of the sabha-mandapa and also the three mukha-mandapas are of samvarana
variety. These are decorated with kutaghantas surmounted by griva, amalaka, chandrika, kalasa and
bijapuraka. In front of the temple there is a Nandi mandapa.
The Sun temple at Ranakpur, district Pali, Rajasthan is a bhumija temple, assignable to fifteenth
century. It is a late regional version of bhumija style showing a unique plan and design. Its sanctum
and sabha-mandapa are polygonal. The temple is star-shaped on plan comprising a sanctum, an
antarala, a sabha-mandapa and an ardha-mandapa. The elevation of the temple shows from bottom
upwards, pitha mouldings consisting of a bhitta, another bhitta decorated with half-diamond design,
jadyakumbha, karnika, plain antarpatra, kapota decorated with kudus and agrasapattika. The pitha
mouldings support the adhishthana mouldings consisting of a plain khura, kumbha decorated with a
median band of diamonds and rosettes and half-diamond designs, ratnakalasa carved with
diamonds and jewels and two kapotas both adorned with kudus. Above this rests the jangha which
exhibits only one band of sculptures of solar deities. The jangha supports the adhishthana mouldings
marked by a double padma, kapota decorated with kudus and a khura-chhadya. Above this rests the
sikhara having four spines carved with the usual mesh of chaitya-dormers and three urusringas. The
four quadrants in-between the spines are filled with miniature shrine models showing three vertical
and twelve horizontal rows. The spines approach beyond griva and each of them is decorated with a
head on the top. The sikhara is crowned by griva, amalaka, chandrika, kalasa and bijapuraka. The
sanctum enshrines two marble images of which the main image is that of Surya while the other one is
that of a devi. The walls of the sanctum are plain with its ceiling of nabhichchhanda variety showing
five bands of concentric overlapping circles crowned by a lotus with padmakesara. The ceiling
contains leaf design instead of kola and gajatalu courses. The sanctum doorway has four sakhas,
having in its lower portion standing figures of three female and two male attendants. The
lalatabimba shows a niche containing an image of four-armed seated Ganesa. The southern wall of
antarala exhibits an image of three-headed and eight-armed Vishnu while its northern wall depicts an
image of four-armed Vaishnavi seated on Garuda. The ceiling of the antarala has a circular
medallion carved with a frieze of vyalas and another frieze of flying Gandharvas on musical
instruments. The circular medallion is flanked on either side by two full-blown lotuses. The ceiling of
the sabha-mandapa is of the nabhichchhanda variety and consists of eight bands of concentric
overlapping circles. The top of the ceiling is having a triple lotus from which &padmakesara is seen
hanging. The ardha-mandapa is approached by a flight of five steps on the eastern side. Among the
sculptures noticed on the jangha mention may be made of India,. Agni, Yama, Nirriti, Isana,
Bhairava, Vanma, Vayu, Hariharahiiwagaibha
146
Vaishnavi, Naga, Kubera, Surya-Narayana, Ganesa and Siva.

The Mahavira temple at Sewari in district Pali, Rajasthan, consists on plan of a pancharatha
sanctum, an antarala, a gudha-mandapa and an open mandapa. In front of the open mandapa there is
a sabha-mandapa. The elevation shows pitha mouldings consisting of plain bhitta ,jadyakumbha
and karnika. Above this rest the adhishthana mouldings indicating plain khura, kumbha marked by
half-diamond design, plain kalasa and kapota decorated with kudus. The adhishthana mouldings
support the plain jangha, showing a niche-shrine with an image of a seated Jina on the southern,
northern and western bhadras. The jangha supports the varandika mouldings consisting of a kapota
decorated with kudus. Above this rests the sikhara of bhumija style showing four spines, one on each
bhadra. The spines are adorned with usual mesh of chaitya-dormers. The four quadrants in-between
the spines are with miniature shrine models of diminishing heights, arranged in six horizontal and
three vertical rows. There is a prominent sukanasa showing a medallion within a chaitya-dormer at the
base of the spine on each side. This medallion does not, however, contain any sculpture. It is
significant to mention here that while the pitha, adhishthana, jangha and varandika mouldings of
this temple are of stone, the sikhara is made of bricks. It is crowned by griva, amalaka, kalasa and
bijapuraka. The sanctum enshrines at present an image of Santinatha. This image has been
substituted in place of the original image of Mahavira. The sanctum -doorway is composed of three
sakhas. A Jaina trithankara seated padmasana in dhyanamudra occupies the lalatabimba. Above the
sanctum-doorway are shown five niches and four recesses, each provided with an image of a Jaina
deity. The walls and the ceiling of the antarala are plain. The extant niche in the southern and
northern walls of the antarala at present contain modem Jaina images of brass. The ceiling of the
antarala is flat arid plain and rests on two plain pilasters. The gudha-mandapa enshrines a number of
white marble images of Jaina Tirthankaras. The open mandapa has a flat and plain ceiling,
divided into six compartments by two horizontal and four vertical rows of pillars. The gudhamandapa
entered through a doorway on the east is decorated with three sakhas. The lalatabimba again shows a
seated image of Jaina tirthankara. On either side of the doorway is a niche-shrine containing an
image of a Jaina deity .The ceiling of the sabha-mandapa is of nabhichchhanda variety being
supported by eight pillars. The temple stands inside a courtyard. On its periphery are arranged
fifty-two devakulikas, each containing a marble image of Jaina tirthankara, seated in padmasana
in dhyana-mudra. Each devakulika has a sikhara above it. The roof of the antarala is of gable-end
variety showing on the eastern side a medallion inside a large chaitya- dormer. The medallion is
vacant at present showing a seated lion in front. The roofs of the gudha-mandapa and open mandapa
are flat while the roof of sabha-mandapa is domical. The southern and northern facades of the
gudhamandapa show each, two sculptures on the jangha portion. The sculptures carved on the
southern facade depict a standing kshetrapala and a female attendant while the sculptures of a
standing devi and a bearded male ascetic appear on the northern facade. The main entrance to the
courtyard of the temple is on the eastern side and is decorated with three sakhas. The inscriptions on
three pillars of the open mandapa assign the temple to the twelfth century.
147

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INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1989-90 - A REVIEW

PUBLISHED BY TOE DIRECTOR GENERAL

I Panchavaktra temple, Devli Bhanigram

PRICE : Rs. 380.00

I am happy to place this issue of Indian Archaeology 1989-90—A Review in the

NEW DELHI DR. S..K. MAHAPATRA

I. Explorations and Excavations ... ...

II. Epigraphy ... ... ... ... 112

1. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CHITTOOR.— The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums,

The chambers measured 1.45x1.20m; l-30xl.20m; l.30x1.20 m respectively. The entrances

'This publication will hereafter be referred to by the year only

6; broken Buddha padas near the votive stupas were found.

11. EXPLORATIONS IN DISTRICT SIBSAGAR.— The Department of Archaeology, Government of

Taluk Village Nature of remains

Sami Babari Medieval mound

Taluk Village Nature of remains

23. EXCAVATION AT NAGWADA, DISTRICT SURENDRANAGAR.— In continuation of the previous

24. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT KARNAL.— In the course of village-to-village survey, Kanwar

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

25. EXCAVATION AT HARSH-KA-TILA, THANESAR, DISTRICT KURUSHETRA.— The Institute of

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Rampur Dansa Ancient temples (datable to tenth-eleventh

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Village/Site Latitude)'Longitude Nature of remains

Village/Site Latitude/Longitude Nature of remains

35. EXCAVATION AT GUDNAPUR, DISTRICT UTTARA KANNADA.— In continuation of the previous

36. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CALICUT.—Muhammed K. K. discovered two rock-cut tombs with

Badnawar Amodia Sculptures of Vishnu, Uma-Mahesvara,

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

-do- Jalod Ancient mound with pottery

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

District TaluklTehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

46. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT AHMEDNAGAR. — In course of village-to-village survey in

Taluk VillagelSite Nature of remains

District Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

their four hands.

66. EXPLORATION AT SEKTA, DISTRICT IMPHAL.— The State Archaeology, Government of

69. EXCAVATIONS AT BARABATI FORT, CUTTACK, DISTRICT CUTTACK.—The Excavation Branch IV of

bowls with typical sharpened rims.

72. EXCAVATION AT ARIKAMEDU, PONDICHERRY.—Excavations were undertaken at Arikamedu, in

73. EXCAVATIONS AT SANGHOL, DISTRICT LUDHIANA.—In continuation of the previous season's

Village/Site Nature of remains

Village Site Nature of remains

Village Site Nature of remains

76. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT COIMBATORE.—The Pre-historic Branch of the Department of

Taluk Village Nature of remains

Gudiyatham Ammundi Brahmanical sculptures of Vijayanagara period

Taluk Village Nature of remains

-do- Bomrnainayakanpalayam Late medieval habitational site and hero-stone of

80. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT THANJAVUR.—The Excavation Branch of the Department 6f

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

Chandpur Athathza Late medieval mosque

Tehsil Village/Site Nature of remains

-do- Mayam pur Raja Late medieval wall

Lahtpur Bar Medieval temple remains and sculptures

88. EXCAVATION AT MANIGARA, ADWA VALLEY, DISTRICT MIRZAPUR.—Located on the northern