g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yf

;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu

tof/ ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f clen]lvs/0f ;DaGwL tflnd k'l:tsf
-ljz]iftM 6]«l8ª sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0fdf k|of]usf nflu_

@)&%÷)&^
 g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yf

;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu

tof/ ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f clen]lvs/0f ;DaGwL tflnd k'l:tsf
-ljz]iftM 6]«l8ª sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0fdf k|of]usf nflu_

@)&%÷)&^
;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f
clen]lvs/0f ;DaGwL tflnd k'l:tsf
-ljz]iftM 6]«l8ª sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0fdf k|of]usf nflu_

k|sfzs M g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yf

cfO{Sofg dfu{, ;ftbf]af6f], nlntk'/

kmf]g g+ M )!–%%#)*#@, %%#)&#)

O{d]n M [email protected]

www.ican.org.np
j]e;fO{6 M

d"No ? M ===================

d'b|0f M Unf]an g]kfn lk|G6LË k|]; ;le{; k|f=ln=

cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+
kmf]g g+=M )!–$!)@&&@
 cWoIfsf] dGtJo
n]vfJoj;fodf ljZjJofkL ?kdf lbg k|ltlbg kl/jt{gx? e}/x]sf 5g\ .
kl/jt{gx? ;+u;u} o; k]zfdf r'gf}ltx? klg ylk+b} u}/x]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o
n]vfJoj;foL dxf;+3sf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] klg ;+:yfn] tL kl/jt{gx?nfO{
cjnDjg ub}{ hfg' kg]{ x'G5 .
oxL k/Lk|]Iodf, xfn} ;+:yfn] The Institute of Chartered Accountants
in England and Wales (ICAEW) sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf tof/ u/]sf]
Audit Practice Manual sf] cfwf/df cf/P ;b:o Ifdtf clej[l4 ;ldltsf] kxndf Audit
Documentation gfds k'l:tsf k|sflzt ug{ u}/x]sf] eGg] yfxf kfp+bf dnfO{ cToGt v'zL nfu]sf]
5 . Psflt/ o; k':ts ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ sf]z]9'+uf ;fljt x'g]5 eg] csf]{lt/
n]vfJoj;fosf] u'0f:t/ a[l4df klg dxTjk"0f{ x'g] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . n]vfk/LIf0f lznlznfdf
ckgfpg' kg]{ ljleGg k|lqmofx?nfO{ pbfx/0fx? ;lxt tof/ ul/Psf] o; k'l:tsfsf] dfWodaf6
n]vfJoj;fodf /xg] ;b:ox?sf] nflu 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 eGg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
;+:yfsf] u/Ldf ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?n] ug]{ lqmofsnfkn] klg lgwf{/0f ug]{ ub{5 . o; k':tssf]
dfWodaf6 ;+:yfsf] tyf n]vf Joj;fosf] ;fvnfO{ prfO{df k'¥ofpg yk d2t k'Ug] ;d]t cfzf
u/]sf] 5' .
n]vfJoj;fosf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs k|lti7f / dof{bfnfO{ cem prfO{df k'¥ofpg tyf ;b:ox?sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ of] k':ts k|efjsf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} cf/P= ;b:o Ifdtf clej[l4 ;ldltn] cfkm\gf]
lhDd]jf/L dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf k"/f u/]sf] d}n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5' .
s'g} PSnf] JolQmsf] k|of;n] dfq of] k':ts cjZo klg tof/ ePsf] 5}g t;y{ o; sfo{df k|ToIf tyf
ck|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg /xg] cf/P ;b:o Ifdtf clej[l4 ;ldltsf ;efklt cf/P= s]bf/gfy kf}8]n
;lxt ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox? tyf ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
o; ;fdu|Lsf] dfWodaf6 ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu k|efjsf/L ?kdf tflnd ;+rfng ug{
;kmntf ldnf];\ elg xflb{s z'esfdgf ;d]t lbg rfxG5' .

l;P= huGgfy pkfWofo

cWoIf
@)&^÷)#÷#!
 xflb{s wGojfb !

n]vfJoj;fosf] If]qdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos /x] cg';f/

;+:yfn] btf{jfnf n]vfk/LIfs ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] ljifonfO{ lgs} g}
dxTjsf;fy lnPsf] 5 . To;}sf] kl/0ffd :j?k btf{jfnf n]vfk/LIfs ;b:ox?sf]
Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu 5'§} cf/P= ;b:o Ifdtf clej[l4 ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf]
xf] . o; ;ldltsf] u7g kZrft ;ldltn] btf{jfnf n]vfk/LIfs ;b:ox?nfO{
nlIft u/L b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf Jofjxfl/s tflndx? ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
5 . tflndsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ljutdf ;+rfng ul/Psf
Jofjxfl/s tflndsf cg'ejx?nfO{ ;+ufn]/ The Institute of Chartered Accountants in
England and Wales (ICAEW) sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf] Audit Practice Manual
sf] cfwf/df Audit Documentation gfds k'l:tsf g]kfnL efiffdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k'l:tsfsf] k|sfzgn] k]zfdf /xg] ;b:ox?nfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ug{ ;xem x'g'sf] ;fy} ;du|
k]zfsf] dof{bfdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwsf] ?kdf d}n] lnPsf] 5' . ;+:yfsf] ul/df ;b:ox?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
cyjf ;du| n]vfJoj;fosf] ul/df;+u hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;b:ox?n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ x/]s Jofj;flos sfo{df
;ts{tf ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5 . k]zf tyf k]zfsdL{x?sf] dof{bfnfO{ k]zfsdL{n] k|:t't ug]{ Jofj;flos
Ifdtfn] O+lut ug]{ x'gfn] ;b:osf] Jofj;flos Ifdtf ljsf;df ;+:yf lg/Gt/ rgfvf] /xFb} cfPsf]
5 . o; k'l:tsfdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] qmddf ckgfpg' kg]{ ljleGg k|lqmofx?nfO{ pbfx/0f ;lxt k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 h;af6 ;b:ox?nfO{ k]zfut sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu lgs} g} pkof]uL x'g] d}n] ljZjf;
lnPsf] 5' .
cGtdf, of] k':ts tof/ u/L dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] l;P= gGblszf]/ zdf{, k|sfzgsf] nflu
xfdLnfO{ clek|]l/t ug'{x'g] ;+:yfsf cWoIf l;P= huGgfy pkfWofo, pkfWoIf l;P= s[i0f k|;fb
cfrfo{ tyf kfif{bHo"x?, ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf}6 tyf k':ts k|sfzgdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfj lbg'x'g]
;ldltsf ;b:oHo"x?, ;ldltsf ;lrj >L ljgf]b Gof}kfg] tyf o; sfo{df ;+nUg ;+:yfsf ;Dk"0f{
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

cf/P= s]bf/gfy kf}8]n

;efklt
cf/P= ;b:o Ifdtf clej[l4 ;ldlt
 ljifo ;"rL­­
k[i7e"ld !
kl/ro #
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] kl/efiff / p2]Zo #
ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmof #
kl/R5]b ! n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf th'{df (Audit Planning) %
!=!= n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ^
!=@= cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIfs;Fusf] ;~rf/ (
!=#= n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw kq (Audit Engagement Letter) !)
!=$= k|f/lDes sfo{ljlwx? !^
!=$=! of]hgf th'{df !^
!=$=@ n]vfk/LIf0f cl3 tof/ ul/g] sfuhftsf] hfFr;"rL
(pre- audit documentation checklist) @$
!=$=# ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf b:tfj]h (Audit Planning Memorandum) @^
!=$=$ n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vsf] ;+/rgf (Structure of working papers) @(
!=%= of]hgf th'{df r/0f (Planning Stage) $$
!=%=! lgsfo / o;sf] kl/j]zsf] hfgsf/L lng] $$
!=%=@ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo / If]q lglZrt ug] { $&
!=%=# ;f/e"ttf lglZrt ug{ ] $&
!=^= hf]lvdsf] d"NofÍg (Risk Assessment) $(
!=&= n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd (Audit programme) %!
!=&=! lhG;L df}Hbftsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd %#
!=&=@ laqmLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd %&
!=&=# v/Lbsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd %(
!=&=$ ;fx'sf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd ^)
!=*= 6f]nL cled'vLs/0f (Team Orientation) ^@

kl/R5]b @ lj:t[t ;f/jfg\ / lgoGq0f sfo{ljlwx?

(Detailed Substantive and Control Procedures) ^$
@=!= n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{Gjogsf k|f/lDes sfo{ ^$
 @=!=! n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL k|yd a}7s ^$
@=!=@ k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw (Preliminary Analytical Procedures) ^&
@=@= n]vf k|0ffnL (Accounting Sysytem) &)
@=@=! ;]jfu|fxLsf] n]vf k|0ffnL -lgoGq0fx? ;lxt_ lglZrt ug]{ (ascertain) &)
@=@=@ n]vf k|0ffnLx?sf] clen]v &)
@=@=# k|0ffnL l6kf]6 (system note) &)
@=#= n]vfk|0ffnLsf hfFr (Assessment of the Accounting Systems) &#
@=$= n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd (Audit Risk) &#
@=%= lj:t[t ;f/jfg\ / lgoGq0f sfo{ljlw &&
@=%=! lgoGq0fx?sf] k/LIf0f (Test of Control) &&
@=%=@ ;f/jfg\ sfo{ljlwx? (Substantive Procedures) &*
@=^= ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw (Analytical Procedures) *)
@=&= n]vfk/LIf0f gd"gf ;j]{If0f (Audit Sampling) *$
@=*= e"n / r"s (Errors and Omissions) **

kl/R5]b # ;dLIff / ;dfkg (Review and Completion) ()

#=!= n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{nsf] ;dLIff (Audit file Review) ()
#=@= cg'ufdL 36gfx?sf] ;dLIff (%
#=#= cljlR5Ggtf !)!
#=$= lnlvt k|ltlglwTj kq (Written Representation) !)!
#=%= ;du| ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwsf] ;dLIff (Overall analytical procedures) !)#
#=^= Vf'nf;f / cg'kfngfsf] ;fdLIff (Disclosure and compliance review) !)&
#=&= k|ltj]bg ug]{ r/0f (Reporting) !!)
#=&=! n]vfk/LIfssf] Joj:yfkg kq (Management Letter) !!!
#=&=@ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug] { !!$
#=&=# n]vfk/LIfssf] /fo !!^
#=*= clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{nnfO{ Pslqt ?kdf ldnfP/ /fVg] sfd
(Assembly of Final Audit File) !!*
#=(= d"Nofª\g ug'{ (appriasals), debriefing / cfpFbf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu
cfjZos a'Fbfx? -Points forwards_ !!(
cg'qmdl0fsf (INDEX) !@#
 k[i7e"ld

o; tflnd k'l:tsfdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Ps sfNklgs 6«]l8+u sDkgLsf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf

/fvL g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx?df Aoj:yf ePsf d"Vo d"Vo k|fjwfgx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ pNn]lvt
sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ k|fylds cg'kfngf / clen]vLs/0fsf af/]df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . o;df lgoGq0fsf] hfFr -Test of Control_ ;DaGwL k|s[ofsf] tyf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf] cltl/Qm v'nf;fx?sf] af/]df la:t[tdf AofVof ul/Psf] 5}g . t;y{, o; tflnd
k'l:tsfnfO{ clxn] s} cj:yfdf g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx?sf] k"0f{ kfngf ePsf] 5 eGg g;lsg]
ePklg o;sf] qmlds ljsf; / n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{x? cEo:t x'g yfn]kl5 o; tflnd k'l:tsfnfO{
g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx?sf] k"0f{ kfngf x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g ug]{ /0fgLlt lnOPsf] 5 .

;fGble{s pbfx/0fM
P=la=;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 Pp6f 6]«l8ª sDkgL xf] . of] sDkgL @)^$ ;fndf sDkgL P]g
cGtu{t sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] lyof] eg] @)^% ;fndf d"No clej[l4
s/df ;d]t btf{ ePsf] lyof] . o; sDkgLdf & hgf ;+rfnsx? /xg] u/]sf 5g / cWoIf
nufot c? # hgf Ps} kl/jf/sf 5g eg] afFls # hgf lab]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLx? /x]sf 5g .

of] sDkgLn] sf7df8f}df sf/f]af/ ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / xfn;Dd klg s'g} zfvfx? vf]n]sf]
5}g . of] Pp6f v'b|f Jofkf/ ug]{ sDkgL xf] t/ sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] ;fdfgsf] s/Lj Ps ltxfO{
Pshgf ;~rfnssf] kf]v/fl:yt l8kf6{d]06n :6f];{nfO{ lalqm ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n]
g]kfnleq / aflx/af6 ;d]t ;fdfgx? vl/b ug]{ ub{5 .

P=la=;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% df bzf}+ aif{df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . o;
sDkgLn] :yfkgf ePsf] jif{b]lv g} cfˆgf] n]vfk/LIf0f lgoldt u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . sDkgLn]
cf=j= @)&!÷)&@ b]lv @)&#÷)&$ ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f lk=So"=cf/=P;f]l;P6\;, n]vfk/LIf0f
kmd{af6 u/fPsf] lyof] / cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] nflu n]vfk/LIfs kl/jt{g u/L gofF
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ug{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] gjf}+ aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .
;fwf/0f ;efåf/f PS;=jfO{=h]8= P;f]l;P6\;, n]vfk/LIf0fkmd{nfO{ cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] nflu
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .

sDkgLn] cfˆgf] n]vf 6\ofnL (Tally) eGg] k|rlnt ;ˆ6j]o/df /fVg] u/]sf] 5 h'g cfGtl/s
/fhZj laefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt 5 . ;f] ;ˆ6j]o/af6 ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f -Trial Balance_ :jtM
l;h{gf x'G5 / l;nl;n]jf/ s/ lahs tyf ef}r/ klg lgsfNg] ;'lawf 5 . o; sDkgLn] ljn
ljhs rfxg] AolQm jf lgsfonfO{ lahs hf/L ub{5 / afFls ljqmLsf] Psd'i7 lalqm hgfO{ s/
lahs hf/L tyf lalqm n]vf+sg ug]{ ub{5 . sDkgLdf lhG;Lsf] e}lts k/LIf0f cfly{s jif{sf]
(1)
cGTodf :6f]/ k|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t # ;b:oLo pk;ldltn] ug]{ ub{5 . o; sDkgLn]
d'No clej[l4 s/sf] ljj/0f -cfoft, vl/b / laqmL_ x/]s dlxgf a'emfpg] ub{5 / ;f]sf] ldnfg
-reconciliation_ jif{sf] cGTodf ug]{ ub{5 . o; sDkgLn] cfos/ P]g cg';f/ cg'dflgt s/sf]
ljj/0f / s/ /sd oyf ;dod} a'emfpg] u/]sf] 5 .

cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yfkg kqdf lhG;L df}Hbftsf af/]df s]xL d'2fx? pNn]v ul/Psf]
lyof] . h:t}, sDkgLn] lhG;L df}Hbftsf] n]vfÍg FIFO cfwf/df ug]{ u/]klg lhG;L df}Hbftsf]
dfkg ubf{ g]kfn n]vfdg @ df pNn]lvt k|fjwfg cg';f/ gu/L nfutnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfg]/ ug]{
u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, sDkgLn] cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf ef}lts k/LIf0f ug]{ u/] tfklg :6f]/ / n]vf
vftf cg';f/sf] lhG;L df}Hbftlar le8fg ug]{ kl/kfl6 eg] a;fn]sf] 5}g\ .

o; sDkgLsf]cf=a= @)&$.&% sf] d:of}bf ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f / s]xL zLif{ssf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / ;f]xL cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu n]vfk/LIf0f ug{] kmd{n] ug'{kg{]
sfo{x?nfO{ clen]vLs/0f ug{'kg]{ cfjZostfx?sf af/]df o; k'l:tsfsf] kl/R5]bx?df JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .

(2)
 kl/ro
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] kl/efiff / p2]Zo
n]vfk/LIf0f eGgfn] ;fwf/0ftof laQLo n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;lDemg] ul/G5 . of] Ps
lsl;dsf] sfg"gL afWotf ePsf] sfo{ xf] . t/ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] :j?k / lsl;d eg] laleGg /x]sf
5g . laQLo n]vfk/LIf0f eg]sf] s'g}klg sfg"gL ?kn] :yfkgf ePsf] gfkmf sdfpg] jf gsdfpg]
7"nf jf ;fgf ;+:yfsf] laQLo ;"rgfx?df /fo lbg] sfo{sf nflu k|df0fx? ;+sng ug]{ /
d"Nof+sg u/L n]vfk/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] /fo lbg] k|lqmof xf] . t;y{, of] sfo{ laQLo ;"rgfx? jf
ljQLo.cfly{s ljj/0fx? k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfo{ eg] xf]Og .

ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ ;a} ;f/e"t ;Gbe{df nfu"
x'g;Sg] ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/zLnf adf]lhd tof/ eP gePsf] /fo k|s6 ug{ n]vfk/LIfsnfO{
;Ifd agfpg' xf] .

t;y{, n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ ;lx 9+uaf6 sfg"gsf] kfngf
tyf k|rlnt n]vfdfg k|of]u u/]/ tof/ u/]sf] xf] eGg] cfZj:ttf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL
n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . n]vfk/LIfssf] ;f]r unt ePsf] s'/f kQf nufO{ oyfy{ lrq0f
ub}{g eGg] k|dfl0ft u5'{ eGg] x'g' x'b}g . t/, ;f/e"t?kdf unt k|:t'lts/0f x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf]
x]Ssf (Skepticism) eg] n]vfk/LIf0fsf x/]s r/0fdf /fVg' kb{5 .

ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmof

n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmof cGtu{t To;sf qmdx¿nfO{ of]hgf th'{df r/0f -cg'aGw k"j{sf]
r/0f ;d]t_,sfof{Gjog r/0f Pj+ k|ltj]bg ug]{ r/0f u/L tLgefudf af9\g ;lsG5 / o; tflnd
k'l:tsfdf To;}u/L k|To]s r/0fdf ;+nUg ljleGg lqmofsnfk tyf clen]vLs/0fnfO{ dxTjlbO{
ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg r/0fx¿df nfu" x'g] ;fGble{s n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx? s'g s'g x'g eGg]
hfgsf/L tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
r/0fx¿ ultljlwx¿ n]vfk/LIf0fdfg
cfrf/;+lxtfsf] cg'kfngf g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\;
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw 6f]nLsf] ;Ifdtf ;+:yfn] hf/L u/]sf]
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'jGw kq -Audit cfrf/;+lxtf, g]kfn
cg'aGw k"j{ Engagement Letter_ tof/ u/L n]vfk/LIf0f n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx¿ -ljz]if
(Pre-engagment)
ul/g] lgsfojf6 ;xL u/fO{ lng] . ?kdf g]kfn
n]vfk/LIfssf] ?kdf sfd ug{ of]Uo eP n]vfk/LIf0fdfg @)),
gePsf] Plsg ug]{ @!)_
(3)
 r/0fx¿ ultljlwx¿ n]vfk/LIf0fdfg
lgsfo / o;sf] kl/j]zsf] hfgsf/L PgP;P @%), PgP;P
#!%
n]vfk/LIf0f p2]Zo Pj+ sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ PgP;P #))
;f/e"ttf lgwf{/0f ug]{ PgP;P #@)
hf]lvd lgwf{/0f / ;f]sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ PgP;P #!%, PgP;P
of]hgf th'{df ##)
;~rfngdf /xg] ;+:yfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] PgP;P %&)
(Going concern assumption) Joj:yfkgsf]
k|of]usf] pko'Qmtf dgg ug]{
ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0fdf hfn;fhLsf] dgg ug]{ PgP;P @$)
lj:t[t n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf tof/ ug]{ PgP;P #))
sfof{Gjog gd"gf 5gf}6 Pj+ gd'gf k/LIf0fsf cGo PgP;P %#)
dfWodsf] k|of]u
lgoGq0fx¿sf] gd"gf k/LIf0f (Test of
control) ;Dkfbg ug]{
uxg ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwx¿ ;Dkfbg PgP;P %@)
ug]{
lj:t[t ljj/0fsf] k/LIf0f (Test of details)
;Dkfbg ug]{
Management Representations Letter k|fKt PgP;P %*)
ug]{
n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vLs/0f (Documentation) PgP;P @#)
n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fsf] kof{Kttf Pj+ PgP;P %))
pko'Qmtfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{
k|ltj]bg ug]{ n]vfk/LIf0f hfFrsf glthf hfgsf/L u/fpg] PgP;P @^)
n]vfk/LIf0f lgisif{ d"NofÍg ug]{ PgP;P &))
n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ PgP;P &))

(4)
kl/R5]b ! n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf th'{df (Audit Planning)

n]vfk/LIfsn] cg'aGw :jLsf/ ug{'k"j{ ;f] cg'aGw :jLsf/ug{ of]Uo 5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf]
lgSof}{n u/]/dfq n]vfk/LIf0fsf] vf;k|lqmof ;'? ug{'kb{5 . cg'aGw k"j{sf] r/0fn] ljQLo
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;'? ug'{ k"j{sf cfwf/e"t ;'ema'emnfO{ ;Í]t ub{5 . h; cGtu{t
n]vfk/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] lgo"lQmsf] a}wtf hfFr ug{', cfrf/;+lxtfsf] cg'kfngf ug{;Sg] l:ylt /x]
g/x]sf] tyf ;Ifdtfsf] eP gePsf] af/]df dgfl;j cfZj:ttf xfl;n ug{' kb{5 .
-s_ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] cg'kfngf
n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw;Fu ;Da4 ;fGble{s g}lts cfjZostfx¿sf]
kl/kfngf ug'{kb{5 . g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfn] hf/L u/]sf] cfrf/;+lxtfn]
k]zfut PsfpG6]G6x¿sf nflu g}lts cfjZostfx¿ k|ltkfbg ub{5 / k]zfut
cfr/0fsf k|d'v l;4fGtx? st{Jolgi7tf, j:t'lgi7tf / :jtGqtf, k]zfut ;Ifdtf,
uf]kgLotf, plrt ;ts{tf Pj+ k]zfutdfgx?sf] kfngfsf] cg'kfngf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;a}
k]zfut PsfpG6]G6x¿sf nflu cjwf/0ffTds vfsf (Conceptual framework) k|bfg
ub{5 .

-v_ n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQmsf] a}wtf tyf cg'aGwkq hf/L

n]vfk/LIfsn] s'g} klg lgsfosf] n]vfk/LIfsdf lgo'lQmsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ugf{;fy o;sf]
a}wtfsf af/]df hfgsf/L tyf k/LIf0f ug]{ / cfrf/ ;+lxtf adf]lhd k"j{ n]vfk/LIfs;+u
;Dks{ :yfkgf u/L ;f] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ :jLsf/ ug{ afwf /x] g/x]sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
lng' kb{5 .

lgo'lQmsf] a}wtf / cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngfsf] lgSof}{n u/]kl5 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo,

bfo/f tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] lalw, ;DalGwt sfg"g tyf lgodfjnL, k|lta]bgsf 9f+rf,
lsl;d / k|:t't ul/g] ;do / n]vfk/LIf0f z'Nssf af/]df pNn]v u/L cg'aGwkq k]z
u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cflwsfl/s AolQmaf6 cg'df]bg u/fO{ /fVg' kb{5 .

-u_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] of]hgf th'{df ubf{ / sfof{Gjogsf ;dodf dgg ul/g'kg]{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf
kIfx¿
!= n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] ;DefJo gofF lgsfox¿ / tL;+u ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g gLltut
kl/jt{g n]vf°g ug]{ dfgx¿df kl/jt{g n]vf°g Pj+ n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ lgodg
ug]{ ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g Pj+ aflxl/ofaf6 (out sourcing) u/fOg] sfo{x¿ h:tf
;+:yfut kl/j]zfTds ljZn]if0f .
(5)
 @= cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;IfdtfeGbf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] hl6ntf a9L x'g] cj:yf of]hgf
ul/Psf ;+;fwgx¿ -sd{rf/L tyf ah]6_sf] k|ofKttf n]vfk/LIf0f If]qsf ;Ldf°g
tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ nfluPsf] lgsfosf] ;'zf;g tyf pRr Aoj:yfkgsf] ;fv
tyf g}ltstfsf af/]df pknAw x'g;Sg] hfgsf/L .
#= of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu nIo cljlR5Gg k]zfut ljsf;sf] Joj:yf, pko'Qm
of]hgf th'{df ljsf; Pj+ k|lzIf0f -:jLs[t n]vfdfg / n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx¿sf]_,
;"rgf k|ljlw n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{kqx¿, n]vfk/LIf0f cf}hf/x¿ pkof]u ug{ lj1tfsf]
pknAwtf h:tf Ifdtf -bIftf Pj+ ;+;fwg_ sf] d"Nof°g .

!=! n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;'?jft n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmaf6 x'G5 . n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt Wofg
lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfgx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g .

s_ sDkgL P]g, @)^#

bkmf &^ -%_M jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef ug]{ u/L lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf u/]sf k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf]
xsdf ;d]t jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef ug'{kg]{ . (As per amendment dated
2074/01/19)
bkmf && -^_M n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm / lghsf] kfl/>ldssf] lg0f{o ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ug'{kg]{ .
bkmf !!! -!_M n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ug'{kg]{ 5 . t/ k|yd jflif{s ;fwf/0f
;ef x'g'eGbf cl3 ;~rfns ;ldltn] n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ug]{5 .
bkmf !!! -#_M klAns sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pp6} n]vfk/LIfs, lghsf] ;fem]bf/ jf k"j{
;fem]bf/ jf sd{rf/L jf e"tk"j{ sd{rf/LnfO{ nuftf/ tLgk6seGbf a9L
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . t/ tLg jif{ klxn] g} ;fem]bf/Laf6 cnu
x'g] ;fem]bf/ jf To:tf] n]vfk/LIfssf] ;]jfaf6 cnu ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf]xsdf of]
k|ltaGw nfu" x'g] 5}g.
bkmf !!# M sDkgLsf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf sf/0fjz n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm x'g g;s]df jf
jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef g} x'g g;s]df jf o; P]gadf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf]
n]vfk/LIfs s'g} sf/0fjz sfod /xg g;s]df sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
cg'/f]wdf sfof{non] csf]{ n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .

v_ g]kfn u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f dfg ! -NSQC 1)

cg'R5]b @$M sDtLdf aif{sf] Ps k6s n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{n] (Audit Firm) ;fGble{s g}lts
cfjZostf adf]lhd :jtGq x'g'kg]{ kmd{sf ;a} sd{rf/Laf6 :jtGqtf ;DaGwL
o;sfgLlt / sfo{ljlw k'/f u/]sf] lnlvt ;'lglZrttf k|fKt ug'{kb{5 .
cg'R5]b @%M kmd{n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] gLlt / sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 M—
(6)
 -s_ s'g} cfZj:ttf cg'aGwdf (assurance engagement) Pp6} jl/i7 JolQmnfO{ nfdf]
;do;Dd k|of]u ubf{ cfpg ;Sg] kl/rosf] hf]lvdnfO{ (Familiarity Risk)
kmd{sf] nflu :jLsf/of]Uo tx (Acceptable Level) df emfg{sf nflu ;'/Iffsf
pkfox? rflxG5 ls rflxGg egL lgwf{/0f ug]{ dfkb08 tf]Sg], /
-v_ cg'aGw ;fem]bf/ / u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ ;fGble{s
g}lts cfjZostf adf]lhd lglZrt ;dokl5 km]/abn ug]{ .
cg'R5]b @^M kmd{n] u|fxs;Fusf] ;DaGw :yfkgf / lg/Gt/tf tyf ljz]if cg'aGw ;DaGwL o:tf]
gLlt / sfo{ljlw to ug'{kb{5, h;n] kmd{nfO{ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf dfq ;DaGwnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 eGg] ;'lglZrttf lbG5 M—
-s_ kmd{ cg'aGwsf] sfd ug{sf] nflu ;Ifd 5 / To;f] ug{sf nflu ;do /
;|f]t;fwg nufotsf of]Uotf /x]sf] 5,
-v_ kmd{n] ;fGble{s g}lts cfjZostfsf] kfngf ug{ ;Qm5, /
-u_ kmd{n] ;]jfu|fxLsf] O{dfgsf] (integrity) n]vfhf]vf u/]sf] 5 / u|fxsdf O{dfg
5}g eGg] lgisif{df k'lug] s'g} ;"rgf pknAw 5}g .

u_ g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfn] hf/L u/]sf] dfgx?

o; cGtu{t g]n]kdf @!) M k]zfut lgo'lQm -lgo'lQmsf] :jLs[lt_ sf af/]df lgDg s'/fx? Wofg
lbg' kb{5M

s'g} gofF ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{' cufl8 n]vfk/LIfsn] lgo'lQm :jLsf/;Fu hf]l8Psf
b]xfosf cfz+sf (threats) Wofg lbg'kb{5 M—
 cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?sf] kl/kfngdf x'g] s'g} cfz+sf,
 O{dfgdf cfpg] ;Defljt cfz+sf,
 k]zfut Jojxf/df cfpg] ;Defljt cfz+sf,

o:tf hf]lvdx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfz+sfaf6 ;'/Iffsf pkfox? (safeguards) ckgfpg' kb{5,
h:t} M
 ;]jfu|fxL, To;sf dflns, Joj:yfks / zf;sLo lgjf{xstf{ / Jofj;flos ultljlwsf] af/]df
1fg k|fKt ug]{,
 ;+Vofut ;'zf;g jf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f ;'wf/ ug]{ ;DaGwL ;]jfu|fxL;Fu k|ltj4tf lng] .

o; ;DaGwdf n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ kmd{n] g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfg – @@) sf] k"0f{ ?kdf kfngf ug'{
kb{5 .
dflysf laifoa:t'x?sf] ;'ema'em tyf kl/kfngfsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm kq
k|fKt ePsf] cj:yfdf cf–cfkm\gf] larf/ /fVg' xf];M
(7)
 P= la= ;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8
7]ufgf M ========================
kmf]g g+ M======================
Od]n M =====================

r=g+= ======================= ldlt M @)==÷==÷==

>L PS;=jfO{=h]8= P;f]l;P6\;,

n]vfk/LIfs, sf7df8f}+ .

ljifo M– n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ul/Psf] af/] .

pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf o; sDkgLsf] cf=j= @)&$÷&%sf] afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu

oxfFnfO{ o; sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt ============ ut] a;]sf] ======= cf}+ a}7ssf] lg0f{o
g+= ======== af6 To; cf=j= sf] nflu lgo'lQm ul/Psf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb5f}+ .

o; n]vfk/LIf0fsf] z'Ns jfkt ?= ============== -cIf/]kL ?= ===== dfq_ d"=c=s/ afx]s

pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/P adf]lhd cf=j= @)&$÷&% n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ z'? ug{ ljgd|
cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

==============================
sDkgL ;lrj

af]wfy{ M–
!= >L sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no, lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ .
@= n]vf zfvf .

pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] kqdf lgDg lnlvt d'2fx? /x]sf]n] lgo'lQmsf] a}Btf g/x]sf] af/]df n]vfk/LIfs
;hu x'g' kb{5 M
s_ sDkgL P]g, @)^#sf] bkmf !!! cg';f/ n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efaf6
x'g'kg]{df ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf] x'Fbf a}wflgs ePg .

(8)
v_ sDkgL P]g, @)^#sf] bkmf &&-^_ cg';f/ n]vfk/LIfssf] n]vfk/LIf0f z'Nssf] lg0f{o
;+rfns ;ldltn] geO{ ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ug'{kg]{ .
u_ sDkgL P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ s'/f pNn]v gePsf] .
3_ lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg gu/]sf] .

!=@= cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIfs;Fusf] ;~rf/

cfrf/ ;+lxtf adf]lhd n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ :jLsf/ ug{ cfklQ /x] g/x]sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
lngsf nflu n]vfk/LIfsn] cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIfs;Fu ;~rf/ ug{' kb{5 . ;f]af6 k|fKt hfgsf/Ln]
cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?sf] cg'kfngfdf cfpg] cfz+sfx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;'/Iffsf] pkfo
ckgfPsf] af/]df n]vfk/LIfsn] ckgfPsf] lalwsf] clen]vLs/0f x'g hfG5 . O{dfGf jf k]zfut
Jojxf/df ;Defljt cfz+sfsf] l;Hf{gf ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;DalGwt ljrf/0fLo d'2fx?af6 x'g ;S5 .
cfz+sf lj?4 tnsf ;'/Iffsf pkfox? kfngf ug{ ;lsG5 -g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfn]
hf/L u/]sf] cfrf/ ;lx+tf, @!) M k]zfut lgo'lQm -k]zfut lgo'lQmdf km]/abn_ M
 cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIfs;Fu n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ :jLsf/ ug{ cfklQ /x] g/x]sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
k|fKt u/]/,
 cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIfssf] n]vfk/LIf0f /fodf s'g} klg tYofÍ jf kl/l:ylt ;dfj]z ePsf] eP
;f] sf] ;hutf kl5Nnf] n]vfk/LIfsn] lgo'lQm :jLsf/ ug]{ lg0f{o lng cl3 lng], /
 cGo ;|f]taf6 cfjZos hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]/ .

b'j} n]vfk/LIfsx?n] oL ;"rgfx?sf] uf]kgLotf /fVg' kb{5 . -g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\;

;+:yfn] hf/L u/]sf] cfrf/ ;lx+tf, bkmf !$)_

dflysf laifoa:t'x?sf] ;'ema'em tyf kl/kfngfsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] cl3Nnf]

n]vfk/LIfs;Fusf] ;~rf/sf] gd"gf kqsf d'2fx? s] s] 5gM

ldlt M@)==÷== ÷==

>Llk=So"=cf/=P;f]l;P6\;
n]vfk/LIfs, sf7df8f+} .

dxf]bo,

laifoM hfgsf/L af/] .

xfdL o; P=la=;L k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] afXo n]vfk/LIf0f ug{sf] nflu n]vfkl/Ifs lgo'lQm ePsf]
hfgsf/L xh'/nfO{ u/fpF5f} .

(9)
 ;+:yfaf6 tkfO{+sf] kmd{ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] n]vfk/LIfs ePsf] hfgsf/L xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf sf/0f
xfdLn] To; ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] jf gx'g] hfgsf/L u/fO{ lbg' x'g xh'/nfO{
cg'/f]w ub{5f} . ;fy} olb pko'Qm gePdf sf/0f v'nfO{ o; kqsf] hjfkm pknAw u/fO{ lbg'
x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

=========================
PS;=jfO{=h]8= P;f]l;P6\;,
n]vfk/LIfs

pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] kqdf /x]sf lgDglnlvt d'2fx?sf]af/]df n]vfk/LIfs ;hu /xg' kb{5M

!= gofF n]vfk/LIfssf] klxrfg ug]{ n]6/x]8df hf/L gu/]sf] .
@= s'g cfly{s aif{sf] n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm kfPsf] xf] gv'n]sf] .
#= kq k7fpg'sf] p2]Zo gv'nfOPsf] .
$= sltlbg leq hjfkm k7fpg'kg]{ xf] pNn]v gu/]sf] .
%= ;"rgfsf] uf]klgotf /xg] s'/f pNn]v gu/]sf] .

!=#= n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw kq (Audit Engagement Letter)

lgo'lQmsf] j}wtf / cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngfsf] lgSof{}{n u/]kl5 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo, If]q
tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] ljlw, ;DalGwt sfg"g tyf lgodfjnL, k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrf, lsl;d
nufotsf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] cg'aGwkq k]z u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cflwsfl/s
JolQmaf6 cg'df]bg u/fO{ /fVg' kb{5 .

g]=n]=k=df=@!) cg';f/ To:tf] cg'aGw kqsf] 9fFrf ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj;fosf] k|s[lt cg';f/
km/s kb{5 . t/ ;fdfGotof b]xfo adf]lhdsf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z u/L n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf
nflu ;xdlt ePsf zt{x?nfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw kq cyjf lnlvt ;xdltsf cGo pko'Qm
k|sf/df clen]v ug{' kb{5 .
s_ ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo tyf If]q,
v_ n]vfk/LIfssf pQ/bfloTjx?,
u_ Joj:yfkgsf pQ/bfloTjx?,
3_ ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] tof/Lsf nflu nfu" x'g] ljQLo k|ltj]bg cfwf/lZfnfsf] (applicable
financial reporting framework) klxrfg, tyf

(10)
 ª_ n]vfk/LIfsn] hf/L ug{'kg]{] k|ltj]bgsf] ck]lIft :j?k / ljifoj:t'sf] ;Gbe{ / o:tf]
k|ltj]bg s]xL kl/l:yltx?df ck]lIft :j?k / ljifoj:t'eGbf leGg} x'g;Sg] 5g\ eGg]
s'/fsf] pNn]v .

n]vfk/LIfsn] ;]jfu|fxL;Fu klxnf] aif{df agfPsf] cg'aGw kq g} kl5Nnf] aif{x?df klg

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ b]xfosf ;Gb{edf gofF cg'aGw kq hf/L ug{' kb{5M
 lgsfon] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo / If]qsf] af/]df unt s'/f a'em]sf] 5 eGg] s'g} ;+s]t,
 n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;+zf]lwt jf ljz]if zt{x?,
 jl/i7 Joj:yfkgdf xfn;fn} ePsf] kl/jt{g,
 :jfldTjdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g,
 lgsfosf] Joj;fosf] k|s[lt jf cfsf/df ePsf] s'g} 7'nf] kl/jt{g,
 sfg"gL jf lgodgsf/L Joj:yfx?df ePsf] s'g} kl/jt{g,
 ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] tof/Ldf ckgfO{Psf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg cfwf/lznfdf ePsf] s'g}
kl/jt{g,
 cGo k|ltj]bg cfjZostfdf ePsf] s'g} kl/jt{g .

bf]xf]/L /xg] (recurring) n]vfk/LIf0fsf] xsdf n]vfk/LIfsn] cg'aGwsf zt{x?

k'g/fjnf]sg ug'kg{] xf] ls xf]Og tyf lgsfonfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf ljBdfg zt{x?
k'gM:Df/0f u/fpg cfjZos 5 ls 5}g eGg] ;DaGwL laifo n]vfk/LIfsn] lgwf{/0f ug{' kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf zt{x?df ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] :jLs[lt (Acceptance of change in terms

of audit engagement)
s_ kl/jt{g ug'kg{] ts{k"0f{ cfwf/ geP;Dd n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf zt{x?df
ul/Psf] s'g} kl/jt{gnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ x'b}g .

n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLn] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf zt{x?df kl/jt{gsfnflu lgDg sf/0fx?n]

ubf{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sb5 M
 n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ kl/l:yltx?df ePsf] s'g} kl/jt{g,
 Df"n?kdf cg'/f]w ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|s[lt ;DaGwdf unt a'emfO
(misunderstanding),
 Joj:yfkg jf cGo kl/l:yltx?sf sf/0fn] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf] If]qdf s'g} cj/f]w .

;]jfsf cfjZostfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ kl/l:yltdf ePsf] s'g} kl/jt{g jf Df"n?kdf cg'/f]w
ul/Psf] ;]jfsf] k|s[ltsf] ;DaGwdf unt a'emfOnfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwdf kl/jt{gsf nflu
cg'/f]w ug]{ dgfl;j cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ s'g} unt, ck"/f] jf c;+tf]ifhgs hfgsf/Lsf]
;DaGwdf ul/Psf] kl/jt{gnfO{ dgfl;j dfGg ;lsb}g .

(11)
v_ n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;dfkg ug'{ cl3g} ;f] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwnfO{ tNnf] txsf] cfZj:ttf
(Low Level of Assurance) k|bfg ug{] s'g} cg'aGwdf kl/jt{g ul/of];\ egL n]vfk/LIfsnfO{
cg'/f]w ul/Pdf n]vfk/LIfsn] To;f] ug{'sf] dgfl;j cfwf/ 5 5}g egL lgSof}{n ug'{ kb{5 .

s'g} n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwnfO{ ;dLIff jf s'g} ;DalGwt ;]jfdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;xdt x'g' cl3,
g]=n]=k=df= cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ cg'alGwt ePsf] s'g} n]vfk/LIfsn] dflysf cg'R5]bdf
n]lvPsf s'/fx? afx]s To:tf] kl/jt{gsf] s'g} sfg"gL jf s/f/Lo c;/sf] d'NofÍg ug{'kg]{
x'G5 . o;/L kl/jt{g ug]{ dgfl;j cfwf/ 5 eGg] n]vfk/LIfsn] lgisif{ lgsfNb5 eg] kl/jt{g
ug]{ ldlt;Dd ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ kl/jlt{t cg'aGwsfnflu ;fGble{s x'g ;S5 t/
ug{'kg]{ sfd / hf/L ug'{kg]{ k|ltj]bg ;+zf]lwt cg'aGwsfnflu pko'St x'g] lsl;dsf] x'g]5 .
u_ n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf ;t{x? kl/jt{g ePsf] v08df, n]vfk/LIfs / Joj:yfkgn] gofF
;t{x?df ;xdt eO{, cg'aGwsf gofF ;t{x? cg'aGw kq jf cGo pko'St lnlvt ;Demf}tfdf
clen]v ul/ /fVg' kg]{5 .

olb n]vfk/LIfs n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwsf;t{x?df ePsf] s'g} kl/jt{g;Fu ;xdt x'g

g;s]df / Joj:yfkgåf/f d"n n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw rfn" /fVg /f]s nufOPdf, n]vfk/LIfsn] b]xfo
adf]lhd ug{' kg]{5M—
s_ k|rlnt sfg"g jf lgod cGtu{t ;DejePdf n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwaf6 /flhgfdf ug]{ , /
v_ zf;sLo e"ldsf lgjfxstf{ (those charged with governance), dflns jf lgodgstf{ h:tf
cGo kIfx?nfO{ ;f] kl/l:yltsf] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ s/f/Lo jf cGo s'g} bfloTj ePsf] jf
gePsf] lgwf{/0f ug{] .

cg'aGw:jLsf/ ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ yk s'/fx?M—

s_ lgod tyf sfg'g cg';f/ ljQLo k|ltj]bg dfgx?df yk ePsf] cj:yf
v_ sfg'g jf lgodn] lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg k|:t'tLsf] cfwf/lznf :jLsf/ ug{
c;/ k'¥ofpg] ljifox?
u_ sfg"g jf lgodn] lglb{i6 u/]sf n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] a'Fbfx?

n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vk/LIf0f cg'aGw :jLsf/ ug'{ k'j{ g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yf¢f/f
hf/L ul/Psf] cfrf/ ;lx+tfsf cfwf/df cg'aGw :jLsfo{ 5 jf 5}g ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;
ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Fun] ug{sf nflu n]vfk/LIfsn] kfngf ug'kg{] lgodx?sf] hfFr;"rL
tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf]] hfrF;"rLsf] 9fFrf 5'6\6} ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 -:yf=km=÷r=!_.

sfo{cg'aGw ;DalGwt Wofg lbg'kg]{ a'bFfx?M

g]=u'=lg=df= ! -NSQC 1): ;]jfu|fxL ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf / lg/Gt/tf tyf ljz]if cg'aGw

(12)
cg'R5]b @& –
n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{n] ;]jfu|fxL;DaGwsf] :yfkgf / lg/Gt/tf tyf ljz]if cg'aGw ;DaGwL gLltx? /
sfo{ljlwx? Afgfpg' kb{5 . ;f] gLltx? / sfo{ljlwx?df lgDg s'/f x'g' cfjZos 5g\ M
s_ ;]jfu|fxL;Fu gofF cg'aGw :jLsf/ ug'{k"j{ / ljBdfg cg'aGwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf glbg]
lg0f{o ug'{k"j{ gofF ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] cg'aGw :jLsf/ ug{ cfjZos 7flgg] ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx?
Kf|fKt ug{' kg]{ .
v_ olb gofF jf ljBdfg ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] cg'aGw :jLsf/ ubf{ :jfy{x? aflemg ;Sg] ;Defjgf
klxrfg eP, kmd{n] ;f] cg'aGw :jLsf/ ug{ pko'St 5 jf 5}g lgwf{/0f ug]{,
u_ olb d'2fx? -issues_ klxrfg eP/ klg kmd{n] gofF jf ljBdfg ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;DaGw :jLsf/
jf lg/Gt/tf lbg] lg0f{o ub{5 eg] s;/L ;f] d'2fx? xn eP eGg] s'/fsf] clen]v ug]{ .

cg'R5]b @* –
n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{n] cfˆgf] gLltx? / sfo{ljlwx? :yfkgf ubf{, kmd{n] cg'aGw / ;]jfu|fxL
;DaGwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] qmddf s'g} hfgsf/L ;"rgfx?, hf] klxn]g} k|fKt ePsf] eP cg'aGw g}
:jLsf/ x'g] lyPg, k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] kl/l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ul/ ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf gLltx?
/ sfo{ljlwx?df lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'kb{5M
s_ n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{n] lgo'lQm ug]{ JolQm jf JolQmx?nfO{{ ljj/0f lbg h?/L eP÷gePsf] jf s'g}
d'2fdf lgodgsf/L lgsfonfO{ -regulatory authority_ ljj/0f lbg h?/L eP÷gePsf] ;lxtsf
Jofj;flos / sfg"gL pQ/bfloTjx? /
v_ cg'aGw jf cg'aGw / u|fxs ;DaGw b'j}af6 /flhgfdf lbg'kg]{ ;Defjgf .

cg'aGw sfo{ ;Dkfb -Engagement Performance_

cg'R5]b #@ –
n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{n] cg'aGwx? Jofj;flos dfg / k|rflnt lgod sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL ;DkGg
ePsf 5g\, / kmd{ / cg'aGw ;fem]bf/x?n] hf/L ug]{ k|ltj]bgx? tTsflng cj:yfsf nflu
pko'Qm 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] dgfl;j ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{sf nflu gLlt / sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f
ug'{kb{5 . To:tf gLlt / sfo{ljlwx?df lgDg s'/fx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5M
s_ cg'aGw ;Dkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df Ps?ktf 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|j4{g ug]{ ljifoj:t'x?,
v_ lg/LIf0fsf] pQ/bfloTj, /
u_ ;dLIffsf] pQ/bfloTj

cg'R5]b ## –
n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{sf] ;dLIff pQ/bfloTj ;DaGwL gLlt / sfo{ljlwx? cg'aGw 6f]nLsf] sd cg'ejL
;b:osf] sfd a9L cg'ejL ;b:on] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ cfwf/df lgwf{/0f x'g' kb{5 .
(13)
n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{n] hf/L u/]sf] lgDgfg';f/sf] cg'aGw kqsf] 9fFrfdf ePsf d'2fx? s] s] x'g
;Sb5gM

PS;= jfO{= h]8= P;f]l;P6\;

ldltM @)==÷==÷==
>L ;~rfns ;ldlt
P=la=;L k|fOe]6 lnld6]8
sf7df8f}+ .
ljifo M n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw-Audit Engagement_
dxf]bo,

oxfFn] xfdLnfO{, To; sDkgL, P= aL= ;L= P08 sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o adf]lhdsf]
ldlt @)==÷==÷== sf] lgo'Qm kqaf6 ;f] sDkgLsf] cfly{s jif{ @)==÷==÷== sf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf]
n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu cfu|x ug'{ ePsf] 5, h;df @)=== cfiff9 #! ut]sf] jf;nft -Balance
Sheet_ / ;f] ldltdf ;dfKt cfly{s jif{sf] cfo ljj/0f -Income Statement_, :jk"FhLdf
kl/jt{gsf] ljj/0f -Statement of Changes in Equity_ / gub k|jfx ljj/0f tyf dxTjk"0f{
n]vfgLlt tyf n]vf ;DaGwL l6Kk0fLx? ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . o; kqsf] dfWodåf/f o; n]vfk/LIf0f
cg'aGwsf] ;DaGwdf xfd|f] :jLs[lt / xfd|f] a'emfO{ -confirm our acceptance and our
understanding_ k'li6 ubf{ xfdLnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf]5 .

n]vfk/LIfssf pQ/bfloTjx?
xfdLn] cfkm\gf] n]vfk/LIf0f g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfgsf -g]=n]=k=df=x?sf]_ cfwf/df ;Dkfbg ug]{5f}+ .
tL dfgx? cg';f/ xfdLn] g}lts cfjZostfx?sf] kfngf ug' kb{5 / ljQLo ljj/0fx? ;f/e"t
-Material_ unt k|:t'ltaf6 d'Qm 5g\ egL dgfl;a cfZj:ttf -Reasonable Assurance_ k|fKt
ug]{] u/L n]vfk/LIf0fsf] of]hgf th'{df / sfo{;Dkfbg ug{' kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0f cGtu{t ljQLo
ljj/0fdf ePsf /sd / v'nf;fx? ;DaGwL k|df0f k|fKt ug{ cjnDag ul/g] sfo{ljlwsf] ;Dkfbg
kb{5 . To;/L 5gf}6 ul/Psf] sfo{ljlwx? hfn;fhL jf e"naf6 x'g;Sg] ;f/e"t -Material_ unt
k|:t'ltsf] hf]lvdsf] d'NofÍg nufotsf n]vfk/LIfssf] ljj]sdf (judgement) e/ k5{g\ .
n]vfk/LIf0f cGtu{t k|of]u ul/Psf n]vf gLltx?sf] pko'Qmtf / Joj:yfkgn] u/]sf] n]vf
cg'dfgx¿sf] cf}lrTosf] d"NofÍgsf ;fy} ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] ;du| k|:t'ltsf] d'NofÍg klg
;dfj]z x'G5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f g]=n]=k=df=x¿ adf]lhd ;xL 9+un] lgof]lht / ;Dkflbt ePtfklg n]vfk/LIf0fsf]

cGtlg{lxt ;Ldf -Inherent Limitation of an audit_ ;fy} cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] ;d]t cGtlg{lxt
;Ldfsf] -limitation in internal control system_ sf/0fn] s]xL ;f/e"t (Material) unt k|:t'ltx¿sf]
klxrfg ug{ g;lsg] ckl/xfo{ hf]lvd (unavoidable risk) /xG5 .

(14)
xfdLn] hf]lvd d'NofÍg ubf{, lgsfosf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf pk/ s'g} /fo k|:t't
ug]{ p2]Zon] geO{ vf; kl/l:yltx¿df pko'Qm x'g] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿sf]th{'df ug{sf nflu
lgsfosf] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] tof/Ldf ;fGble{s x'g] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fnfO{ Wofgdf /fV5f}+ .
tyflk, n]vfk/LIf0fsf] qmddf ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f;Fu ;fGble{s x'g] cfGtl/s
lgoGq0fsf dxTjk"0f{ sdhf]/Lx¿ xfdLn] klxrfg u/]df oxfFx?nfO{ lnlvt ¿kdf ;f] ;DjGwL
hfgsf/L u/fpg] 5f}+ .

Joj:yfkgsf] pQ/bfloTjx?
xfd|f] n]vfk/LIf0f Joj:yfkg -/ pko'Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf, zf;sLo e"ldsfsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf
JolQm_ n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf pQ/bfloTjx¿ cfkm"df ePsf] :jLsf/ / af]w u/]sf] 5g\ eGg]
cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/g]5 M
-s_ g]kfn ljQLo k|ltj]bg dfg adf]lhd ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] tof/L / plrt k|:t'lt ug]{,
-v_ hfn;fhL / e"naf6 -fraud and error_ x'g] ;f/e"t unt k|:t'ltaf6 d'Qm ljQLo
ljj/0fx¿sf] tof/Lsf nflu cfjZos x'g] egL Joj:yfkgåf/f 7x/ ul/Psf] cfGtl/s
lgoGq0fsf] nflu, /
-u_ xfdLnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] s'/f pknAw u/fpg] M
-c_ ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] tof/Ldf ;fGble{s x'g] Joj:yfkgn] yfxf kfP;Ddsf clen]v,
sfuhft jf cGo s'/fx? h:tf] ;a} ;"rgfx¿df lgaf{w kx'+r -unrestricted access_
-cf_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zosf nflu -Joj:yfkgaf6_ xfdLn] cfu|x ug{ ;Sg] yk ;"rgf, /
-O_ n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ug{ xfdLn] cfjZos 7x/ u/]sf] lgsfo leqsf JolQm;Ddsf]
lgaf{w kx'Fr .
xfd|f] n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofsf] c+usf] ?kdf xfdLnfO{ Joj:yfkg -pko'Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf,
zf;sLo e"ldsfsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf JolQm_ af6 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf
k|ltlglwTj;DaGwL lnlvt ;dy{gsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug]{5f}+ .
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] qmddf oxfFx¿sf sd{rf/Laf6 xfdLnfO{ k"0f{ ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u/]sf 5f}+ .
-3_ n]vfk/LIf0f z'Ns / cGo zf]wegf{ x'g] vr{x? -reimbursable expenses_ Joj:yfkgåf/f
lg0f{o eP cg';f/ ====== -mode of payment_ +sf] dfWodaf6 x'g]5 .
xfd|f] k|ltj]bgsf] :j?k / ljifoj:t' n]vfk/LIf0faf6 kQf nfu]sf s'/fx?sf] (audit findings)
cfwf/df kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ x'g ;S5 .

of] kq ;+zf]lwt, lgnlDat jf k|lt:yflkt geP;Dd k|efjsf/L /xg] 5 . xfd|f] cf–cfkm\gf]

pQ/bfloTj nufot ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf xfdLn] u/]sf] k|aGw k|lt oxfFsf]
:jLs[lt, af]w, / ;xdlt ePsf] hgfpg o; kqsf] b'j} k|ltdf x:tfIf/ u/L Ps k|ltlkmtf{ ug{'x'g
jf olb ;Demf}tfsf zt{x? tkfO{+sf] a'emfO{ cg';f/ 5}gg\ eg] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L lbg' x'g cg'/f]w
ub{5f}+ .
(15)
 PS;= jfO{= h]8= P;f]l;P6\;sf] tk{maf6
===================
;xL M
gfd / kb M
ldlt M

P= aL= ;L= P08 sDkgL sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 a'emL ;xdt ePsf]

================
;xL M
gfd / kb M
ldlt M

pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] kqsf d'2fx?M

!= ;~rfns ;ldltn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ sDkgL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !!! cg';f/
n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;fwf/0f ;ef¢f/f x'g] 5 eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] .
@= klxnf] Kof/fu|fkmdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] /fosf] af/]df gn]v]sf] s'/f .
#= sDkgL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf && cg';f/, n]vfk/LIf0fsf] n]vfk/LIf0f z'Ns jflif{s ;fwf/0f
;ef¢f/f lg0f{o ul/g] 5 eGg] ePsf]df Aoj:yfkgn] tf]lsP adf]lhd pNn]v ePsf] . .

!=$= k|f/lDes sfo{ljlwx?

!=$=! of]hgf th'{df
of]hgf th'{df Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] h'g n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L / s'zntfk"j{s ;DkGg
ug{sf] nflu u|fxssf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ vf; z'? ug{' eGbf k"j{g} ul/G5 .
of]hgf th'{df sfo{x? ;fdfGotof n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k"/f cjlwsf] Ps ltxfO{ ;do vr{g] u/L
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ z'? ug{' k"j{ g} k|f/De ug'{ kb{5 . o; cGtu{t lgDgfg';f/sf s'/fx? pNn]Vo
x'G5gM
 n]vfk/LIf0f hfFr ;"rLsf] tof/L k"/f ug]{ -c:yf=km=.!_.
 cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] ;ldIff ug]{ .
 cl3Nnf] jif{sf] lhDd]jf/L ;fl/Psf] -cNof ul/Psf]_ ljifox?sf] ;ldIff ug]{ . -k"j{
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yfkg kqsf] cWogaf6_
 a}+s tyf t];|f] kIf;Fu k'li6s/0fsf] nflu afXo ;d{yg kq k7fpg] .

(16)
 lhG;L ;fdfgsf] ;f/e"ttf Plsg u/L Pp6f sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]u lnO{ ef}lts k/LIf0f . u0fgf
ug]{ .
 u|fxsn] ;]jf lng] ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] Plsg ug]{ / ToL ;]jfu|fxLx? kl/jt{g ePsf] jf gePsf]
Plsg ug]{ .
 lj1sf] sfddf ljZjf; ug]{ jf gug]{ lglZrt ug{] .
 laqmL tyf vl/b n]h/sf] ;ldIff ug]{ .
 n]vf cg'dfg -Accounting Estimate_ ;ldIff ug]{ .
 k"j{ of]hgf a}7s sf] ;Fu cfof]lht x'g] xf] / ;f] a}7ssf] ;+efJotfsf] klxrfg ug]{ .
 Joj;fo ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lnO{ :yfO{ kmfOn cBfjlws ug]{ .
 u|fxssf] website sf] ;ldIff u/L ToxfF pknAw laj/0f / ;"rgfx?sf] cWoog ug]{ .
 u|fxs;Fu ;DalGwt k|sfzgsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ .

sfo{ of]hgfsf] r/0f ;Fu} n]]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn tof/ ug{ k|f/De ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu n]]vfk/LIf0f
kmfOn tof/ ug{ lgoGq0f sfuhftx?sf] ;"rL agfpg' kb{5 .

To:tf]] n]]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn tof/ ug{ lgoGq0f sfuhftx?sf] ;"rLsf] 9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g
;Sb5 .
n]]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn tof/ ug{ lgoGq0f sfuhftx?
;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M
cjwL M
n]]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn tof/ ug{ lgoGq0f sfuhftx?
of] Pp6f P]lR5s kmf/fd xf] . o;n] of]hgf th'{dfsf] r/0fdf kmfOnx? l7s tl/sfn] tof/
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ d2t k'of{pFb5 .
l;=g+= sfuhftsf] gfd kmfOn kmf/fd kmfOndf
;Gbe{ 5÷5}g÷nfu"
x'b}g
! n]vfk/LIf0f lgoGq0f /]s8{
@ cfpFbf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos a'Fbfx?
(Points forwards)
# cg'ufdL 36gfx?sf] -events after balancesheet date_
;dLIffsf] hfFr;"rL

(17)
$ cljlR5Ggtf hfFr;"rL -Going concern checklist_
% Joj:yfkg kq
^ g]n]kdf cg'kfngf ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?sf]
l6Kk0fL-Compliance critical issues_
& ;du| ljZn]if0ffTds ;dLIff
* ;]jfu|fxLsf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;dfof]hg ul/Psf /
gul/Psf q'l6x?sf] ;f/f+z
( ljQLo ljj/0fsf] ;"Id ;dLIff
!) 5'6x?sfnflu of]Uotf -Entitlement to exemptions_
!! ljQLo ljj/0fsf v'nf;f / cg'kfngfsf] jflif{s
;dLIff hfFr;"rL
!@ ;]jfu|fxLsf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] g]=n]=df cg';f/ ug'{kg]{
v'nf;fsf] hfFr;"rL
!# n]vfk/LIfssf] lgodg -regulation of auditor_ ;DaGwL
hfFr;"rL
!$ ut cjlwsf]] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos a'Fbfx?—
;fdfGo
!% ut cjlwsf]] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos a'Fbfx? —
ljQLo ljj/0f ;DaGwL
!^ ut cjlwsf]] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos a'Fbfx?—
Joj:yfkg kq
!& :yfoL kmfOn hfFr;"rL
!* k|f/lDes of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlw— of]hgf th'{df
r/0fdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;xeflutf
!( n]vf cg'dfgx? -accounting estimates_
@) k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw
@! hf]lvdsf] ;f/f+z / cGt/lglxt Joj;flos hf]lvd /
lg/LIf0f ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] -control environment_
lgwf{/0f
(18)
 @@ cGt/lglxt hf]lvdsf] lgwf{/0f — ljz]if If]qx?
@# lgoGq0f hf]lvdsf] lgwf{/0f — ljz]if If]qx?
@$ ;f/e"t÷ ;f/o"Qmtfsf] lgwf{/0f
@% sfo{sf] of]hgf -assignment plan_
@^ gd"gf cfsf/ 5gf}6÷n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf -audit
approach_
@& k|of]u ul/g] sf] hyfefjL c+s tflnsfsf] k|lt -copy
of random number table_
@* cg'aGw 6f]nL;Fu 5nkmn
@( ;f/jfg\ hfFr -substantive testing_ ;DaGwL
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd
#) s/ lgwf{/0f— ;f/jfg\ hfFr
#! ;Da4 JolQmx?;Fusf] sf/f]jf/ — ;f/jfg\ hfFr

jl/i7 ;b:osf] ;dLIff

d}n] kmf/fdx?sf] ;dLIff ul/ ;s]sf] 5' / ;f] kmf/fdx? ;]jfu|fxLsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu
pko'St x'g] lsl;dn] sfF65f6 -tailored_ u/]sf] 5' .
x:tfIf/ M======================================= ldlt M =======================================
cg'aGw ;fem]bf/sf] ;dLIff
d}n] ;f] sfF65f6 u/]sf] kmf/fdx?sf] ;dLIff ul/ ;s]sf] 5' / ;f] kmf/fd ;]jfu|fxLsf]
n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu pko'St x'g] lsl;dn] g} sfF65f6 ul/Psf 5g\ .
x:tfIf/ M ======================================= ldlt M =======================================

n]]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn tof/ ug{ lgoGq0f sfuhftx?sf] ;"rL tof/ u/] kZrft, n]vfk/LIf0f
sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tn lbP adf]lhdsf] sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .

(19)
 sfo{ of]hgfsf] 9fFrf (Assignment plan)

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M tof/ kg]{sf] gfd M ldltM

cjwL M ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfdM ldltM
sfo{ zLif{sM
of] sfo{sf nflu cfjZos lglZrt of]Uotfdf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ljrf/
-6f]nLsf] slgi6 ;b:oafx]s ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{, cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIffstf{ ;lxt
;fdfj]z ul/g' kb{5 ._

of]hgf th'{dfsf] cg'df]bg

n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nL;Fu 5nkmn a:g' eGbf / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{ -fieldwork_ ;+rfng ug'{ eGbf
k'j{ lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;dLIff u/]sf] 5', / d o; n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/sf] x}l;otn] ;f]sf]
clen]v /fv]sf] 5' .
 n]vfk/LIfssf] lgodg -regulation of auditor_ ;DaGwL hfFr;"rL
 ;du| cGt/lglxt hf]lvd / lgoGq0f jftfj/0fsf] lgwf{/0f
 Psn n]vfk/LIf0f If]qsf] hf]lvdsf] lgwf{/0f
 ;f/e"ttfsf] klxrfg /
 gd"gf 5gf}6 k|s[of

;fy}, sfo{kqsf -working paper_ ;a} n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{of]hgfx? ;dLIff eO;s]sf 5g\ /
sfo{of]hgfdf ul/Psf sfF65fF6x? o; n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu pko'St 5g\ .

of]hgf cg'df]bg ug]{M ===========================-n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/_

ldltM ====================================

cfGtl/s cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIffstf{af6 of]hgf th'{dfsf] cg'df]bg

d}n] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgodg -regulation of auditor_ ;DaGwL hfFr;"rLsf] ;dLIff ul/;s] / d}n]
cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIffstf{sf] x}l;otn] ;f]sf] clen]v ;d]t u/]sf] 5' . o;df
pNn]lvt a'bfFx?df n]lvPsf sfuhftx?, sfo{ of]hgf / yk lgDg sfuhftx?sf] ;d]t ;dLIff
ul/;s]sf] 5' .
(20)
  ================
 ================

o; n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu k|:tfljt n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf -audit approach_ l7s 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf d
;Gt'i6 5' .

of]hgf cg'df]bg ug]{M =========================-cfGtl/s cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIffstf{_

ldltM ================

k[i7e"ld hfgsf/L
k[i7e"ldsf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L :yfoL kmfOnsf] ;fdfGo s'/fx? -genereal matters_ /x]sf]
v08df /flvPsf] 5, tn lbOPsf] 5f]6f] sfo{sf/L ;f/f+zdfq xf] .
;]jfu|fxLM k|fOe]6 sDkgL xf] .
To; ;+:yfsf] k|d'v sfo{ v'b|f Aofkf/ xf] .
To; ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo / /0fgLlt =================== 5g\ .
 ================
 ================

n]vfk/LIf0fsfo{ ug'{sf] sf/0f ;+s]t l6Kk0fL

n]vfk/LIf0f 5'6 kfPsf] 5}g
sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLdf ug'{kg]{ zt{ 5
z]o/wgLsf tkm{af6 j}wflgs n]vfk/LIf0f
ug'{kg]{ x'G5
cGo sf/0f

ut cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 k|fKt dxTjk"0f{ / o; cjlwdf ;d]t c;/ kfg]{ sf/sx?M

 cfpFbf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos a'Fbfx? clen]v ul/Psf 5g\ / o;
cjlwdf ;d]t pko'St 5g\ eGg] lglZrt ug{ ;dLIff ul/Psf 5g\
 k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwsf] efu :j?k ut cjlwsf] ljQLo ljj/0f o;
cjlw;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] 5
 xfn ;';'Kt ;dLIff -cold reviews_=af6 k|fKt l6Kk0fLx? -olb 5g\ eg]_ of]hgf
th'{df clen]vdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\
(21)
  ut cjlwsf] Joj:yfkg kqdf pNn]lvt a'bfFx? ;dLIff ul/Psf 5g\ / o; cjlwsf]
hf]lvd lgwf{/0fdf / n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf -audit approach_ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] a'bfFx?sf]
ljrf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
 =============

sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ s||dsf dxTjk"0f{ ljsf;x?sf] ;f/f+z

ljQLo k|ltj]bgdf s'g} kl/jt{g, ;]jfu|fxLsf] s'g} lglZrt ljsf; OToflbdf ljrf/ k'of{pg'
kb{5 . ut cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn, :yfoL n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn / cGo cfGtl/s kmfOn
h:t} kqfrf/sf] kmfOn, Joj:yfkg vftf . k|ltj]bg kmfOn, tnaL kmfOn, OToflbaf6 k|fKt
;a} l6Kk0fLsf] ;f/fz+ n]Vg' kb{5 .

d'Vo ;Da4 lgod / sfGf"gx?

oxfF sfo{sf/L ;f/+fzdfq x'g' kb{5 .

;Da4 JolQmx?dfly p7]sf d'2fx?

klxrfg ePsf gofF ;Da4 JolQmx?, dxTjk"0f{ ;Da4 JolQm;Fusf] sf/f]af/dfly ljrf/
k'of{pg' kb{5 .

lj¡f
s] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] s'g} tYofÍ jf d"No lj¡faf6 k|fKt l/kf]6{af6 tof/ ul/Psf] xf] eg]
To;af/] ljrf/ k'of{pg' kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf -audit approach_

o; v08df k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw, ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] 5nkmn, hf]lvd / lgoGq0f
jftfj/0fsf] ;ldIffsf cfwf/df ckgfOPsf n]vfk/LIf0f b[li6sf]0fsf] clen]v ug'{ kb{5 .

(22)
k|To]s d'Vo If]qsfnflu n]vfk/LIf0f b[li6sf]0fsf] ;f/fz+ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
k|of]u ul/g] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{of]hgf / of]hgf th{'dfdf p7]sf d'Vo d'2fx? / ;f] sfo{
;~rfng ug]{ 6f]nLsf] k|To]s ;b:ox?sf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t tn ;f/fz+df lbOPsf] 5 .
 =============
 =============

s] dflysf ;a} d'2fx? -hf]lvd lgwf{/0fdf klxrfgdf cfPsf hf]lvdx?_ dfly ljrf/
k'of{OPsf 5g\ / n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{of]hgf dflysf d'2fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g kof{Kt ?kdf sfF65fF6
ul/Psf] 5 <

s] ljQLo k|ltj]bg dfgx? ;]jfu|fxL ;+:yfsfnflu pko'St 5 5 jf 5}g

olb 5}g eg] jf ;+:yfn] ljQLo k|ltj]bg dfgx?df kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 eg], ;+:yfn] ;f]
kl/:yLltdf s;/L ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ 5 JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

olb ;+:yfn] s'g} 5'6sf] kmfObf lnb} 5 eg] ;+:yf 5'6sf nflu of]Uo 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt
ug'{xf]; .

ljQLo ljj/0f cfjZostf cfjZostf

k"0f{ ljQLo ljj/0f
cGo

v'nf;f hfFr;"rL cfjZostf 5 ÷ 5}g

cGo k|ltj]bg cfjZostfx? 5g\ -h:t} lgodgsf/LnfO{ a'emfpg' 5 ÷ 5}g

kg]{_
olb 5 eg], ;f]n] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{sf] If]q jf ;dodf kfg]{ c;/
af/] JofVof ug'{xf];\

s/ cg';"rLsf] cfjZostf
olb ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;xdt eOPsf] 5 eg]

(23)
 sfo{ ;do tflnsf ldlt
;]jfu|fxL;Fu of]hgf th'{df ug'{ k"j{sf] a}7s
lhG;Lsf] u0fgf -;]jfu|fxLn] cfkm} jf t];|f] kIfsf] d2tn] u/]sf]_
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{-fieldwork_
;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;dfkg a}7s
n]vfk/LIf0f k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt
n]vfk/LIf0f clGtd k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt
jflif{s k|ltj]bg÷ z]o/ ;b:ox?nfO{ ljQLo ljj/0f ljt/0f ug]{ ldlt

t];|f] kIf ;d{yg -confirmation_ cfjZos dfluPsf] ldlt

a}+s ;d{yg kq
:jtGq lhG;L u0fgfsf] k|ltj]bg
;DklQ d'Nofs+g
sfg"gL /fo

!=$+=@ n]vfk/LIf0f cl3 tof/ ul/g] sfuhftsf] hfFr;"rL (pre- audit documentation
checklist)

n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f z'? ug'{ cl3 of]hgf th'{df / hf]lvd d"Nofªsgsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ sfuhftx? dfu ug{ sfuhftx?sf] hfFr;"rL tof/ ug]{ ub{5 / ;f]lx hfFr;"rL
;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k7fOG5 .
o;sf] 9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sb5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f cl3 tof/ ul/g] sfuhftsf] hfFr;"rL

nfu"
qm=;+= ljj/0f 5 5}g s}lkmot
x'b}g
sfg"gL x}l;ot (Legal Status)
! s] sDkgL k|rlnt sfg"g cGtu{t btf{ ul/Psf] 5 <
olb 5 eg], s[kof btf{ ;DaGwL sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk
pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
@ s] sDkgL :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfg"g cGtu{t btf{
ul/Psf] 5 <
olb 5 eg], s[kof btf{ ;DaGwL sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk
pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
(24)
# s] sDkgL cfos/ P]g @)%* adf]lhd btf{ ul/Psf] 5 <
olb 5 eg], s[kof :yfoL n]vf gDa/ -Permanent
Account Number_ btf{ k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk pknAw
u/fpg'xf];\ .
$ s] btf{sf] gjLs/0f lgoldt ?kdf ul/Psf] 5 <
olb 5 eg], s[kof gjLs/0f ;DaGwL cBfjlws
sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
% s] sDkgL btf{ ug]{ qmddf k]z ul/Psf] k|aGwkq tyf
lgodfjnLdf s]lx ;+zf]wg ul/Psf 5g\ <
olb 5 eg], ;+zf]wg ;lxtsf] Ps k|lt pknAw
u/fpg'xf];\ .
^ s] kmd{ jf sDkgLdf s'g} cfGtl/s gLlt tof/ ul/Psf]
5<olb 5 eg],Ps k|lt pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
& s] kmd{ jf sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s gLlt lgoldt ¿kdf
cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 <
s[kof, o; cfly{s jif{df nfu' x'g] cBfjlws cfGtl/s
gLltsf] k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
* s] o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] gLlt k|rlnt sfg'gsf] cwLgdf
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 <
( s] ;+:yfdf cfb]z>[ªvnf -Chain of Command_ sfod
ePsf] 5 <
5 eg], o;/L sfod ePsf]] ;+u7g tflnsf zzzz
-Organization chart_ pknAw pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
!) s] cl3Nnf] cjlwdf a}wflgs n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf]
lyof] <
olb lyof] eg], s[kof cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0f
ul/Psf] ljQLo ljj/0f, n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg /
Joj:yfkg kq pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
lhG;L (Inventories)
!! s] rfn' jif{df lhG;L df}Hbftsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f ;DkGg
ul/Psf] 5 <
olb 5 eg], ef}lts k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk
pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
!@ s] ef}lts k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf k|To]s j:t'x¿sf] lj:t[t
ljj/0f, kl/df0f / b/sf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 <
(25)
 !# s] ef}lts k/LIf0fsf qmddf kQf nfu]sf leGgtfx?
n]vf axLdf ;Dffof]hg ul/Psf 5g\ <
!$ s] ef}lts k/LIf0fsf qmddf sDtL k|of]u x'g], k|of]u
gx'g], ck|rlnt / Ifltu|:t lhG;L df}Hbft klxrfg
ul/Psf 5g\ <
!% s] gfl;Psf] / ck|rlnt ;fdfu|Lx?sf] 5\§} ;"rL tof/
ul/Psf] 5 <
olb 5 eg], ;f] ;"rL pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
!^ s] ck|rlnt / Ifltu|:t ;fdfu|Lx?sf] lg;u{sf] nflu
s'g} sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf ul/Psf] 5 <
olb 5 eg], ;f] ljifo ;DaGwL ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg'
xf];\ .
!& s] lhG;L vftfdf b]lvPsf] j:t'sf] kl/df0f tyf b/ /
ef}lts k/LIf0fdf b]lvPsf] kl/df0f tyf b/;Fu d]n
vfG5 <
d]n vfFb}g eg], d]n gvfPsf] j:t'sf] ldnfg ul/Psf]
ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
!* s] ef}lts k/LIf0fdf b]lvPsf df}Hbft / n]vf axLsf]
df}Hbft Ps cfk;df d]n vfG5 <
d]n vfb}g eg], d]n gvfPsf /sd ldnfg ul/Psf]
ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
!(
@)
cGo n]vf zLif{s(Other account heads)
!
@

!=$=# ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf b:tfj]h (Audit Planning Memorandum)

;]jfu|fxL ;+:yfsf] Joj;fosf] hfgsf/L, cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yfkg

kqsf] ;ldIff / hf]lvd d"Nofªsg ul/;s]kl5 n]vfk/LIfsn] ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf b:tfj]h
agfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] b:tfj]h ;]jfu|fxL ;+:yfnfO{ n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f s;/L ug]{, slt
;dodf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg lbg], n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg s:tf] x'g], s] s] pNn]v ul/g] ;fy}
n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLsf] sfo{ ;dGjo / ;dLIff ug{nfO{ ;xh agfpg tof/ ul/G5 . To:tf]
b:tfj]hsf] 9fFrf b]xfo cg';f/ x'g ;Sb5 .

(26)
 ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf b:tfj]hsf] 9fFrf

;]jfu|fxL-lgsfo_sf] gfdM=================================
cflys aif{==========================
sfo{ zLif{sM=

lgsfosf] hfgsf/L

!= :yfkgf / p2]Zo Pj+ sfo{If]qM++

=============================
===================================
@= lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxL;Fu ;DjlGwt sfg"gL, lgodg tyf ah]6, Joj;fosf] If]qut laifo
;DjGwL Joj:yfM
===============================
================================
#= lgsfosf] cfjlws tyf aflif{s gLlt, sfo{qmd ah]6 Joj:yfM
===============================
================================
$= lgsfosf] ;u+7g tyf sfo{ ljefhgM
====================================
=================================
%= lgsfosf] lgoGq0f k|0ffnLM
=========================================

(27)
==================================================
^= lgsfosf] ljQLo tyf cGo k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLM
==================================================
========================================================
&= lgsfosf ;DaGwdf cGo ;fGble{s Pj+ dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/LM
====================================================================
=======================================================================
*=utljut jif{sf k|ltj]bgsf k|d'v Joxf]/fx? -pknAw ePdf_ M
============================================
==========================================
n]vfk/LIf0f ;du| /0fgLlt tyf lj:t[t of]hgf Pj+ sfo{qmd
!= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]ZoM
===================================
================================================
@= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] If]qM
=================================================
=========================================================
#= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k¢ltM
================================================
==================================================================
$= n]vfk/LIf0f ;du| /0flgltM hf]lvd klxrfg tyf d"Nof+sg / lgwf{l/t ;f/e"t txsf]
cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0f s]lGb|t x'g] d"Vo ljifox? jf If]qx? b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\ M
===================================================

(28)
 ===================================================
%= lj:t[t n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdM -n]vfk/LIf0f ;du| /0flgltdf pNn]lvt d"Vo
ljifox? jf If]qx?;+u ;DjlGwt ljifox?sf] lj:t[t kIfx? pNn]v ug]{_
lgwf{l/t hf]lvd k/LIf0f ul/g] k/LIf0fsf] ljlw n]vfk/LIfs n]vfk/LIf0f
ljifox? / gd"gf 5gf}6 clen]vsf] kfgf
gDa/

^= n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLM
qm=;= Kfb gfd y/ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] z}lIfs, k]zfut of]Uotf, ;DjlGwt
If]qsf] 1fg
!
@

&= n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] cjlw / d"Vo d'Vo sfo{x/sf] ;do tflnsfM

@)==÷===== b]lv===========================;Dd=======================sfo{ lbg

*= n]vfk/LIf0fk|ltj]bg / ltgsf 9fFrfM

s_ k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgM n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf ;Dk"0f{ Aoxf]/fx?

v_ clGtd k|ltj]bgM g]n]kdfg &)) cg';f/
u_ Aoj:yfkg kqM lgDgfg';f/sf] 9fFrfdf

tof/ ug]{M ======================== l;kmfl/; ug]{M ============================= :jLs[t ug]{M

========================

!=$=$ n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vsf] ;+/rgf (Structure of working papers)

 n]vfk/LIf0f clen]v (General structure of working papers)sf] ;fdfGo cfjZostf

;fdfGo n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vx?sf] If]q n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{of]hgfsf] pkof]lutfdf e/ kb{5, t/ ;a}
n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vx?df lgDg ljj/0fx? x'g' kb{5 M

(29)
  ;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd
 n]vfsf] cjlw
 sfo{ zLif{s
 gbf]xf]l/g] -unique_ kmfOn sf]8
 ljifo÷ zLif{s
 cg';'rL tof/ ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd / ldlt
 cg';'rLsf] ;ldIff ug]{sf] gfd / ldlt

 :yfoL kmfOn (Permanent File)

o; kmfOndf k"j{ n]vfk/LIf0f hfFr;"rLaf6 k|fKt ePsf ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{
ljj/0fx?sf sfuhftx? /flvG5 . of] kmfOndf :yfoL k|s[ltsf ;"rgf lbg] sfuhftx? ;+nUg
ul/G5 / o:tf sfuhftx? kl5Nnf n]vfk/LIf0fx?sfnflu ;d]t pkof]uL x'G5 .

:yfoL kmfOn hfFr;'rL

p2]ZoM ;]jfu|fxLsf] :yfoL kmfOn /fVg'sf] p2]Zo ;]jfu|fxLsf]] k[i7e"ldsf] kof{Kt hfgsf/L kfpgsf]
nflu xf] . :yfoL kmfOn /fVg' clgjfo{ 5 .

;fgf lgsfox¿sf] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df v'nf;f sd lj:t[t jf sd hl6n x'g ;S5 . tyflk,
n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ OsfO{ / o;sf] jftfj/0fsf] cfGtl/s lgo+q0f ;lxt a'em\\g' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L eg]
oyfjt x'G5 .

:yfoL kmfOn hfFr;"rLsf] 9fFrf b]xfo cg';f/ x'g ;Sb5 .

-gf]6M tn lbOPsf] hfFr;"RfLdf olb s'g} hjfkm 5}g cfPdf To;n] :yfoL kmfOnsf] sdLsf] ;+s]t
ub{5 / ToL s'/f s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ xf] To;sf] l6Kk0fL ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 ._
:yfoL kmfOn hfFr;"rL

5÷5}g÷ s}lkmot
s|=; ljj/0f
nfu" gx'g]
;fwf/0f s'/fx? (General matters)
s] ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj;fosf] af/]df ToxfF hfgsf/L 5,
pbfx/0fsf] nfluM
!  Aofkf/sf] k|s[ltsf] j0f{g
 laqmL ul/Psf pTkfbg jf ;]jfx?sf] ljj/0f
(30)
  pBf]uaf/] hfgsf/L -;fdfGo k|j[Qx¿, Jofkfl/s
;Ldfx¿, ;/sf/L gLltx¿ / cg'bfg, cflb_
 u|fxsx¿, cfk"lt{st{fx¿
 sf/f]jf/ :yfgx¿
 u|fxssf] hf]lvd d"Nof+sg sfo{ljlw, Joj;fo
hf]lvdx¿ / ltgLx¿n] s;/L ;Daf]wg ub{}5Gf
 eljiosf] nflu of]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0f -Joj;fosf]
p2]Zo / Jofkf/sf] /0fgLlt_
clGtd lgoGq0f kIfsf] klxrfg / cf}lrTosf] ljj/0f 5 jf
@ 5}g <
;a} ;DalGwt AolQmx?sf] ljj/0f / ;DaGwsf] k|s[ltsf]
# pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g <
;]jfu|fxL / ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsfx¿sf] j0f{g ug{] ;+u7g rf6{
$ ;lxt u|fxssf] Joj;fosf] ;+/rgf af/] hfgsf/L 5 jf
5}g .
% ToxfF s'g} l/kf]l6{u cfjZostfsf ljj/0fx? 5g\ jf 5}gg\ .
kmfOndf u|fxssf] Jofj;flos ;Nnfxsf/x¿sf] gfd,
^ 7]ufgf / ;Dks{ ljj/0fx¿ 5g\ jf 5}gg\ . h:t} M a}+s/,
sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/, ljQ k|bfos, cflb
s] ToxfF cjsfz sf]ifsf of]hgfsf ljj/0f h:t} M
;~rflnt of]hgfsf k|sf/, cfjZos of]ubfg, of]hgfsf
& lgodsf] Ps k|lt, /rgfTds bfloTjsf ljj/0f 5g\ jf
5}gg\ .
* s] ToxfF z]o/ ljsNksf of]hgfsf ljj/0f 5g\ jf 5}gg\ .
:yfoL :jefjsf b:tfj]hx?
( kmfOndf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] cg'aGwg kq 5 <
olb ;+:yf 3f6fdf 5 jf lyof] eg], s] kmfOndf cl3Nnf]
!) jif{sf] s/sf ljj/0fx? ;dfa]; ul/Psf 5g\ <
s] kmfOndf ljQ Joj:yfsf] ljj/0f h:t} M a}+s shf{ tyf
cf]e/8|fˆ6, lwtf], l8a]+r/, kl§ -Lease_ / ;DklQ, Knf06
!! tyf pks/0fx? k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf cGo ljQ Joj:yfx?
5g\ <
d"No clea[l4 s/ btf{ k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnkL / s/r'Qmfsf
!@ jf s/ km5\of}{6sf ljj/0f 5g\ jf 5}gg\ .
j}wflgs s'/fx?
(31)
 sDkgLsf] k|aGwkq÷lgodfjnL÷ljwfgtyf ;f]sf] ;+;f]wgsf]
!# k|ltlnlk 5 jf 5}g .
z]o/wgL jf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf dxTjk"0f{
!$ lg0f{ox?sf k|ltlnkL 5g\ jf 5}gg\ .
!% sDkgLsf] ;+:yfkgfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk 5 jf 5}g .
s] ;~rfns / sDkgL ;lrjsf ljj/0fx? h:t} M gfd,
!^ lgo'lQmsf] ldlt, ;]jf lgj[ltsf] ldlt / pgLx?sf] ?rL
ePsf sDkgLx? k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g .
kmfOndf k"FhLsf ljj/0fx? -clws[t k"FhL, r'Qmf k"FhL_ 5g\
!& jf 5}gg\ .
sDkgLn] k|0ffnL r]shfFr / sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL ;dLIff
!* r]shfFr tof/ u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g, olb 5 eg] To;sf]
;dLIff ug]{ .
s] ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] n]vf k|0ffnL / d'Vo lgoGq0fsf] k"0f{ j0f{g
ePsf b:tfj]h pknAw u/]sf] 5 . h:t}M
 vftfx?sf] ;"rL / tof/ ug]{ AolQmsf] gfd
 ;+:yfsf] laefu / sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] j0f{g
!( ug]{ rf6{
 slt cGt/fndf Joj:yfksLo ;"rgf -ah]6, gub
k|jfx ljj/0f, k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg / c?
Aoj:yfkgsf n]vfx?_ tof/ x'G5g
;+:yfn] k|of]u u/]sf ;]jf ;+u7gx?sf] ljj/0f 5g jf
5}gg\ . h:t}M
 k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jfsf] k|s[lt
@)  ;+:yfdf k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jfsf] dxTj
 ;+:yf / ;]jf;+u7g aLrsf] cGt/lqmofx?sf] :t/
-degree_
 cg'aGwgsf] k|ltlnlk
@!

d}n] o; :yfoL kmfOnsf] ;dLIff / cBfjlws ul/;s]+ / of] kof{Kt 5 .

======================================================================
x:tfIf/ ldlt

(32)
 c:yfoL kmfOn (Temporary File)

o; kmfOndf jt{dfg n]vfk/LIf0f cfly{s jif{sf sfuhftx? ;dfj]z ul/G5, h'g

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g'sf ;fy} k|df0fsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] kmfOndf
c:yfoL k|s[ltsf sfuhftx? ;+nUg ul/G5 h'g kl5Nnf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu ;xof]uL x'g jf
gx'gklg ;Sb5 .

;dod} kof{Kt / pko'Qm n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vLs/0f tof/ ugf{n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/

sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg ;dfkg ul/g' cl3 k|fKt ul/Psf
n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fsf] k|efjsf/L k'g/fjnf]sg P+j d"Nofªsg u/L lnOPsf lgisif{x?sf] cfwf/
Plsg ug{ ;xhtf k'¥ofpF5 . n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul//x]s} cj:yfdf g} clen]lvs/0f ubf{
To:fsf] ;fGble{stf a9\5 / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/;s] kl5 clen]lvs/0f ubf{ clen]lvs/0f s]xL sd
g} ;xL x'g] ub{5 .

c:yfoL n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOndf lgDg s'/fx? x'g kb{5 M

 tof/ ul/Psf] jf n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] clGtd ljQLo ljj/0fsf] k|ltlnlkÙ
 s/ k|of]hgsf nflu -for tax filing_ bflvnf ug'{kg]{ ljQLo ljj/0fsf] k|ltlnlk -olb km/s 5
eg]_Ù
 ;DkGg ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f lgoGq0f sfuhftx?sf] v08 -completed audit control papers
section_Ù
 ;DkGg ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{sf] ;f/+fz, To; pk/ lgsflnPsf] lgisif{ / ckgfOPsf
7x/x? -Judgements made_Ù
 n]vf axL -accounting records_ / ljQLo ljj/0fsf] k|:t'tLs/0fdfly k'luPsf] lgisif{Ù
 ljQLo ljj/0fsf] c+sx?nfO{ -figures_ k'li6 ug]{ lj:t[t n]vfk/LIf0f / n]vf cg';"rL -audit
and accounts’ schedules_Ù

n]vfk/LIf0f lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos sfuhftx?÷/]s8{sf] 9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sb5 M
-gf]6M tn lbOPsf] hfFr;"RfLdf olb s'g} hjfkm "5}g" cfPdf To;n] sdLsf] ;+s]t ub{5 / ToL
s'/f s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ xf] To;sf] l6Kk0fL ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 ._

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M
cjwL M
sfo{ zLif{sM

(33)
 n]vfk/LIf0f lgoGq0f /]s8{
5÷5}g÷ n]vfk/LIf0f clen]v
qm=;+= ljj/0f
nfu" x'b}g ;Gbe{÷l6Kk0fL
of]hgf th'{df
! s] n]vfk/LIfsn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodx?sf] ===
hfFr;"rL tof/ eO;Sof] <
@ s] ut cjlwsf]] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos
a'Fbfx?sf] -ut jif{sf] Joj:yfks kq / ljQLo
ljj/0f ;lxt_ ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 / ;f] pk/
pko'{St sf/jfxL ul/Psf] 5 <
# s] ut cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0f /fodf kl/jt{g jf
ljifo j:t'sf] dxTj kl/R5]bsf] -emphasis on
matter paragraph_ ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5, ;f]
/sdsf] c;/ af/] ljrf/ k'of{OPsf] 5 / s] o;
cjlwdf klg n]vfk/LIf0f /fodf kl/jt{g jf
ljifo j:t'sf] dxTj kl/R5]b lbg cfjZos 5 <
$ s] :yfoL kmfOn hfFr;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] 5 /
;]jfu|fxLn] s'g} n]vf cg'dfg ug{sfnflu k|of]u
u/]sf ;a} dfGotfx?sf] clen]v /flvPsf] 5 ?_
% s] k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw ;dfkg ul/
;lsof] / s] of]hgf th'{dfsf] cl3Nnf] k|s[of-pre-
planning process_df ePsf] ;]jfu|fxLsf]
;xeflutfsf] clen]v ul/Psf] 5 <
^ s] Jofj;flos cGt/lglxt hf]lvd / lg/LIf0f
ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 <
& s] sf/f]af/sf k|To]s ;f/e"t ju{ ÷v08 -class_
sf] cGt/lglxt hf]lvd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 < s]
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlw hf]lvdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
;lsg] ul/ sfF65fF6 ul/Psf] 5<
* lgoGq0f hfFr ug]{ of]hgf agfOPsf] cj:yfdf, s]
To; sf/f]af/sf] k|To]s ;f/e"t ju{sf] lgoGq0f
(34)
 hf]lvd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 jf b[9f]lQm :t/;Dd
emfl/Psf] 5 < / s] pRr :t/sf] lgoGq0fx? klg
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ <
( s] ;f/e"t u0fgf ul/Psf] 5<
!) s] gd"gfsf] cfsf/sf] u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 <
!! s] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw 6f]nL hfn;femL, hf]lvd
/ ;Da4 JolQm -lgod / sfg"gsf] pNn+3g x'g
;Sg] ;Defjgf_ af/] 5nkmn eO;s]sf] 5 /
cGo dxTjk"0f{ ljifo af/] klg 5nkmn -briefed_
ul/of] <
!@ s] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ of]hgf th'{df kq k7fO ;lsof] <
clen]v
! s] k|0ffnL cjnf]sg -system overview_ /
sDKo"6/ k|0ffnLsf] ;dLIff ul/;lsof] < / s]
;]jfu|fxLdfly ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf sf/0fn] x'g
;Sg] hf]lvddfly ljrf/ k'of{Psf] 5 <
@ s] k|To]s ;f/e"t sf/f]af/;Fu ;DalGwt n]vf
k|0ffnL / lgoGq0fsf] lj:t[t JofVofsf] clen]v
ul/Psf] 5 <
# s] n]vf k|0ffnLn] ljQLo ljj/0f l7s tof/
ug{sfnflu e/kbf]{ dfWod k|bfg ub{5 <
$ s] sf/f]jf/ afx]ssf cGo lgoGq0fsf -non-
transaction based control_ af/]df kof{Kt a'emfO{
k|fKt ul/Psf] 5 h:t} ah]6 pkof]u, Joj:yfkg
vftf / cGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ -internal
audit function_ <
% :yfoL n]vf kmfOndf ePsf hfgsf/Lsf /
n]vfk/LIf0f hfFrx?sf cfwf/df kof{Kt
n]vfk/LIf0f clen]v /flvPsf] 5 <
:ynut sfo{ -Fieldwork_
! s] of]hgf th'{df r/0fdf klxrfg ePsf
hf]lvdx? ;Daf]wg ePsf 5g\ / n]vfk/LIf0f

(35)
 sfo{ljlwx? pko{'St lsl;dn] sfF65fF6 ul/Psf
5g\ <
@ s] of]hgf r/0fdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] gd"gf
cfsf/sf] cfwf/dfg} n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] 5 / ;f]
5gf}6sf] cfwf/ sfo{ut n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOndf
:ki6 ?kdf clen]v ul/Psf] 5 <
# s] k|To]s n]vfk/LIf0f If]qdflysf] lgisif{ sfo{ut
n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOndf kof{Kt ?kdf clen]v
ul/Psf] 5 <
$ s] ;a} n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx? k"0f{ ?kdf
;dfkg ePsf 5g\ <
% s] cfjZos ;a} sfo{ut n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vx?
tof/ kfl/Psf 5g\ <
^ s] k|To]s ;f/e"t df}Hbft / d'Vo b[9f]lQmsf nflu
sf/f]af/ ju{sfnflu kof{Kt plrt n]vfk/LIf0f
k|df0f k|fKt ePsf 5g\ <
& s] clGtd ;dLIff r/0fdf ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ ;a}
afFsL /x]sf a'bfFx?sf] ;"rL tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 <
* s] z'?sf] df}Hbft / ;djtL{ /sd -opening
balance and corresponding amount_ dfly
kof{Kt ljrf/ k'of{OPsf] 5 <
n]vfdfgx?sf] kfngf
! s] k|of]u ul/Psf] n]vfdfgx? ;]jfu|fxL
;+:yfsfnflu pko'St 5 <
@ s] ljQLo ljj/0fx? / pko'St v'nf;f
hfFr;"rLx?;Fu} ;dLIff ul/Psf 5g\ / To;sf]
;'Id ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 <
# s] n]vf l;4f+Gtx? / ;]jfu|fxLn] 5gf}6 u/]sf
cg'dfgx?sf] ;dLIff ul/of] < s] 5gf}6 ul/Psf
l;4f+Gtx? / cg'dfgx? ;]jfu|fxLsf nflu ;lx /
oyf{y lrq0f lbgsf nflu pko'St 5 <
(36)
;dLIff / ;dfkg
! s] ;f/e"ttf / hf]lvd kmf/fd cBfjlws 5g\ /
clGtd r/0fdf n]=k= al/i7 ;b:oåf/f ;dLIff
ul/Psf 5g\ <
@ s] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{sf avt p7]sf lgDg s'/fx?,
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/sf] ;dLIffsfnflu
;f/fz+ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 <
 of]hgfdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g
 dxTjk"0f{ hf]lvdx? dfly lgsflnPsf]
lgisif{
 d'Vo k/fdz{ -afXo / cfGtl/s_
 g]=n]=k=df=sf cfjZostfaf6 leGg x'g'
k/]sf] cj:yf -departure_ t/ hxfF
j}slNks n]vfk/LIf0f k|s[ofsf]
ckgfOPsf] 5
 g]=n]=k=df=sf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ g;lsPsf]
/ j}slNks n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ ;Dej
gePsf] sf/0fn] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf
kg{ ;Sg] ;Defljt c;/af/] gf]6
# s] ;a} pko'St a'bfFx? kl5sf] cjlwsfnflu
cfjZos a'bfFdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ <
$ s] Jofks -comprehensive_ cg'ufdL 36gf
;dLIff / cljR5Ggtf -goimg concern_ ;dLIff
ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 <
% s] k|ltlglw kq -letter of representation_ tof/
ul/of] <
^ s] n]vfk/LIf0f ;dfof]hg af/] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ va/
ul/of] / ;xdlt k|fKt ul/of] < s] ;]jfu|fxLn]
cfufdL cjlwsf] ;'?sf] df}Hbft ;lx x'g] ul/
;dfof]hgx? ul/;Sof] eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZRft
ul/of] <
& s] Joj:yfkg kq tof/ ul/of] <

(37)
 * s] clGtd r/0fdf ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw
ckgfOof] <
( s] ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;dfof]hg gul/Psf q'6Lx?
Go"g 5g\< olb Go"g 5}gg\ eg] s] ;f] s'/f
k|ltlglw kqdf pNn]v ul/of] <
!) s] hfn;fem, lgod, sfg"gsf] pNn+3g ePsf]
s'/fsf] klxrfg ePsf] cj:yfdf, plrt sfo{
ul/of] -zf;sLo e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{nfO{ ;+rf/,
lgodgsf/LnfO{ ;"rgf lbg] (whistle blowing to
relevant authority_ <

!= jl/i7 JolQmn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DkGg ul/;s]kl5 M

d}n] dfly pNn]v ePsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? ;DkGg ul/;s], / lgDg pNn]v afFsL /x]sf a'bfFx?
afx]s, xfd|f] k|:tfljt /fonfO{ sfo{kqx?n] kof{Kt ?kdf ;dy{g ub{5g\ M
 ==========================================


x:tfIf/ M =========================================== ldlt M ==============================================

@= n]vfk/LIf0f d]g]h/af6 ;dLIff sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]kl5 M

d}n] sfo{kqx?sf] ;dLIff ul/ ;s], / lgGg pNn]v afFsL /x]sf a'bfFx? afx]s, xfd|f] k|:tfljt
/fonfO{ sfo{kqx?n] kof{Kt ?kdf ;dy{g ub{5g\ M
 ==========================================


x:tfIf/ M =========================================== ldlt M ==============================================

(38)
#= n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/af6 ;dLIff sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]kl5 M
d}n] lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;dLIff sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s] M
 sfo{ut n]vfk/LIf0f clen]v
 lg0f{osf ;"Id If]qx?, ljz]if ul/ cg'aGwsf s|ddf kQf nfu]sf sl7g /
ljjfbo'St d'2fx?
 dxTjk"0f{ hf]lvd
 d]/f] Wofgsfnflu n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{sf avt p7]sf s'/fx?sf] ;f/fz+
 ;~rfnx?nfO{ k]z ul/Psf] ljQLo ljj/0f

/ lgGg pNn]lvt afFsL /x]sf a'bfFx? afx]s, xfd|f] k|:tfljt /fonfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vx?n]
kof{Kt ?kdf ;dy{g ub{5g\M
 ==========================================


/ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ g]=n]]=k=df= cg';f/ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

s}lkmot /lxtsf] /fo k|:t't ug]{ cj:yfdf, d of] lglZrt ub{5' lsM
 kof{Kt n]vfk/LIf0f clen]v /flvPsf] 5, xfdLn] lkmN8 lelh6 gu/]sf] zfvfaf6
n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu pko'St kof{Kt ljj/0fx? k|fKt u/]sf] 5f} Ù
 ljQLo ljj/0fx? n]vf clen]vx? / ljj/0fx?;Fu le8\b5g\Ù
 xfd|f] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos ;a} hfgsf/Lx? / JofVofx? k|fKt u/]sf 5f}Ù
 ljQLo ljj/0fx? g]kfn n]vfdfgx? jf k|rlnt l;4f+Gtx? cg';f/ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 /
s'g} v'nf;f ug'{kg]{ 5'6x? plrt ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5Ù
 ljQLo ljj/0f / To;sf ;fydf k|:t't ul/Psf] hfgsf/L aLr s'g} c;Ëlt 5}gg\Ù
 xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf] jf ug{ vf]h]sf] k|ltlglw kqsf] k|ltlglwx?sf] ljZjf;gLotf dfly
xfdLnfO{ s'g} ;+b]x 5}gÙ
 g]=n]=k=df=cg'kfngf ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?sf] l6Kk0fL -compliance critical issues
memorandum_ df pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} klg s'/fx?n] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf kl/jt{g
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf ;[h{gf ePsf 5}gg\Ù
 ;dfof]hg gul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f q'l6x? elg clen]v ePsf ljifox?n] -items_, PSn}
jf ;du|df ljQLo ljj/0fnfO{ ;f/e"t unt k|:t'tL ub}{gg\Ù
 xfd|f] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{df s'g} klg ;Ldf lyPg-no limitation in scope of our audit_Ù /
 To:tf] s'g} klg s'/fx? 5}gg\ h'g xfd|f] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf k|of]ustf{sfnflu yk
JofVof elg lbg' cfjZos kb{5g\ .
(39)
olb dlysf s'/fx? lglZrt ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf, xfd|f] n]vfk/LIf0f /fodf lgDg
sf/0fx?n] ubf{ kl/jt{g x'g] 5 jf ljifo j:t'sf] dxTj kl/R5]b jf cGo ljifo j:t'sf] kl/R5]b
;dfj]z x'g]5 M
 ==============================

x:tfIf/ M ======================================= ldlt M ===================================================
ljQLo ljj/0fx?df x:tfIf/ ug'{ eGbf k"j{ :ki6 ug'{kg]{ d'2fx? M
 ================================================
 ====================================
slxn];Dd k|fKt e};Sg' kg]{ ==============================================
cfjZos k|lt M =============================

$= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf x:tfIf/ ug'{eGbf k"j{ n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/n] eg{' kg]{M
-n]vfk/LIf0fsf] clGtd r/0f_
qm= 5 ÷5}g sfo{ut clen]v
ljj/0f
;= ÷nfu" x'b}g ;Gbe{÷l6Kk0fL
! s] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'kfngf hfFr;"rLdf ePsf g}lts
cfjZostfx?df kl/jt{g x'g] s'g}klg d'2fx? 5}g
eGg] lglZrt 5 <
olb d'2fx? 5g\ eg] s] cem klg xfdL n]vfk/LIfssf
?kdf sfo{/t /xg ;Ifd 5f} <
;f]af/] ljrf/ ug{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' cfjZos
5
 n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{sf] :jtGqtfaf/] cg'aGw
;fem]bf/n] k|fKt u/]sf d'2fx?
 Joj:yfkgsf] OdfGbfl/tfdfly ljrf/ k'of{pg kg]{
s'g} hfn;femL,

(40)
 @ s] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 k|fKt lgDg l6Kk0fLx? zf;sLo
e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{nfO{ ;+rf/ ul/of] < -;f] ;+rf/
s;/L / slxn] ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f kmfOndf
clen]v ul/ /fVg' kb{5_
 ;]jfu|fxLn] k|of]u u/]sf] n]vf l;4f+Gt / cg'dfgsf]
pko'Sttf dfly n]vfk/LIfssf] /fo
 ljQLo ljj/0fdf lbOPsf] v'nf;fsf] k|ofKttfdfly
n]vfk/LIfssf] /fo
 n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ cfOk/]sf pNn]vgLo sl7gfO{x?
 k|ltlglw kqsf] clGtd 8«fˆ6
 n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf x'g ;Sg] kl/jt{gx?
-n]vfk/LIf0f /fodf kl/jt{g jf ljifo j:t'sf]
dxTjk"0f{ cg'R5]b ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf, s] ;f]
s'/f ;+rfnsx?;Fu k"0f{ 5nkmn ul/of]_
 zf;sLo Joj:yfksx?sfnflu dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?
# ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ Joj:yfkg kq k7fOof] <
$ n]vfk/LIfs / zf;sLo e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{ lar bf]xf]/f]
/ kof{Kt ;+rf/ k|;f/ ePsf] 5 <
% s] cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIff ul/of] <

ljQLo ljj/0f / n]vfk/LIf0f /fo k|:t't ug{sf nflu

 s] dfly pNn]v ePsf ljifox? :ki6 kfl/of] / ljQLo ljj/0fx?df ;f/e"t q'l6x? jf
unt k|:t'tLx? 5}gg\ eGg] ;'lglZrttf k|fKt eof] < ==========================================
 s] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] ldltsf] jf ;f] eGbf cl3sf] ldltsf] k|ltlglw kq k|fKt eof] jf
pko'St kl/jt{gx? lbOof] < ====================================

d of] lglZrt ub{5' ls of] k|ltj]bg ldltb]lv ljQLo ljj/0f :jLs[t x'g] ldlt;Ddsf] cg'ufdL
36gfx?dfly ljz]if ljrf/ k'of{Psf] 5' . olb s'g} s'/fx? cfOk/]sf 5g\ eg], ;f] ljQLo
ljj/0fsf] gf]6 ==================================df v'nf;f ul/Psf] 5 . d cjlR5Gg wf/f0ff pko'St
5 jf 5}g / ljQLo ljj/0fdf k|f;+lus v'nf;fx? ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ lglZrt ub{5' .
n]vfk/LIf0f /fo k|:t't ubf{ d}n] lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg k'of{Psf] 5'
 ljQLo ljj/0f, hfn;fhL jf q'l6sf sf/0fn], ;du|df ;f/e"t unt k|:t'tLaf6 d'St
5g\ eGgsfnflu] kof{Kt / plrt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx? k|fKt u/]sf] 5'
 g;RrfOPsf] unt k|:t'tL, PSn} jf ;du|df ;f/e"t 5}gg\
(41)
  ljQLo ljj/0fx? g]kfn n]vfdfgx?, k|rlnt n]vf l;4fGtx? / nfu" x'g] lgod sfg"g
cg';f/ g} agfOPsf] 5
d s}lkmot /lxtsf] jf ;lxtsf] /fodf x:tfIf/ ug{ ;xdt 5' .
lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ /fodf kl/jt{g lbOPsf] 5 .
 =============================

n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ljifoj:t'sf] dxTjk"0f{ cg'R5]b jf cGo ljifo j:t'sf] cg'R5]b, lgDg
sf/0fx?n] ubf{ lbOPsf] 5
 =============================

x:tfIf/ M ===============================================-n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/_

ldlt M =================================================

%= cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIffstf{n] eg'{ kg]{ M

d}n] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;dLIff u/]sf] 5', ;f]af/] ljj/0f kmfOnsf] ========df, ldlt ========df
clen]v /flvPsf] 5 .
d]/f] ;dLIffsf s|ddf p7]sf ;a} ljifox? ldlt ================================ :ki6 kl/Psf 5g\ /
d ;Gt'i6 5' . d]n} k|:tfljt kl/jt{gx? / ljifo j:t'sf] dxTjk"0f{ cg'R5]bx?sf] ;dLIff u/]sf]
5' / d]/f] ljrf/df ;f] kl/jt{gx? plrt 5g\ . d dly % df lbOPsf] lgisif{ plrt 5 eGg]
lglZrt ub{5' .

x:tfIf/ M ===============================================-cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIffstf{_

ldlt M =================================================

^= k'gMlgo'lQmsf] :jLs[ltsfnflu -n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/n] eg'{ kg]{_

of] v08 n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/n] k'gM lgo'lQm :jLsf/ ug'{ k'j{ eg'{ kb{5 . s'g}klg æ5Æ
eGg] pQ/sf] ;f]af6 ;'/lIft /xg / k'gM lgo'lQm :jLsf/ ug{ n]vfk/LIfsn] ckgfPsf sfo{x?
-safeguards_ ;lxtsf] lj:t[t JofVof x'g' kb{5 .
dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx? cg'aGw ;fem]bf/;Fu 5nkmn ug'{ kb{5 / ;f]sf] ljj/0f kmfOndf clen]v ul/
/fVg' kb{5 .

(42)
 qm=;+ 5 ÷5}g n]vfk/LIf0f clen]v
ljj/0f ;Gbe{÷l6Kk0fL
= ÷nfu" x'b}g
! s] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'kfngf hfFr;"rLdf ePsf
g}lts cfjZostfx?df kl/jt{g x'g] s'g} klg
d'2fx? 5g\ <
@ olb dflysf] pQ/ 5 eg], s'g s'g d'2fx?df
ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 M
=================================================================
=====
=================================================================
=====
s] dfly lbOPsf d'2fx?n] xfd|f] n]vfk/LIf0f
;]jfdf c;/ k'of{pb5 <
# s] :jtGqtfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ jf k'gMlgo'lQm :jLsf/
ug{ gx'g] ;+s]t ug]{ s'g} klg cGo sf/sx? kQf
nfu]sf 5g\ <

k'gMlgo'lQm :jLsf/ ug]{ clwsf/

d}n] dly pNn]]lvt d'2fx?dfly ljrf/ k'of{Psf] 5' / xfd|f] :jtGqtf, OdfGbfl/tf /
j:t'lgi7tfdfly s'g} klg hf]lvd 5}g / xfdL hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft /xg lglZt sfo{x? ckgfP/
k'gMlgo'lQm :jLsf/ ug{ ;S5f} .

x:tfIf/ M ===============================================-n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/_

ldlt M =================================================

x:tfIf/ M ===============================================-cg'aGw u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;dLIffstf{_

ldlt M =================================================

 ;+/If0f / uf]KfgLotf
k"/f ;do ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ut n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vx? ;'/lIft /flVfPsf 5g\ / s'g}klg tf];|f] kIf
;dIf ;f]sf] v'nf;f ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . slxn] sfFxL ;]jfu|fxLsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] clen]v b]vfpg pko'St x'g ;Sb5, h:t}M olb sd{rf/Ln] leGgtfx?nfO{

(43)
le8fgdf ldnfpg ;xdlt hgfpFb5 -agreed to sort out differences on a reconciliation_ . t/
To; cj:yfdf s'g} uf]kgLo hfgsf/L dfly kx'Frsf] clwsf/ gePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] hfgsf/Lsf]
v'nf;f gxf];\ eGg] clws x]/ljrf/ k'of{pg' kb{5 .

 d'Vo cg';"rL (Lead Schedule)

x/]s /sd h'g ljQLo ljj/0fdf k|:t't ul/Psf x'G5g\ To;sf] d'Vo cg';"rL tof/ ug'{kb{5 /
k|To]s v08sf] cufl8 k+lQm ldnfP/ /fVg' kb{5 . oL cg';"rL JolQmut /sdsf] ;+If]k -summary_
-e'QmfgL x'g afFsL, k|fKt x'g afFls, hfoh]yf, ;DoGq / pks/0f_ cyjf cfkm} Pp6f JolQmut
/sd x'g ;S5 . / oL ;a} ljQLo ljj/0f;Fu le8fg -Linked_ x'g'kb{5 . k|To]s d'Vo cg';"rLdf
lgDg ljj/0fx? x'g'kb{5 M
 ;]jfu|fxLsf]] gfd
 n]vf cjlw
 sfo{ zLif{s
 ljQLo ljj/0fdf ePsf] ljifo
 cg';"rL] tof/ ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd / ldlt
 cg';"rLsf] ;ldIff ug]{sf] gfd / ldlt
 jt{dfg cf=j sf] /sd
 ;djtL{ /sd -corresponding amount)

k|To]s d'Vo cg';"rLnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ cg';"rLx? / cg';"rLnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ sfuhftx? k"0f{ ?kdf
clen]lvs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

!=% of]hgf th'{df r/0f (Planning Stage)

of]hgf th{'df r/0fn] b]xfosf sfd÷ultljlwx? ;d]6\b5 .

!=%=! lgsfo / o;sf] kl/j]zsf] hfgsf/L lng]

g]=n]=k=df=#!% ælgsfo / o;sf] kl/j]zsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ sfo{sf dfWodaf6 ;f/e"t unt
cfFs8fsf hf]lvdx?sf] klxrfg Pj+ lgwf{/0f ug]{Æn] n]vfk/LIfsn] lgsfo / hfn;fhL jf q'l6sf
sf/0fn] ljQLo ljj/0fx?df ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf hf]lvdx? klxrfg ug{ / lgwf{/0f ug{ kof{Kt
Pj+ yk n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx? th'{df ug{ / ;Dkfbg ug{ kof{t x'g] o;sf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
nufot o;sf] kl/j]zsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . lgsfo / o;sf]
kl/j]zsf]] hfgsf/Ldf b]xfosf kIfx?sf] hfgsf/L kb{5 .

s_ k|rlnt ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrf nufot lgodgsf/L Pj+ cGo afXo sf/sx?M lgodgsf/L
cfjZostfx¿n] k|foM lgsfosf ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ tof/ ug]{ sfo{df Joj:yfkgn] k|of]u ug]{
(44)
 k|rlnt ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrf lglZrt ub{5g\ . clwsf+z cj:yfdf lgsfo btf{ ePsf] jf
sfo{;~rfng ug]{ If]qflwsf/sf k|rlnt ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrfx¿ g} k|rlnt ljQLo
k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrf x'G5g\ / To:tf] 9fFrfsf] n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g' kb{5 .

xfd|f] pbfx/0fsf] P=la=l;= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 sDkgL P]g cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] lgsfo ePsf]n]
s'g laQLo k|ltj]bgdfgsf] cfwf/zLnf adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf laQLo k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{' kb{5 .

v_ lgsfosf] k|s[ltM n]vfk/LIfsn] lgsfosf] k|s[ltsf] af/]df 1fg xfl;n ug'{kb{5 . lgsfosf]
k|s[ltn] lgsfosf] sfo{ ;~rfng, o;sf] :jfldTj Pj+ lgoGq0f, o;n] ul//x]sf] / ug]{ of]hgf
u/]sf] nufgLsf] k|sf/, lgsfosf] agfj6sf] tl/sf Pj+ o;df k"FhL s;/L nufOPsf] 5 eGg]
s'/fx¿nfO{ ;Í]t ub{5 . lgsfosf] k|s[ltsf] 1fg jf ;dembf/Ln] n]vfk/LIfsnfO+{ ljQLo
ljj/0fx¿df ck]Iff ul/g] sf/f]af/sf] ju{x¿, n]vf df}Hbftx¿ Pj+ ;f];+u ;DalGwt hf]lvd,
r'gf}lt / v'nf;fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng ;dy{ agfpF5 .

xfd|f] pbfx/0fsf] P=la=l;= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] k|s[lt cg';f/n] s'g s'g s'/fdf n]vfk/LIfs
;hu x'g' kb{5 .

u_ p2]Zo / /0fgLlt Pj+ ;Da4 Jofj;flos hf]lvdx?M n]vfk/LIfsn] lgsfosf] p2]Zox¿,

/0fgLltx¿ Pj+ ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df ;f/e"t unt cfFs8f k|:t't x'g ;Sg] ;Da4 Jofj;flos
hf]lvdx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{ kb{5 . lgsfon] Jofj;flos If]q, lgodgsf/L tyf cfGtl/s
Pj+ afXo sf/sx¿sf clwgdf /lx cfˆgf] Joj;fo rnfpF5 / sfo{qmd Pj+ cfof]hgfx¿
;~rfng ub{5 . oL sf/sx¿nfO{ cg'lqmof (Respond) ug{ lgsfosf] Joj:yfkg jf zf;sLo
e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{n] lgsfosf nflu ;du| of]hgfx¿ x'g] u/L p2]Zox¿ :ki6 kfb{5g\ .
Joj:yfkgn] cfˆgf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ rfxg] sfo{;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{k4ltx¿ g} /0fgLltx¿
x'g\ . Jofj;flos hf]lvdx¿ lgsfosf] cfkm\gf p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ Pj+ cfˆgf /0fgLltx¿
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;fdYo{nfO{ k|lts"n¿kn] k|efljt ug{;Sg] dxTjk"0f{ cj:yfx¿, 36gfx¿,
kl/l:yltx¿, sfdsf/afxLx¿ jf lgliqmotfaf6 jf cg'ko'Qm p2]Zox¿ / /0fgLltx¿
lgwf{/0fsf dfWodaf6 l;lh{t x'G5g\ . afXo kl/j]zdf kl/jt{gcg';f/ To:t} lsl;dn]
lgsfosf] Joj;fosf] ;~rfng klg ultzLn (Dynamic) x'G5 / lgsfosf /0fgLltx¿ Pj+
p2]Zox¿ ;docg';f/ kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfG5g\ . oL ;a} laifox?sf af/]df n]vfk/LIfs oy]i7
?kdf rgfvf] /lx hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{ kb{5 .

xfd|f] pbfx/0fsf] P=la=l;= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / ;Da4 Jofj;flos k|s[ofsf]
s'g s'g s'/fdf n]vfk/LIfs ;hu x'g' kb{5 .

(45)
3_ lgsfosf] ljQLo sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dfkg Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sgM n]vfk/LIfsn] lgsfosf] ljQLo
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dfkg Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sgsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{kb{5 . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg Pj+
ltgLx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sgn] lgsfosf] Joj:yfkg / cGon] dxTjk"0f{ x'g] 7x¥ofPsf]
sfo{;Dkfbgsf kIfx¿ n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;"lrt ub{5\ . sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgn] afXo jf cfGtl/s
h] eP klg Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jofj;flos sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ u/]/ ;'wf/ ug{
sf/afxL ug]{ jf ljQLo ljj/0fx¿nfO{ unt cfFs8fo'Qm u/fpg clek|]l/t ug{ ;Sg] bafax¿
l;h{gf ub{5 . lgsfosf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ sfo{n] n]vfk/LIfsnfO{
o:tf bafax¿n] ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf hf]lvdx¿nfO{ j[l4 u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] Joj:yfksLo
sf/afxLdf kl/0ffldt eP gePsf] dgg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . Joj:yfkgåf/f o; k|of]hgsf
nflu k|of]u ul/Psf cfGtl/s¿kdf k}bf ul/Psf ;"rgfn] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rfª\sx¿
-ljQLo / u}/ljQLo_, ah]6x¿, c;¨t (Variance) ljZn]if0f, v08ut ;"rgf, ljefuLo jf
cGo txx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|ltj]bgx¿, cflb ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .

xfd|f] pbfx/0fsf] P=la=l;= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dfkg Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sgsf] s'g
s'g s'/fdf n]vfk/LIfs ;hu x'g' kb{5 .

Ë_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0fM n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f;Fu ;fGble{s cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] hfgsf/L

k|fKt ug'{kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ ;Defljt unt cfFs8fsf
k|sf/ klxrfg ug{, ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf hf]lvdnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ sf/sx¿ dgg ug{ Pj+
yk n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿sf] k|s[lt, ;do lgwf{/0f Pj+ lj:tf/ th'{df ug{ pkof]u ub{5 .
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f zf;sLo e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{, Joj:yfkg Pj+ cGo sd{rf/Lx¿åf/f ljQLo
k|ltj]bgsf] ljZj;gLotf, sfo{;~rfngsf] k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ sfo{bIftf tyf k|rlnt P]g
lgodx¿sf] cg'kfngf ;DaGwdf lgsfosf] p2]Zo k|flKtaf/] dgfl;a cfZj:ttf k|bfg ug{
th'{df ul/Psf] / k|of]u ul/g] k|lqmof xf] . o;n] oL p2]Zox¿dWo] s'g}sf] k|flKtnfO{ ql;t
(Threaten) agfpg] klxrfg ul/Psf Jofj;flos hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ th'{df /
sfof{Gjog ul/Psf cfGtl/s lgoGq0fnfO{ cg';/0f ub{5 .

lgsfosf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fdf b]xfosf 36sx? x'G5g\ M

-s_ lgoGq0f kl/j]z
-v_ lgsfosf] hf]lvd lgwf{/0f sfo{ljlw
-u_ ljQLo k|ltj]bg ug]{ sfo{;Fu ;fGble{s ;Da4 Jofj;flos k|lqmof Pj+ ;~rf/ nufotsf

;"rgf k|0ffnL
-3_ lgoGq0f ultljlwx?
-ª_ lgoGq0fx?sf] cg'udg ug]{
(46)
!=%=@ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo / If]q lglZrt ug]{
g]=n]=k=df= @)) æljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0fdf nfu" x'g] p2]Zo Pj+ ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿Æ n]
ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo ljQLo ljj/0fx? ;f/e"t ?kdf k|rlnt ljQLo
k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrfadf]lhd tof/ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug{ n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;fdy{
agfpg] xf] eGg] s'/f hgfpF5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] k|of]udf /x]sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf / lgsfosf 36sx¿sf] cjl:ylt

(Location of the component) Pj+ sfg"gL cfjZostfx¿ h:tf o;sf] If]q :ki6 kfg]{ cg'aGwsf
ljz]iftf lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . p;n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;do lgwf{/0fsf] of]hgf agfpg, cg'aGwsf]
k|ltj]bg ug]{ p2]Zo / cGtl/d Pj+ clGtd k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ ldlt, Pj+ Joj:yfkg / zf;sLo
e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{;Fusf] ck]lIft ;+jfbsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ldltx¿ h:tf cfjZos kg]{ ;+jfbsf
k|s[lt lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .

xfd|f] pbfx/0fsf] P=la=l;= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] k|s[ltsf af/]df z'?df pNn]lvt ;"rgfx?sf]
cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo / If]q lglZrt ug{' xf]; .

!=%=# ;f/e"ttf lglZrt ug{]

;f/e"t s] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f k]zfut ljj]ssf] ljifo xf] . g]kfn n]vfdfg af]8{sf] ljQLo
ljj/0fx¿sf] tof/L Pj+ k|:t'tLs/0fsf nflu 9fFrfdf æ;f/e"ttfÆ nfO{ b]xfosf zAbfjnLdf
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5Mæ;"rgf, ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] cfwf/df k|of]ustf{åf/f lnOPsf] cfly{s
lg0f{onfO{ o;sf] 5'6 jf unt cfª\s8fn] k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] v08df ;f/e"t x'G5 .
;f/e"ttf snd jf q'l6sf] 5'6 jf unt cfª\s8f k|:t'ltsf] vf; kl/l:yltdf lgl0f{t (Judged)
o;sf] cfsf/df lge{/ ub{5 .

g]=n]=k]=df= #@) æn]vfk/LIf0f ;f/e"ttfÆ n] ;f/e"ttfsf] cjwf/0ff / n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd;Fu

o;sf] ;DaGw pk/ dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ;~rfng ubf{ ;f/e"ttf /
n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd;Fu o;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ dgg\ ug'{ kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgfsf] th'{df ubf{ n]vfk/LIfsn] kl/df0ffTds ¿kn] ;f/e"t unt cfFs8f kQf
nufpg] lsl;dn] :jLsf/of]Uo ;f/e"ttf :t/ lglZrt ub{5 . oBlk unt cfFs8fsf] /sd
-kl/df0f_ Pj+ k|s[lt -u'0f:t/_ b'j} dgg ul/g' h?/L x'G5 . JofVofåf/f ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] s'g}
k|of]ustf{nfO{ e'mSofOg] ;Defjgf ePsf] cj:yfdf n]vf gLltsf] kof{Kt jf unt JofVof Pj+
kl/0ffd:j¿k nufOg] lgodgsf/L k|ltaGwn] ;~rfng ug]{ ;fdYo{df dxTjk"0f{ ¿kn] Iflt

(47)
k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf ePsf] cj:yfdf lgodgsf/L cfjZostfsf] pNnª\3gnfO{ jx; ug]{ c;dy{tf
(Failure to discuss) u'0ffTds unt cfFs8fsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g]5g\ .

n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 eP/ ;f/e"t c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] ;fk]lIfs¿kn] ;fgf
/sdx¿sf] unt cfFs8fsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ dgg ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6f
dlxgfsf] cGtsf] sfo{ljlwdf ePsf] q'l6 k|To]s dlxgf ToxL q'l6 bf]xf]l/Psf] v08df ;f/e"t unt
cfFs8fsf] ;Defjgfsf] ;|f]t x'g ;Sb5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] ;f/e"ttfnfO{ ;du| ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] txdf / sf/f]af/sf] ju{x¿, n]vf

df}Hbftx¿ Pj+ v'nf;fx¿sf ;DaGwdf dgg ub{5 . ;f/e"ttf sfg"gL Pj+ lgodgsf/L
cfjZostfx¿ tyf sf/f]af/sf ju{x¿, n]vf df}Hbftx¿ Pj+ v'nf;fx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw;Fu
;Da4 ;'ema'em (Consideration) h:tf ;'ema'emåf/f k|efljt x'g ;Sb5g\ . of] k|lqmof dgg
eO/x]sf] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] kIfdf lge{/ /x]/ ljleGg ;f/e"ttf txx¿df kl/0ffldt x'g ;Sb5 .

n]vfk/LIfssf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjog b'j}df ;f/o"Qmtfsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ul/G5 . ;f/e"ttfsf]

klxrfg ubf{ hf]lvd lgwf{/0fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' k5{ h;n] ubf{ ljQLo ljj/0fdf x'g] ;f/e"t unt
k|:t"tLsf] hf]lvd :jLsfo{ :t/:fDd Go"gLs/0f x"G5 . ;f/e"ttf / hf]lvdsf] ljk/Lt ;DaGw /x]sf]
x'G5 .

olb s'g} ljQLo ljj/0fx?df unt ljj/0fx? jf g;'wfl/Psf q'l6k"0f{ ljj/0fx? ePdf ;f]sf]
k|efjsf] klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] c;/ n]vfk/LIf0f /fodf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . ;f/e"ttf to ug'{sf]
p2]Zo ljQLo ljj/0fdf slttx :fDdsf] e"nr"sn] ljQLo ljj/0fsf k|of]ustf{sf] ljj/0fdflysf]
b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g kfb{5 eGg] tf]]Sgsf nflu ul/G5 .

t;y{, n]vfk/LIfsåf/f ;f/e"ttf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf dgg ul/g'kb{5M

 n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwsf] k|s[lt, ;do lgwf{/0f Pj+ lj:tf/ lglZrt ubf{, /
 unt cfFs8fx¿sf] c;/ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ .

of]hgf th'{dfsf a]nfdf u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f/e"ttf lgDg k|of]usf nflu ul/G5 M
 gd"gf cfsf/sf] u0fgf,
 s'g} If]qnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] af/] klxrfg,
 s'Gf} lglZrt df}Hbftsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{ jf gkg]{ klxrfg .

;f/e"ttf lgSof}{n ubf{ pko"Qm cfwf/ rog ug{' k5{ / lgDgfg';f/sf] ;a{dfGo k|ltztn] ;f]
cfwf/nfO{ u'0fg ul/G5 . k|of]udf cfPsf ;a{dfGo cfwf/ tyf k|ltztx? lgDgfg';f/ 5gM
(48)
 - cfo -Revenue)x !)Ü
- s/ cl3sf] gfkmf jf 3f6f x !)Ü
- s'n ;DklQ -Gross Assets- Current/Non-current) x @Ü

t/, ;f/e"ttf lgSof}{n ubf{ lnOPsf] cfwf/ eg] dgfl;j x'g' kb{5 . ;f/e"ttf lgSof}{n ul/;s]
kl5 7"nf / c;fdfGo k|s[ltsf /sd jf sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;f/e"ttf eGbf aflx/ /fVg' k5{ cyf{t
To:tf /sdx?sf] hfFr k"0f{?kdf ug{' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;DalGwt lgsfo jf AolQm;+usf]
sf/f]jf/x? .

;fy}, ;f/e"ttfsf] /sd Pp6f lg0f{oug]{ tx -decision point_ ePsf]n] n]vfk/LIfssf] nflu
dflh{g /fVg' h?/L x'G5 . To;}n], g]n]ddf #@) n] sfo{ut ;f/e"ttf (performance materiality)
sf]af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/, n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu ;f/e"ttf txsf] ljleGg hf]lvd
:t/cg';f/ sf/f]jf/sf] sfo{ut ;f/e"ttf lgDgfg';f/ lng] ul/Psf] 5M
l;=g+= Hff]lvd :t/ sfo{ut ;f/e"ttf
! Go"g ;f/e"ttfsf] &%Ü
@ dWod ;f/e"ttfsf] ^@=%Ü
# pRr ;f/e"ttfsf] %)Ü

;f/e"ttfsf] u0fgf n]vfk/LIfsn] cfˆgf] cg'ej / ljj]s k|of]u ul/ ub{5 . of]hgf th'{dfsf]
a]nfdf u0fgf ul/Psf] ;f/e"ttf, n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ sfo{fGjog ubf{ kl/jt{g x'g ;Sb5 . olb
kl/jt{g ePdf kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f ;lxt u0fgf ul/Psf] gofF ;f/e"ttf sfo{ut n]vfk/LIf0f
clen]vdf /fVg' kb{5 .

xfd|f] pbfx/0fsf] P=la=l;= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] k|s[ltsf af/]df z'?df pNn]lvt ;"rgfx? /
;+t'ng k/LIf0fdf pNn]lvt Aoj;fosf] k|s[lt / /sdsf cfwf/df ;f/e"ttfsf] cfwf/ / /sd
lgwf{/0f ug{'xf]; .

!=^= hf]lvdsf] d"Nofªg (Risk Assessment)

n]vfk/LIfssf] p2]Zo ljQLo ljj/0fx? / lglZrt :yfgdf hfn;fh jf e"nsf -fraud and error_
sf/0fn] b]lvg] ;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t unt -Material misstatement_ ljj/0fx?sf] hf]lvdsf] klxrfg /
lgwf{/0f, lgsfo / o;sf] jftfj/0f tyf cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] k"0f{ hfgsf/Lsf ;fy} lgwf{l/t
;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t unt ljj/0fx?sf hf]lvd x6fpgsf] nflu cfwf/x? tof/ kfg]{ / sfof{Gjog
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / d'NofÍg ug{ lgDg cf}hf/ -tools_ x?sf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
(49)
!= cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] Joj:yfkg kq
@= ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw -analytical procedure_ -h:t}M ut / xfn cjlwsf] cg'kftsf]
ljZn]if0f_
#= ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] cWoog
$= n]vf / cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] a'emfO{ -understanding accounting and internal control_

n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] txdf / sf/f]af/sf ju{x¿, n]vf df}Hbftx¿ Pj+ v'nf;fx¿sf
nflu b[9f]lQm txdf ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf hf]lvdx¿sf] klxrfg Pj+ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf]
cfjZostf dxz'; ug{'kb{5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu n]vfk/LIfsn]M
 ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df sf/f]af/sf ju{x¿, n]vf df}Hbftx¿ Pj+ v'nf;fx¿ dgg u/]/
hf]lvdx¿ ;Da4 ;fGble{s lgoGq0fx¿ nufot lgsfo / o;sf] kl/j]zsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug]{ sfo{sf] k|lqmofel/ g} hf]lvdx¿ klxrfg ub{5,
 b[9f]lQm tx -Assertion level_ df unt af6f] lng ;Sg] klxrfg ul/Psf hf]lvdx¿
pNn]v ub{5,
 ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fdf kl/dfl0ft x'g ;Sg] kl/df0fdf hf]lvd eP
gePsf] dgg ub{5, /
 hf]lvdx¿ ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fdf kl/dfl0ft x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf]
dgg ub{5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] ;Dkfbg ul/g'kg]{ yk n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwsf] k|s[lt, ;do lgwf{/0f, Pj+ lj:tf/
lglZrt ug{ hf]lvd lgwf{/0fnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fsf] ¿kdf lgoGq0fx¿sf] th'{df Pj+
ltgLx¿ sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] lglZrt ug]{ sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgdf k|fKt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f
nufot hf]lvd lgwf{/0f sfo{ljlwx¿sf] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{åf/f ;ª\slnt ;"rgf k|of]u ub{5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] klxrfg ul/Psf ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf hf]lvdx¿ sf/f]af/sf lglZrt ju{x¿,
n]vf df}Hbftx¿ Pj+ v'nf;fx¿ / b[9f]lQmx¿ ;Da4 eP gePsf] jf ltgLx¿ ;du| ljQLo ljj/0fdf
a9L ;ª\qmfds ¿kn] (Pervasively) ;Da4 eP gePsf] / ;Defljt ¿kn] b[9f]lQmx¿nfO{ k|efj
kfg]{ gkfg]{ s'/f lglZrt ub{5 . kl5Nnf hf]lvdx¿ -ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] txdf x'g] hf]lvdx¿_
vf;df sdhf]/ lgoGq0f kl/j]zaf6 pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf ;'ema'emx¿sf] (Considerations)
n]vfk/LIfssf] ;fdfGo b[li6sf]0fdf dxTjk"0f{ ;DaGw x'G5, pbfx/0fsf nflu uxg sfo{ljlwx¿
(Substantive procedure) -uxg ljlw_ df hf]8 jf lgoGq0f hfFrsf ;fy} uxg sfo{ljlwx¿
-;+of]lht ljlw (Combined approach) sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'g} Ps ljlw 5fGgsf] nflu .

h:t}, 6«]l8ª sDkgLsf] xsdf lhG;L Pp6f d'Vo hf]lvd /x]sf] If]q xf] . lhG;Ldf cGt{lglxt
hf]lvd If]qx? lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf x'g ;Sb5g\ .
(50)
!= ;fdfgsf] b'?kof]u,
@= cfkm\g} pkef]usf] -h:t} ;+:yf :jod\n], ;+:yfsf ;~rfnsn] JolQmut p2]Zosf nflUf u/]sf]
pkef]u_ clen]v :6f]/ lstfadf -store register_ g/flvPsf],
#= e08f/df bflvnf gul/ cfk"lt{stf{af6 l;w} vl/b lalqm,
$= ;fdfgsf] rNtLsf] 6«oflsª k|0ffnL gePsf] -no tracking system of stock movements_,
%= st{Jox?sf] s'g} ljefhg gePsf] -no segregation of duties_ .
^= gfkmf gf]S;fgdf tndfly ug{ -d"No lgwf{/0f jf lalqm cflbdf rnfP/_ k|of]u ePsf] .
&= d"No clea[l4 s/sf] ljj/0f / jf:tljs df}Hbftdf leGgtf .
*= eG;f/ d"No / af:tljs d"Nodf km/s, cflb .

dgfl;a cfZj:ttf k|fKt ubf{sf avt s'g}klg n]vfk/LIfsn] k]zfut ;Gb]x -Professional
skepticism) sf] k|j[lQ sfod /fVb} lgoGq0fx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo pNnª\3g -Management
Override of control) sf] ;Defjgf dgg\ ub{5 Pj+ q'l6x¿ kQf nufpg] sfo{sf nflu k|efjsf/L
x'g] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿ hfn;fhLsf sf/0f ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf klxrfg ul/Psf
hf]lvdx¿sf] ;Gbe{df pko'Qm gx'g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{' kb{5 / tbg'?ksf] n]vfk/LIf0f
sfo{lalwx? ckgfpg' kb{5 .

!=&= n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd (Audit programme)

n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd d'Vo cg';"rLsf] 7Ls k5fl8 clen]lvs/0f ug'{kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0f
sfo{qmddf lgDg lnlvt ljj/0fx? x'g'kb{5 .
 k/LIf0fsf p2]Zox?,
 k/LIf0fsf] k|s[ofx? -r'lgPsf gd"gfsf] k|s[of / To;sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf ;"rgfsf ;|f]t_,
 k/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffdx?,
 k/LIf0fsf] lgisif{

n]vfk/LIfsn] cg'aGw s'zntfk"j{s ;Dkflbt x'g] lsl;dn] n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf th'{df ug'{kb{5 .
n]vfk/LIfsn] ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f /0fgLlt lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f /0fgLltn]
n]vfk/LIfssf] If]q, ;do lgwf{/0f / lbzflgb]{z to ub{5 / a9L lj:t[t n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgfsf]
ljsf;nfO{ dfu{bz{g ub{5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] ;du| cg'lqmof (Response) lglZrt ug]{ tyf yk n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿ th'{df
ug]{ Pj+ ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{df lj:t[t n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn]
n]vfk/LIf0f ug{'kg]{ k|lqmofx¿, k|To]s 36s;Fu ;fGble{s dxTjk"0f{ hf]lvd Pj+ lgoGq0fx¿sf]

(51)
klxrfg / n]vfk/LIf0f cfZj:ttf k|fKt ug{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm n]vfk/LIf0f ljlwpk/ lg0f{o
lng'kb{5, pbfx/0fsf nflu lgoGq0fx¿sf] gd'gf hfFr ul/g] jf uxg k/LIf0f ;Dkfbg ul/g] .

n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofsf] of] r/0fdf pRr txsf] n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf th'{df ug]{ sfo{ k"/f x'G5 .
n]vfk/LIfsn] b]xfosf dxTjk"0f{ tTjx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g'kg]{ 36sx¿ (Components) -ljQLo ljj/0faf6_,
 pRr:t/sf] hf]lvd Pj+ ltgLx¿k|lt Joj:yfkgsf] cg'lqmof -cGo pRr:t/Lo sfo{kqx¿_,
/
 k|f/lDes hf]lvd lgwf{/0fsf ;fy} ;~rfngdf /x]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] hfgsf/L .

of] r/0fdf n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] lgsfosf] sfo{;~rfngnfO{ clen]v ug'{ kb{5 .
;Dkfbg ug{ afFsL n]vfk/LIf0fdf (Remainder of the audit) of] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / cGo s'/fx¿sf
cltl/Qm n]vfk/LIf0f gd"gf k/LIf0fsf] k|sf/ lglZrt ub{5, pbfx/0fsf nflu lgoGq0fx¿sf] gd'gf
k/LIf0f Pj+ o:tf sfo{ljlwx¿sf] k|s[lt . ;dfkg (Completion) kl5sf] k|0ffnL j0f{gn] of]
cWoog ug]{ hf];'s}nfO{ hf]lvdx¿ / lgoGq0fx¿sf ;fy} To:tf hf]lvdsf] lgwf{/0f Pj+
lgoGq0fx¿;DaGwL ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . hf]lvd / lgoGq0fx¿n] o;sf hLjgrqm leqsf (Life
cycle) sf/f]af/sf ljleGg txsf]] ljj/0f lbG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} ;DklQsf] vl/b;DaGwL
hf]lvdx¿ ljlzi6 / pxL ;DklQsf] cf;kf;sf] (Surrounding) k|of]ueGbf leGg x'G5g\ .

lj:t[t n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf tof/ ubf{ g]n]kdf %)) cg';f/ n]vfk/LIfsn] ljleGg JolQmut n]vf
df}Hbftx?, sf/f]jf/sf ;d"xx?, ljlQo ljj/0fsf] k|:t'lts/0f / v'nf;fx?sf] hf+r ug{ k|of]u
ug]{ k/LIf0f ljlw -Audit Procedure_ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf k/LIf0f ljlwx? cfjZostf
cg';f/ b]xfo cg';f/ x'g ;Sb5g M
 /]s8{ jf sfuhftsf] lg/LIf0f  df}Hbft ;dy{g
 l:y/ ;DklQsf] lg/LIf0f  k'gMu0fgf
 cjnf]sg  k'gM;Dkfbg
 ;f]wk'5  ljZn]if0ffTds k|lqmof

d"Vo zLif{sx? ;a}sf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd agfP/ n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ al9
k|efjsf/L / s'zntfk"j{s ;DkGg x'G5 . lhG;L df}Hbft, lalqm, vl/b, ;fx" zLif{sx?sf]
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf pbfx/0fsf ?kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

(52)
!=&=! lhG;L df}Hbftsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd
;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd :

cfly{s jif{M
sfo{ zLif{s:

p2]ZoM lhG;Lsf] nfut lglb{i6 d"No ljlw cg';f/ nfut jf ahf/d"No h'g sd x'G5 ;f]lx
cg';f/ n]vf+sg ul/Psf] 5 / ckrng jf q'l6k"0f{ k|:t'lts/0f x'g glbg kof{Kt lgoGq0fsf
lalwx? ckgfOPsf] af/]df cfZj:ttf lgSof}{n ug]{ .
sfo{ut n]k
ljQLo ljj/0fsf clen]vsf] x:tfIf/ /
laj/0f b[9f]QmL ;Gbe{[working ldLt
-Assertions) papers
Reference]
!_ jf;nftdf k|ltlalDat lhG;L df}Hbft cl:tTj / 36gf
s'g ?kdf cjl:yt 5 / ;a} ;fdfu|L, k"0f{tf
pTkfbgx¿, / ;]jfu|fxLdf x:tfGtl/t
;fdfgdf, jf afXo :yfgx¿df /x]sf
;fdfgsf] :jfldTjsf] Plsg ug]{ .
@_ ;+:yf;Fu df}Hbftdf /x]sf clwsf/
;dfgx?sf] :jfldTjsf] sfg"gL
clwsf/ /x]sf] Plsg ug{ ;DalGwt
;fdfgsf] s/ lahssf] hfFr ug]{ .
#_ lhG;L ;fdfgsf] k|of]u / cfr/0f ;xL cl:tTj / 36gf,
?kdf vftf, /sd / cjlwsf] ?kdf d"Nofªsg
/]s8{ ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{ .
$_ ck|rlnt, l9nf] rNg] / cWofjlws d"Nofªsg
lhG;L ;fdfgx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg
/ klxrfg ul/Psf] jf 5}g Plsg
ug]{ .
%_ ;+:yfsf] gLlt, sfo{ljlw / ;xL u0fgf cl:tTj / 36gf
lgwf{/0f ug{ lgoGq0fx? kof{Kt 5g\ jf k"0f{tf
5}gg\ / :km't{ ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf
5g\ jf 5}gg\ Plsg ug]{ .
(53)
 ^_ ;+:yfn] lhG;L ;fdfgsf] d'Nofªsg d"Nofªsg
nfut cyjf v'b p7\g ;Sg] df]n-Net
Realisable Value)h'g sd x'G5
To;}df ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] cg'udg ug]{ .
-g]kfn n]vfdfg @ – Inventories_
&_;+:yfsf] lhG;L ;fdfgsf] ef}lts k"0f{tf
k/LIf0f ug]{ / n]h/;Fu le8fg u/L
ToL b'O{larsf] km/ssf] sf/0faf/]
a'‰g] .
*_;+:yfsf] lhG;L ;fdfgx?sf] rf]/L, 7uL k"0f{tf
/ clUg ladf ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g
Plsg ug]{ .
*_;+:yfn] lhG;L ;fdfgsf] juL{s/0f / k|:t'lt / v'nf;f
k|:t'lts/0f ul/Psf] / d"Nof+sg ljlw,
;"rLsf] k|d'v 36ssf] kof{Kt v'nf;f
u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g lg/LIf0f ug]{ .
(_
!)_

lhG;L df}Hbftsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd :

cfly{s jif{ :

sfo{ zLif{s:

sfo{ut n]k s}lkmot

qm= clen]vsf]
hfFr;"rL
;+= ;Gbe{[working
paper reference]
!= lhG;L ;fdfgsf] d'Vo cg';"rL k|fKt ug]{
@= d'Vo cg';"rL, ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f, clGtd lhG;Lsf] ;"rLsf]
df}Hbft d]n x'G5 jf x'b}g hfFr ug]{
#= cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] df}Hbft o; cjwLsf]
ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;lx /sd ;dfj]z u/]sf] jf gu/]sf]
hfFr ug]{
(54)
$= cf}lrTo / Ps?ktfsf cfwf/df ;"rLsf] ;dLIff ug]{
%= hf]lvd lgwf{/0f, ;f/o'Qm u0fgf, sfo{ of]hgfnfO{
bf]xf]/fP/ x]g]{ / sfo{ ug]{ a]nfdf hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf
s'/fx?sf] cBfjlws /fVg]
^= oxfFaf6 k|fKt s}lkmot d:of}bf Joj:yfkg kq,
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'alGwt ;fem]bf/sf] Wofgfsif{0fsf
a'bfFx?df ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{,
&= lgisif{sf] -conclusion_ plrttfsf] ;'lgZrt ug]{,
*= lhG;L ;fdfgsf] df}Hbftsf] ef}lts u0fgf ug'{ k'j{
cfjZos kof{Kt n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf sfo{ljlw th'{df ug]{
/ lgsfosf] ef}lts u0fgf k|0ffnL s:tf] 5 ;dLIff ug]{
(= lhG;Lsf] ef}lts u0fgfsf avt :jo+ k|:t't eO
u0fgfsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ jf pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf cfkm}n] gd"gf k/LIf0f ug]{ .
!)= clGtd lhG;L df}Hbft / ef}lts u0fgf ubf{ km]nf k/]sf
df}Hbft ;+Vof d]n x'G5g\ jf x'b}gg\ hfFr ug]{ / tL
b'O{aLr km/s eP ;f]sf] sf/0f a'‰g]
!!= lhG;L d}Hbftsf] ;"rL / cfo' tflnsf -aging schedule_
x]/L x'g;Sg] ck|rlnt -obsolete_ ;dfgsf] klxrfg ug]{
/ Joj:yfkg;Fu ;f] af/] 5nkmn ug]{
!@= ck|rlnt, l9nf] rNg] / cWoflws lhG;L ;fdfgx?sf]
lgoldt cg'udg / klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g olsg
ug]{
!#= lgsfo;Fu lhG;L ;"rLdf /x]sf ;dfgx? dWo] 5gf}6
ul/Psf] gd'gfsf] d'No / :jfldTjsf] -sfg"gL zLif{s jf
clwsf/ /x]sf]_ olsg ug{ ;DalGwt ;fdfgsf] s/
lahssf] hfFr ug]{ .
!$= lgsfon] lhG;L ;fdfgsf] d'Nofªsg nfut -cost_ cyjf
v'b p7\g ;Sg] df]n -Net Realisable Value /NRV) h'g
sd x'G5 To;}df u/]÷gu/]sf] hfFr ug]{ -g]kfn n]vfdfg
@ – Inventories_, NRV sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf cjwL
;lsP kl5sf]] lalqm d'No lng ;lsG5 .
!%= olb lgsfon] k|rf/k|;f/ cyjf :6s lSno/]G; -stock
clearance_sf] ;Gbe{df Ps ;dfgsf] abnfdf csf]{
;dfg l;Q}df lbPsf] eP, ;f] ;fdfg lhG;L ;dfgsf]
d}Hbft ;"rLaf6 x6fOPsf] / ;f]sf] vr{ clen]v ul/Psf]

(55)
 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{
!^= aiff{Gtsf] s6ckm sfo{ljlw (Cut off for inventories)
hfFr ug]{, cfly{s jif{sf] -cf=j=_ cGtlt/sf] ;fdfg
k|flKt / k|]if0fnfO{, ;xL cfly{s jif{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5 jf 5}g ;ldIff ug{ plrt sfuhft / k|lqmof
cjnDag u/] gu/]sf] hfFr ug]{
!&= s'g} t];|f] kIf;Fu lgsfosf] ;fdfg /x]sf] eP ;f] ;dfg
lgsfosf] df}Hbft ;"rLdf /x]sf] jf g/x]sf] olsg ug]{
!*= olb lgsfon] s'g} ;dfg ckn]vg u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f]sf]
n]vf+sg tyf cflwsfl/stfsf] pko'Qmtfsf]
-appropriateness_ hfFr ug]{
!(= lgsfosf] gLlt, sfo{ljlw / ;xL u0fgf lgwf{/0f ug{
lgoGq0fx? kof{Kt 5g\ jf 5}gg\ / :km't{ ?kdf ;~rfng
ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ ;f]af/]df hfgsf/L lng] .
@)= lgsfosf] lhG;L ;fdfgx?sf] rf]/L, 7uL / cfunfuLsf]
hf]lvd lj?4 aLdf ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g olsg ug]{ .
@!= ;+:yfn] lhG;L ;fdfgsf] juL{s/0f / k|:t'lts/0f
ul/Psf] / d"Nof+sg ljlw, ;"rLsf] k|d'v 36ssf] kof{Kt
v'nf;f u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g lg/LIf0f ug]{ .
@@
@#
@$
@%

tof/ ug]{sf] gfd . ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfd .

;xL M ;xL M
ldlt M ldlt M

(56)
!=&=@ laqmLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd :

cfly{s jif{ :

sfo{ zLif{s:

sfo{ut n]k
qm= clen]vsf]
hfFr;"rL ;Gbe{(working s}lkmot
;+=
paper
reference)
!= laqmLsf] d'Vo cg';"rL k|fKt ug]{
@= d'Vo cg';"rL / ;Gt'ng k/LIf0fsf] df}Hbft /sd d]n 5
5}g hfFr ug]{
#= cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] df}Hbft o; cjwLsf]
ljlQo ljj/0fsf] t'ngfTds cWoog u/L ;xL /sd
;dfj]z u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] hfFr ug]{
$= cf}lrTo / Ps?ktfsf cfwf/df lalqmsf] ;dLIff ug]{ / /
;f]dWo] ;Da¢ JolQmaf6 p7\g afFsL /sd klxrfg ug]{ .
%= hf]lvd lgwf{/0f, ;f/o'Qm u0fgf, sfo{ of]hgfnfO{
bf]xf]/fP/ x]g]{ / sfo{ ug]{ a]nfdf hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf
s'/fx?sf] cBfjlws /fVg]
^= oxfFaf6 k|fKt s}lkmot d:of}bf cg'aGw kq, Joj:yfkg
kq, n]vfk/LIf0f cg'alGwt ;fem]bf/sf] Wofgfsif{0fsf
a'bfFx?df ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{,
&= lgisif{sf] plrttfsf] ;'lgZrt ug]{,
*= s"n d"gfkmfsf] k|ltzt u0fgf ug]{, ut jif{sf] c+s;Fu
t'ngf ug]{ / s'g} c;fdfGo leGgtf b]lvP yk hfFr ug]{,
(= n]h/df k|ltlalDat sf/f]af/ ;+Vof dWo] hf]lvd lgwf{/0f
u/] adf]lhd slDtdf @% k|ltzt sf/f]af/ ;+Vof ;dfa]z
x'g] / s"n sf/f]af/ /sd dWo] slDtdf %) k|ltzt /sd
(57)
 ;dfa]z x'g] ul/ gd"gf rog ug]{,
!)= 5flgPsf gd"gfx?sf] lalqmsf] ;'?jftb]lv -laqmL c8{/,
:6f]/af6 ;fdfg k|]if0f ePsf] kq, rnfg, b/ /]6, lahs,
laqmL lstfa, cf;fdL / n]vf vftfdf k|ljli6÷kf]li6Ë_
hfFr ug]{
!!= laqmL vftfsf] ;"Idk/LIf0f -ledger scrutiny_ ul/
c;fdfGo n]vf h:t} 8]la6 gf]6 jf laqmL lkmtf{, cflb eP
kQf nufpg] / ;f]sf] yk hfFr ug]{ .
!@= laqmL / laqmL /sdsf] k'li6 ug{]{ s/ lahs / cGo
sfuhft 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{
!#= laqmL d"No;"rLdf pNn]lvt laqmL d"Nodf d"No clej[l4
s/ -d"=c=s=_;fd]n u/L lahs hf/L u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g
hfFr ug]{
!$= /2 ul/Psf] aLhsx?sf] sf/0f, cf}lrTo hfFr ug]{ / ;f]
adf]lhdsf] laqmL n]vf+sg ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f]sf] 8]la6
k|ljli6 -debit entry_ u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{ .
!%= 8]la6 gf]6x?sf] n]vf+sg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{ /
;f]df ;+sng u/]sf] d'=c=s= df:s]af/L ebf{ ldnfg
ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{ .
!^ lahssf] l;nl;n]jf/ n]vfFsg ePsf 5 5}g laqmL
n]h/df kf]li6+u hfFr ug]{
!& laqmL n]h/ / n]vfsf] laqmL tyf d"=c=s= laj/0f lar
le8fg ug]{ gu/]sf] / le8fg eP gePsf] hfFr ug]{ .
!* ;Da4 AolQm;+usf] ;Dk"0f{ laqmL sf/f]jf/df Aoj;flos
d"No / dfGotf nfu" eP gePsf] Plsg ug]{ h:t} b/ /]6,
/sdsf] c;'nL / lkmtf{
!(

tof/ ug]{sf] gfd . ;ldIff ug]{sf] gfd .

;lx M ;lxM
ldlt M ldlt M

(58)
!=&=# vl/bsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd
;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd :

cfly{s jif{ :

sfo{ zLif{s:

Sfo{ut n]k
clen]vsf]
qm=;+= hfFr;"rL ;Gbe{[working s}lkmot
paper
reference]
!= v/Lbsf] d"Vo cg';"rL k|fKt ug]{
@= d'Vo cg';"rL / ;Gt'ng k/LIf0fsf] df}Hbft /sd d]n
x'G5 jf x'b}g hfFr ug]{
#= cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] df}Hbftsf] o;
cjwLsf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;lx /sd ;dfj]z u/]sf] jf
gu/]sf] hfFr ug]{
$= cf}lrTo / Ps?ktfsf cfwf/df ;"rLsf] ;dLIff ug]{ /
;f]dWo] ;Da¢ JolQmnfO{ ltg{afFsL /sd klxrfg ug]{ .
% n]h/df k|ltlalDat sf/f]af/ ;+Vof dWo] hf]lvd lgwf{/0f
u/] adf]lhd gd"gf ;+Vof lgwf{/0f / rog ug]{,
^= 5flgPsf gd"gfx?sf] vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt k|s[of /
;f]nfO{ k'i6\offpg] sfuhftx? Hf:t} vl/b dfu kmf/d,
:6f]/ pknAwtfsf] hfFr, :jLs[t laqm]tfdWo]af6
vl/bsf]nflu rog, vl/b k|:tfj d"NofFsg /
cflwsfl/s lg0f{o, vl/b cfb]z, OToflb
&= v/Lb n]h/sf] ;dLIff ubf{ olb Ps} ;do cjlwdf
plx ;fdfgsf] vl/bsf] b/df dxTjk"0f{ leGgtf
-significant difference in rate_ b]lvG5 eg] ;f]
leGgtfsf] sf/0f ;f]wk'5 ug]{ / ;f] sf/0f plrt 5 jf
5}g ;fy} ;f] vl/bsf] cl:tTj k'li6 ug]{ sfuhft 5 jf
5}g hfFr ug]{,

(59)
 *= ;+:yfsf] cfkm\gf] vl/b lgb]{lzsf tof/ tyf :jLs[t
eP÷gePsf] hfFr ug]{ / ;f] lgb]{lzsfdf vl/b dfu,
cfjZostfsf] ;ldIff ug]{, :jLs[t ug]{, vl/b ug]{ /
:6f]/df bflvnf ug]{ ljlw / ;f]sf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fdf
x'g ;Sg] sdhf]/Lsf] If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{,
(= :jLs[t laqm]tf ;"rL÷cflwsfl/s laqm]tfsf] ;"rL
lgoldt ?kdf tof/ / cBfjlws ul/G5 jf ul/b}g
hfFr ug]{,
!)= vl/b vftfdf pNn]lvt nfutnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ aLhs
tyf cGo sfuhft 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{
!!= vl/b n]h/ / n]vfsf] laqmL tyf d"=c=s= laj/0f lar
le8fg ug]{ gu/]sf] / le8fg eP gePsf] hfFr ug]{ .
!@= vl/b k|s[ofdf ;+nUg AolQmx?af6 :jfy{ aflemg]
-Conflict of interest_ / lukm\6 cflb glng] ;DaGwL
k|lta4tf lnP glnPsf] Plsg ug]{
!# qm]l86 gf]6x?sf] n]vf+sg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{
/ ;f]df lt/]sf] d"=c=s= df:s]af/L ebf{ ldnfg ul/Psf]
5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{ .
!$ vl/b ul/Psf ;fdfgx?sf] u'0f:t/ hfFr gu/L :6f]/
bflvnf u/] gu/]sf] Plsg ug]{
!%
!^

tof/ ug]{sf] gfd . ;ldIff ug]{sf] gfd .

;xL M ;xL M
ldlt M ldlt M

!=&=$ ;fx'sf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfdM
cfly{s jif{ M
sfo{ zLif{sM
(60)
 sfo{ut n]k
clen]vsf]
qm=;+= hfFr;"rL ;Gbe{[working s}lkmot
paper
reference]
!= ljQLo ljj/0fdf k|ltlalDat ;fx""sf] df}Hbft emlNsg]
d'Vo ;"rL k|fKt ug]{,
@= ;Gt'n k/LIf0f cg';f/ cfly{s jif{sf] ltg{ afFsL
vftfsf] df}Hbft / k|fKt d'Vo ;"rLsf] df}Hbft d]n x'G5
jf x'b}g hfFr ug]{,
#= cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] df}Hbft o;
cjlwsf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;lx ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 jf
5}g hfFr ug]{
$= cf}lrTo / Ps?ktfsf cfwf/df ;"rLsf] ;dLIff ug]{] /
;f]dWo] ;Da¢ JolQmnfO{ ltg{ afFsL /sd klxrfg
ug]{ .
%= hf]lvd lgwf{/0f, ;f/o'Qm u0fgf, sfo{ of]hgfnfO{
bf]xf]¥ofP/ x]g]{ / sfo{ ug]{ a]nfdf hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf
s'/fx?sf] cBfjlws /fVg],
^= oxfFaf6 k|fKt s}lkmot d:of}bf Joj:yfkg kq,
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'alGwt ;fem]bf/sf] Wofgfsif{0fsf
a'bfFx?df ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{,
&= lgisif{sf] cf}lrTo ;'lglZrt ug]{,
*= vftfdf k|ltlalDat sf/f]af/ ;+VofdWo] hf]lvd lgwf{/0f
u/] adf]lhd gd"gf ;Vof lgwf{/0f / rog ug]{,
(= ltg{ afFsL egL clen]v ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ vl/b vftf,
aLhs, /l;b, q]ml86 d]df];Fu le8fg ug]{,
!)= ltg{ afFsL ;fx"sf] cfo" tflnsf k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]df
k|ltlalDat /sdnfO{ d'Vo ;"rL;Fu le8fg ug]{/ lanDa
x'g'sf] sf/0f klxrfg ug]{
!!= ;fx"nfO{ ltg'{kg]{ /sdsf] k'li6 ug{ / lx;fa ldnfg ug{
;fx"af6 afXo ;d{yg k|fKt ug{] k|0ffnL 5 jf 5}g hfFr
ug{],
(61)
 !@= afXo ;d{yg k|fKt ug]{ k|0ffnL 5 eg] ;f] k|fKt ;d{yg
/ vftfdf b]lvPsf] df}Hbftdf ePsf] leGgtfsf] sf/0f
kQf nufpg] / n]vfdf ;dfof]hg ug]{ k2tL s:tf] 5
hfFr ug]{,
!#= vl/b lkmtf{ n]h/ / ;fx"af6 k|fKt q]ml86 gf]6hfFr u/L
s'g} lkmtf{ ul/Psf] ;fx"sf] n]h/ 8]la6 ug{ afFsL /x]sf],
5'6]sf], unt /sd 8]la6 ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g kQf
nufpg],
!$= ljb]zL d'›fdf ltg{ afFsL /sdnfO{ cfly{s jif{sf]
cGTosf] b/df d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g / ;f]sf]
kof{Kt n]vf gLlt tyf n]vf;+u ;DalGwt l6kf]6
-note_df ePsf] jf gePsf] hfFr ug]{
!%= ltg{ afFsL vftfdf b]lvPsf] 8]la6 df}Hbftsf] ;dLIff
ug]{ / ;f] 8]la6, vl/bsf] n]vf g/flvPsf] sf/0fn] xf]
jf cf;fdLnfO{ ;fx" egL n]vf+sg ul/Psf] sf/0fn] xf]
kQf nufpg]
!^= s6 ckm sfo{ljlw hfFr ug{ cf=j=sf] cGt lt/sf]
-around period end_ ;fdfg k|flKt l6kf]6 -good
receipt note_ sf] hfFr u/L, ;xL cfly{s jif{df n]vfÍg
ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g ;dLIff ug]{
!&

tof/ ug]{sf] gfd . ;ldIff ug]{sf] gfd .

;xL M ;xL M
ldlt M ldlt M

!=*= 6f]nL cled'vLs/0f (Team Orientation)

n]vfk/LIf0f z'? ug{' k"j{ n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+nUg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ 6f]nL ;b:ox?nfO{ ;+:yfsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L, klxrfg ul/Psf hf]lvd / sfo{ laefhg tyf pknAw ;dosf af/]df cled'vLs/0f
lbg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kb{5 M
 n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ k"j{ n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?af6 cfkm" n]vfk/LIf0f
ug{ :jtGq /x]sf] s'/f v'nfOPsf] kq lnPkl5 dfq n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLsf] u7g ug]{ .
 n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?af6 k"j{ ;dodf ;dfg k|s[ltsf n]vfk/LIf0f u/]sf] jf
gu/]sf] s'/f a'‰g] / olb ;b:ox?n] To:tf] k|s[ltsf n]vfk/LIf0f gu/]sf] eP k"j{
n]vfk/LIf0fsf clen]v tyf b:tfj]hx? cWoog u/fP/ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{of]hgf th'{df
ug]{ .
(62)
  n]vfk/LIf0f g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfg cg'?k ug'{ kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLnfO{ g]=u'=lg=df ! sf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g' kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLn] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fx? Wofg lbg' kb{5 M
-s_ k"j{ n]vfk/LIf0f b:tfj]hsf sfuhftx?sf] cWoog ug]
-v_ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{of]hgf, k|0ffnL l6kf]6 tyf hfFr;"rL agfpg]
-u_ n]vfk/LIf0f g]=u'=lg=df ! tyf cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug'{ kg]{
o;;DaGwdf NSQC 1 df ePsf Aoj:yfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
sfo{ cg'aGw 6f]nLsf] -Engagement Teams_ lhDd]jf/L
cg'R5]b #) –
n]vfk/LIfs kmd{n] x/]s cg'aGw 6f]nLsf nflu s'g} Ps cg'aGw ;fem]bf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg'
kb{5 / lgDg cfjZostf k'/f ug]{u/L gLlt tyf sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 M
s_ u|fxs Joj:yfkg ;b:o / zf;sLo bfloTjdf /x]sf JolQmx?;Dd cg'aGw ;fem]bf/sf]
kl/ro / e"ldsfsf] af/]df ;"rgf k'Ug],
v_ cg'aGw ;fem]bf/;Fu lbOPsf] e"ldsf lgefpg rflxg] of]Uotf, Ifdtf / clwsf/ 5, /
u_ cg'aGw ;fem]bf/sf] pQ/bfloTjx? k|i6;Fu kl/eflift ePsf] / ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/nfO{
hfgsf/L ePsf] 5 .

cg'R5]b #! –
n]vfk/LIfs kmd{n] cfjZos of]Uotf / lgDg Ifdtf /x]sf] pko'Qm sd{rf/LnfO{ lgo'lQm -assign_
ug{ ;DaGwL gLltx? / sfo{ljlwx? :yfkgf ug'{ kb{5 M
s_ k]zfut dfg / k|rlnt lgod sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL cg'aGwsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg], /
v_ pko'Qm kl/l:yltdf nfu" x'g] k|ltj]bg hf/L ug{sf nflu n]vfk/LIfs kmd{ jf cg'aGw
;fem]bf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ;Sg] .

(63)
 kl/R5]b @ lj:t[t ;f/jfg\ / lgoGq0f sfo{ljlwx?
(Detailed Substantive and Control Procedures)

@=! n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{Gjogsf k|f/lDes sfo{

n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0f b[9f]lQm txdf (Assertion level) ;f/e"t unt cfª\s8fsf hf]lvdx¿
;Daf]wg ug{ ;du| cg'lqmof -n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{lalw_ lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . o:tf cg'lqmofdf hf]lvd
o'Qm If]qsf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f ;+sng Pj+ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfo{df a9L cg'ejL sd{rf/L jf ljz]if
;Lk ePsf JolQm v6fpg] jf lj1x¿ k|of]u ug]{, a9L ;'kl/j]If0f k|bfg ug]{ jf ;Dkfbg ul/g'kg]{
yk sfo{ljlwx¿sf] 5gf}6df k"jf{g'dfg nufpg g;lsg] cltl/Qm tTjx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ sfo{df
k]zfut ;Gb]x sfod /fVg h?/L x'g] s'/f n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLnfO{ hf]8 lbP/ lgb]{zg ug]{ s'/f
;dfj]z x'g ;Sb5 .
@=!=! n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL k|yd a}7s
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ k'j{ n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nL / ;]jfu|fxLsf k|ltlglwx? aLr a}7s a:g'
kb{5 h;df n]vfk/LIf0fsf] If]q ;DaGwL 5nkmn ul/G5 / ;]jfu|fxLn] n]vfk/LIfsnfO{
n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos hfgsf/Lx? k|bfg ub{5 .

;f] a}7ssf] dfO{Go"6sf] 9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;S5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL k|yd -k|a]z_ a}7s

dfO{Go"6 ptf/
o; P= aL= ;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL k|yd-k|a]z_ a}7s b]xfo ldlt, :yfg,
;dodf / lgDg pkl:yltdf a:of] .
:yfg M— sDkgLsf] /lh:68{ sfo{fno,============ , ===================.
ldlt M— ===========÷======÷======
;do M— ===========================

pkl:yltx? M

(64)
sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 M
k|d'v sfo{sf/L lgb]zs M========================================
k|aGws M========================================
n]vf k|aGws M========================================

n]vfk/LIfssf] tkm{af6 M
n]vfk/LIfs M========================================
cl86 clkm;/ M========================================
cl86 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?sf] gfd M========================================

5nkmnsf ljifox? M—

!= cf= j= =======÷======== sf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ of]hgf th{'df ug]{ af/] 5nkmn,
@= lgsfo tyf o;sf] sfo{sf af/]df ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L ;lxt n]vfk/LIf0f cf=a=df 36]sf d'Vo
d'Vo 36gf, n]vfgLltdf ul/Psf kl/jt{g tyf hf]lvdsf af/]df lgsfosf] wf/0ff k|:t'lt
#= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] If]qsf] af/]df 5nkmn .
$= ljljw .

lg0f{ox? M

!= k|:tfj g+= !
dfly 5nkmn ubf{ o; sDkgLn] cf= j= =============÷============== sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ xfdL
=================================== nfO{ ==========÷======÷====== df a;]sf] ====cf} ;fwf/0f ;efn] lgo'Qm
u/]sf] cf;osf] lgo'lQm kq ldlt =============÷======÷======== df k|fKt eof] . ;f]xL lgo'lQmsf]
cfwf/df 5nkmn x'Fbf cfh ldlt ===============÷=====÷====== af6 ;xdlt ePsf] n]vfk/LIf0f
sfo{of]hgf cg'?k n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;'? ug]{ o;} a}7saf6 lg0f{o ul/of] .

(65)
@=k|:tfj g+= @M lgsfo tyf o;sf] sfo{sf af/]df ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L ;lxt n]vfk/LIf0f cf=a=df
36]sf d'Vo d'Vo 36gf, n]vfgLltdf ul/Psf kl/jt{g tyf hf]lvdsf af/]df lgDgfg';f/sf]
ljj/0f a}7sdf k|:t't ul/of]M

s_ lgsfosf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g, af]8{ ;b:ox? / ;f]df ePsf] kl/jt{g

v_ lgsfosf] d"Vo lqmofsnfkx? / zfvf tyf cGo ;Da4 kIfx?
u_ cf=a======= df 36]sf d"Vo d"Vo 36gfx?, h:t}M sd{rf/Lsf] x8tfn, Ps zfvfdf rf]/L tyf
hfn;flhsf] cg';Gwfg, yk @ zfvfsf] pb\3f6g, pTkflbt ;fdgx?dWo] ======nfO{ lglZrt
dfkb08 k'/f gu/]df ;/sf/af6 k|ltaGw nufpg] 3f]if0ff, cflb
3_ cf=a= sf] s/ n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ?= yks/ lgwf{/0f .
ª_ @ j6f gofF sDkgL yk ePaf6 lalqmdf !% k|ltztsf] sld
r_ g]kfn laQLo k|ltj]bgdfg cg';f/ cfly{s ljj/0f tof/ ug{'kg]{df ;f] x'g g;s]sf] .
5_ =======

#=k|:tfj g+= # M n]vfk/LIf0fsf] If]qaf/] 5nkmn ubf{Ù

 g]= n]= k= df= cg';f/ ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ :jtGq
n]vfk/LIfsn] axg ug]{ ;du| bfloTjx?nfO{ JofVof ul/of] .
 :jtGq n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;du| p2]Zox? k|:t't eof] / tL p2]Zox? k|fKt ug{
n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg kl/kfngf ul/g] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|s[lt / ;LdfnfO{
JofVof ul/of] .
 g]=n]= kf= df= x?n] j}wflgs, lgofds jf cGoyf o;};Fu ;DalGwt eP/ ljBdfg
ePsf n]vfk/LIfssf bfloTjx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{gg\ . t/, ;f]xL cg';f/, g]= n]= k= df=
x?sf kIfx? To:tf] kl/l:yltx?df ;xof]uL kfP klg ;Dk"0f{ k|f;+lus sfg"gL,
lgodsf/L jf Jofj;flos pQ/bfloTjx?sf] kfngf eP jf gePsf] af/]df ;'lglZrt
ug{' n]vfkl/Ifssf] bfloTj x'g] s'/f 5nkmn ul/of] .

$=k|:tfj g+= $ M ljljw

ljljw tkm{ lgDg laifodf 5nkmn ul/of]M
s_ n]vfk/LIfsn] cfjZos 7fg]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfuhft tyf ;DalGwt AolQmx?sf] pknAwtf
;'lglZrt ug{ sDkgLnfO{ cg'/f]w ubf{ o;df ;xdlt hgfOof] .
v_ n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;'Aojl:yt / ;dod} ;Dkkfbg ug{ sDkgLsf tkm{af6 >L ====================,
kmf]g g++====================== / Od]n ============================ nfO{ ;Dks{ AolQm tf]Sg] /
(66)
 n]vfk/LIfssf tkm{af6 6f]nL k|d'v >L ====================, kmf]g g++====================== / Od]n
============================ nfO{ ;Dks{ AolQm tf]Sg] ;xdlt eof] . pgLx? aLr ePsf]
;~rf/nfO{ g} cflwsfl/s dfGg] lg0f{o ul/of] .
u_ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ of]hgf nfu" x'g g;Sg] kl/l:ylt cfOk/]df cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf to ug]{
lg0f{o ul/of] .
xfn 5nkmn ug{'kg]{ cGo s'g} ljifo afFsL g/x]sf] x'Fbf cfhsf] a}7s oxfF ;dfKt ePsf] 3f]if0ff
ul/of] .

sDkgLsf tkm{af6
n]vfk/LIfssf tkm{af6

@=!=@ k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw (Preliminary Analytical Procedures)

g]n]kdf %@), k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw -Preliminary analytical procedures_
cg';f/ ;a} n]vfk/LIf0fx?df k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' kb{5 . o;sf] d'Vo
p2]Zo lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj;fo a'‰g ;xof]u k'of{pg, gofF cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t kQf nufpgÙ
 ;Defljt n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd If]qx? kQf nufpg -To;}n] hf]lvd d'NofÍg ug'{ eGbf
cufl8 g} k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw ug'{ kb{5_ / ;Defljt hfn;fhLsf] ;"rs
-indicator_ kQf nufpgÙ
 cGo jf yk n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx?sf] k|s[lt, ;do / ;Ldfsf] -nature, timing and
extent_ of]hgf agfpg

;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;'?jftdf ul/g] 5nkmn ;Fu} ;]jfu|fxLsf] af/]df cfkm\gf] ck]lIft wf/0ff :yflkt x'g
h?/L x'G5 . / ;]jfu|fxLsf] af/]df k"j{lgwf{l/t ;xgzLntf -predetermined tolerance_ df s'g}
leGgtf ePdf s:tf] hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 ;f]sf] d'NofÍg / To:tf hf]lvdaf6 kg]{ c;/nfO{
Go"g:t/df emfg{ ckgfpg' kg]{ n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf -audit approach_ to ug'{ kb{5 .

;]jfu|fxLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f cljlwe/df sfo{;~rfng -performance_ s:tf] lyof] / cjlw ;dflKtdf

l:ylt s:tf] lyof] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;]jfu|fxLsf] 8«fˆ6 ljQLo ljj/0f, ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f, Joj:yfkg
n]vf tyf k|ltj]bg, ah]6, gub k|jfx ljj/0f / Jofj;flos of]hgfsf] laZn]if0faf6 k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .
(67)
;fgf ;]jfu|fxLx? h;sf] of]hgf th'{df r/0fdf 8«fˆ6 ljQLo ljj/0f jf cGo cfGtl/s ljQLo
ljj/0f pknAw x'g ;Sb}g, To:tf ;]jfu|fxLsf] xsdf lgDg s'/fx? dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t x'g
;Sb5g\ M
 ut jif{sf] ljQLo ljj/0fx?Ù
 u}/ ljQLo tYo -non-financial data_ h:t} sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof, gofF hfoh]yf, ;DoGq
/ pks/0f OToflbÙ
 ;+rfns ;ldltsf] dfOg"6Ù
 a}+s / gub vftfÙ
 d"No clej[l4 s/ bflvnfÙ
 tnaL ljj/0fÙ
 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] s|ddf ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ePsf 5nkmnx? / kqfrf/x? -discussions and
correspondences_Ù
 ;]jfu|fxL;Fu cjlw ;dflKtsf avt ePsf 5nkmnx? -ljz]if ul/ d'gfkmf, gub, c;fdL
/ lhG;Lsf af/]df_Ù

8«fˆ6 tYofÍx? pknAw eO;s] kl5 k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw k'g x]g'{kb{5 / d'Vo
tYofÍx? / d'Vo Joj;fo cg'kft u0fgf ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L u0fgf ul/Psf] cg'kftnfO{
ljutsf] cg'ej / cjlwel/ ePsf] ljsf;sf] ¡ffgsf] k|of]u ul/ ;dLIff ug'{ kb{5 . ljutdf
s'g} If]qx?df ;d:ofx?÷e"n jf r"sx? ePsf lyP eg] ;f] If]qx? o; cjlwdf ljz]if
dxTjk"0f{ If]qx? x'g]5g\ .

Joj:yfksx? jf jl/i7 n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nL ;b:ox?nfO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L

/xg] ePsfn] of]hgf th'{df r/0fdf ul/g] ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw ;fdfGotof pgLx?n] g}
ug'{kb{5 .

k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwsf] 9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;S5 .

k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M tof/ kg]{sf] gfdM ldltM
cjwL M ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfdM ldltM
sfo{ zLif{sM

k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw

(68)
k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw / kl/0ffdx?sf] ;f/f+z
p2]Zo M
 hfn;fhLsf] ;+s]t x'g ;Sg] c;fdfGo cg'kftdf jf leGgtfx?n] o; cjlwsf]
n]vfk/LIf0fdf kf/]sf] c;/ kQf nufpg,
 klxrfg ePsf hf]lvdx? hf]lvd lgwf{/0f x'b} / cfjZostf cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f
tl/sf -audit approach_ df ;+;f]wg ufl/Psf] 5 eGg] lglZrt ug{,

ckgfOPsf] lalwM
 d'Vo tYofÍx? / d'Vo Joj;fo cg'kft u0fgf
 lgsfosf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] Aoj;fosf] cf}Bf]lus cg'kft;+Uf t'ngf,

kl/0ffdx? M

lgisif{ M

(69)
o;/L ul/Psf] k|f/lDes laZn]if0ffTds sfo{lalwn] n]vfk/LIfsn] lgsfosf] hf]lvd tyf cj:yfsf]
af/]df agfPsf] ;f]r tyf lglb{i6 u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{lalw tyf sfo{qmddf cfjZos kl/jt{g
ug{ ;'emfpg ;Sb5 .

@=@ n]vfk|0ffnL (Accounting Sysytem)

;]jfu|fxLsf] n]vfk|0ffnL / cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf af/]df ljrf/ ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?sf] kfngf ug'{kb{5
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] n]vfk|0ffnL -lgoGq0fx? ;lxt_ lglZrt -ascertain_ ug]{ Ù
 n]vfk|0ffnL ;DaGwL ;a} ljj/0fx?nfO{ clen]v ul/ :yfoL kmfOndf /fVg]Ù
 clen]v ul/Psf] cg';f/g} k|0ffnLx? -lgoGq0fx? ;lxt_ ;~rfng ePsf] 5 eGg] k'li6 ug]{Ù
 k|0ffnL cjnf]sgsf] hfFr;"rLsf] ;dLIff ul/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] l:ylt cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f k|s[of jf
lalwx? plrt 5g\ jf 5}gg\ to ug]{Ù /
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] n]vfk|0ffnLsf] hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u ul/ hf]lvd lgwf{/0f ug]{ / n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf
-audit approach_ to ug]{ .

@=@=! ;]jfu|fxLsf] n]vf k|0ffnL -lgoGq0fx? ;lxt_ lglZrt ug]{ (ascertain)

n]vf k|0ffnLsf] lglZrttf lgDg ;"rgfsf ;|f]tx?af6 pknAw ug{ ;lsG5 M
 cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf sfuhftx?Ù
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] sfo{ljlw k'l:tsfÙ
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L ;Fusf] 5nkmn / k"j{ of]hgfsf] a}7sÙ
 k|f;+lus sfuhftx?sf] lg/LIf0fÙ
 ;~rfngsf] cjnf]sgÙ
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] laBdfg k|0ffnLx?sf] la:t[t 1fg .

@=@=@ n]vf k|0ffnLx?sf] clen]v

n]vf k|0ffnLx?sf] clen]vdf lgDg s'/fx? kb{5g\ M
 ;du| j0f{gÙ /
 ;du| n]vf k|0ffnLsf] x/]s ;f/e"t n]vf k|s[ofsf] -lgoGq0fx? ;lxtsf]_ lj:t[t
l6Kk0fL .

@=@=# k|0ffnL l6kf]6 (system note)

lj:t[t k|0ffnL l6kf]6 cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx? kb{5g\ M
 n]vf zfvf / sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L af]w v'Ng] ;+:yfsf] ;f+u7lgs 9fFrf -rf6{_Ù
 k|of]udf /x]sf sDKo"6/ k|0ffnLsf] ljj/0fÙ
(70)
  n]vf k|0ffnLsf] lrqsf]0fsf] k|:t'tL -diagrammatic representations_Ù
 Joj:yfksLo ;"rgf k|0ffnL s;/L aGb5, ;f]sf] ljj/0f, h:t}M ah]6 th'{dfsf]
cGt/fn, ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f, Joj:yfkg n]vf tyf k|ltj]bgx? OToflb .
 n]vf k|0ffnL l6kf]6 :ki6 / ;+lIfKt ?kdf x'g' kb{5 -o;df cToflws ljj/0f x'g'
x'b}g_ . k|0ffnL gf]6 ;]jfu|fxLsf] /]s8{;Fu d]n vfg] -cross-referencing_ x'g kb{5 .
 ;]jfu|fxLn] /fv]sf DofGo"n /]s8{;Fu lnª\s x'g' kb{5 .
 ;+:yfdf /flvPsf ;a} sfuhftx?sf] k|of{Kt ljj/0f x'g'kb{5 h;n] ubf{
n]vfk/LIfsn] ;+:yfsf] ;an / sdhf]/L kIfsf] d'NofÍg ug{ ;Sb5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] k|0ffnL l6kf]6 ;]jfu|fxL sDkgLsf] Joj;fosf] k|To]s If]qsf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L
kfpgsf nflu tof/ ug{' kb{5 . k|0ffnL gf]6n] ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj;fodf /x]sf] hf]lvd If]qsf]
klxrfg ug{ klg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lhG;L ;DaGwL k|0ffnL l6kf]6 tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

:6f]/sf] k|0ffnL l6kf]6(system note of store)

!= ;+:yfn] cfly{s jif{sf] ;'?jftdf cjl:yt lhG;L df}Hbftsf] cfwf/df jflif{s vl/bsf nflu
of]hgf agfpb5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ ah]6 lalgof]hg ul/G5 .
@= x/]s vl/b ul/Psf lhG;L ;fdu|L tyf j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/, cfsf/ / k|s[lt cg';f/ 5'§f5'§}
clen]v /flvG5 .
@= :6f]/df lhG;L j:t'x? k|fKt eP kZrft j:t'x?sf] ljz]iftf cg';f/ j:t'sf] kl/df0f v'nfO{
5'§f5'§} clen]v /flvG5 .
#= :6f]/df k|To]s j:t'x?sf] nflu lag sf8{ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 / x/]s j:t'x? k|fKt / hf/L xF'bf
lag sf8{sf] cBfjlws ul/G5 .
$= :6f]/n] j:t'x?sf] clen]v /fVbf FIFO k|0ffnL kfngf ub{5 / ;f]xL cg'?k k|]if0f ul/G5 .
%= vl/b ul/Psf] lahs k|fKt eP kZrft, x/]s j:t'x?sf] kl/df0f, b/ / s'n /sd v'nfO{ n]vf
laefun] n]vfk|0ffnLdf / :6f]/ n]h/df cBfjlws ul/G5 .
^= n]vf laefun] clen]v /fVbf FIFO or Weighted Average k|0ffnL kfngf ub{5 .
&= ;DalGwt laefuaf6 lhG;L ;dfgsf] dfu kmf/d hf/L eP kZrft dfq :6f]/af6 ;dfgx?
Hff/L x'g] ub{5 .
*= hf/L ePsf ;dfgx? :6f]/ zfvf cGt/ut lag sf8{df t'?Gt cBfjlws ul/G5 .
(= lahs hf/L eP kZrft jf cfGtl/s vkt eP kZrft n]vf laefu¢f/f n]vf k|0ffnLdf
cBfjlws ul/G5 .
!)= n]vf zfvf / :6f]/ zfvfsf] lx;fa le8fg ug{sf nflu lgoldt -;Dea eP;Dd_ jf slDtdf
Ps jif{sf] cGTodf ef}lts k/LIf0f ul/G5 .
!!= ;f] ef}lts k/LIf0fdf ;dfgx?sf] ;du| l:ylt h:t} rNtL (movement), /flvPsf] :yfg /
cj:yf cflbsf] k¥ofKt v'nf;f ul/G5 .
(71)
!@= ef}lts k/LIf0fsf] ;dodf klxrfg ul/Psf] ck|rlnt / Ifltu|:t ;dfgx?sf] leGg ;"rL
tof/ ul/G5 . ;f] klxrfg ul/Psf]] ;dfgx?sf] lg;u{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|lqmof cl3
a9fO{G5 .
!#= ef}lts k/LIf0fsf] ;dodf kfO{Psf leGgtf ePdf, tL leGgtfsf] sf/0f klxrfg ul/ n]vf
k|0ffnLdf ;dfof]hg ul/G5 .
!$= lhG;L df}HbftnfO{ cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf k/n d"No jf v"b k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] d"Nodf h'g sd
x'G5 ;f]xL cg';f/ d'NofÍg ul/G5 .

dfly pNn]lvt lhG;L k|0ffnL l6kf]6nfO{ tn lbP adf]lhd lrqdf klg clen]vLs/0f ug{
;lsG5 .

(72)
@=# n]vfk|0ffnLsf hfFr jf d"NofÍg (Assessment of the Accounting Systems)
n]vfk|0ffnLsf hfFrsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} lgsfon] cfˆgf] sf/f]af/sf] /]s8{nfO{ k|of{Kt ?kdf /flv ;lx
9Ëaf6 ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ kf/]÷gkf/]sf] lglZrt ug'{ xf] . o;sf] cy{, n]vfk|0ffnLsf] ljifodf
lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf]M
 ;a} sf/f]af/ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\Ù
 ;lx sf/f]af/dfq ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\Ù
 clen]v -recorded_ /flvPsf] ljj/0fx? l7s 5g\ eGg] kSsf ul/Psf] 5Ù
 sf/f]af/x? ;lx ;do cjwLdf clen]v ul/Psf] 5Ù
 sf/f]af/x? j}wflgs cfjZostf / n]vfFsgsf] cfwf/zLnf-GAAP_sf] kfngf ul/
clen]v ul/Psf 5g\Ù
 sf/f]af/x?sf] plrt dfkg ug{ ;lsG5Ù
 ljQLo k|ltj]bgsfnflu cfjZos sf/f]af/sf] ljj/0fn] kof{Kt ?kdf JofVof ub{5 Ù
 ;DklQx? ;'/lIft ?kdf /fVg d2t ub{5Ù
 cfljlR5Ggtf (Going concern) ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{ cfjZos hfgsf/Lx? kof{Kt
dfqfdf k|bfg ub{5Ù
 ;+:yfsf nflu ;f/e"t lgod / sfg"gsf] kfngf ePsf] ;'lglZrt ub{5Ù
 d'2f dfldnf, bfFaL / lgwf{/0fx? -assessments_ klxrfg / clen]v -account_ ub{5Ù
 hfn;fhL / q'6Lsf] ;Defjgf 36fpb5Ù
 ;a} ;f/e"t ;Da4 JolQm;Fusf] sf/f]af/ clen]v -account_ ub{5 .
n]vfsf] clen]vdf -accounting records_ cfpg] ;d:ofx? h:t} ckof{Kt clen]v / clgolGqt
n]vf -out of balance control account_ k|fo hfn;fhL / q'6Lsf ;+s]t x'g;Sg] ePsfn]
n]vfk/LIfs ;r]t /xg' kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] ;+:yfn] n]vf clen]v kof{Kt ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 jf
5}g / n]vf k|0ffnLn] ljQLo ljj/0f ;lx 9Ën] tof/ ug{sf nflu ljZj;gLo cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5
jf ub}{g eGg] s'/fsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 . / n]vfk/LIf0f lgoGq0f clen]vsf -records_ af/]df
;f] lgisif{ lgsfNg' eGbf k"j{ dfly pNn]lvt ;a} sf/sx? -factors_ dfly ljrf/ k'of{pg' kb{5 .

@=$= n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd (Audit Risk)

ljQLo ljj/0fx? ;f/e"t ?kdf unt tl/sfn] k|:t't ul/bf n]vfk/LIfsn] cg'ko'St n]vfk/LIf0f
/fo JoQm ug{ ;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd elgG5 . cg'ko'St n]vfk/LIf0f /fosf
pbfx/0fx? lgDg x'g ;Sb5g\M
 s}lkmot ;lxtsf] /fo JoQm ug{ pko'St ePsf] cj:yfdf s}lkmot /lxtsf] /fo JoQm ePsf]Ù
 s}lkmot /lxtsf] /fo JoQm ug{ pko'St ePsf] cj:yfdf s}lkmot ;lxtsf] /fo JoQm ePsf]Ù
 n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf dxTjk"0f{ ljifoj:t'x? ;dfj]z gePsf] -failing to emphasis
significant matters_Ù

(73)
 n]vfk/LIfsn] kof{Kt pko'St k|df0f k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] / ;f]sf] c;/ Jofks ePsf] cj:yfdf
klg ljQLo ljj/0fdfly /fo k|s6 u/]sf] .

ljj/0fsf] ;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t unt k|:t'tL / klxrfgsf] hf]lvdsf] ldl>t kmng} n]vfk/LIf0fsf]

hf]lvd xf] . h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ AoQm ug{ ;lsG5M

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] hf]lvd Ö cGt/lglxt hf]lvd × lgoGq0f hf]lvd × klxrfg hf]lvd

Audit risk = Inherent risk X control risk X detection risk

cGt/lg{lxt hf]lvd
;DalGwt lgoGq0fsf] ljkmntf afx]ssf cGo q'l6x? jf r"sx?sf -errors or omissions_
sf/0fn]ljQLo ljj/0fdf x'g] ;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t unt k|:t'tLsf] hf]lvdnfO{g} cGt/lg{lxt hf]lvd
elgG5 .

lgoGq0fsf] hf]lvd
lgsfosf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0fn] 5'§f5'§} jf ;du|df cGo unt k|:t'tLx?;Fu ;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t
x'g;Sg] sf/f]af/, vftfsf] df}Hbft jf v'nf;fnfO{ ;dodfg} /f]syfd, klxrfg jf ;Rofpg
g;lsg] sf/0fn] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] ;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t unt k|:t'tLsf] hf]lvdnfO{g} lgoGq0fsf]
hf]lvd elgG5 .

klxrfgsf] hf]lvd
PSn} jf cGo unt k|:t'tLx?;Fu ;du|df ;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t x'g;Sg] ljBdfg unt k|:t'tLx?nfO{
:jLsfg{ ;lsg] Go"g tx;Dd n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd 36fpgsf nflu n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf]
sfo{ljlwx?n] kQf nufpg g;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ klxrfgsf] hf]lvd elgG5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGwdf ;du| hf]lvdsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd

df]8n -audit risk model_ k|of]u ub{5g\ . n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw;Fu ;DalGwt
cGt/lg{lxt / lgoGq0fsf] hf]lvdx?sf] hfFr lgsfo jf To;sf] jftfj/0fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{
qmddfg} ug{ yfNb5 . n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/lg{lxt / lgoGq0fsf] hf]lvdx?
dfly ljrf/ k'of{O;s]kl5 afFsL /x]sf] hf]lvdg} klxrfgsf] hf]lvd xf] / ;f] ;du| hf]lvddWo]sf]
n]vfk/LIfsn] :jLsfg{ tof/ hf]lvd xf] .

n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd :jLsfo{ :t/df /fVgsfnflu n]vfk/LIfsn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cGt/lg{lxt /

lgoGq0fsf] hf]lvd pRr /xsf] cj:yfdf klxrfgsf] hf]lvd Go"g /flvG5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu
5gf}6 ul/g] gd"gfsf cfsf/nfO{ a9fP/, klxrfgsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"g /fVg ;lsG5 .
n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ cGt/lg{lxt / lgoGq0fsf] hf]lvd Go"g 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf; 5 eg] To;
cj:yfdf klxrfgsf] hf]lvd pRr :t/df /fVg klg ;lsG5 .
(74)
pbfx/0f
PS;= jfO{=h]8= n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{n] xfn;fn} P= aL= :fL= k|f= ln= sf] n]vfk/LIf0f :jLsf/ u/]sf]
5 . of]hgf th'{dfsf] r/0fdf cg'aGw Joj:yfksn] hf]lvd lgwf{/0fdfly ljrf/ ug{ lgDg
hfgsf/Lx? k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . h:t}M
 P= aL= :fL= k|f= ln= Ps ljQLo ;]jf If]qdf ;+rflnt sDklg xf]Ù
 P= aL= :fL= k|f= ln= sf] y'k|} ;xfos -subsidiaries_, ;Da4 -associates_ / ljb]zL
zfvfx? 5g\Ù
 sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ljefu 5}g / ;+:yfut ;'zf;g lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ n]vf
;ldltsf] sDtLdf Ps hgf ;b:o cy{Joj:yfdf lj1 -finance background_ x'g'kg]{df
sf]lx klg ;f] k[i7e"ldaf6 5}gg\ .

dfgf} ;du| n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvdnfO{ s/ cl3sf] cfosf] !)% eGbf sd /fVg] kmd{sf] gLlt /x]sf]
5.

;f] sDkgL cToflws lgoldt If]qdf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] / o;sf] ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] hl6n ;+hfn
-complex network_ ePsf] o; cj:yfdf olb k|f;+lus ljQLo lgoGq0fsf] cefj eof] eg] ljQLo
ljj/0f unt k|:t't x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf P= aL= :fL= k|f= ln= sf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf]
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cGt/lg{lxt hf]lvd pRr x'g hfG5 . klxnf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{df -first audit
assignment_ kmd{;Fu lgsfo jf To;sf] jftfj/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] sdL x'Gf] ePsfn]] To; sfo{df
cGt/lg{lxt hf]lvd klg al9 x'G5 . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ;+:yfsf] ljQLo kIfdfly n]vfk/LIf0f
;ldltsf] plrt lg/LIf0f 5}g / sDkgLdf s'g} cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ljefu klg 5}g . o;sf
sf/0fn] To; sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu lgoGq0fsf] hf]lvd pRr /x]sf] 5 .

olb cGt/lg{lxt hf]lvd / lgoGq0fsf] hf]lvd b'j} ^)% 5 eGg] cg'dfg ug]{ xf] eg], ;du|
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] hf]lvdnfO !)% eGbf ga9fpg klxrfgsf] hf]lvd @&=*% /fVg' kb{5 .

u0fgfM
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] hf]lvd Ö cGt/lglxt hf]lvd × lgoGq0f hf]lvd × klxrfg hf]lvd
)=!) Ö )=^) × )=^) ×klxrfg hf]lvd
klxrfg hf]lvd Ö )=!) ÷ )=^)
klxrfg hf]lvd Ö @&=*%

n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvdx? / Jofj;flos hf]lvdx? -Audit risks and business risks_

Joj;fo / n]vf cEof; -accounting practices_ df cfPsf hl6ntfx?sf sf/0fn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf]
qmddf Jofj;flos hf]lvdx?dfly ljrf/ k'of{pg cfjZos x'G5 .

(75)
Jofj;flos hf]lvdsf] kl/efiff
Jofj;flos nIo / p2]Zosf] pknlAwdf /f]s jf afwf k'of{pg ;Sg] sf/sx?nfO{ Jofj;flos
hf]lvdx? elgG5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd/ Jofj;flos hf]lvddf leGgtf

lgsfon] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] Jofj;flos hf]lvd ljljw / Jofks x'g ;S5 . lgsfon] ;fdgf ug{
;Sg] clGtd Jofj;flos hf]lvd eg]sf] ;~rfngdf g/xg] hf]lvd xf] . Jofj;flos hf]lvddf,
Joj;fonfO{ c;kmn jf cj/f]w k'of{pg ;Sg] sf/sx? kb{5g\ . Jofj;flos hf]lvdx?sf]
pbfx/0fdf lgDg s'/fx? kb{5g\ M
 u|fxsdf sdL  ahf/ k|lt:kwf{df j[l4
 pTkfbg nfutdf j[l4  nfedf sdL
 gut k|jfxdf ;d:of  /fhgLlts / cfly{s cl:y/tf
 pTkfbg ul/Psf] j:t'sf] dfudf sdL  ckof{Kt k"FhL
 d'2fdfldnfx?, bfFaLx?  pRr ljQLo hf]lvd
 k|fljlws ck|rng  hfn;fhL / rf]/Lsf] hf]lvd

Jofj;flos hf]lvd lgsfo, lgsfosf :6]sxf]N8/ -stakeholder_ ;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 eg]
n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd n]vfk/LIfs;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd / Jofj;flos hf]lvdsf]
k|s[lt leGg eP klg, dxTjk"0f{ Jofj;flos hf]lvdsf] klxrfgn] n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvd kQf nufpg
d2t k'of{pFb5 .

hf]lvd lgwf{/0fsfnflu lgDgfg';f/sf] kmf/fd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5M

qm= ;+ hf]lvdsf] cGt/lg{lxt hf]lvd lgoGq0fsf] afFsL hf]lvd
-!_ j0f{g -@_ k|efjsfl/tf -^_
;Defjgf kl/0ffd d'NofÍg d'NofÍg
-#_ -$_ -%_ -&_ Ö % / ^

lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] hf]lvdsf] k|To'Q/

dfly ul/Psf] hf]lvdsf] lgwf{/0f / :jLsfo{ n]vfk/LIf0f hf]lvdsf cfwf/df, n]vfk/LIfsn]
hf]lvdsf] k|To'Q/sf] k|s[lt, ;do / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .
(76)
hf]lvd lgwf{/0fsf] k|To'Q/sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] kmf/fd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5M
lgwf{/0f k/LIf0fsfnlu lhDd]jf/
cfjZos n]vfk/LIf0f n]vfk/LIfs
ul/Psf] 5gf}6
qm= ;+ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{s|d -audit -responsible
dxTjk"0f{ ul/Psf
k/LIff procedure_ auditor_
hf]lvd gd"gf

@=%= lj:t[t ;f/jfg\ / lgoGq0f sfo{ljlw

n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ ljj]s;+ut lgrf]8df cfpgsf] nflu kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L k|df0fx?
;+sng ug'{kb{5, h'g n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] /fo JoQm ubf{ k|of]u ub{5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf]
k|df0fx? ;+sng ug{ lgoGq0fx?sf] k/LIf0f / ;f/jfg\ cWoogsf k|s[ofx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

@=%=! lgoGq0fx?sf] k/LIf0f (Test of Control)

b[9f]lQm tx -Assertion Level_ df ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf hf]lvdx¿sf] lgoGq0fx¿
k|efjsf/L¿kn] ;~rfng eO/x]sf] n]vfk/LIfssf] ck]Iff ;d]6]sf] cj:yfdf n]vfk/LIfsn]
n]vfk/LIf0f cGtu{tsf] cjlwsf] ;fGble{s ;dodf lgoGq0fx¿ k|efjsf/L¿kn] ;~rfng
eO/x]sf lyP eGg] s'/fsf] kof{Kt pko'Qm k|df0f k|fKt ug{ lgoGq0fx¿sf] gd"gf
k/LIf0fx¿ ;Dkfbg ug'{kb{5 .
b[9f]lQm txdf ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf] hf]lvd n]vfk/LIfssf] ;f]rdf ltgLx¿sf]
;~rfng k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ug{ n]vfk/LIfsn] lgoGq0fx¿sf]
gd"gf k/LIf0f ;Dkfbg ug]{ cj:yfdf lgoGq0fx¿sf] ;~rfng k|efjsfl/tfsf] s'g} ck]Iff
;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb5 .
lgoGq0fx¿sf] ;~rfng k|efjsfl/tfsf] gd"gf k/LIf0f, b[9f]lQm txdf ;f/e"t unt
cfFs8f k|ltsf/ ug{ jf kQf nufpg / ;Rofpg pko'Qm¿kn] th'{df ul/Psf
n]vfk/LIfsn] lglZrt u/]sf tL lgoGq0fx¿df dfq ;Dkflbt x'G5g\ .
n]vfk/LIfsn] uxg sfo{ljlwx¿af6 dfq k|fKt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fn] b[9f]lQm txdf /x]sf]
;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf hf]lvdx¿nfO{ :jLsf/of]Uo Go"g:t/df sd ug{ ;Dej jf
(77)
 Jofjxfl/s gx'g] lglZrt u/]sf] cj:yfdf n]vfk/LIfsn] ltgLx¿sf] ;~rfng
k|efjsfl/tfaf/] n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ug{ ;fGble{s lgoGq0fx¿sf] gd"gf hfFr
;Dkfbg ug'{kb{5 . lgsfon] cfˆgf] Joj;fo ;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]u u/]/ ;~rfng ug]{ /
;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 afx]s sf/f]af/sf] clen]v tof/ gug]{ jf g/fVg]
u/]sf] cj:yfdf n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ b[9f]lQmsf] txdf ltgLx¿åf/f g} kof{Kt pko'Qm
n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|bfg ug]{ k|efjsf/L uxg sfo{ljlwx¿ th'{df ug{ c;Dej nfUg
;Sb5 .
lgoGq0fx¿sf] ;~rfng k|efjsfl/tfsf] gd"gf hfFr ug]{ sfo{ lgoGq0fx¿ sfof{lGjt
ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ug]{ sfo{eGbf km/s x'G5 . hf]lvd lgwf{/0f
sfo{ljlwx¿sf] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{åf/f sfof{Gjogsf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ubf{sf avt
n]vfk/LIfsn] ;fGble{s lgoGq0fx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf] / lgsfon] ltgLx¿nfO{ k|of]u
ul//x]sf] s'/f lglZrt ub{5 . lgoGq0fx¿sf] ;~rfng k|efjsfl/tfsf] gd"gf k/LIf0f
;Dkfbg ubf{sf avt n]vfk/LIfsn] lgoGq0fx¿n] k|efjsf/L¿kn] sfo{;~rfng ug]{
s'/fsf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ub{5 . lgoGq0fx?sf] k/LIf0fsf] nflu 9fFrf tyf
ljj/0fx? lgwf{/0fubf{ n]vfk/LIfsn] lgoGq0fsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] ;Gbe{df k|of{Kt dgfpg
;lsg] -Persuasive_ n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx? k|fKt ubf{ k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fsf] dfqf ;d]t
w]/} ePsf] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
lgoGq0fx?sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fx? ;dfj]z x'g;S5 M
 cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf sfo{x?sf] cjnf]sg . st{Jox?sf] ljefhg;Fu hf]l8Psf
lgoGq0fx?sf] k/LIf0f ug{ k|foM cjnf]sg k/LIf0fx? k|of]u ul/g]5, h;sf] k|bz{g
n]vgdf n]lvPsf] x'b}g .
 b:tfj]hx?sf] hfFr ug{ sfuhftx?sf] lg/LIf0f, pbfx/0fsf nflu M sf/f]jf/sf]
clVtof/L lbOPsf] / To; sf/f]jf/sf] ldnfg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{ .
 Joj:yfkg ;dLIffsf] k|df0fsf] hfFr ug]{ .
 lgoGq0f sfo{ljlwsf] ;dLIff ug]{ .
 cfO{= 6L lgoGq0fx?sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ .

@=%=@ ;f/jfg\ sfo{ljlwx? (Substantive Procedures)

;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t q'6Lk"0f{ ljj/0fx?sf] hf]lvdnfO{ Wofg lbO{ n]vfk/LIfsn] x/]s
;f/o'Qm÷;f/e"t sf/f]jf/x?sf] ;d"x, df}Hbft l:ylt / v'nf;f ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf]
nflu ;f/jfg\ pko"Qm k|s[ofx?sf] 9fFrf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn]
n]vfk/LIf0f k|s[ofx?sf] ?kdf afXo k|df0fLs/0f cflwsfl/s k|s[ofx?sf] af/]df ;d]t
Wofg lbg' kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] x/]s ;f/e"t sf/f]af/ ;d"x, n]vf df}Hbft / cGo
v'nf;f ul/Psf] ljifosf] lgwf{l/t ;f/e"t unt ljj/0fsf] hf]lvdnfO{ jf:tf gu/L
(78)
cfjZos sfo{ljlwx? tof/ kfg]{ / ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ ug'{k5{ . o:tf ljutsf
cfjZostfn] lgDg tYox?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 M
 n]vfk/LIfsåf/f lgwf{l/t hf]lvd lg0f{ofTds x'G5 / o;n] ;Dk"0f{ unt ljj/0fx?sf]
hf]lvdsf] klxrfg ub}{g .
 cfGtl/s lgoGq0fdf cGt/lglxt ;Ldfx? x'G5g\, o;df Aoj:yfkgsf] jlx+u{d
k/LIf0f÷hfr ;d]t lgoGq0fsf] ;Ldf x'g ;S5 .

kl/l:yltdf cfwfl/t eP/ n]vfk/LIfsn] lgDg s'/fx?sf] lg0f{o ug{' kb{5 M

 s]jn ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwx?sf] ;~rfngn] kof{Kt ?kdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] hf]lvd
:jLsfo{ lx;faaf6 tNnf] :t/df emfg{ ;lsG5 .
 s]jn ;du| k/LIf0f pko'Qm x'G5 .
 ;f/jfg\ ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwx? / ;du| k/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hgn] lgwf{l/t hf]lvdnfO{
/fd|f];Fu hjfkm lbg ;Sg] x'G5g\

;f/jfg\ k/LIf0fsf p2]Zox?

b[9f]lQmsf] k|of]u -Use of Assertions_

ljQLo ljj/0fx? pko'Qm ljQLo k|ltj]bg cfwf/lznf cg';f/ 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf]
k|ltlglwTj ubf{, ljleGg ljQLo ljj/0fsf] tTjx? / ;DalGwt v'nf;fx?sf] klxrfg,
dfkg, k|:t'lt / v'nf;f ;DaGwL Joj:yfkgn] :ki6 jf c:ki6 ?kdf lgZro ug{
;Sb5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf ;+lrt -Cumulative_unt ljj/0fx? ;DaGwL Wofg lbg
n]vfk/LIfsåf/f k|of]u ul/g] b[9tfx? lgDg ;d"xx?df kg{ ;S5g\ / lgDg ?kdf cfpg
;S5g\ M

-!_ clwsf/ jf st{Jo -Right or Obligation_

;DklQdflysf] clwsf/sf] lgoGq0fx? jf lgsfosf] clwsf/df /x]sf] ;DklQ tyf
lgsfosf] cGtu{tsf bfloTjx? . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M hUufsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo a'‰g
n]vfk/LIfsn] hUufsf] nfnk"hf{sf] lg/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 / To;sf] pkof]udf s'g} cj/f]w
eP gePsf] kQf nufpg' kb{5 .

-@_ 36gf ePsf] -Occurrence_

lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] / lgsfodf clen]vdf ePsf sf/f]af/ jf 36gfx? ePsf x'g'
kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M ;+:yfåf/f clen]lvt sd{rf/Lsf] vr{df cglws[t
sd{rf/Lx?sf] nut ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g hfFr ug]{ .

(79)
 -#_ cl:tTj -Existence_
lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt -;DklQx?, bfloTjx? / cl:tTjdf cfPsf] OSo"6L_ / lgsfodf
ePsf] 36gfx?, sf/f]af/x? / cGo ;fdfu|Lx?sf] laBdfg cj:yf /x] g/x]sf] hfFr
ug{'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M jf;nftdf k|ltlalDat lhG;L ;fdfu|Lsf] cl:tTj k/LIf0fsf]
nflu lhG;L ;fdu|Lsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f ug]{ .

-$_ dfkg -Measurement_

ljQLo / cGo ;"rgfx? plrt ?kdf / pko'Qm /sddf -;+Vofdf_ clen]v / v'nf;f
ul/Psf] 5 5}g hfFr ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M x|f; s§Lsf] lx;fa l7s /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g
dfkg ug]{ .

-%_ k"0f{tf -Completeness_

clen]v ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQx?, bfloTjx? / OlSj6L lxt (equity interests) x?sf]
clen]v ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M ;Dk"0f{ lhG;L ;fdfu|Lx? h'g ljQLo
ljj/0fdf ;dfj]z x'g'kg{] xf], ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, h:t} t];|f] kIf;Fu /x]sf ;+:yfsf]
;fdfgx? ;+:yfsf] lhG;L ;fdu|L df}Hbftdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g .

-^_ d"NofÍg / afF8kmfF8 -Valuation & Allocation_

pko'Qm /sdsf] ?kdf ljQLo ljj/0fx?df ;dfj]z ePsf ;DklQx?, bfloTjx? / OSo'6L
rf;f]x? / d"NofÍgdf cfpg] kl/0ffd jf afF8kmfF8sf ldnfg pko'Qm ?kdf u/]sf] x'g'
kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M ;+:yfn] lhG;L ;fdfu|Lsf] d'NofÍg nfut / v'b c;'nL of]Uo
df]n Net Realisable Value dWo] h'g sd x'G5 To;}df ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] cg'udg ug]{ .

-&_ k|:t'lt / v'nf;f -Presentation & Disclosures_

ljQLo ljj/0fx? pko'Qm ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] / JofVof ul/Psf] tyf v'nf;fx? :ki6
?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 5}g Plsg ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M jf;nftdf l:y/ ;DklQsf]
k|:t'lts/0f ubf{ x|f; s§Lkl5sf] /sddf jf nfut d"Nodf / ;lGrt x|f; s§Ldf
ul/Psf] 5 / ;f]sf] :kl:6s/0f 5 jf 5}g .

@=^ ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw (Analytical Procedures)

ljZn]if0ffTds sf{oljlwnfO{ ;f/jfg\ k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/bf lgDg lnlvt
sf/sx?n] k|efj kfb{5 M
 n]vfk/LIf0fsf p2]Zo / k|fKt ul/Psf k|df0fx?sf] e/f];fsf] :t/
 clen]vsf] ;f/e"ttf / hf]lvdsf] k/LIf0f
 tYof+ssf] ljZj;gLotf
 hfgsf/Lsf ;|f]tx?
(80)
 hfgsf/Lsf] k|s[lt / ljZj;gLotf
 ;"rgf tof/Ldf lgoGq0f
 k|d'v /sdx? laeflht ug]{ Ifdtf
 Joj:yfkgdf Joj;fosf] /fd|f] ljQLo a'emfO{ /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g\
 k|of]u ul/Psf] hfgsf/Lsf] t'ngfTdstf
 ;Defjgf / ;DaGwx?sf] eljiojf0fL
 n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf
 hfgsf/Lsf] pknAwtf

ljZn]if0ffTds sf{oljlw k|bz{g ubf{, lgDg r/0fx? k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 M

 s'g}klg sfo{ljlw cl3 a9\fpbf ck]lIft kl/0ffdsf b:tfj]hx? :jLsfo{ leGgtfsf
;fy tof/L ug]{ .
 ck]lIft kl/0ffdx?;Fu jf:tljs kl/0ffdsf] t'ngf ug]{ .
 s'g} klg ck|Toflzt ptf/ — r9fjsf] cGj]if0f ug]{ .
 Joj:yfkgåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] b:tfj]hx?sf] k"0f{ :ki6Ls/0f lng] .
 ;fy{s lgisif{ lgsfNg] .

ljZn]if0ffTds sf{oljlwsf $ k|sf/ 5g\ M

 k"0f{ k|df0f
 k|j[lt ljZn]if0f
 Ratio -cg'kft_ ljZn]if0f
 Jofjxfl/stf k/LIf0f

k"0f{ k|df0f ÷df]6fdf]6L k|df0f÷;}4flGts k|df0f

o; cGtu{t k|fKt k|df0fdf cfwfl/t s'g} df}Hbftsf] ;}4flGts of]ukmnsf] u0fgf ul/G5 /
To;nfO{ jf:tljs df}Hbft;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M s'n laqmLnfO{ sldzg
b/n] u'0fg u/]/ laqm]tf -;]N;Dofg_sf] sldzg of]ukmn lgsflnG5 .

k|j[lt ljZn]if0f
of] ;do laTb} hfFbf ;dodf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] ljZn]if0faf/] ul/g] lqmofsnfk xf] . k|j[lt
ljZn]if0fdf u|fkm\;, cf};t cyjf cem hl6n tl/sfx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t} M l/u|]zg
ljZn]if0f .

cg'kft ljZn]if0f
cg'kft ljZn]if0fdf nfebfostf, t/ntf / C0fsf] k|of]u h:tf dxTjk"0f{ cg'kftsf]
u0fgf ul/G5 . oL ljZn]if0fnfO{ ck]lIft glthf;Fu t'ngf ul/G5, h'g cl3Nnf] cjlw,
(81)
 ah]6, ;dfg Joj;fo jf pxL ;+u7g leqsf ;+u7gx?nfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 . o:tf ;Dk"0f{
s'/fx?sf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ul/g'kb{5 .

cg'kft ljZn]if0f ;fdfGotofM k|of]u ul/G5 t/ k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu n]vfk/LIfsn] oL

s'/fx? ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 M
 cg'kftsf] u0fgf l:y/ cfwf/df -Fixed Basis_ ug{' kb{5 .
 zLif{sx?sf] t'ngfdf ;fy{s ;DaGw x'g' kb{5 .
 u0fgfx? c;fwf/0f lzif{sx?sf] nflu ;dfof]lht ePsf] x'g'kg]{ h;n] kl/0ffdnfO{
las[t agfpg ;S5 .

Jofjxfl/stf k/LIf0f
Jofjxfl/stf sfo{ljlwn] ;fGble{s ljQLo / ck/]l6ª 8f6fsf] ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t
lzif{ssf] cg'dfgsf] ljsf; ug{] nIo /fVb5 . ;}4flGts k|df0f Jojxfl/stf k/LIf0fsf]
Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . h:t}, cf};t tnasf] u0fgf nfut / cf};t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vofsf]
cfwf/df ug]{ / of] cfzfltt / plrt 5 jf 5}g lgisif{ lgsfNg] .

dflysf ;a} k|s[ofx? k"/f ul/ ;s] kl5, clGtd ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw ul/G5 / o;sf
nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] 9fFrf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

clGtd ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwx?

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M tof/ kg]{sf] gfdM ldltM

cjwL M ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfdM ldltM
sfo{ zLif{sM
clGtd ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwx?
p2]ZoM ljQLo ljj/0fsf] ;dLIff ug]{ h;af6 k|fKt glthf / cGo n]vfk/LIf0f hfFraf6 k|fKt
lgisif{af6 ljQLo ljj/0f pk/ /fo k|:t't ug]{ cfwf/ lbG5 .

clen]v
;]jfu|fxL;+u ;DalGwt d'Vo cg'kftsf] ;dLIff ug]{ . cg'kftdf b]lvPsf] s'g} 7"nf] jf c;fdfGo
ptf/ r9fj-movements_sf] JofVof x'g' kb{5 . of] v08df ljQLo ljj/0fdf b]lvPsf] c;fdfGo
(82)
kl/jt{gsf] lj:t[t JofVof x'g' kb{5 . xfn cjlwsf] /sdsf] utjif{ jf ah]6 /sd;Fu t'ngf
ug'{ kb{5 . d'Vo Jofj;flos cg'kftdf ePsf] ;"Id / c;fdfGo kl/jt{gx?nfO{ ;d{yg ug]{]
k"0f{ k|df0f x'g' kb{5 .
d'Vo Joj;flos cg'kftsf] ;f/fz+
 -v'b gfkmf÷cfDbfgL_×!))
 -s/ cl3sf] gfkmf÷cfDbfgL_×!))
 -rfn" ;DklQ÷rfn" bfloTj_×!))
 -cf;fdL÷pwf/f] lalqm_×!))

d'Vo /sdx?sf] t'ngf

rfn" jif{sf] c+snfO{ -figures_ nfO{
 ut jif{sf] c+s
 ah]6sf] c+s
 cGo afXo cfsF8f -external statistics_
 ljQLo afx]sf cGo hfgsf/L
 cGo k|f;+lus hfgsf/L;Fu
t'ngf ug]{

ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt ;a} leGgtfnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ ;f/f+z tof/ ug]{ .

clGtd ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwaf6 k|fKt glthf / k|f/lDes ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwaf6

k|fKt glthf t'ngf ug]{ .
c;fdfGo lEfGgtfsf JofVofx?
;dfGo / c;dfGo leGgtfx?sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;f] s'/fnfO{ k'i6\ofpg] JofVofsf] clen]v
/fVg] .
k|fKt u/]sf] JofVofnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fx? k|fKt ug]{ / clen]v /fVg] .
s] oxfF p7]sf d'2fx? Joj:yfkg kq jf k|ltlglw kqdf pNn]v ug'{ kb{5, ;f]af/] ljrf/
ug]{ .

(83)
 s] klxrfgdf cfPsf c;dfGo leGgtfx?n] klxn] hfgsf/Ldf gcfPsf] / hfn;fhLsf
sf/0fn] ;f/e"t unt k|:t"tL tkm{ ;+s]t ub{5 < ;f] af/]df ljrf/ ug]{ .

lgisif{
d}n] ;du| / lj:t[[t b'j} ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwx? ;DkGg ul/;s] / d lgDg s'/fx?dfly
;Gt'i6 5' M
 JofVof ug{ g;lsg] ul/ /sddf s'g} 7"nf] / c;fdfGo lEfGgtf 5}g
 hfn;fhLsf] s'g}klg ;+s]t b]vfk/]sf] 5}g
 ljQLo ljj/0fsf] k|:t'tL / v'nf;fdf c;/ kg]{ s'g}klg gofF sf/sx? kQf nfu]sf] 5}g

al/i7 ;b:o
x:tfIf/ ug]{M ======================================= ldlt M ================================================

@=&= n]vfk/LIf0f gd"gf ;j]{If0f (Audit Sampling)

n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu gd'gf ;j]{If0fsf] lalw k|of]u ubf{, n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo hxfFaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f
gd"gf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 To;sf] ;d|u ;+Vofsf] af/]df lgisif{df k'Ug pko'Qm cfwf/x? k|fKt ug'{
xf] .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu gd"gf ;j]{If0f ubf{ gd"gf 5gf}6sf] hf]lvd sd ug{ tnsf a'bfFx?nfO{ Wofg
lbg'kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] gd'gf 9fFrf tof/ kfbf{ n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwsf] p2]Zo /
gd"gfsf] 5gf}6 ePsf hDDff ;+Vof -Population_ sf] laz]iftfnfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIfsn] gd"gf 5gf}6sf] hf]lvdnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] :t/df emfg]{ u/L gd"gf cfsf/
-Sample sixe_ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIfsn] gd"gf 5gf}6 ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+VofAff6 x/]s OsfO{sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L 5gf}6
ug'{ kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] gd"gf 5gf}6n] n]vfkl/IfsnfO{ gd"gf 5gf}6af6 ;du| ;+Vofsf] af/]df lg0f{odf
k'Ug 5gf}6 ul/Psf ljifoj:t' jf cfsF8fsf] ljz]iftfsf] af/]df cfPsf n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx?sf]
d"NofÍg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] gd"gf ;j]{If0f ubf{ laleGg ljwLsf] k|of]u ug{

(84)
;lsG5 . gd"gf 5gf}6sf] d'Vo ljlwx? ¥of08d (random) 5gf}6, l;nl;nfj¢ (systematic)
5gf}6 / h'g e]l6of] ToxL r'Gg] h:tf /x]sf 5g\ .

gd'gf 5gf}6 ljlwx?

k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo, hg;+Vofsf] agf]6, k/LIf0f ul/g] j:t'sf] lsl;d -h:t}M s] tL j:t'x? s'g}
cfwf/df klxnfb]lvg} qmdflÍt -numbered_ 5g\_ / gd'gfsf] cfsf/n] gd"gf 5gf}6sf] ljlwx?nfO{
k|efj kfb{5g\ . gd"gf 5gf}6sf] tl/sfnfO{ k'li6 ug{ gd"gf cfsf/ tflnsfdf sf/f]af/sf] df]6fdf]6L
;+Vof l6kf]6 ug'{ kb{5 .

c:tJo:t 5gf}6 -haphazard sampling_

hg;+Vof klxnfb]lvg} qmdflÍt ?kdf 5 eg], slxn]sfFxL n]vfk/LIfsn] gd"gf 5gf}6 ug{
c:tJo:t tl/sfdfq k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 . of] 5gf}6nfO{ unt tl/sfn] ofb[lR5s 5gf}6-random
sampling_sf ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] 5gf}6 s'g} tYofª\sLo 5gf}6 lalw xf]Og / gd"gf
5gf}6df n]vfk/LIfssf] kIfkftn] k|efj kf/]sf] 5}g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'g} cfwf/ x'b}g . cGo
5gf}6 ljlwx?sf] pkof]u ug{ gldNf]sf] cj:yfdfdfq of] ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
ofb[lR5s 5gf}6 -random sampling_
o; ljlwnfO{ ofb[lR5s ;+Vof lbg] h:t} ofb[lR5s ;+Vof ePsf] tflnsf k|of]u u/]/ ul/G5 /
;f]sf] nflu sDKo"6/sf] ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 .

l;nl;nfj4 5gf}6 -systematic sampling_

o;df hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/nfO{ gd"gfsf] cfsf/n] efu u/L gd"gfsf] cGt/fn u0fgf ul/G5 .
gd"gfsf]] cfsf/ lgwf{/0f ul/;s]kl5 gd"gf cGt/fn adf]lhdsf x/]s c+snfO{ gd"gfsf] ?kdf
5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .

h:t} M lahs g+a/ ! b]lv %))) ;Ddsf] 5 / gd"gfsf] cfsf/ %) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] eg]
gd'gfsf] cGt/fn eg]sf] !)) -%)))÷%)_ x'g]5, ! b]lv !)) leqsf] s'g} c+s ofb[lR5s
5gf}6af6 lgwf{/0f u/] kl5 To; kl5sf] c+s lgwf{/0f lgDg tl/sfn] x'g]5 M
dfgf} ofb[lR5s 5gf}6af6 &! c+s rog eof] eg] afFsL c+s !&! -&!±!))_, @&! -&!±@*!))_,
#&! -&!±#*!))_, $&! -&!±$*!))_, ===== x'g]5 .
s'g} lglZrt 9fFrfdf Jojl:yt hg;+Vofaf6 gd"gf 5gf}6 ubf{ o; ljlwn] k|ltlglw gd"gf glbg
klg ;Sb5 .

df}lb|s OsfO{ gd"gf 5gf}6 -monetary unit sampling_

o; ljlwdf ef}lts OsfO{sf] ;f§f] df}lb|s OsfO{sf] cfwf/df gd"gfsf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 . gd"gfsf]
s'znftfk"j{s 5gf}6sf nflu, ;+hoL ;"rgfsf] ;xh} pknAwL x'g;Sg] cj:yfdf dfq of] ljlwsf]
pkof]u ug{' kb{5 .
(85)
pbfx/0fsf nflu M
j:t'sf] hg;+Vof !)) 5 , s'n df}lb|s OsfO{ ?=*),))) / gd"gf cfsf/ $) u0fgf ul/Psf] 5
eg] gd"gf cGt/fn @,))) -*),)))÷$)_ df}lb|s OsfO{ eof] .

klxnf] @,))) leq kg]{ dfgf} $@! ofb[lR5s 5gf}6 ul/of] eg] afFsLsf j:t'x? o; k|sf/ 5gf}6
ul/G5 M
j:t'sf] g+ j:t'sf] d'No df}lb|s OsfO{ 5gf}6 ul/g] j:t'
! #)) #))
@ #%^ ^%^ $@! -ofb[lR5s 5gf}6_
# !,)$) !,^(^
$ (%* @,^%$ @$@! -@)))±$@!_
% @,$$% %,)(( $$@! -@$@!±@)))_
^ ^*( %,&**
& @,))# &,&(! ^$@! -$$@!±@)))_
– – – –
(& !,!#$ &^,)@$
(* @,(^& &*,((! &^$@! -&$$@!±@)))_
(( %() &(,%*!
!)) $!( *),)))
j:t'sf] df}lb|s OsfO{ gd"gf cGt/fn eGbf 7"nf] 5 eg], of] ljlwaf6 To;sf] rog x'g] lglZrt
x'G5 . t;y{, pRr d"No ePsf] j:t'sf] :jtM 5gf}6sf nflu of] ljlw pkof]uL x'G5 / o;df 5gf}6
k|s[of cf/De ug'{ k"j{ pRr d"No j:t'nfO{ s"n hg;+Vofaf6 5'§fO{ /fVg' kb}{g . d"No gePsf]
hg;+Vofsf] gd"gf 5gf}6df o; ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsb}g . s'g} j:t'sf] b'O{j6f gd"gf cGt/fn
x'g uP, h:t} dflysf] pbfx/0fdf j:t'sf] g+ (* df &^$@! -&$$@!±@)))_ / &*$@!
-&^$@!±@)))_ ul/ b'O{j6f gd"gf cGt/fn x'g uPklg, yk csf]{ j:t'sf] 5gf}6 u/L /fVg' kb}{g
lsgls o; ljlwaf6 df}lb|s OsfO{sf] k"0f{ gd"gf s'zntfk'j{s k/LIf0f -tested_ x'G5 . t/ To:tf]
5gf}6 ePsf] Ps df}lb|s OsfO{sf] k/LIf0f ug'{ eg]sf] g} b'O{ df}lb|s OsfO{dfly ljZj:ttf
-assurance_ k|fKt ug'{ xf] .
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] gd"gf 5gf}6 lgwf{/0f ubf{, n]vfk/LIfssf] Wofg laz]if p2]Zodf / pQm p2]Zo
pTs[i6 ?kdf ug{ ;Sg] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwsf] ;+of]hgdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

gd"gf cfsf/sf] u0fgf

gd"gf cfsf/sf] u0fgf ug{ k|of]u ePsf] ljlwx?, ljj/0fx?sf] k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f k/LIf0fdf e/
kb{5 .
(86)
df}Hbftx?sf] k/LIf0f -Testing Balances_
ljj/0fx?sf] k/LIf0f, ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] l:yltsf] k/LIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ul/G5 ;fy} k|b{zg
ljj/0fsf] k/LIf0fdf klg k|of]u x'G5 . olb ToxfF pRr /sd jf s"~hL /sd 5'6f—5'§} k/LIf0f ug{
;lsG5 eg] of] lalw Psbd ;xof]uL x'G5 . pRr /sd jf k|d'v /sdx?nfO{ gd"gf k/LIf0fdf
k|fyldstf k|bfg ul/G5 . o;sf] ;"q lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf]5M

gd"gfsf] cfsf/ M hg;+Vofsf] d"No — pRr /sd jf d'Vo /sd XR

;f/e"ttfsf] l:ylt

hxfF, R ;+s]t hf]lvdsf] sf/s cyjf ;+s]t xf] / o;sf] ;+Vof lgDg 6]andf lbOPsf] 5 .
INCOME AND
RELIANCE ON: BALANCE SHEET
EXPENDITURE
Analytical High Med Low High Med Low
Controls? Review? Risk Risk Risk Risk Risk Risk
No No 2.5 1.8 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.6
Yes No 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2
No Yes 1.7 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4
Yes Yes 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2

sf/f]jf/sf] k/LIf0f / lgoGq0fsf] k/LIf0f

hxfF k|b{zg ljj/0fsf] k/LIf0fdf w]/} sf/f]jf/ -Transaction_ x'G5g / sf/f]jf/sf] jf:tljstf
eGbf sd j0f{g ul/Psf] x'G5 ToxfF ljj/0f k/LIf0f eGbf sf/f]jf/ k/LIf0fsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm
x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 5'§} lalwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

lgoGq0f k/LIf0fsf] nflu klg sf/f]jf/sf] k/LIf0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lalw g} k|of]u ul/G5 tyflk,
lgoGq0fsf] k/LIf0f sd hf]lvd jftfj/0fdf w]/} k|of]u ul/G5 . sf/f]jf/ k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f
k/LIf0fsf] gd"gf cfsf/sf] d"NofÍg ubf{ d"No c;DalGwt x'G5 lsgls of] k|0ffnLsf] k/LIf0fdf
cfwfl/t 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf lgDg gd"gfsf] cfsf/sf] k|of]usf] ;'emfj lbPsf] kfO{G5 M

k|f/lDes cGtlg{lxt hf]lvd gd"gf cfsf/

sd @%
dWo $)
pRr ^)±

hf]lvs :t/ lgDgfg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] cg'dflgt ck]lIft k|ltztsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

(87)
 hf]lvdsf] :t/ cg'dflgt ck]lIft k|ltzt
sd ) – )=@%
dWo )=@% – @%
pRr @%±

dfly lbOPsf gd"gfsf] cfsf/ b]xfosf] tYofÍzf:qLo tYodf cfwfl/t 5 / ha q'l6sf] hf]lvd
a9\b} hfG5 ta kof{Kt n]vfk/LIf0f cfZjf;g k|fKt ug{ gd"gfsf] cfsf/ klg a9fpg' cfjZos
x'G5 .

@=* e"n / r"s (Errors and Omissions)

s'g} ;f/jfg\ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ubf{ e"n / r"s kQf nufpg] p2]ZoePsf k/LIf0fx?
;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

e"nx? kQf nufpg th'{df ul/Psf] k/LIf0fx? zLif{sx?sf] clen]v /flvg] clen]v -Prime entry
record_af6 ;"? x'G5 / k|ljli6x?sf] s'g} Pp6f gd"gfnfO{ k'li6 ug{] sfuhft;Fu ?h' ul/G5 .
-h:t}M la|sL ;+fs]lts axLvftfdf (sales nominal ledger account) ePsf zLif{sx?nfO{ u|fxssf]
cfb]z;Fu le8fg ug{ ;lsG5 ._

t/, n]vf clen]vx?af6 z'? ubf{ r"s kQf nfUb}g / To;sf nflu leGg} clen]v /flvPsf]
k|df0fsf] klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 . r"snfO{ n]vfÍg /]s8{x?sf] z'?jftaf6 geO{ k|df0faf6 :jtGq
klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . -h:t}M u|fxssf] la|sL cfb]znfO{ ;+fs]lts axLvftfdf (nominal ledger
account) /x]sf] la|sL vftf;Fu ldnfg ug{ ;lsG5 ._

To;}n], s'g}klg k/LIf0f ubf{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ st} k|df0f u|fxssf] sfuhftaf6 cfPsf] xf]
of :jtGq ;|f]taf6 . lgDg tflnsfn] s]xL Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0fx? k|i6\ofpFb5 M

k/LIf0f eO{/x]sf
plrt u|fxssf sfuhftx? :jtGq k|df0fx?
zLif{s
lalqm k|]if0f gf]6x? kfpg' kg]{sf] kl/kq
;fdfg cfp6 a's hjfkmx?
lalqm /]s8{ j:t'x?sf] k|flKtsf] k'li6
 c8{/ -cfGtl/s sfuhft_ e'QmfgL ;Nnfx gf]6x?
 rnfgLx? gub /;Lb
 n]h/x? u|fxs cfb]zx?
 ljj/0fx? u|fxs kqfrf/
 u|fxssf kmfOnx?
(88)
e'QmfgL x'g afFsL ;fdfg k|flKt gf]6x? cfk"lt{stf{ dfn k|]if0f gf]6x?
;fdfgx?sf] k'l:tsf cfk"lt{stfsf] ljj/0f
vl/b clen]v vl/b rnfgLx?
 c8{/
 n]h/
gp7\g] /sdsf] laqmL n]h/ kfpg' kg]{sf] kl/kq
Joj:yf kqfrf/ kmfOnx? hjfkmx?
:yfgLo k|];
u|fxs kqfrf/
s]l86 l/km/]G;
k|zf;ssf] kqx?
k|f]befjL cl3Nnf] e'QmfgL cfk"lt{stfsf] ljj/0f
ah]6÷cg'dflgt vr{ cfk"lt{stfsf] rnfgL
;fdfgx?sf] k'l:tsf jlsnaf6 kqx?
c8{/

(89)
 kl/R5]b # ;dLIff / ;dfkg
(Review and Completion)

;Dkflbt n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿ Pj+ k|fKt ul/Psf k|df0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ n]vfk/LIfsn] b[9f]lQm
txdf ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf] hf]lvdx¿sf] lgwf{/0f pko'Qm eP gePsf] d"NofÍg ug'{kb{5 .
k|fKt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx?sf] kof{Kttf pko'Qmttfsf] cfFsng ul/;s]kl5 lt k|df0fx?sf]
d"NofÍg ub}{ pko'Qm lgisif{df k'Ug' kb{5 . lt sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu b'O{ txdf ;dLIff
ug{'kb{5, klxnf] n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOnsf], h:sf] p2]Zo n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ n]vfk/LIf0fdfg cg';f/
;DkGg ePsf] 5 eGg] Plsg ug{' / ;+sng ul/Psf n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx? Nf]vfk/LIf0f lgisif{df
k'Ug kof{Kt / plrt 5 5}g eGg] lgSof}{n ug{ ;xof]uL x'G5 / bf]>f] tx eg]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] u'0f:t/ hfFr ug]{ .

#=! n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{nsf] ;dLIff (Audit file Review)

ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 eO/xg] Pj+ k'g/fj[lQs (Interative) k|lqmof xf] .
n]vfk/LIfsn] of]hgfa4 n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub}{ hfFbf k|fKt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fn]
n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ cGo of]hgfa4 n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿sf] k|s[lt, ;do lgwf{/0f Pj+ lj:tf/nfO{
kl/dfh{g ug{ afWo u/fpg ;Sb5 . n]vfk/LIfssf] hfgsf/Ldf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] qmddf hf]lvd
lgwf{/0fnfO{ cfwfl/t u/fOPsf] ;"rgfeGbf dxTjk"0f{¿kn] km/s kg]{ ;"rgf cfpg ;Sb5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu uxg sfo{ljlwsf] ;Dkfbgåf/f n]vfk/LIfsn] kQf nufpg] unt cfFs8fsf]
kl/df0fn] hf]lvd lgwf{/0faf/] n]vfk/LIfssf] 7x/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb5 / cfGtl/s lgoGq0fdf
;f/e"t sdhf]/L ;|f]t ug{ ;Sb5 . o; cltl/Qm n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;du| k'g/fjnf]sg r/0fdf
;Dkflbt uxg ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwx¿n] klxn] g} klxrfg gul/Psf] ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf]
hf]lvd ;|f]t ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf kl/l:yltdf n]vfk/LIfsn] of]hgfj4 n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwnfO{
sf/f]jf/sf ju{x¿, vr{÷cfosf zLif{sx¿ jf v'nf;fx¿ Pj+ b[9f]lQmx¿dWo] ;a} jf s]xLsf nflu
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] hf]lvdsf] ;+zf]lwt ;'ema'emdf cfwfl/t eP/ k'gd"{NofÍg ug{ h?/L x'g
;Sb5 .
n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df ;f/e"t unt cfFs8fsf] hf]lvdnfO{ :jLsf/of]Uo Go"g:t/df
emfg{ kof{Kt pko'Qm k|df0f k|fKt u/] gu/]sf] s'/f lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . /fo ljsl;t ubf{
n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0fdf ePsf] b[9f]lQmx¿nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ jf v08g ug]{ h];'s} ¿kdf k|:t't
eP klg ;fGble{s ;a} n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fsf] dgg\ ug'{ kb{5 .

(90)
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;'?b]lv cGt;Dd n]vfk/LIfssf] (Throughout the audit) lgisif{nfO{ k'li6 ug]{
n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fsf] kof{Kttf / pko'Qmtf n]vfk/LIfssf k]zfut ljj]ssf ljifo x'g\ . kof{Kt
pko'Qm n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f s]nfO{ eGg] ;DaGwL n]vfk/LIfssf] ljj]s b]xfosf h:tf sf/sx¿åf/f
k|efljt x'G5M

 b[9f]lQmdf ;Defljt unt cfFs8fsf] ;Defjgf / ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df k[ys\¿kn] jf cGo unt
cfFs8f;Fu ;+of]lht x'Fbf o;sf] ;f/e"t c;/ x'g] ;Defjgfsf] ;f/ule{ttf -Succeptibility_,
 hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Joj:yfkgsf] cg'lqmof / lgoGq0fx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf,
 p:t} ;Defljt unt cfFs8fsf ;DaGwdf cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;dodf k|fKt cg'ej,
 o:tf n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿n] hfn;fhL jf q'l6sf ljlzi6 b[i6fGtx¿ klxrfg u/] gu/]sf]
nufot ;Dkflbt n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwsf] kl/0ffd,
 pknAw ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t / ljZj;gLotf,
 n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fsf] ljZjf;f]Tkfbstf (Persuasiveness) /
 o;sf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f nufot lgsfo / o;sf] kl/j]zsf] hfgsf/L .

n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;f/e"t ljQLo ljj/0f b[9f]lQm;DaGwL kof{Kt pko'Qm k|df0f k|fKt gu/]sf] v08df
n]vfk/LIfsn] yk n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ug]{ k|of; ug'{kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] kof{Kt pko'Qm
n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ gePsf] v08df n]vfk/LIfsn] s}lkmot ;lxtsf] /fo jf /fo
k|s6 ug]{ c;dy{tf k|s6 ug'{kb{5 . t;y{, ;+slnt n]vfk/LIf0fsf k|df0fx?sf] pko'Qm ;dLIff
ug{' kb{5 .

;dLIff k|s[ofsf] d'Vo p2]Zox? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

 clen]vsf sfuhftx?n] n]vfk/LIf0f cGt/f{li6«o jf g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfg cg';f/ ;dfkg
ePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/Psf],
 ;f] kmfOndf ljQLo ljj/0fdf lbPsf] /fonfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ kof{Kt plrt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx?
;+nUg ul/Psf],

g]=u'=lg=df=! cg'R5]b ## cg';f/ ;dLIff gLltsf] dfgsn] tLg :t/sf] ;dLIffnfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 .
tL x'g\ M

 :jod\–;dLIff, hxfF tof/ ug]{ JolQmn] clen]vsf sfuhftx? cWoog u5{ / :jod\n]
;dLIff u5{ .
 lj:t[t ;dLIff, hxfF slgi7 ;xsdL{åf/f :jod\ ;dLIff ul/;s]sf] sfo{, jl/i7 ;xsdL{åf/f
;dLIff ul/G5 . jl/i7 ;xsdL{åf/f tof/ ul/Psf] clen]vsf sfuhftx? n]vfk/LIf0f
k|jGwsåf/f lj:t[t ;dLIff ul/G5 . cg'aGwg ;fem]bf/n], n]vfk/LIf0f k|jGwsåf/f tof/
(91)
 ul/Psf] clen]vsf sfuhftx?sf] lj:t[t ;dLIff ug'{kb{5 . lj:t[t ;dLIffx? clen]vsf
sfuhftx?df ul/G5 -cg'aGwg ;fem]bf/n] tof/ ul/Psf] afx]s_ / ;f] ;dLIffdf
;dLIffstf{sf] ;xL / ldltn] k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] x'G5 .
 ;du| ;dLIff, hxfF n]vfk/LIf0f k|jGws / cg'aGwg ;fem]bf/n] :jod\–;dLIff / lj:t[t
;dLIff eO;s]sf] clen]vsf sfuhftx? k'gM ;dLIff ul/G5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu M
P= la= ;L k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nL o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/ M æPS;Æ
n]vfk/LIf0f k|jGws M æjfOÆ
jl/i7 ;xsdL{ M æh]8Æ
slgi7 ;xsdL{ M æP;Æ
- æP;Æ n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfo{ :jod\–;dLIff ub{5 .
- æh]8Æ n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfo{ :jod\–;dLIff ub{5 / æP;Æ sf] sfo{sf] lj:t[t ;dLIff
klg ub{5 .
- æjfOÆ n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfo{ :jod\–;dLIff ub{5 / æP;Æ sf] sfo{sf] lj:t[t ;dLIff /
æh]8Æ sf] sfo{sf] ;du| ;dLIff ub{5 .
- æPS;Æ n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfo{ :jod\–;dLIff ub{5 / æjfOÆ sf] sfo{sf] lj:t[t ;dLIff /
æh]8Æ / æP;Æ sf] sfo{sf] ;du| ;dLIff klg ub{5 .

:jod ;dLIff / lj:t[t ;dLIff

cfˆgf] sfo{sf] :jod ;dLIff ubf{ / c?sf] sfo{sf] lj:t[t ;dLIff ubf{, hfFr ug]{ a'Fbfx? p:t}
x'g]5 . ;dLIffstf{n] clen]vsf sfuhft ;dLIff ubf{ oL s'/fx?sf] hfFr ug'{ kb{5 M
 x/]s cg';"rLdf zLif{s, ;xL / cg's|dl0fsf (index) ePsf],
 Cross Reference ePsf],
 n]vfk/LIf0fsf] lrGxsf] (audit ticks) k|i6 j0f{g ePsf],
 clen]vsf sfuhftsf] Joj:yfkg tfls{s 9Ëdf ePsf],
 ul/Psf] k/LIf0fx? k"0f{ ?kdf j0f{g ePsf] -k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo / k/LIf0fsf] ljlw ;lxt_,
 k|of]u ul/Psf] hfgsf/Lsf] >f]tsf] v'nfPsf],
 k/LIf0fx?n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] p2]Zox? k'/f u/]sf],
 5gf]6 ul/Psf] gd"gfsf] cfsf/ kof{Kt ePsf],
 gd"gf 5gf]6sf] ljlw / cfwf/sf] j0f{g ul/Psf],
 kl/0ffdx? tfls{s 9Ën] /]s{8 ePsf],
 k/LIf0fx?sf] x/]s z]if /x]sf a'Fbfx?sf] :ki6tf / plrttfsf] ;+If]k ul/Psf],

(92)
  q'6L / ckjfbnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] pkrf/ (treated) ug]{ / plrttf cg';f/, clogldt
cg';"rLdf k|lji6 ul/Psf], /
 k/LIf0fx?sf lgisif{ cy{k"0f{, ;xL / tYox?åf/f ;dly{t ePsf] .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] x/]s If]qsf nflu, lgDg s'/fx? hfFr ug''{ kb{5 M

 g]t[Tj cg';"rLx? ljQLo ljj/0f, jf;nft / clen]vsf sfuhftx?n] hf]8\g' kg]{
(Linked),
 g]t[Tj cg';"rLx?n] ljQLo ljj/0fdf cfjZos c+sx?nfO{ v'nf;f ug'{ kg]{,
 n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd kof{Kt ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf] / sfo{ of]hgfb]lvsf x/]s km/ssf]
kof{Kt n]vfk/LIf0f clen]lvs/0f ug'{ kg]{,
 ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw cjl:yt ePsf] kof{Kt k|df0f
 x/]s n]vfk/LIf0f If]qx?sf] p2]Zox? k"/f ePsf],
 x/]s n]vfk/LIf0f If]qx?;+u ;DalGwt p2]Zox? / x/]s k/LIf0fsf] glthf / afsLF
a'Fbfx?sf] af/]df dgfl;j lgis{ifdf k'u]sf],
 pNn]lvt s'/f;+u ;DalGwt a'Fbfx? lgDgfg';f/ dxTj lbOPsf] x'g' kb{5M
 cGo n]vfk/LIf0f If]q
 ug'{kg]{ cGo sfo{x?
 n]vfk/LIf0f k|jGws / cg'aGwg ;fem]bf/sf nflu s]xL a'Fbfx?
 Joj:yfkg kq
 k|ltlglwTj kq
 cufdL cfly{s jif{sf nflu a'Fbfx?

lj:t[t ;dLIff k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu ;dLIffsf] cfjZostf;+u :ki6 / ;sf/fTds x'g' h?/L
5 . JoËfTds / 5'b| l6Kk0fLx?nfO{ a]jf:tf ug'{ kb{5 . ;dLIffstf{n] kmfOnsf a'Fbf /
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] /fosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ a'Fbfsf] ;Gt'ng u/fpg' kb{5 . h'g ;dLIffn] n]vfk/LIf0f /
ljQLo ljj/0fsf] ;du| lrq0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g / dxTjk"0f{ a'Fbfx? klxrfg u/]sf] 5}g, To:tf]
;dLIffnfO{ k|zf;sLo a'Fbfx?dfq ;dfj]z ePsf] ;dLIff elgG5 . ;fy}, o:tf] ;dLIffn] bogLo
;"rgf k|jfx u/]sf] / n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLn] ck]lIft :t/df sfd k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] ;+s]t u5{ .

;du| ;dLIff
;du| ;dLIffsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lgDg s''/fx?sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] M
 lj:t[t ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 Ù
 dxTjk"0f{ If]qx? ljrf/ ul/Psf] 5 / n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/ jf k|aGwssf] Wofg
cfsif{0fsfnflu p7fOPsf a'Fbfx?sf] lgSof}{n eO;s]sf] 5 Ù
 k|To]s v08df To;sf] lgisif{nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ kof{Kt k|df0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 Ù
(93)
  k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] af/]df Joj:yfkg k|ltlglwx? 5'§} ?kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 Ù
 n]vfk/LIf0f ;xL 9Ën] of]hgf agfO{ ;~rfng u/]sf] k'li6 ug{] kof{Kt k|df0f 5 / of]hgf
r/0fdf lnOPsf] lg0f{odf plrt kl/jt{gx? ul/Psf 5g\ Ù
 Joj:yfkgn] ;"rgf kfPsf] cfwf/df dxTjk"0f{ leGgtf ;dfof]hg ug{ ;xdt ePsf] /
pko'Qm ;dfof]hg ul/;s]sf] 5 Ù
 hfn;femL, P]g / lgodfjnLsf] kfngf gePsf], rln/x]sf] Joj;fo;Fusf] ;d:of, ;Da4
JolQm;Fusf] sf/f]af/ x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfk|lt ljrf/ ul/Psf] 5 Ù
 ljQLo ljj/0fx? 7Ls 7+un] k|:t't ePsf] 5 / pko'Qm sfg"g / Joj:yfkg, n]vf
k|ltj]bgdfgsf] kfngf ePsf] 5 Ù
 n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOnx? ljQLo ljj/0fnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ Ù
 n]vfk/LIf0f /fon] n]vfk/LIf0f lgisif{nfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 Ù
 sfo{x? s'zntfk"0f{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 / M
 sfo{fGjog ug'{kg]{ a'bfFx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 Ù
 kmfOndf cToflws sfuhftx? 5}gg\ / clen]v :ki6 ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 elg
klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 Ù
 ;lx :t/sf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] pkof]u ePsf] 5 Ù

;du| ;dLIffdf lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;ldIff kb{5g\ M

 jif{ jif{sf] kmfOn 5'§fpg] sfuhftx?, d'Vo cg';"rLx? / n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmdx? -audit
programmes_ . dfly pNn]lvt ljz]if kmfOn 5'§fpg] sfuhftdf lgisif{ pk/ x:tfIf/
ug{ kof{Kt cfZjf;g k|fKt ug{ n]vfk/LIfs cg'aGw ;fem]bf/n] Tof] v08sf] v'nf;f
ug'{kg]{ If]qx?sf] slDtdf v'nf;f ul/Psf] 5 -t;y{ d'Vo ;"rLsf] ;dLIff ug'{ h?/L 5_ /
of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 -t;y{ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff ug'{
h?/L 5_ elg hfFr ug'{ kb{5 Ù
 Joj:yfks / n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/n] Wofgdf /fVg' kg]{ a'Fbfx? Ù
 Joj:yfksn] kmfOnsf of]hgf th'{df / lgoGq0f v08sf] ;dLIff ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx?n]
of]hgf th'{df v08sf] kmf/fdnfO{ bf];|f] rf]l6 k'gM sf6\g' kb{5 . olb of]hgfdf s]xL
dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g 5g\ eg] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/n] Wofgdf /fVg' kg]{ a'Fbfx?df
;+If]lKfs/0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L lgoGq0f sfuhftx?df d'Vo s'/fx?sf] clen]v eO;Sg]
x'gfn] n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/n] clGtd r/0fdf of]hgf th'{dfsf] k'gM ;ldIff ul/
/fVg' kb}{g Ù /
 v'nf;f / kfngfsf hfFr;"rLx? .

;dLIffsf] clen]v
lj:t[t / ;du| ;dLIffx? ubf{sf] ;dodf kQf nfu]sf ;a} ;dLIffsf a'Fbfx? lnlvt ?kdf
clen]v ug'{ kb{5 / n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOndf /fVg' kb{5 . k|Zg p7fOPsf laifox?sf] ;a} lgSof}{n
(94)
ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . / o;nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ k|df0f ;dLIff a'Fbfx?sf]] cg';"rLdf /flvPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
t/ s'g} v08af6 pTkGg ePsf] k|Zgsf] yk sfo{ OToflb ToxL v08df clen]v ug'{kb{5 . k|Zg
p7fOPsf a'bfFx?sf] lgSof}{n eO;s]kl5, ;dLIfstf{n] ;f] hjfkm ;+tf]ifhgs 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt
ug{ k'gM ;dLIff ug'{ kb{5 . ;f]sf] k'li6 ug{ k"0f{ k'li6 sfF6L, sf6\g] JolQmsf] gfd ;lxt ;a} a'bfF
:ki6 n]Vg'kb{5 . kmd{n] o:tf :ki6 kfl/Psf a'bfFx? n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOndf /fVg] ls g/fVg] elg
gLlt :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 . / ;f] gLlt n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{qmd DofGo"cn -audit procedure manual_
df pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .

;ldIffsf] ;do
slgi7 / jl/i7 n]vfk/LIf0f sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] lj:t[t ;ldIff :ynut ?kdf / ;f] tof/ u/]sf
sd{rf/Lx? hjfkmsfnflu pkl:yt /x]sf a]nfdfg} ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] ubf{ ;ldIff k|s[of s'zndfq
geP/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljsfznfO{ 6]jf k'of{pg] k[i6kf]if0f -feedback_ klg sd{rf/Lx?n] k|fKt
ub{5g\ .

#=@= cg'ufdL 36gfx?sf] ;dLIff

g]=n]=k=df= %^), sf] cg'R5]b $df n]vfk/LIfssf] p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ tf]lsPsf] 5M
s_ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] ldlt / ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] ldltsf] aLrdf b]lvPsf -cfPsf_ /
;dfof]hg ug{ jf v'nf;f ug{ cfjZos 36gfx? ljQLo ljj/0fdf ljQLo k|ltj]bg
cfwf/lznf cg';f/ pko'Qm tl/sfn] k|ltlalDjt 5g\ eGg] oyf{y / kof{Kt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f
k|fKt ug{' xf] .
v_ n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ldltkl5 s'g} 36gfx?sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{' kb{5 / olb
tL 36gfx? ;dfof]hg jf v'nf;f ug{ cfjZos 5g\ eg] tL 36gfx? n]vfk/LIfsn] klxNo}
lbPsf] n]vfk/LIf0f /fodf kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f aGg ;Sb5 .

To;sf/0f n]vfk/LIfsn] cg'ufdL 36gfx? -events after balance sheet date_ sf] ;dLIff ug'{
kb{5 . cg'ufdL 36gfx?sf] ;dLIffsfnflu b]xfosf 9fFrf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cg'ufdL 36gfx?sf] ;dLIff

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M tof/ kg]{sf] gfdM ldltM

cjwL M ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfdM ldltM
sfo{ zLif{sM

(95)
cg'ufdL 36gfx?sf] ;dLIff
p2]ZoM k|ltj]bg ldltb]lv ljQLo ljj/0f :jLs[t x'g] ldlt;Dd ePsf 36gfx?sf sf/0fn]
ljQLo ljj/0fdf s'g} ;f/e"t ;dfof]hg / v'nf;fx? ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug{ /
g]=n]=k=df= %^), æcg'ufdL 36gfx?Æsf] cGo cfjZostfx? k'/f ug{ .
gf]6 M ;dfof]hg ul/g] 36gf eg]sf] To:tf] 36gfx'g h:fsf] cl:tTjsf] k|df0f k|ltj]bg ldltdf
cjl:yt lyof] eGg] hgfpF5 . ;dfof]hg gul/g] 36gf eg]sf] k"0f{ ?kn] k|ltj]bg ldlt kZrft
pTkGg ePsf] 36gf xf], ;f] 36gfsf] v'nf;f ;lx tyf oyfy{ /fo -true and fair view_sf
nflu cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 .
qm= n]k clen]v ;Gbe{ /
;]jfu|fxLsf] vftfsf] ;dLIff ubf{sf] avt
;+= l6Kk0fL
! ;]jfu|fxLn] cjlw ;dflKt kZrft tof/ u/]sf] n]vf
vftfsf] k|s[lt / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ . o;df lgDg
s'/fx? kg{ ;Sb5g\
cg'ufdL cfGtl/s ljQLo ljj/0fx?
Joj:yfkg vftfx?
ah]6 - Joj:yfkg vftfsf] ;dLIff ubf{ c;fdfGo /
cgk]lIft j:t'sf] klxrfg ug{ _
-nominal ledger, including material journals_
lalqm / vl/b vftf, lahs, qm]l86 gf]6x?
tnaL vftf
gub vftf
gf]6M dfly pNn]v ;a} vftfx?sf] ;dLIff ug}{ k5{ eGg]
xf]Og . ;]jfu|fxLsf nflu pko'St vftfsf] dfq ;dLIff
ug'{ kb{5 .
h:t} 6«]l8Ë sDklgsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu lalqm / vl/b
vftf, lahs, q]ml86 gf]6x? pko'St vftf x'g ;Sb5 .
;f] vftfsf] ;dLIffsf] clen]v ul/ /fVg' kb{5 .
d'Votof, of] ;dLIff tof/ ul/Psf] ldlt / s] of]
n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bsf] ldltsf] -sufficiently_ glhs 5
jf s] of] sfo{ k"gM;dLIff ug'{ k5{ <

(96)
@ k|ltj]bg ldlt kl5sf] ;+rfnsx?sf], z]of/wgLx?sf]
a}7s / cGo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] dfOg"6x?sf] ;dLIff
ug]{ / olb ljQLo ljj/0fdf s'g} d'Vo ljifosf]
;dfof]hg jf v'nf;f ug'{ kg]{ eP, ;f]sf] clen]v
/fVg] .
# -Nominal account_ df /x]sf] ;+j]bg k|ljli6x?
-entries_, sfg"gL / k/fdz{ vftfx?n] c;fdfGo j:t'
;+s]t ub{5 ls elg ;f]sf] ;dLIff ug]{ / pko'St
JofVof -explaination_ dfUg] .

;]jfu|fxL;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ avtdf

! cg'ufdL 36gfx?af/] sf];Fu 5nkmn ul/Psf] xf] /
5nkmn ul/Psf] ldltsf]] clen]v /fVg] .
@ 5nkmndf lgDg s'/fx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eGg]
s'/fsf] lglZrt /fVg] .
# Joj:yfkgn] cg'ufdL 36gfx? klxrfg ug{ ckgfPsf
ljlwx? -olb 5g\ eg]_ / Joj:yfkgn] s'g cg'ufdL
36gfx? klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ -olb 5g\ eg]_
$ olb Joj:yfkg jf cGo s'g} a}7s ePsf] lyof] t/ s'g}
dfOg"6 5}g eg], s] s'/fsf] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof], ;f]
af/] ;f]w k'5 ug]{
% sfg"gL d'2f ;DaGwL yk s] s'/f cufl8
-developments_ a9]sf] 5 -;]jfu|fxLsf] ;dy{g jf lj?4
h'g eP klg_
^ ;dfof]hg gul/g] 36gfsf] ?kdf v'nf;f ug'{ kg]{ s'g}
kl/jt{gx? ePsf 5g\ jf ul/g] k|:tfj ePsf 5g\
gf]6M o;df clGtd lgoGq0f ug]{ JolQm, dxTjk"0f{
;DklQ jf nufgLsf] laqmL jf vl/b, k|fs[lts k|sf]k,
k|d'Vf d'2fx? cflb x'g ;Sb5g\
& s] hf]lvd If]q / clglZrttf -contingencies_ df s]xL
ljsf; ePsf 5g\
(97)
 * hfn;fhL / qm'l6sf s'g} k|df0fx? kQf nfu]sf 5g\
( ;]jfu|fxLsf] vftfsf] ;dLIff ubf{ s'g} dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx?
klxrfg ePsf 5g\
n]vfk/LIf0f kmfOn ;dfkg ug]{ a]nfdf
qm= n]k clen]v ;Gbe{ /
ljj/0f gfd / ldlt
;+= l6Kk0fL
! ;]jfu|fxL;Fu of]hgfeGbf klxnfsf] a}7ssf]
-preplanning meeting_ gf]6sf], n]vfk/LIfs of]hgf
-memorandum or briefing notes_ sf] ;dLIff ug]{
/ s'g} cg'ufdL 36gfx? kof{Kt ?kdf ;Daf]wg
ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{
@ ef}lts k/LIf0f sfo{ jf cGo n]vf sfo{ljlwaf6
hfoh]yf, ;DoGq / pks/0f Iflt ePsf] jf
;+rfng zlQmdf ;"Id kl/jt{g cfPsf] s'/f
klxrfg ePsf] 5
# cb[Zo ;DklQ -intangible_, :yL/ ;DklQ,
hfoh]yf, ;DoGq / pks/0fsf] d'Nofs+g sfo{nfO{
k'g x]g]{ / ;]jfu|fxLn] k|fKt u/]sf] d'Nofs+g
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt d'No cjlw cGTodf n]vfs+g
ul/Psf] d"No eGbf w}/} km/s kg{ hfG5
$ v'b p7\g ;Sg] df]n-net realizable value_ nfO{
c;/ k'of{pg], cjlw cGTo kZrft s'g} lhG;L
laqmL ePsf 5
% laqmL afktsf] cfDbfgL jf nfedf s'g} c;/ kg]{
s'g} yk hfgsf/Lx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\
^ s'g} d'Vo cf;fdL 6fF6 kN6]sf] jf cf;fdLaf6 /sd
lkmtf{ ug{ -negotiation_ ul/Psf] 5
& lnlvt jf df}lvs ?kdf dfu ul/Psf] sfg"gL
d'2fx?, bfaL ;DalGw hfgsf/Lx?sf af/]df yk
;f]wk'5 ug]{
* c;fdfGo d'2fsfnflu k|ltj]bg ldlt kZrftsf s/
ljj/0fx? ;dLIff ug]{
(98)
 ( s'g} s/sf] b/ jf sfg"gdf ePsf kl/jt{g ePsf
jf x'g] elg 3f]if0ff ePsf s'/fx? h;n] rfn" jf
kl5sf] cjlwsf] s/ bfloTjdf c;/ kfb{5 ;f]sf]
v'nf;f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf hfFr ug]{
!) s'g} clGtd ;dfof]hgx? ljQLo ljj/0fdf v'nf;f
ug'{ kg]{ af/]df ljrf/ ug]{
!! s'g} 36]sf] 36gf jf x'g ;Sg] 36gfn] ljQLo
ljj/0fdf k|of]u ePsf n]vf l;4fGtsf]
pko'Sttfdfly k|Zg ub{5 jf cjlR5Gg wf/0ffdfly
k|Zg ub{5 ;f] sf] af/]df ljrf/ ug]{
!@ s'g} ;dfof]hg ug]{ 36gfx? 5g\ eg] ;f/e"ttfsf]
k'g u0fgf ug]{ -cfjZostf eP_ / ljQLo
ljj/0fdf ;dfof]hg gePsf qm'l6x? s] cem
;f/e"t qm'l6 d'Qm 5g\ eGg] lglZrt ug]{
!# k|ltlglw kqdf pko'St kl/R5]b ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5 eGg] lglZrt ug]{

k|f/lDes lgisif{
dlysf sfo{ljlwx? ;DkGg ul/;s] kl5 M
 s'g} klg dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx? 5}gg\ .
 klxrfg ePsf cg'ufdL 36gfx? ljQLo ljj/0fdf kof{Kt ?kddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;dLIffsf] qmddf Wofgdf cfPsf cg'ufdL 36gfx?, ;]jfu|fxL;Fu c;d{yg ePsf ;d]t
n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/sf] Wofgdf NofOPsf] 5 / cg'R5]b =================df ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 .

tof/ ug]{ M ============================================ ldlt M=============================================

;dLIff ug]{ M ========================================= ldlt M=============================================
clGtd lgisif{
dflysf] sfo{ljlwx?sf] ;dLIff ul/;s] kl5 M

(99)
 d ;Gt'i6 5' ls k|f/lDes / clGtd lgisif{sf aLr yk s'g} dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx? 5}gg\ .
cg'ufdL 36gfx? k"0f{ k'li6 ePsf 5g\, n]vfk/LIf0f cg'aGw ;fem]bf/;Fu 5nkmn ePsf 5g\
jf kof{Kt ?kdf n]vf /flvPsf] 5 jf ljQLo ljj/0fdf v'nf;f ul/Psf] 5 .

tof/ ug]{ M ======================================= ldlt M==============================================

;dLIff ug]{ M ===================================== ldlt M==============================================

gf]6M ljQLo ljj/0f :jLs[t eO ;s]kl5 s'g} d'2fx? kQf nfu]sf 5g\, h;n] /fog} kl/jt{g
x'g;Sg] lyof] eg],
 ;f] d'2f af/] Joj:yfkg;Fu 5nkn ug]{
 ljQLo ljj/0f k'gMkl/jt{g ug]{
 pko'St sfo{ ug]{

cg'ufdL 36gfx?sf] af/]df n]vfk/LIfsn] ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;dodfg} ;~rf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
cg'ufdL 36gfx? ;DaGwL Joj:yfkg;Fu ul/g] ;fdfGo 5nkmnx? lgDg x'g ;Sb5g\M
 z]o/ k"FhLdf, bL3{sflng shf{df s'g} dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g ePsf],
 ljQLo ljj/0fdf s'g} ;Defljt bfloTjsf] v'nf;f jf To:tf v'nf;fx?sf] klxrfg
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 yfxf ePsf],
 c;fdfGo p7\g g;s]sf] cf;fdL,
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] cjlR5Ggtfdfly k|Zg p7\g] s'g} 36gfx?, OToflb .

cg'ufdL 36gfx? kQf nufpg lgDg k|s[of ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

 cfly{s jif{ kl5sf] ;~rfns ;ldlt jf cGo ;fldltx?sf] a}7ssf]] dfOGo"6sf] ;dLIff,
 cfly{s jif{ kl5sf] n]vf+sg ul/Psf /]s8{x?sf] hfFr,
 cfly{s jif{ kl5sf] s'g} sfg"g jf k/fdz{ vr{sf] ;dLIff .

/ olb s'g} ;dfof]hg jf v'nf;f ug'{ kg]{ 36gfx? klxrfg eP, n]vfk/LIfsn] Joj:yfkgnfO{
n]vfdf ;dfof]hg ug{ cfu|x ug{' kb{5 . Joj:yfkgn] ;f] ;dfof]hg jf v'nf;f ug'{ kg]{
36gfx?sf] ;dfof]hg gu/]sf] cj:yfsf sf/0f n]vfk/LIfssf] /fodf ;d]t c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 .

(100)
#=# cljlR5Ggtf
cljlR5Ggtfsf] cg'dfgdf lgsfosf] sf/f]af/ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rflnt eO/x]sf] / ;f]sf]
eljiodf ;d]t lg/Gt/tf k|fKt ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . ;~rfng ;fdYo{sf] Joj:yfkg d"NofFsg /
lgsfonfO{ vf/]h -Liquidate_ ug]{ dg;fo geP;Dd ;fdfGotofM ljQLo ljj/0fx?
cljlR5Ggtfsf] dfGotfdfg} tof/ ul/G5 . ljQLo ljj/0fx¿df klxrfg ul/Psf ;fdfGo
;DaGwx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;DklQeGbf bfloTj a9L, C0ffTds gub k|jfx_ o;df ;d:ofsf]
kl/rfos x'g ;S5g\ .

tn lbOPsf 36gfx? jf cj:yfx?df lgsfosf] cljlR5Ggtfdf Zf+sfx? x'g ;Sb5 M

ljQLo ?kdf
 gsf/fTds ;~rflnt gub k|jfx,
 aSof}tf jf af9\g afFsL nfef+z,
 efsf leq ;fx"x?nfO{ ltg{ g;lsPsf],
 C0f ;Demf}tfx? adf]lhd zt{x? kl/kfng ug{ g;lsPsf],
 ;j{dfGo eGbf ljkl/t ljQLo cg'kftx?, OToflb .

;~rfng
 Joj:yfkgn] Joj;fo vf/]h jf ;~rfng aGb ug{ vf]Hg',
 k'gM k"tL{ x'g g;lsg] ul/ d'Vo Joj:yfkg 3f6fdf hfg',
 d'Vo ahf/, d'Vo u|fxs, d'Vo Jofkfl/s clwsf/ u'dfpg',
 >ldsx?sf] cefj, OToflb .

cGo
 j}wflgs lgodnfO{ kfngf gug'{,
 k"FhLsf] ckof{Kttf,
 ladf gul/Psf] jf ;'/lIft gePsf] dxf;+s6sf] l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf],
 sfg"g jf lgodx?df jf ;/sf/L gLltx?df kl/jt{g x'g' jf Joj;fodf gs/fTds c;/
k/]sf] dx;'; ug'{, OToflb .

dfly lbOPsf 36gfx? x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf cfwf/df cljlR5Gg hfFr :f"rL tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
#=$= lnlvt k|ltlglwTj kq (Written Representation)
n]vfk/LIfsn] nfu" x'g] ljQLo k|ltj]bg cfwf/lznf (Applicable Financial Reporting
Framework) adf]lhd ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] plrt (fair) k|:t'ltsf nflu Joj:yfkgn] lhDd]jf/L
(101)
(responsibility):jLsf/ u/]sf] / ljQLo ljj/0f cg'df]bg (approved) u/]sf] k|df0f k|fKt
ug'kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] Joj:yfkgsf] o:tf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] :jLsf/f]lQmsf] / ;~rfns ;ldlt jf
;f] ;/xsf] lgsfo (similar body) sf] a}7ssf] tT;DaGwL k|ltlglwTj (written representation)
jf ljQLo ljj/0fsf] b:tvt ul/Psf] k|ltsf] (copy) :jLs[ltsf] k|df0f k|fKt ug'{ kb{5 .

o;sf cnfjf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf gdfuLsg (unsolicited) jf ljz]if ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkmdf

Jo:yfkgn] n]vfk/LIfs ;dIf s}of}+ k|:t'lt (Representations) ug{ ;Sb5 . cGo kof{Kt pko'Qm
(Sufficient Appropriate)n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f ljBdfg /xsf] o'lQmk"0f{ ?kn] ck]Iff (Reasonably be
Expected) ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf ljQLo ljj/0fsf ;f/e"t ljifox? (Material Matters) df
n]vfkl/Ifsn] Joj:yfkgaf6 lnlvt k|:t'lt k|fKt ug'{ kb{5 .

lnlvt k|ltlglwTjsf] gd"gf kq b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sb5 .

lnlvt k|ltlglwTj kqsf] gd"gfM

P= la= ;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8
7]ufgf M ========================
kmf]g g+ M======================
Od]n M =====================

r=g= ======================= ldlt M @)======÷======÷======

>L PS; jfO h]8 P;f]l;P6\;

n]vfk/LIfs, sf7df8f}+ .
laifo M– lnlvt k|ltlglwTj kq k7fOPsf] af/] .
dxf]bo,
pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf P=la=;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] r=g+ ============= ,ldlt ============= sf] kqåf/f
o; sDklgsf] cf=a= @)==÷==÷== sf] afXo n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu oxfFnfO{ lgo'lQm ul/Psf] s'/f
:jLsfb}{ of] k|ltlglwTj kq n]vfk/LIf0f / n]vfk/LIfssf] x}l;otn] ljQLo k|ltj]bg 9fFrf
cg';f/ ljQLo l:yltsf] ;xL / lgikIf b[li6sf]0f AoQm ug{sf] nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
(102)
 ljQLo k|ltj]bg 9fFrf cg';f/ ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] lgikIf k|:t'ltsf] nflu xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L
:jLsf/ u5f}{ . ;fy},
 ToxfF s'g} clgoldttf 5}g .
 ;a} vftfx?, a}7ssf dfOGo'6 pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 / ;Da4 kIfsf] klxrfg
u/fOPs]f5 .
 ljQLo ljj/0fx? tYout ldYofj0f{af6 d'Qm 5g\ .
 cg'alGwt ;Demf}tf / lgofds lgsfosf ;a} kIfx? ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;a} vftfx?sf] k"0f{ /]s8{ ul/Psf] 5 .
 ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] ldlt kl5sf ;a} 36gfx? / ljQLo k|ltj]bgdfgsf] cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;dfof]hg jf k|s6Ls/0f ;dfof]lht jf v'nf;f ul/Psf] 5 .
 lgsfosf] cljl5Ggtfdf s'g} z+sf ug]{ cj:yf g/x]sf] / Aoj:yfkg ;d]t lgsfosf]
lg/Gt/tgk|lt ;hs /x]s] 5 .
 cGo laifox?

=====================================
;~rfns ;ldlt cWoIf jf zf;sLo e"ldsfdf /x]sf AolQm
ldlt
:yfgM sf7df08f}

#=% ;du| ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwsf] ;dLIff (Overall analytical procedures)

Gf]=n]=k=df %@), cg';f/ ljZn]if0ffTds sfo{ljlw n]vfk/LIf0fsf] clGtd r/0fdf, ljQLo
ljj/0fx? ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj;fosf] 1fg;Fu d]n vfG5g\ ls vfb}gg\ eGg] lgisif{ k|s6 ug{
k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fdfGotofM jl/i7 n]vfk/LIfsn] o;sf] ;dLIff ug]{ ub{5g\ .

ljin]0ffTds ;dLIffsf] k|ljlw / JofVof b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sb5g\ .

(103)
 ljin]if0ffTds ;dLIff k|ljlw / JofVof

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M tof/ kg]{sf] gfdM ldltM

cjwL M ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfdM ldltM
sfo{ zLif{sM

!= lhG;L
lhG;Ldf j[l4 lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ x'g ;Sb5 M
 vl/b gLltdf kl/jt{g -pbfx/0fsf nflu 7"nf] kl/df0f vl/b ubf{ 5'6 kfpg]
ePsfn]7"nf] kl/df0f vl/b ug]{ _
 laqmLdf sdL
 k"FhLs/0f gLltdf -capitalization policy_ kl/jt{g
 d'b|f:kmLltsf sf/0f vl/bsf] nfutdf j[l4
 vr{ n]Vg'kg]{ ;§fdf lhG;Ldf n]vf+sg ul/Psf]
 5''6\ofpg] sfo{ljlwdf q'l6-cut off error_
 lhG;L lgoGq0fdf sdhf]/
 laqmLsf] n]vfs+g gul/Psf]
 v/fa ahf/ cj:yf

lhG;L sf/f]af/df j[l4 jf lhG;L df}Hbftdf sdL lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ x'g ;Sb5 M
 lhG;L lgoGq0fdf ;'wf/
 laqmLdf sdL
 deflation sf sf/0f vl/bsf] nfutdf sdL / ;6xL b/df cg's"n ptf/ r9fj
 n]vfgLltdf kl/jt{g
 s'g} j:t' lhG;Ldf clen]v ug{ 5'6]sf]
 5''6\ofpg] sfo{ljlwdf q'l6-cut off error_
 lhG;L ckn]vg jf Joj:yf -write off and provision_

(104)
d'Vo tYofÍ -Key figures_
 lhG;L df}Hbftdf kl/jt{g
 jf:tljs lhG;Lsf] d"Nodf kl/jt{g
 k|lt OsfO lhG;Lsf] d"Nodf kl/jt{g
 Joj:yf
 >d vr{
 lkmtf{sf] :t/ -ljz]if ul/ cjlw ;dflKtsf] t'?Gt kl5_
 lhG;L sf/f]af/


@= cf;fdL -Trade receivables_

cf;fdLdf j[l4 lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ x'g ;Sb5 M
 sf/f]af/df j[l4
 vl/bsf] nfutdf sdL / ;6xL b/df cg's'n ptf/ r9fj
 cf;fdL ;+sng ljlwdf sdhf]/L
 gfkmf a9fpg ul/Psf] gSsnL laqmL
 u|fxsaf6 p7]sf] k};fsf] /l;bsf] n]vfs+g gul/Psf] jf n]vfs+g ug{ l9nf] ul/Psf]
 5''6\ofpg] sfo{ljlwdf q'ml6-cut off error_
 kl5sf] cjlwsf] laqmLnfO{ o;} cjlwsf] laqmL elg n]vfs+g ul/Psf]

cf;fdLdf sdL lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ x'g ;Sb5 M

 sf/f]af/df sdL
 ;6xL b/df k|lts'n ptf/ r9fj
 ;'b[9 cf;fdL lgoGq0f ljlw
 lahs hf/L ug{{ l9nfO u/]sf sf/0f laqmL sdL b]lvPsf]
 5''6\ofpg] sfo{ljlwdf q'ml6-cut off error_
 u|fxsaf6 kl5sf] cjlwdf k|fKt ePsf] /l;bsf] n]vfs+g o;} cjlwdf ul/Psf]

p7\g g;Sg] cf;fdLdf j[l4 lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ x'g ;Sb5 M

 sdhf]/ cf;fdL lgoGq0f ljlw
 gSsnL laqmL pN6fOPsf] -reversed_
 hfn;fhL -pl7 ;s]sf] k};f n]vfs+g gul/ JolQmut pkof]u u/]sf]_

(105)
d'Vo tYofÍ -Key figures_
 cf;fdLsf] df}Hbft
 p7\g g;s]sf] cf;fdLsf] df}Hbft
 cf;fdLsf] cfo" tflnsfsf] ljZn]if0fdf kl/jt{g
 k};f p7\g] lbgx?
 p7\g g;s]sf] cf;fdL ckn]vg -written off_—laqmLsf] k|ltztdf
 d'Vo u|fxsx?n] ltg{ afFsL /sd

#= ;fx"
;fx"df j[l4 lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ x'g ;Sb5 M
 vl/bdf j[l4
 e'QfgLdf l9nfO ug]{ Joj:yfkgsf] lg0f{o
 ;6xL b/df k|lts'n ptf/ r9fj
 bfloTjx? ltg]{ a]nfdf e'QmfgL ug{ sl7gfO{
 5''6\ofpg] sfo{ljlwdf q'ml6-cut off error_
 sfNklgs -fictitious_ lhG;L vl/b
 gub vftfnfO{ w}/} b]vfpg -inflate_ cjlw ;dflKtsf] s]xL cufl8 ul/Psf] e'QmfgLnfO{
kl5sf] cjlwsf] e'QmfgL elg clen]v ul/Psf]

;fx"df sdL lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ x'g ;Sb5 M

 vl/bdf sdL
 ;6xL b/df cg's'n ptf/ r9fj
 ;fx"sf] e'QmfgLdf ult -acceleration_
 n]vf+sg ubf{ 5'6]sf]
 5''6\ofpg] sfo{ljlwdf q'ml6-cut off error_
 ;fx"sf] gfddf r]s sf6]sf] n]vfs+g ul/Psf] t/ ;f] r]s e'Q mfgL gul/ cfkm};Fu /fv]sf]

d'Vo tYofÍ -Key figures_

 ;fx"sf] df}Hbft
 lhG;L afkt ltg{ afFsL df}Hbft
 d'Vo cfk"lt{stf{x?nfO{ ltg{ afFsL
 ltg{ afFsL lbgx?

(106)
#=^ Vf'nf;f / cg'kfngfsf] ;fdLIff (Disclosure and compliance review)
;a} ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] Vf'nf;f / cg'kfngf ;DaGwL ;dLIff ug'{ kb{5 . o;df ljQLo ljj/0fx?
ljQLo n]vf k|ltj]bgdfgx? / s'g} k|f;+lus lgod sfg"g cg';f/ ag]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg]
s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ul/G5 . ljQLo ljj/0f v'nf;f / cg'kfngfsf] jflif{s ;dLIff hfFr;"rL b]xfo
adf]lhd x'g ;Sb5 .

ljQLo ljj/0f v'nf;f / cg'kfngfsf] jflif{sf ;dLIff hfFr;"rL

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M tof/ kg]{sf] gfdM ldltM
cjwL M ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfdM ldltM
sfo{ zLif{sM

p2]ZoM of] hfFr;"rL ljQLo ljj/0f v'nf;f / cg'kfngfsf] hfFr ul/Psf] lglZrt ug{ k|of]u
ug'{ kb{5 .
!= v'nf;f hfFr;"rLsf] k|of]u
pko'St v'nf;f hfFr;"rL lgDg kl/:yLltdf eg'{kb{5
 cg'aGwsf] k|yd jif{
 x/]s tLg jif{df
 ;]jfu|fxLsf] Joj;fo jf n]vfgLltdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g ePdf
 ljQLo k|ltj]bgdfgx? jf cGo sfg"g lgod lgb]{lzsfx?df dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g ePdf
 yk v'nf;fg} ug{'kg]{ lsl;dsf] dxTjk"0f{ sf/f]af/ ePdf, gofF ;DklQ jf bfloTj
l;h{gf ePdf, cfDbfgL / vr{sf] gofF ;|f]t k|fKt ePdf

@= ;fdfGo kl/jt{g
v'nf;f / cg'kfngfdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ s'g} lgDg cj:yfx? ;[h{gf ePsf 5g\
5 jf
5}g
g]=n]=k=df= nfu" jf sfg"g cg';f/sf] v'nf;fdf k|fKt 5'6 k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 jf
ca ;f] 5'6 nfu" gx'g] eof] <
s] sDkgLn] utjif{df Plss[t ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug'{ kg]{ lyof] / xfnsf]
jif{df tof/ ug'{ kb}{g <
(107)
 s] sDkgLn] xfnsf] jif{df Plss[t ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 t/ ut
jif{df tof/ ug'{ kb}{g lyof] <
s] sDkgLn] k|yd k6s gofF n]vfdfgx? k|of]u ub}{5 <
olb dflysf] s'g}klg pQ/ æ5Æ df cfPsf] 5 eg], v'nf;f hfFr;"rL k"0f{ ?kn] eg'{kb{5 .
#= gofF ljQLo k|ltj]bgdfgx?
;a}eGbf kl5 tof/ ul/Psf] v'nf;f hfFr;"rL cjlw cGTo ===========================================df
ePsf] lyof] .
To; kZrft s'g} klg ljQLodfgx? jf k|ltj]bg dfgx? clgjfo{ ePsf 5}gg\ jf lgDg ljQLo
k|ltj]bgdfgx? Kl/jt{g jf ylkPsf 5g\, h;sf sf/0fn] lgDg v'nf;fx? cfjZos ePsf
5g\ .
ljQLo k|ltj]bg dfg v'nf;fx?df c;/

$= lgisif{
xfn jif{sf] nflu v'nf;f hfFr;"rL tof/ ug{ cfjZos 5}g / ljQLo ljj/0fx? cl3Nnf]
cjlwdf tof/ ul/Psf] v'nf;f hfFr;"rL / s'g} yk gofF ljQLo k|ltj]bgdfgx? eP ;f]sf]
cfjZostf x]/L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 / v'nff;fx? k|ofKt 5g\ .

ljQLo ljj/0fsf] ;"Id ;dLIff x/]s jif{ ug'{ kb{5 . ljQLo ljj/0fsf] ;"Id ;dLIff hfFr;"rLn]
ljQLo ljj/0f lg/y{s 5|}gg\ eGg] ;'lgZrt ug{ d2t ub{5 . o;sf] 9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g
;Sb5 .

ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] ;"Id ;dLIff -Critical review of Financial Statements_

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M =====================================================

cjwL M ==================================================================
sfo{ zLif{sM
(108)
 ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] ;"Id ;dLIff
5 ÷5}g n]k clen]v
s|= ljj/0f ÷nfu"
;+ ;Gbe{÷l6Kk0fL
x'b}g
! 5'6 -exemption_ nfu" x'g] u/]sf] cj:yfdf, s] sDkgL
cemklg 5'6sf] kmfObf lng of]Uo 5 eGg] lglZrt ug]{ .
@ n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] ljQLo ljj/0f -audited financial
statements_ x? ;dfj]z x'g] cGo sfuhftx? h:t}
;~rfnssf] k|ltj]bg, n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] ljQLo
ljj/0f;Fu tfbDotf -consistent_ 5, nfu" x'g] lgod
cg';f/ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 / n]vfk/LIfssf] ljrf/df q'l6
d'Qm 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .
# s] ;Gbe{df lbPsf] n]vf cjlwsf] ;do ;xL 5 <
$ s] ;Dk"0f{ jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf sDkgLsf] gfd / To;sf
;~rfnssf] gfd ;xL n]lvPsf] 5 / s] sDkgLsf] gfd
sDkgL btf{ k|df0fkq cg';f/g} 5 <
% s] clGtd ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ul/;lsPsf] 5 <
^ s] k|ltj]bgsf ;a} kfgfx?df kfgf g+ n]lvPsf] 5g\ <
& s] ;djtL{ /sdx?sf] hfFr ul/of] <
* olb ;djtL{ /sdx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] 5}g eg], s]
;f]sf] af/]df gf]6 n]lvof] / n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf cGo
ljifo cg'R5]bdf ;dfj]z ul/of] <
( s] ljQLo l:yltsf] ljj/0f -statement of financial
position_ ;Gt'ng ePsf] 5 <
!) s] gf]6df pNn]v ul/Psf] ljj/0f d'Vo ljj/0f;Fu d]n
vfG5 <
!! s] ljQLo l:yltsf] ljj/0f / cfo Joo ljj/0fdf ePsf]
ljj/0f / d'Vo cg';"rLsf] ljj/0f d]n vfG5 <
!@ s] gf]6 gDa/ qmdz c+lst 5 / ljQLo l:yltsf] ljj/0f,
cfo Joo ljj/0f, gub k|jfx ljj/0fdf ;xL pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 <

(109)
 !# olb gf]6n] s'g} kfgf g+ jf cGo gf]6sf] ;Gbe{ lbG5 eg]
s] ;Gbe{df lbPsf] kfgf g+ ;lx 5 <
!$
d}n] dflysf hfFrx? ul/ ;s] kZrft ljQLo ljj/0fsf] 8«fˆ6 ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k7fPsf] 5' .

x:tfIf/ M================================================ ldlt M =================================================

dflysf hfFrx? ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k7fOPsf] clGtd ljQLo ljj/0fdf ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo ljj/0fx?
;lx 9Ën] tof/ ePsf 5g\ / jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf cGo ljj/0fx? ljQLo ljj/0f
cg';f/g} tfbDotf /fVb5g\ .

x:tfIf/ M==================================-Joj:yfks_ ldlt M ===========================================

#=&= k|ltj]bg ug]{ r/0f (Reporting)

k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ r/0fn] n]vfk/LIf0f lgisif{x?sf] d"NofÍg ug{], n]vfk/LIf0f hfFrsf glthf
lglZrt ug{], n]vfk/LIf0f hfFrsf glthfx? ;Dk|]if0f ug{] Pj+ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{]
s'/fx? ;dfj]z ub{5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] o; r/0fdf sf/f]af/sf] hfFr ug]{ / n]vfk/LIf0f
clen]lvs/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ;lsPsf] x'g' kb{5 .

s_ n]vfk/LIf0flgisif{x?sf] d"NofÍg ug{]M

g]=n]=k=df &))n] ljlQo ljj/0f pk/ /fo agfpFbf n]vfk/LIf0fn] dgg ug{] ljifox? pk/
dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0fx? pk/ /fo JoQm ug{sf nflu cfwf/sf]
?kdf k|fKt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx?af6 lgsflnPsf lgisif{x?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg, lgwf{/0f P+j d"NofÍg
ug'{kb{5 .

v_ n]vfk/LIf0f hfFrsf glthfx?sf] ;f/jfg\tf lglZrt ug{]M

n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0fhfFrsf glthfx?sf] ;f/jfg\tf lglZrt ug'{ / o;nfO{ sxfF / s;/L
k|ltj]bg ul/g' kg]{ xf] To;sf] uDeL/tf ;DaGwdf ltgLx?nfO{ juL{s/0f ug'{kb{5 . o;/L ul/g]
jlu{s/0fx? b]xfo cg';f/sf x'g\ ;S5gM
(110)
  Joj:yfkfgnfO{ n]lvPsf] kqdf dfq ;dfj]z x'g],
 æzf;sLo e"ldsfsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf;Fu (Those Charged with Governance)
n]vfk/LIf0f hfFr glthfx?sf] ;~rf/df ;dfj]z x'g],
 n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ljifoj:t'sf] dxTj zLif{scGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/g], /
 n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf s}lkmotsf (qualification) laifosf ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/g] .

n]vfk/LIfsn] zLif{sx? aLrsf] leGgtf (difference between items) lglZrt ug{ k]zfut
ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . oBlk s}lkmotsf ljifo cGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/g] hfFrsf glthfsf nflu
n]vfk/LIfsn] ltgnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ ;f/e"ttf u0fgf pkof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

u_ n]vfk/LIf0fhfFrsf glthfsf];~rf/ M
g]=n]=k=df @^) æzf;sLo e"ldsfsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf;Fu (Those Charged with Governance)
n]vfk/LIf0f hfFr glthfx?sf] ;~rf/Æ n] n]vfk/LIfs / lgsfosf] ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf]
n]vfk/LIfsaf6 pTkGg x'g] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ljifosf] ;Dk|]if0f pk/ dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5 . o:tf
;Dk|]if0fn] zf;sLo ;/f]sf/sf n]vfk/LIf0f ljifox?sf] ljj/0f lbG5g\ . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kmn:j?k
n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] zf;sLo rf;f]sf n]vfk/LIf0f ljifox? dfq ;dfj]z ug{'
kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] zf;sLo rf;f]sf (governance interest) n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ljifox? oyf;dodf g}

;Dk|]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;n]] zf;sLo e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{nfO{ pko'Qm sf/afxL ug{ ;dy{ agfpF5 .

zf;sLo e"ldsf lgjf{xstf{nfO{ ;Dk|]if0f ug'{sf cltl/Qm n]vfk/LIfsn] ;fdfGotf n]vfk/LIf0faf6

hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf ljifoj:t'x? Joj:yfkgsf] hfgsf/Ldf klg Nofpg' kb{5 . o; k|lsofsf
nflu ;fdfGotof k|of]udf NofO{g] ;+oGq eg]sf] Joj:yfkgkq xf] .

#=&=! Joj:yfkg kq (Management Letter)

n]vfk/LIfsn] ;d:ofx? pTkGg ePsf] cj:yfdf ltgLx?nfO{ ;Dk|]0f ul/Psf] / oyf;dod}
km5\of}{6 (cleared) ul/Psf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . dfdnf :ki6dfq gu/L n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf]
ljefudf ePsf] q[l6 jf sdhf]/Lsf] kl/df0f ePsf] v08df To:tf] ;"rgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Dk|]if0f
ul/g' kb{5 . Joj:yfkg kqsf] 9fFrfsf] lgwf{/0f (standardise) u/fOg' / b]xfosf kIfx? ;dflxt
ug' kb{5M
 ;d:of jf hfFr glthf,
 hf]lvd,
 l;kmfl/;, /
 Joj:yfkgnfO{ hfFr glthf pk/ l6Kk0fL ug{ k|bfg ul/Psf] :yfg .
(111)
Joj:yfkg kq n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;dodf hfFr glthfx?sf] uDeL/tfsf af/]df n]vfk/LIfsn] lnPsf]
lg0f{odf lge{/ /x]/ b'O{ k6s;Dd hf/L x'g ;Sb5g\ . n]vfk/LIf0f lg/LIf0f ;DkGg ePkl5
Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg hf/L ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] lgsfosf]
Joj:yfkgaf6 p7fOPsf laifox?df hjfkm dfUb5 . afFsL /x]sf dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?df k|sfz kfb}{
Joj:yfkgnfO{ clGtd kq n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;dfkgdf Joj:yfkgsf] hjfkmnfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f P+j
;dfj]z u/]/ hf/L ug{ ;lsG5 . uDeL/ dfdnfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg 5nkmnsf] sfo{;"rL (Panel
of discussion) pko'Qm cf}hf/ x'G5 . Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQmkq dfkm{t n]vfk/LIf0f clGtd
k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z gx'g] afFsL ;a} hfFrsf glthfx?sf ;fy} cGo sd uDeL/ (less significant)
hfFrsf] glthfx? k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg eP kl5, n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg lbg' cufl8 Joj:yfkg kq
hf/L ub{5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] ;f] Joj:yfkg kqsf] plrt hjfkm lbg' kb{5 . Joj:yfkg kqdf p7]sf]
s'g} d'2fx?sf] plrt hjfkm ePdf / ;f]n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] /fodf c;/ gkg]{ ePdf n]vfk/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgaf6 ;f] d'2f x6fOG5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] hf/L ug]{ Joj:yfkg kqsf] gd"gf lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sb5M

PS;= jfO{= h]8= P;f]l;P6\;
n]vfk/LIfs
sf7df8f}, g]kfn
kmf]g g+M )!–$!(@!@
ldltM @)======÷======÷======
>L cWoIfHo",
P=aL=;L= k|f= ln=
sf7df8f}, g]kfn

ljifo M n]vfk/LIfssf] Joj:yfkg kq .

To; sDkgLsf] ldlt @)==÷==÷== ut] a;]sf] aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ===== cf} a}7ssf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ cf=j= @)==÷== sf] afXo n]vfk/LIf0f ug{sf nflu xfdLnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf]
;Gbe{df To; sDkgLaf6 pknAw lan, e/kfO{, ef}r/, ;DklQ, bfloTj tyf cfDbfgL vr{
vftfx? tyf pknAw ;"rgfx?sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] @)== cfiff9 ====ut]sf] af;nft,ldlt
@)== ;fn >fj0f )! b]lv @)== cfiff9 ====ut] ;Ddsf] cfo Joo lx;fa, gub k|jfx ljj/0f,
(112)
 :jFk"hLdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] ljj/0f / n]vfgLlt tyf l6Kkl0fsf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg ubf{
gd"gf 5gf}6 -Sampling_ sf cfwf/df b]lvPsf s}lkmotx?sf] l6Kk0fL / l;kmfl/z ;lxt
lgDgfg';f/sf /fox? JoQm ub}{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 cfjZos k|ltj4tfsf] ck]Iff
/fVb5f} .
!_ jf;nft tkm{

@_ gfkmf gf]S;fg tkm{

#_ lgod sfg"g kfngf ;DaGwdf

$_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ===

%_ cGo tkm{

n]vfk/LIfssf] l;kmfl/;x? M
!_ ===
@_ ===
#_ ===
$_ ==
%_
PS;= jfO{= h]6=
PS;= jfO{= h]6= P08 sDkgL

Joj:yfkg kqsf] hjfkm k|fKt e};s]kl5 lgDgfg';f/sf] clen]vLs/0f ug{' kb{5M

(113)
 Joj:yfkg kq clen]vLs/0f
;]jfu|fxL M
cjlw M
cg';"rL Klxrfg ePsf d'2fx? ;]jfu|fxLsf] l6Kk0fL clGtd k|ltj]bgdf /fVg] Kfl/0ffdx?sf] follow
;'emfjx?
;Gbe{ -!_ jf hjfkm ÷ g/fVg] -@_ up kl5Nnf] cf=a= df

!= o;df n]vf / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf sdhf]/Lsf l6Kk0fLx?, ljQLo ljj/0fsf] u'0ffTds kIfx?,
n]vf gLltx?sf] plrttf / ;]jfu|fxLn] ckgfPsf n]vf cg'dfgx?sf] af/]df pNn]v ul/G5 .
@= ;a} dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx? clGtd k|ltj]bgdf /fVg' kb{5 .

tof/ ug]{ M
;dLIff ug]{ M

#=&=@ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{

g]=n]=k=df &)) n] s'g} lgsfosf] ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] s'g} :jtGq n]vfk/LIfsåf/f ;Dkfbg
ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] glthfsf] ?kdf hf/L ul/g] n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] :j?k Pj+
ljifoj:t'df dfgx? k|bfg ub{5 . n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0f pk/ /fosf] k|s6Ls/0fsf nflu
cfwf/:j?k k|fKt n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0faf6 lgsflnPsf lgisif{x?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug'{
kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/e"t tTjx?

lgodg ug]{ sfg"gn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ lbbf g} n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] k|s[lt,
ljifoj:t' Pj+ :j?k tf]lslbg ;Sb5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf]df ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf
Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg lbg' kb{5 . cGoyf, n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn]
;fdfGotof b]xfosf] 9fFrfdf b]xfosf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ ;d]6\b5M
(114)
  zLif{s,
 ;Daf]lwt -;Daf]wg ul/g] ;+:yf jf kb_,
 cf/lDes jf kl/rofTds cg'R5]b,
 n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] ljQLo ljj/0fx¿sf] kl/ro,
 lgsfosf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L / n]vfk/LIfssf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] syg,
 If]q cg'R5]b -n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|s[lt j0f{g ug]{_,
 ;fGble{s /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o dfgx¿ jf sfo{k4ltx¿sf] pNn]v,
 n]vfk/LIfsn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] j0f{g,
 b]xfosf s'/fx¿ ePsf] /fo cg'R5]b,
 ljQLo ljj/0fx¿ tof/ ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrfsf]
pNn]v, /
 ljQLo ljj/0fx¿pk/ /fosf] cleJolQm,
 k|ltj]bgsf] ldlt,
 n]vfk/LIfssf] 7]ufgf, /
 n]vfk/LIfssf] b:tvt .

lhDd]jf/Lsf] Plsg tyf pb\3f]if

s_ ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf nflu Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L M

n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] k|rlnt ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrf adf]lhd ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] tof/L /
:ki6 k|:t'ltsf nflu Joj:yfkg lhDd]jf/ x'g] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 / o;k|sf/ o; lhDd]jf/Ln]
b]xfosf s'/f ;d]6\b5 M
 hfn;fhL jf q'l6 h];'s}sf sf/0fn] ;f/e"t unt cfFs8f d'Qm ljQLo ljj/0fx?sf] tof/L
Pj+ :ki6 k|:t'lt;Fu ;fGble{s cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] th'{df ug]{, sfof{Gjog ug]{ Pj+ lbuf]
agfO{ /fVg]Ù
 pko'Qm n]vfÍg ug]{ gLltx?sf] rog ug]{ Pjd+ nfu" ug]{Ù /
 kl/l:ylt cg's"n pko'Qm x'g] n]vf cg'dfgx? ug]{ .

v_ n]vfk/LIfssf] lhDd]jf/L
n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] n]vfk/LIf0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ ljQLo ljj/0fx? pk/ /fo k|s6 ug'{
n]vfk/LIfssf] lhDd]jf/L xg] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{
vf; /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx? adf]lhd ;~rfng ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] tL dfgx?n] n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ g}lts cfjZostfx?sf] cg'kfngf ug'{ kg]{
/ n]vfk/LIfsn] ljQLo ljj/0fx? ;f/e"t unt cfFs8faf6 d'Qm eP gePsf] dgfl;a cfZj:ttf
k|fKt ug{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] of]hgf th'{df / ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos u/fpg] s'/f klg :ki6 ug'{

(115)
kb{5 . ;fy} n]vfk/LIfsn] ckgfPsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ljlw h:t} gd"gf k/LIf0f, cflbsf] ;d]t pNn]v
ug'{ kb{5 . n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] n]vfk/LIfsn] k|fKt u/]sf n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fn]
n]vfk/LIfssf] /fosf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ kof{Kt / pko'Qm ePsf] n]vfk/LIfs ljZj:t ePsf]
s'/f pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .

#=&=# n]vfk/LIfssf] /fo

ljQLo ljj/0fx?n] k|rlnt ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrf adf]lhd ;a} ;f/e"t ;Gbe{df ;xL / :ki6
lrq0f ug]{ jf :ki6;Fu k|:t't ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] cj:yfdf s}lkmot/lxt
-unqualified_ /fo k|s6 ug{'kb{5 . cGoyf cj:yfdf kl/dflh{t /fo AoQm ul/G5M

s_ s}lkmot/lxt /fo k|s6 ul/+bfsf cj:yfdf n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] /fo cg'R5]bn] ljQLo
ljj/0fx?n] k|rlnt ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrf adf]lhd ;a} ;f/e"t ;Gbe{df ;xL / :ki6 lrq0f
ug]{ jf :ki6?kn] k|:t't ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIfssf] /fo pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 -sfg"g jf lgodx?åf/f
/fosf nflu n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ k[ys zAbfjnL -wording_ k|of]u ug{ gtf]s];Dd g]kfn
n]vfk/LIf0fdfgn] tf]s]sf] zAbfanL k|of]u ul/g' kb{5_ .

g]kfn ljQLo k|ltj]bgsfdfgx? ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrfsf ?kdf k|of]u gul/Psf] cj:yfdf
/fosf] zAbfjnLdf ljQLo k|ltj]bgsf 9fFrfsf] pNn]vn] If]qflwsf/ jf ljQLo k|ltj]bg 9fFfrfsf]
pTklQsf] d'n's klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 .

v_ kl/dflh{t -modified_ k|ltj]bgx?M b]xfosf cj:yfdf n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg kl/dflh{t x'g]

cyf{t s}lkmot/lxt gx'g] 7x¥ofOG5 .
 n]vfk/LIfssf] /fonfO{ k|efj gkfg]{ cj:yf M
 ljifoj:t'sf] dxTj k|s6 ub}{ h:t} s'g} ;+:yf ;~rfngdf /xg] ;d:of jf eljiosf]
36gfdf lge{/ /xg] / ljQLo ljj/0fx?nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] uDeL/ clglZrttf ;DaGwL
;f/e"t ljifonfO{ k|sfz kfg{ Pp6f cg'R5]b yk u/]/ n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIfssf]
k|ltj]bgnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/]sf] cj:yf .
 n]vfk/LIfssf] /fonfO{ k|efj kfg]{ cj:yf M
 s}lkmot/lxt /fo k|s6 ug{ g;lsg] h:t} Joj:yfkg;Fu s'g} c;xdltsf] c;/ jf
If]qpk/sf] cj/f]wsf sf/0f k|lts"n /fo jf /fo k|s6 ug]{ c;dy{tf cfjZos kg]{ hlt
;f/e"t Pj+ ;ª\qmfds -pervasive_ gePsf] cj:yfdf s}lkmot;lxtsf] /fo k|s6
ul/G5 . s}lkmot ;Da4 ljifosf] c;/sf nflu æafx]sÆ x'g] h:t} s}lkmot;lxtsf] /fo
k|s6 ul/g' kb{5 .
 n]vfk/LIfsn] kof{Kt tyf pko'Qm n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0f k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ gx'g] / tbfg';f/
g} ljQLo ljj/0fx? pk/ s'g} /fo k|s6 ug{ c;dy{ x'g] ul/ If]qdf ePsf] aGb]hsf]

(116)
 sf/0f ;Defljt c;/ ;f/e"t Pj+ ;ª\qmfds ePsf] cj:yfdf /fo k|s6 ug]{ c;dy{tf
hgfpg ;Sb5 .
 n]vfk/LIfsn] k|ltj]bgsf] s}lkmot ljlQo ljj/0fsf] e|fds / cw'/f] k|s[ltnfO{ v'n:t ug{
kof{Kt gx'g] s'/fsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg] ul/ c;xdltsf] c;/ ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;f/e"t Pj+
;ª\qmfds ePsf] cj:yfdf k|lts"n /fo k|:t't ub{5 .

n]vfk/LIfsn] s}lkmot;lxtsf] /fo k|s6 u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;a} ;f/jfg\ sf/0fx?sf] :ki6
ljj/0f / cJofjxfl/s geP;Dd ljQLo ljj/0f pk/ ;DefJo c;/sf] kl/df0f k|ltj]bgdf
;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 .

s}lkmot;lxtsf] /fo jf /fo k|s6 ug]{ c;dy{tfsf] cleJolQm cfjZos x'g] ul/
n]vfk/LIfssf] sfdsf] If]qdf aGb]h ePsf] cj:yfdf n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgn] aGb]hsf]
ljj/0f lbg' tyf ljBdfg gePsf] eP ljQLo ljj/0fx?df ;DefJo ;dfof]hg x'g] lglZrt
ul/g ;lsg] s'/f ;Í]t ug'{ kb{5 .

s}lkmot/lxt /fo JoQm ul/Psf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] gd"gf lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sb5MM
-n]vfk/LIfssf] n]6/Kof8df_
:jtGq n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bg
;Djf]lwt -Addressee_,
=================================

ljQLo ljj/0f pk/ k|ltj]bg

xfdLn] -n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] lgsfosf] gfd, 7]ufgf_ sf] ljQLo ljj/0fsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg
u/]sf 5f}, h;df @)&X cfiff9 ===ut]sf] ljQLo l:ylt ljj/0f / ;f]xL ldltdf ;dfKt jif{sf]
cfo ljj/0f, gub k|jfx ljj/0f tyf OlSj6Ldf kl/jt{g;DaGwL ljj/0f / k|d'v n]vf gLlt
tyf n]vf l6Kk0fL ;dfj]z x'G5 .
ljQLo ljj/0f pk/ Joj:yfkgsf] pQ/bfloTj
k|rlnt sfg"g tyf g]kfn n]vfdfg adf]lhd ljQLo ljj/0fsf] tof/L / oyfy{ k|:t'lt ug'{
-n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] lgsfo_ sf] Joj:yfkgsf] pQ/bfloTj xf] . o; pQ/bfloTj cGtu{t
ljQLo ljj/0f unt cfFs8f, hfn;hL jf q'l6sf] sf/0f, /lxt 5 elg tof/L / k|:t'lt ug]{
sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] th'{df ug{], nfu" ug]{ / cBfjlws agfO{ /fVg],

(117)
 pko'Qm n]vfgLltsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ / nfu" ug]{ tyf tTsflng cj:yf pko'Qm n]vf cg'dfgx? ug]{
sfo{x? kb{5g .
n]vfk/LIfssf] pQ/bfloTj
ljQLo ljj/0fx? pk/ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df cfˆgf] /fo hf/L ug{' xfd|f] pQ/bfloTj xf] .
-lgodg ug]{ sfg"g jf lgodg ug]{ lgsfon] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{lzsf s]xL eP ;f]df ePsf
k|fjwfgx? pNn]v ug]{_, g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0fdfgsf] cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/]sf 5f} . oL
n]vfk/LIf0fdfgx? adf]lhd ljQLo ljj/0fx? unt cf+s8f /lxt 5 elg ljZj:t x'g
n]vfk/LIfsn] g}lts d"No dfGotfsf] kfngf ug'{ kb{5 / ;f] adf]lhd n]vfk/LIf0f of]hgf tof/
ul/ n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 . ljQLo ljj/0fdf pNn]lvt /sd / v'nfO{Psf cGo ljj/0fnfO{
k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fsf] gd"gf -58\s]_ k/LIf0f ;d]t n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'G5 . -lgsfo_ n]
cjnDjg u/]sf] n]vfgLlt, Joj:yfkgn] u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ cg'dfg Pj+ ljQLo ljj/0f k|:t'tLsf]
;du| l:yltsf] d"NofÍg klg n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'G5 .
n]vfk/LIf0fn] xfd|f] /fonfO{ kof{Kt cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}F .
/fo
xfd|f] ljrf/df pNn]lvt ljQLo ljj/0fx?n] @)&X cfiff9 ===ut]sf] ljQLo l:ylt, ;f] ldltdf
;dfKt ePsf] cfly{s jif{sf] sf/f]jf/sf] glthf / gub k|jfxsf] g]kfn n]vfdfg -/ lgodg ug]{
sfg"g, lgod pNn]v ug]{_ jdf]lhd ;xL / oyfy{ lrq0f ub{5 .
==================================
-n]vfk/LIfssf] x:tfIf/_
n]vfk/LIfssf] gfd M ==============================
7]ufgf M =============================
ldlt M ==================================

#=*= clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{nnfO{ Pslqt ?kdf ldnfP/ /fVg] sfd (Assembly of
Final Audit File)
n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{nx?nfO{ Plss[t ?kdf ldnfpg] sfo{nfO{ ;dodf g} ;DkGg ug{sf nflu
g]=u'=lg=df= ! -jf TolQs} k|efjsf/L ;Da4 P]g, lgod tyf lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] lgb]{zg tyf
lgodx?n]_ kmd{nfO{ gLlt tyf sfo{ljlwx? :yfkgf ug{ afWo u/fpF5 . g]=n]=k=df= @#), cg'R5]b
(118)
!$ cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{ ldlt k5fl8 n]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{ndf
n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vg -audit documentation_ u/L ;a} k|zf;lgs k|lqmof k"/f ul/;Sg' kb{5 .
;fdfGotof ;f] ;DkGg ug{' kg]{ pko'Qm ;do;Ldf n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] ldltn] ^) lbg
eGbf a9L x'Fb}g .

n]vfk/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] ldlt kZrft k"/f ug]{ clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{nnfO{ Plss[t ug]{ sfo{
Pp6f k|zf;sLo k|lqmof xf] . o;df gofF n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx? ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ jf gofF
lgisif{x? lgsfNg' kg]{ s'/f ;dfj]z x'b}g . t/ s'g} k|zf;sLo k|s[ltsf kl/jt{gx? ug'{k/] clGtd
n]vfk/LIf0f kmfO{nnfO{ Plss[t ?kdf ldnfP/ /fVg] sfddf kl/jt{gx? ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf
kl/jt{gx? lgDg adf]lhd x'g ;S5g\ M
 k|lt:yflkt clen]vnfO{ -superseded documentation_ x6fpg' jf TofUg' Ù
 sfo{ut sfuhftx?nfO{ 5'6\ofpg', ;'Id?kdf bfFHg' / k|lt ;+s]t ug'{ Ù
 kmfOn Plss[t ldnfpg] sfo{;Fu ;DaGwL ;dfkgsf] ?h' ;"rLdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ Ù
 n]vfk/LIfs k|ltj]bg ldlteGbf cufl8 kQf nfu]sf, cg'aGw 6f]nLsf] k|f;+lus
;b:ox?;FUf 5nkmn ePsf n]vfk/LIf0f k|df0fx? clen]v ug'{ -documenting_ .

g]=u'=lg=df= ! -jf TolQs} k|efjsf/L ;Da4 P]g, lgod tyf lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] lgb]{zg tyf
lgodx?n]_ cg';f/ kmd{n] cfˆgf] cg'aGw clen]v ;'/lIft ?kdf /fVg lgod tyf sfo{ljlw
:yfkgf ug'{kb{5 . ;fdfGotof cg'aGw clen]vsf] nflu To:tf] ;+/If0f cjlw n]vfk/LIfssf]
k|ltj]bg jf ;d"x n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg kl5 eP ;f] k|ltj]bg, k|:t't u/]sf] ldltaf6 % jif{
eGbf sd x'g] 5}g .

xfn sfod /x]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f clen]vdf s'g} ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ jf kmfO{n Plss[t ?kdf ldnfP/
/fVg] sfo{ ;DkGg eO ;s]kl5 s'g} gofF clen]v yk ug'{ kg]{ klg x'G5 h:t} cfGtl/s jf afXo
kIfåf/f cg'udg hfFrsf] sfo{df p7]sf l6Kk0fLx?sf] :ki6Ls/0f ug{ .

#=(= d"Nof°g ug'{ (appriasals), debriefing, / cfpFbf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu

cfjZos a'Fbfx? -Points forwards_
;dLIffsf] cTofjZos efu d"Nof°g ug{' xf] . n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{sf ;a} sd{rf/L / cg'aGw 6f]nLsf
;b:ox?sf] ;do ;dodf d"Nof°g ug'kb{5 . of] g]=u'=lg=df=! sf] cfjZostf xf] . of]
n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg eP kZrft x'G5 / n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFgsf nflu ul/G5 .
;a} n]vfk/LIfs 6f]nLsf] cgf}krfl/s ?kdf JolQmut d"Nof°g ug'{kb{5 . d"Nof°g ubf{ tnsf
s'/fx?df ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 M
 cg'aGw 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n] s;/L n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/],
 s:tf ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdfgf eof], s:tf sfo{x?n] To; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ul/of],
 s] Briefing x? kof{Kt lyP,
(119)
  s;/L ck|Toflzt ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ul/of], /
 s'g} If]qdf d"Nof°g ug{] Ifdtf / cg'ejsf] plrt bËn] k|of]u eof] .

o;sf cltl/St, debriefing meeting, d"Nof°g ;kmntfsf] 5nkmn / kl5sf] cjlwsf]

n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos a'Fbfx? -Points forwards_ sf] sfo{ x'g' kb{5 . of] ;a} 6f]nL
;b:ox? ;Fu a;]/ ul/G5 . n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLn]kl5sf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos
a'Fbfx?sf] l6Kk0fL agfpg' kb{5 h;df lgDg k|Zgx? Kfb{5g\ .
 ;a} hfrF;"rLx?sf sfo{x? ;DkGg eP <
 n]vf k/LIf0fsf] 6f]nLsf] ;xL k|of]u eof] <
 s] s'g} k|fljlws ;d:ofx? cfP <
 ;]jfu|fxL;Fu s] s] ;d:ofx? cfP <
 s] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ck]Iffx? -expectation_ k"/f eof] <
 s] ah]6 k|fKt eof] <
 s] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ n]vfk/LIf0faf6 s]xL pknAwL eof] <
 s] tkfO{ ;]jfu|fxL ePsf] eP n]vfk/LIf0faf6 v'zL x'g' x'GYof] <

Debriefing meeting n] dflysf a'+bfx?sf] lgisif{ lgsfNb5 . oL lgisif{ cfp+bf] cf=j= sf] sfo{
of]hgfdf /flvG5 . cfpFbf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos a'Fbfx? -Points forwards_ sf]
9fFrf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sb5 .

cfpFbf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos a'Fbfx? -Points forwards_

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M tof/ kg]{sf] gfdM ldltM
cjwL M ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfdM ldltM
sfo{ zLif{sM

cfpFbf] cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos a'Fbfx? -Points forwards_

p2]ZoM o;sf] p2]Zo n]vfk/LIf0faf6 k|fKt d'Vo a'Fbfx?sf] ;f/f+z tof/ ug'{ xf] h;sf]
pkof]un] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ s'zn k"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ljQLo jf cGo ;a}
d'2fx? ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 .
clen]vM of] kmf/fd n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ug]{ ;dodfg} el/ ;Sg' kb{5 / csf]{ cjlwsf]
n]vfk/LIf0fsfnflu cfjZos d'Vo d'2fx? ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

(120)
olb d'2fx? n]vfk/LIf0fsf] kmfOndf klxn] g} ;dfj]z ul/;lsPsf] 5 eg] -h:t}M cg'ufdL
36gfsf] ;dLIff, g]=n]=df= n]vfk/LIf0f cg'kfngf hfFr;"rL_, ;f] d'2fx?nfO{ bf]xf]/fO{ clen]v
ug'{ kb}{g . t/ cfjZos eP, ;'wf/sfnflu ;'emfjx?sf d'Vo a'bfFx? pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{sf avt ePsf ;d:ofx? -n]vfk/LIf0f hfFr;Fu ;DalGwt_

n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{sf avt ePsf ;d:ofx? -;]jfu|fxL / kx'Fr;Fu ;DalGwt_

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0fnfO{ g36fO{, x6fpg jf sd ug{ ;lsg] n]vfk/LIf0f hfFrx?

1ft ePsf] cfufdL cjlwdf kl/jt{g ul/g] gofF n]vf l;4f+Gtx? / cg'dfgx?

eljiosf ljsf;x? -Joj;fosf] k|s[lt, :yfg, lg;u{_

(121)
eljiosf] n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLsf] ;+/rgf

cGo d'2fx?

(122)
 cg'qmdl0fsf (INDEX)
;fGble{s pbfx/0fM
P=la=;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 Pp6f 6]«l8ª sDkgL xf] . of] sDkgL @)^$ ;fndf sDkgL P]g
cGtu{t sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] lyof] eg] @)^% ;fndf d"No clej[l4
s/df ;d]t btf{ ePsf] lyof] . o; sDkgLdf & hgf ;+rfnsx? /xg] u/]sf 5g / cWoIf
nufot c? # hgf Ps} kl/jf/sf 5g eg] afFsL # hgf lab]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLx? /x]sf 5g .
of] sDkgLn] sf7df8f}df sf/f]af/ ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / xfn;Dd klg s'g} zfvfx? vf]n]sf]
5}g . of] Pp6f v'b|f Jofkf/ ug]{ sDkgL xf] t/ sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] ;fdfgsf] s/Lj Ps ltxfO{
Ps hgf ;~rfnssf] kf]v/fl:yt l8kf6{d]06n :6f];{nfO{ laqmL ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n]
g]kfn leq / aflx/af6 ;d]t ;fdfgx? vl/b ug]{ ub{5 .
P=la=;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% dfbzf}+ aif{df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . o;
sDkgLn] :yfkgf ePsf] jif{b]lv g} cfˆgf] n]vfk/LIf0f lgoldt u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . sDkgLn]
cf=j= @)&!÷)&@ b]lv @)&#÷)&$ ;Ddsf] n]vfk/LIf0f lk=So"=cf/= P;f]l;P6\;, n]vfk/LIf0f
kmd{af6 u/fPsf] lyof] / cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] nflu n]vfk/LIfs kl/jt{g u/L gofF
n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ug{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] gjf}+ aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .
;fwf/0f ;efåf/f PS;=jfO{=h]8= P;f]l;P6\;, n]vfk/LIf0f kmd{nfO{ cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf]
nflu n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .
sDkgLn] cfˆgf] n]vf 6\ofnL(Tally) eGg] k|rlnt ;ˆ6j]o/df /fVg] u/]sf] 5 h'g cfGtl/s
/fhZj laefuaf6 :jLs[t k|fKt 5 . ;f] ;ˆ6j]o/af6 ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f -Trial Balance_ :jtM
l;h{gf x'G5 / l;nl;n]jf/ s/ lahs tyf ef}r/ klg lgsfNg] ;'lawf 5 . o; sDkgLn] ljn
ljhs rfxg] AolQm jf lgsfonfO{ lahs hf/L ub{5 / afFsL laqmLsf] Ps d"i7 laqmL hgfO{
s/ lahs hf/L tyf laqmL n]vf+sg ug]{ ub{5 . sDkgLdf lhG;Lsf] ef}lts k/LIf0f cfly{s
jif{sf] cGTodf :6f]/ k|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t # ;b:oLo pk;ldltn] ug]{ ub{5 . o;
sDkgLn] d'No clej[l4 s/sf] ljj/0f -cfoft, vl/b / laqmL_ x/]s dlxgf a'emfpg] ub{5 /
;f]sf] ldnfg -reconciliation_ jif{sf] cGTodf ug]{ ub{5 . o; sDkgLn] cfos/ P]g cg';f/
cg'dflgt s/sf] ljj/0f / s/ /sd oyf ;dod} a'emfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yfkg kqdf lhG;L df}Hbftsf af/]df s]xL d'2fx? pNn]v ul/Psf]
lyof] . h:t}, sDkgLn] lhG;L df}Hbftsf] n]vfÍg FIFO cfwf/df ug]{ u/]klg lhG;L df}Hbftsf]
dfkg ubf{ g]kfn n]vfdg @ df pNn]lvt k|fjwfg cg';f/ gu/L nfutnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfg]/
ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, sDkgLn] cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf ef}lts k/LIf0f ug]{ u/] tfklg :6f]/ /
n]vf vftf cg';f/sf] lhG;L df}Hbft lar le8fg ug]{ kl/kfl6 eg] a;fn]sf] 5}g\ .
o; sDkgLsf] cf=a= @)&$.&% sf] d:of}bf ;Gt'ng k/LIf0f / s]xL zLif{ssf] ljj/0f
cg';"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / ;f]xL cfwf/df n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu n]vfk/LIf0f ug{] kmd{n]
ug'{kg{] sfo{x?nfO{ clen]vLs/0f ug{' kg]{ cfjZostfx?sf af/]df o; k'l:tsfsf] kl/R5]bx?df
JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . tyf ;f/e"ttf u0fgf tyf gd"gf k/LIf0fsf] pbfx/0f ;d]t k|i6\ofOPsf]
ljj/0f ;+nUg 5 .

(123)
 ABC Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu Nepal
Trial Balance
July 16, 2017 to July 16, 2018

Account Opening Balance Transaction Closing Balance

Particulars
Code Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
ASSETS 130,184,130.00 142,117,688.50
CURRENT ASSETS 99,962,014.00 112,102,520.00
101 Bank 650,408.00 2,702,965.00 2,770,058.00 583,315.00
Nepal Credit and
101.1 240,000.00 687,322.00 789,212.00 138,110.00
Commercial Bank Ltd.
101.2 SBI Bank Ltd. 314,118.00 1,031,820.00 988,723.00 357,215.00
Muktinath Development
101.3 96,290.00 983,823.00 992,123.00 87,990.00
Bank Ltd
102 Cash 712,000.00 2,089,903.00 1,928,333.00 873,570.00
103 Petty Cash 30,000.00 31,719.00 40,876.00 20,843.00
104 Account Receivable 98,569,606.00 83,210,015.00 74,723,147.00 110,624,792.00
Pokhara Departmental
104.1 57,151,792.57 55,652,650.70 39,223,337.00 70,511,106.27
Store
104.2 Kathmandu Stores 7,963,964.19 7,304,487.41 8,273,244.00 5,385,207.60
104.3 Manakamana Supplies 153,060.00 250,000.00 241,060.00 162,000.00
104.4 Bhaktapur Retails 328,000.00 290,000.00 311,000.00 307,000.00
104.5 ABBB Retailers 19,500,207.07 16,997,071.34 17,388,322.00 18,858,956.42
104.6 XYZ shop 250,000.00 300,000.00 150,000.00 400,000.00

(124)
Account Opening Balance Transaction Closing Balance
Particulars
Code Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
104.7 PQR stores 108,000.00 200,000.00 108,000.00 200,000.00
104.8 LMN retails 300,000.00 200,000.00 210,000.00 290,000.00
104.9 Others 12,814,582.17 5,300,120.00 3,604,180.45 14,510,521.72
FIXED ASSETS 30,222,116.00 30,015,168.50
201 Investments 4,000,000.00 - - 4,000,000.00
202 Land 21,000,000.00 - - 21,000,000.00
203 Building 5,000,000.00 87,220.00 276,092.00 4,811,128.00
204 Office Equipment 222,116.00 49,938.00 68,013.50 204,040.50
204.1 18.5" Acer Monitor 4,506.00 - 1,126.50 3,379.50
204.2 19"LED Dell Monitor 6,039.00 10,130.00 4,042.25 12,126.75
204.3 25*5 Mm Podrej Rack 3,240.00 810.00 2,430.00
Adjust Fan(Service
204.4 1,120.00 3,211.00 1,082.75 3,248.25
Room)
Brother Printer 4 In One
204.5 4,105.00 1,026.25 3,078.75
(Account)
Dell Computer 390
204.6 22,747.00 3,813.00 6,640.00 19,920.00
(Server)
Dell Core I 3 Laptop
204.7 - 12,403.00 3,100.75 9,302.25
Computer
204.8 File Rack 12"*36"*84(3) 3,040.00 933.00 993.25 2,979.75
204.9 Lenovo M70E Desktop 2,574.00 - 643.50 1,930.50
LG Refrigerator(Glb 492
204.10 6,032.00 - 1,508.00 4,524.00
Glpl)
204.11 Office Table 2,021.00 1,033.00 763.50 2,290.50

(125)
Account Opening Balance Transaction Closing Balance
Particulars
Code Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Officer Low Back
204.12 1,056.00 264.00 792.00
Revolving Chair
204.13 Online Ups 5Kva 502.00 125.50 376.50
Printer (Brother Dcp-
204.14 6,097.00 4,282.00 2,594.75 7,784.25
2540 )
204.15 Printer(Brother Hl-2140) 3,420.00 855.00 2,565.00
Sony 40"LED Tv With
204.16 5,022.00 - 1,255.50 3,766.50
Stand
204.17 Telephone Sets 1,982.00 893.00 718.75 2,156.25
TVS
204.18 152,033.00 9,820.00 40,463.25 121,389.75
Wego(Ag43G1N00320)
LIABILITES & SHARE
130,184,130.00 142,117,688.50
CAPITAL
LIABILITES 40,311,910.00 48,937,755.50
3 CURRENT LIABILITIES 34,283,665.00 43,208,544.50
301 OTHER PAYABLE 19,134,683.00 20,467,893.96 29,076,188.30 26,955,376.50
301.1 SagarmathaP.Ltd.(Fuel) 8,721.00 8,551.04 7,294.00 9,032.00
301.2 Balaram Neupane 732,102.00 716,048.48 852,642.00 1,000,000.00
301.3 Jaisilal Foods 8,727,101.00 9,346,195.72 8,737,568.00 9,832,320.00
301.4 SRT Suppliers 2,000,000.00 1,327,220.34 2,565,666.00 3,481,823.00
301.5 Johanson co 4,998,850.00 4,877,730.64 12,812,900.30 9,287,592.50
301.6 APS PetroleiumPvt Ltd 83,274.00 122,455.04 46,859.00 30,133.00
Corporate Law Associate
301.7 22,600.00 35,503.39 18,404.00 12,011.00
P.Ltd
301.8 Krishna Mohan Amatya 822,189.00 1,190,684.20 882,477.00 732,322.00

(126)
Account Opening Balance Transaction Closing Balance
Particulars
Code Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
301.9 Darshan Transport P.Ltd. 4,292.00 4,811.26 5,619.00 5,982.00
301.10 AT Traders 982,935.00 1,338,856.01 992,743.00 882,333.00
Bagmati Mechanical
300.11 4,000.00 4,898.20 - -
Works
300.12 Bagmati Computers 56,110.00 77,431.99 52,123.00 45,000.00
Silver News National
300.13 11,300.00 24,028.13 - (8,322.00)
Daily
300.14 Courier Express 3,021.00 2,449.10 4,008.00 5,029.00
300.15 Staff PF Payable 28,045.00 48,287.69 395,610.00 384,222.00
300.16 Sales Incentive 25,450.00 24,304.88 31,820.00 37,422.00
300.17 Staff Bonus 10,322.00 18,404.99 49,730.00 45,022.00
300.18 Staff salary Payable 349,821.00 719,205.37 766,333.00 528,832.00
300.19 Taxes 59,382.00 102,521.81 102,662.00 78,322.00
300.20 TDS 30,211.00 60,470.75 47,904.00 28,733.00
300.21 Vat A/C 8,321.00 66,600.85 113,299.00 67,232.00
300.22 Private Security Ltd 3,094.00 12,101.01 76,771.00 69,983.00
AGG General Insurance
300.23 89,221.00 114,155.03 106,233.00 102,232.00
Co.Ltd
Charter Life Insurance
300.24 74,321.00 224,978.07 407,523.00 298,121.00
Co.Ltd
SUNDRY CREDITOR 15,068,752.00 19,572,583.00 20,677,369.00 16,173,538.00
310.1 YSS Traders 4,932,323.16 8,398,110.00 9,872,721.00 6,406,934.16
Rahul Electric Multi
310.2 2,382,761.68 2,991,881.00 1,983,332.00 1,374,212.68
Service

(127)
Account Opening Balance Transaction Closing Balance
Particulars
Code Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
Annapurna Transport
310.3 184,344.67 209,821.00 103,993.00 78,516.67
Pvt. Ltd.
310.4 Annapurna Trading 7,569,322.49 7,972,771.00 8,717,323.00 8,313,874.49
BANK LOAN 80,230.00 79,630.00
320.1 PQR Bank Overdraft 80,230.00 60,222.00 59,622.00 79,630.00
NON-CURRENT
6,028,245.00 5,729,211.00
LIABILITIES
330.1 Long term Loan 6,028,245.00 299,034.00 5,729,211.00
4 EQUITY 89,872,220.00 93,179,933.00
400.1 Share Capital 50,000,000.00 50,000,000.00
400.2 Retained Earning 39,872,220.00 39,872,220.00
5 PROFIT AND LOSS 3,307,713.00 3,307,713.00
DIRECT EXPENSES 110,811,639.80
500.1 Purchase 108,041,991.79
500.2 Purchase Return 371,545.99
500.3 Trade Discount 302,822.00
500.4 Transportation 2,838,372.00
DIRECT INCOME 120,163,596.80
SALES 120,163,596.80
600.1 Sales A/C 120,585,868.80
600.2 Sales Returns 422,272.00
INDIRECT EXPENSES 9,700,663.00
700.1 Bank Charge 4,927.00

(128)
Account Opening Balance Transaction Closing Balance
Particulars
Code Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
700.2 Cleaning Expenses. 5,291.00
700.3 Commission 97,732.00
700.4 Electricity Expenses 387,721.00
700.5 Guest Entertainment 7,622.00
700.6 Management Fee 250,311.00
700.7 Telephone Expenses 30,811.00
700.8 Travelling Allowance 15,828.00
700.9 Water Expenses 30,181.00
700.10 Depreciation 291,733.00
700.11 Interest 8,211.00
700.12 Interest (Od) 94,822.00
700.13 Staff Operating Expenses 9,422.00
700.14 Staff Dress 198,222.00
700.15 Staff Salary 3,191,761.00
700.16 Travelling Expenses 87,161.00
700.17 Additional Tax Paid 40,221.00
Business Promotion
700.18 922,721.00
Expenses
700.19 Consultancy Fee 16,950.00
700.20 Fuel Expense 39,822.00
700.21 House Rent 110,000.00
700.22 Insurance Premium 3,018,221.00

(129)
Account Opening Balance Transaction Closing Balance
Particulars
Code Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr
700.23 Internet Charge 10,000.00
Loading & Unloading
700.24 74,272.00
Charge
700.25 Miscellaneous Expenses 9,222.00
700.26 Office Expenses 63,222.00
700.27 Postage/Fax 28,001.00
700.28 Printing & Stationery. 40,922.00
700.29 Repair &Maintenance 528,222.00
700.30 Service Charge 87,111.00
800 INDIRECT INCOME 3,656,419.00
800.1 Miscellaneous Income 3,447,220.00
800.2 Rounding A/C 7,082.00
800.3 Target Incentive Income 202,117.00

Note:
Stock balances do not appear in trial extracted from tally, as it is adjusted in purchase account.

(130)
 ABC Pvt. Ltd.
FY 2075/76
Sales Ledger
July 16, 2017 to July 16, 2018
Voucher Voucher
Date Particulars Dr amount Cr amount
Type No.
18/07/2017 Others Day Sales 1 1,698,333.00
18/07/2017 PYZ Sales 2 125,000.00
18/07/2017 KBC Sales 3 150,000.00
18/07/2017 NKU Sales 4 125,000.00
23/07/2017 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 5 2,905,989.00
23/07/2017 Sagarmatha Enterprises Sales 6 98,000.00
29/07/2017 Kathmandu Stores Sales 7 102,233.00
04/08/2017 ABBS Retailers Sales 8 2,100,832.00
04/08/2017 CKK Sales 9 25,000.00
04/08/2017 PNP Sales 10 100,000.00
04/08/2017 PPP Sales 11 150,000.00
04/08/2017 KBC Sales 12 98,000.00
04/08/2017 MS Sales 13 102,000.00
04/08/2017 Kathmandu Stores Sales 14 318,000.00
16/08/2017 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales Return 1 150,843.00 0.00
20/08/2017 Others Day Sales 15 1,073,844.00
20/08/2017 NPP Sales 16 200,000.00
20/08/2017 BN Sales 17 200,000.00
20/08/2017 PNA Sales 18 200,000.00
22/08/2017 Others Day Sales 19 310,000.00
23/08/2017 ABBS Retailers Sales 20 3,638,333.00
23/08/2017 NBKS Stores Sales 21 190,000.00
23/08/2017 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 22 4,099,382.00
25/08/2017 RK Suppliers Sales 23 230,000.00
11/09/2017 Others Day Sales 24 1,053,333.00
11/09/2017 XYZ shops Sales 25 125,000.00
11/09/2017 RKP Traders Sales 26 17,5000.00
13/09/2017 Others Day Sales 27 9,002,220.00
13/09/2017 DCM Shopping Centre Sales 28 160,000.00

(131)
 Voucher Voucher
Date Particulars Dr amount Cr amount
Type No.
13/09/2017 RKS Dept Sales 29 120,000.00
24/09/2017 Others Sales 30 341,233.00
24/09/2017 Cash sales Sales 31 180,000.00
24/09/2017 Cash sales Sales 32 290,000.00
24/09/2017 LMN Retails Sales 33 200,000.00
14/10/2017 ABBS Retailers Sales 34 2,929,383.00
14/10/2017 Kathmandu Stores Sales 35 2,508,383.00
14/10/2017 Cash sales Sales 36 420,000.00
26/10/2017 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 37 4,211,045.00
26/10/2017 SP Shops Sales 38 130,899.00
26/10/2017 Nepal Varieties Sales 39 109,000.00
26/10/2017 Others Day Sales 40 4,100,000.00
11/11/2017 Kathmandu Stores Sales 41 873,773.00
30/11/2017 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 42 7,636,233.00
06/12/2017 Others Day Sales 43 882,222.00
14/12/2017 Others Sales Return 2 87,505.00 0.00
14/12/2017 ABBS Retailers Sales 44 1,983,733.00
14/12/2017 Cash sales Sales 45 590,000.00
14/12/2017 Kathmandu Stores Sales 46 494,844.00
14/12/2017 Cash sales Sales 47 400,000.00
14/12/2017 Ram Naresh Shah Sales 48 152,000.00
14/12/2017 Haribol Bhattarai Sales 49 107,000.00
14/12/2017 Krishna Neupane Sales 50 130,000.00
14/12/2017 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 51 2,355,223.00
14/12/2017 Cash sales Sales 52 270,000.00
12/01/2018 Others Sales Return 3 150,822.00 0.00
19/01/2018 Others Day Sales 53 1,601,333.00
19/01/2018 PQR stores Sales 54 200,000.00
28/01/2018 Kathmandu Stores Sales 55 1,988,333.00
07/02/2018 ABBS Retailers Sales 56 3,027,433.00
07/02/2018 Cash sales Sales 57 90,800.00
17/02/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 58 1,793,384.00

(132)
 Voucher Voucher
Date Particulars Dr amount Cr amount
Type No.
27/02/2018 Others Day Sales 59 3,100,000.00
27/02/2018 Riu Stores Sales 60 73,733.00
27/02/2018 Cash sales Sales 61 75,000.00
27/02/2018 Krishna Murari S Sales 62 135,000.00
28/02/2018 Others Sales 63 1,020,333.00
27/02/2018 Kathmandu Stores Sales 64 983,773.00
15/03/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 65 2,479,118.80
20/03/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 66 190,000.00
25/03/2018 Others Day Sales 67 2,711,733.00
25/03/2018 Ram Shyam Sales 68 100,000.00
25/03/2018 Hari Prabhu Stores Sales 69 89,000.00
31/03/2018 Others Day Sales 70 1,038,333.00
04/04/2018 ABBS Retailers Sales 71 3,274,222.00
04/04/2018 Rajendra’s Shop Sales 72 160,000.00
04/04/2018 Sarswati Traders Sales 73 164,000.00
04/04/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 74 5,928,383.00
28/04/2018 Others Day Sales 75 322,222.00
01/05/2018 Others Day Sales 76 2,986,566.00
09/05/2018 Kathmandu Stores Sales 77 1,593,873.00
21/05/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 78 995,229.00
02/06/2018 ABBS Retailers Sales 79 5,948,283.00
12/06/2018 Others Day Sales 80 902,982.00
27/06/2018 Others Sales Return 4 33,102.00 0.00
27/06/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 81 3,280,283.00
05/07/2018 Others Day Sales 82 838,383.00
05/07/2018 Bhaktapur Retails Sales 83 290,000.00
12/06/2018 ABBS Retailers Sales 84 2,463,883.00
12/06/2018 Others Day Sales 85 330,000.00
12/06/2018 Manakamana Supplies Sales 86 198,673.33
14/07/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 87 3,883,723.00
15/07/2018 Pokhara Departmental Store Sales 88 2,229,155.67
16/07/2018 Others Day Sales 89 3,600,231.00

(133)
 Voucher Voucher
Date Particulars Dr amount Cr amount
Type No.
16/07/2018 SKS & Sons Sales 90 120,000.00
16/07/2018 Madhu Stores Sales 91 100,000.00
16/07/2018 Shrestha Enterprises Sales 92 108,000.00
Opening
- -
Balance :
Current
422,272.00 120,585,868.80
Total :
Closing
120,163,596.80
Balance :

(134)
 ABC Pvt. Ltd.
FY 2075/76
Stock Ledger
July 16, 2017 to July 16, 2018
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
CLOTHES
ITEMS
Item 1 2,500.00 399.00 997,500.00
16/07/2017 3,992.00 402.00 1,604,784.00
02/08/2017 623.00 402.00 250,446.00

04/08/2017 2,500.00 399.00 997,500.00

04/08/2017 2,000.00 402.00 804,000.00

06/12/2017 1,989.00 402.00 99,578.00
05/04/2018 2,500.00 400.00 1,000,000.00
15/07/2018 3.00 402.00 1,206.00
15/07/2018 2,000.00 400.00 800,000.00
15/07/2018 4,800.00 402.00 1,929,600.00
16/07/2018 500.00 400.00 1,206.00
16/07/2018 4,800.00 402.00 1,929,600.00
Item 2 1,762.00 283.00 498,646.00
18/07/2017 5,345.00 286.00 1,528,670.00
20/08/2017 1,762.00 283.00 498,646.00

20/08/2017 2,000.00 286.00 572,000.00

25/03/2018 2,182.00 286.00 624,052.00

05/07/2018 801.00 286.00 229,086.00

(135)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
16/07/2018 362.00 286.00 103,532.00
Item 3 2,112.00 369.00 779,328.00
29/07/2017 250.00 369.00 92,250.00
15/07/2017 1,168.00 369.00 430,992.00
16/07/2018 694.00 369.00 256,086.00
Item 4 3,303.00 323.00 1,066,869.00
16/07/2017 4,300.00 325.00 1,397,500.00
18/07/2017 3,303.00 323.00 1,066,869.00
18/07/2017 1,100.00 325.00 357,500.00
20/08/2017 2,030.00 325.00 659,750.00
27/01/2018 13,833.00 330.00 4,564,890.00

27/02/2018 1,170.00 325.00 380,250.00

27/02/2018 10,150.00 330.00 3,349,500.00

02/06/2018 1,366.00 330.00 450,780.00
16/07/2018 2,317.00 330.00 764,610.00
Item 5 1,988.00 212.00 421,456.00
14/10/2017 1,390.00 212.00 294,680.00
23/04/2018 2,503.00 215.00 538,145.00
25/03/2018 598.00 212.00 126,776.00
25/03/2018 2,192.00 215.00 471,280.00
10/04/2018 13,503.00 216.01 2,916,712.00
12/04/2018 561.00 216.01 121,099.99

28/04/2018 310.00 215.00 66,650.00

(136)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
16/07/2018 1.00 215.00 215.00
12,942.00 216.01 2,795,612.01
Item 6 1,922.00 289.00 555,458.00
14/10/2017 1,500.00 289.00 433,500.00
03/05/2018 4,233.00 293.00 1,240,269.00
02/06/2018 355.00 289.00 102,595.00
02/06/2018 3,189.00 293.00 934,377.00
28/04/2018 100.00 293.00 29,300.00
16/07/2018 1,011.00 293.00 295,955.00
Item 7 3,022.00 219.00 661,818.00
31/03/2018 2,189.00 219.00 479,391.00
28/04/2018 830.00 219.00 181,770.00
16/07/2018 3.00 219.00 657.00
FOOD
ITEMS
Item 8 12,513.00 193.00 2,415,041.00
23/08/2017 12,000.00 193.00 2,316,000.00
02/09/2017 14,933.00 194.00 2,897,002.00
13/09/2017 513.00 193.00 99,009.00
13/09/2017 9,900.00 194.00 1,920,600.00
01/01/2018 18,233.00 199.00 3,628,367.00
25/03/2018 3,298.00 194.00 639,812.00
31/03/2018 1,735.00 194.00 336,590.00
01/05/2018 13,700.00 199.00 2,726,300.00

(137)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
03/05/2018 380.00 199.00 75,620.00
12/06/2018 4,189.00 199.00 833,611.00
05/07/2018 340.00 199.00 67,660.00
16/07/2018 384.00 199.00 76,448.00
Item 9 20,122.00 222.00 4,467,084.00
18/07/2017 40,222.00 228.00 9,170,616.00
23/07/2017 12,890.00 222.00 2,861,580.00
13/09/2017 7,232.00 222.00 1,605,504.00
30/11/2017 17,000.00 228.00 3,876,000.00
30/11/2017 22,000.00 228.00 5,016,000.00
31/03/2018 580.00 228.00 132,240.00
16/07/2018 560.00 228.00 127,680.00
16/07/2018 82.00 228.00 18,696.00
Item 10 12,020.00 188.00 2,259,760.00
18/07/2017 19,333.00 189.00 3,653,937.00
04/08/2017 4,170.00 188.00 783,960.00
13/09/2017 7,850.00 188.00 1,475,800.00
13/09/2017 13,940.00 189.00 2,634,660.00
14/12/2017 5,000.00 189.00 945,000.00
31/03/2018 23,922.00 193.00 4,616,946.00
04/04/2018 1,030.00 193.00 198,790.00
09/05/2018 7,510.00 193.00 1,449,430.00
21/05/2018 4,680.00 193.00 903,240.00
02/06/2018 8,174.00 193.00 1,577,582.00

(138)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
16/07/2018 529.00 193.00 102,097.00
16/07/2018 2,392.00 193.00 460,084.00
Item 11 8,399.00 333.00 2,796,867.00
23/08/2017 8,250.00 333.00 2,747,250.00
12/12/2017 17,222.00 336.00 5,786,592.00
14/12/2017 149.00 333.00 49,617.00
14/12/2017 3,056.00 336.00 1,026,816.00
12/01/2018 375.00 336.00 126,000.00
15/03/2018 4,040.00 336.00 1,357,440.00
04/04/2018 10,119.00 336.00 3,399,984.00
16/07/2018 382.00 336.00 128,352.00
Item 12 10,135.00 209.00 2,118,215.00
24/09/2017 4,424.00 209.00 924,616.00
26/10/2017 5,030.00 209.00 1,051,270.00
10/11/2017 24,002.00 210.00 5,040,420.00
11/11/2017 681.00 209.00 142,329.00
11/11/2017 3,130.00 210.00 657,300.00
30/11/2017 1,265.00 210.00 265,650.00
10/12/2017 23,022.00 220.00 5,064,840.00
14/12/2017 6,585.00 210.00 1,382,850.00 1,023.81
28/01/2018 7,723.00 210.00 1,621,830.00
28/01/2018 985.00 220.00 216,700.00
25/03/2018 3,800.00 220.00 836,000.00
02/06/2018 12,763.00 220.00 2,807,860.00

(139)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
16/07/2018 10,773.00 220.00 2,317,070.00
Item 13 19,820.00 399.00 7,908,180.00
14/10/2017 2,699.00 399.00 1,076,901.00
26/10/2017 7,255.00 399.00 2,894,745.00
02/11/2017 49,220.00 430.00 21,164,600.00
14/12/2017 5,996.00 399.00 2,392,404.00
19/01/2018 3,870.00 399.00 1,544,130.00
19/01/2018 230.00 430.00 98,900.00
23/01/2018
17/02/2018 3,880.00 430.00 1,668,400.00
28/02/2018 2,180.00 430.00 937,400.00
27/06/2018 7,290.00 430.00 3,134,700.00
27/06/2018 74.00 430.00 31,820.00
05/07/2018 1,714.00 430.00 737,020.00
16/07/2018 5,960.00 430.00 2,562,800.00
15/07/2018 1,840.00 430.00 791,200.00
16/07/2018 4,660.00 430.00 2,003,800.00
16/07/2018 21,540.00 430.00 9,262,200.00
Item 14 18,644.00 169.00 3,150,836.00
23/08/2017 6,200.00 169.00 1,047,800.00
11/09/2017 6,980.00 169.00 1,179,620.00
30/11/2017 2,000.00 169.00 338,000.00
02/02/2018 44,100.00 181.00 7,982,100.00
23/05/2018 25,154.35 179.00 4,502,628.00

(140)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
26/06/2018 17,327.41 181.00 3,136,260.36
26/06/2018 6,000.00 181.00 1,086,000.00
27/06/2018 2,053.00 181.00 371,545.99

16/07/2018 18,719.59 181.00 3,388,246.64

16/07/2018 28,618.35 179.00 5,122,684.00

ELECTRONI
C AND
OTHER
ITEMS
Item 15 1,400.00 500.00 700,000.00
14/08/2017 1,982.00 505 1,000,910.00
23/08/2017 1,400.00 500.00 700,000.00
23/08/2017 1,600.00 505.00 808,000.00
25/10/2017 3,500.00 510.00 1,785,000.00
04/04/2018 382.00 505.00 192,910.00
04/04/2018 3,400.00 510.00 1,734,000.00
16/07/2018 100.00 510.00 51,000.00
Item 16 1,200.00 489.00 586,800.00
02/11/2017 15,100.00 485.00 7,323,500.00
07/02/2018 1,200.00 489.00 586,800.00
07/02/2018 1,010.00 485.00 489,850.00
15/03/2018 1,860.00 485.00 902,100.00
14/07/2018 6,960.00 485.00 3,375,600.00
16/07/2018 4,982.00 485.00 2,416,270.00

(141)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
16/06/2018 175.00 485.00 84,875.00
16/07/2018 113.00 485.00 54,805.00
Item 17 1,899.00 382.00 725,418.00
14/06/2017 4,500.00 385.00 1,732,500.00
14/10/2017 1,899.00 382.00 725,418.00
14/10/2017 1,400.00 385.00 539,000.00
04/04/2018 2,600.00 385.00 1,001,000.00
14/07/2018 420.00 385.00 161,700.00
16/07/2018 80.00 385.00 30,800.00
Item 18 1,982.00 293.00 580,726.00
12/12/2017 4,408.00 295.02 1,300,387.79
07/02/2018 1,982.00 293.00 580,726.00
07/02/2018 4,000.00 295.02 1,180,060.00
16/07/2018 408.00 295.02 120,327.79
Item 19 1,100.00 423.00 465,300.00
08/08/2017 5,983.00 422.00 2,524,826.00
16/08/2017 357.00 423.00 150,843.00
14/10/2017 1,100.00 423.00 465,300.00
14/10/2017 4,070.00 422.00 1,717,540.00
29/01/2018 5,050.00 425.00 2,146,250.00
18/02/2018 1,000.00 422.00 422,000.00
15/03/2018 425.00 422.00 179,350.00
04/04/2018 488.00 422.00 205,936.00
04/04/2018 357.00 423.00 151,011.00

(142)
Particulars Opening Balance Inwards Outwards Closing Balance
Date Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Value Quantity Rate Sale Value Quantity Rate Value
04/04/2018 68.00 425.00 28,900.00

04/04/2018 4,010.00 425.00 1,704,250.00

16/07/2018 972.00 425.00 262,089.00

Grand Total 33,155,302.00 108,426,274.79 114,076,703.33 27,440,275.44

(143)
;f/e"ttfsf] lgwf{/0f (Assessment of Materiality)

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M P=la=;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8

sfo{lzif{s M j}Bflgs n]vfk/LIf0f
cjwL M @)&$÷&%

;f/e"ttfsf] lgwf{/0f -k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttf Performance materiality_

p2]Zo M
ljQLo ljj/0f ;du|sf] nflu ;f/e"ttfsf], k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttf / ;f/e"ttfsf] dfkb08
-benchmark_ lgwf{/0f ug]{, h;n] ubf{ ljQLo ljj/0fdf x'g ;Sg] ;f/e"t unt k|:t'tLsf] hf]lvd
:jLsfo{ :t/;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

s_ ;du| ;f/e"ttf M
pknAw dfkb08x? -Benchmarks_
cfDbfgL M ?=!@),!^#,%(^=*)
d'gfkmf M ?=#,#)&,&!#
v'b ;DklQ M ?=!$^,(@*,@**=*)

o; n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu dflys} dfkb08 5gf}6 u/L ;du| ;f/e"ttf u0fgf lgDgfg';f/
ul/Psf] 5 M
cfDbfgLsf] !ÜM ?=!@,)!,^#%=(^
d'gfkmfsf] !)ÜM ?=##),&&!=#)
v'b ;DklQsf] @ÜM ?=@(,#*,%^%=&*

dflysf] u0fgfnfO{ ljin]if0f ubf{:

of] Ps k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 6\]l8+u sDkgL ePsf]n] d'gfkmfsf] dfkb08nfO{ k|of]u ubf{ ;f/e"ttf
;a} eGbf plrt /xg] x'bfF, ;f]lx /sdg} -Round Off ul/,?= ##),))) nfO{ ;du| ;f/e"ttfsf]
:t/ dflgPsf] 5 .

v_ k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttf (Performance Materiality)

;d|u ;f/e"ttfsf] k|ltzt M d'gfkmfsf] !)%
n]vfk/LIfsn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttf – dWod M ?=@)^,@%)=))
hf]lvd:t/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]n] k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttf ;du| -##),))) X ^@=%Ü_
;f/e"ttfsf] ^@=%Ü
;du| ;f/e"ttfsf] k|ltzt eGbf sd eP klg k"0f{ hfFRfsf nflu M ;Da4 JolQm;+usf]
5gf}6 ug]{ cfwf/f sf/f]jf/ ePsf]n]
(144)
gd"gf cfsf/ u0fgf÷n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf (Sample selection and audit approach) :

;]jfu|fxLsf] gfd M P=la=;L= k|fOe]6 lnld6]8

sfo{lzif{s M j}Bflgs n]vfk/LIf0f
cjwL M @)&$÷&%

gd"gf cfsf/ u0fgf÷ n]vfk/LIf0f tl/sf

;Da4 JolQm;FUfsf] sf/f]af/ d'VozLif{s -Key item_ ePsfn] o;sf nflu !))Ü hfFr ul/g] 5,
To;}n] pQm JolQm;Fusf] sf/f]af/ o; gd"gfsf] 5gf}6sf] u0ffgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

afFsL -residual population_ /x]sfx?nfO{ hf]lvdsf] sf/ssf] k|of]u ul/ lgDg adf]lhd u0fgf
ul/Psf] 5 .
cfGtl/s laZn]if0ffTds Aff;nft
n]=k= Aff;nft Aff;nft cfolaa/0f cfolaa/0f cfolaa/0f
sfo{lalw lgoGq0fdf sfo{lalwdf pRr dWodhf]lvd Go"ghf]lvd pRrhf]lvd dWohf]lvd Go"ghf]lvd
cfZj:ttf cfZj:ttf hf]lvd
;f/jfg\ 5}g 5 !=& !=@ )=* )=* )=^ )=$
hfFr

k/LIf0f
cfGtl/s laZn]if0ffTds hDdf
Hf]lvd n]=k= ug]{
k|s[lt lgoGq0fdf sfo{lalwdf sf/f]af/
:t/ tl/sf sf/f]jf/sf]
cfZj:ttf cfZj:ttf ;+Vof
;+Vof
!)) ;a} ##
d'Vo item' -;f/e"ttfsf]
dWod 5}g 5 ## j6f
:t/eGbf al9_ %hfFr sf/f]jf/
!)) ;a} !#
;Da4 JolQm;FulaqmL pRr 5}g 5 !#
%hfFr j6f
;d|u ;f/e"ttfsf] laqmL !)) ;a} *
/ k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttfsf] dWod 5}g 5 *
%hfFr j6f
larsf] laqmL
cGolaqmL -k|bz{gsf]
;f/jfg
;f/e"ttfsf] :t/eGbf dWod 5}g 5 #* !$ #
hfFr
sdsf] laqmL_
s'n sf/f]af/ (@ ^*
Gff]6 : ;Da4 JolQm;Fusf] sf/f]af/df !# j6f ef}r/ hfl/ ul/Psf] 5, t/ ef}r/ g+ ^^ cg';f/
laqmL ?=!(),))) /x]sf] 5 . ;f] laqmL k|bz{g ;f/e"ttfsf] :t/eGbf sdsf] /x]klg ;Da4
JolQm;Fusf] sf/f]af/ ePs} sf/0fn] ;f]sf] ;t k|ltzt hfFr ul/g] 5 .
(145)
lalqmlaZn]if0fM
ljj/0f ;+Vofjf /sd k|ltzt
kf]v/f l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ laqmL sf/f]af/ n]vf+sfg u/]sf]
!# !$=!#
ef}r/
d'Vo item' -;f/e"ttfsf] :t/eGbf al9_ ## #%=*&
;d|u ;f/e"ttfsf] laqmL / k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttfsf] larsf] laqmL * *=&)
afFsL laqmL -Residual population_ #* $!=#)
hDdf lalq mef}r/ ;+Vof (@ !))
kf]v/f l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/nfO{ laqmL sf/f]af/ n]vf+sfg u/]sf]
$!,*#^,#)%=$& #$=*@
ef}r/
d'Vo item' &!,!&),!^)=)) %(=@#
;d|u ;f/e"ttfsf] laqmL / k|bz{gsf] ;f/e"ttfsf] larsf] laqmL @,#^),@@@=)) !=(^
afFsL laqmL $,&(^,()(=## #=((
hDdf laqmL /sd !@),%*%,*^*=*) !))

#afFsL laqmL dWo] gd"gf 5gf}6

gd"gf cfsf/ = -afFsL laqmL/ ;f/e"ttfsf] :t/_ *hf]lvdsf] :t/
= -$,&(^,()(=##/ @)^,@%)_ *)=^
= !#=(%
= !$
gf]6:afFsL laqmL -Residual population_=-s'n ;+Vof-d'Vo item' - ;Da4 JolQm;Fusf] sf/f]af/_
gd"gf 5gf}6sf] lgisif{ M
hDdf (@ lalqm ef}r/ dWo], ##, !#, * / !$ u/]/ ^* j6f ef}r/sf] ;f/jfg hfFr ug]{ .

gd"gf 5gf}6sf nflu ofb[lR5s 5gf}6 -random sampling_ lalwnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
h;sf nflu xfdLn] excel sf] Randbetween eGg] ;"qsf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5f}} . o;sf] gd"gf lgDg
lbOPsf] 5 .

(146)
(147)
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ gd"gf 5gf}6df @, ^, !!, !^, @(, ##, #*, $(, ^!, ^@, &#, *^, () / (!
gDa/sf ef}r/x? k/]sf 5g\ .

tof/ ug]{sf] gfd M svu3 ;dLIff ug]{sf] gfd M PS; jfO{ h]8
ldlt M @)&%. ldlt M @)&%.

(148)
THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF NEPAL
(Established under the Nepal Chartered Accountants Act, 1997)
P O Box 5289, ICAN Marg, Satdobato, Lalitpur, Nepal
Tel. No. 977-1-5530832, 5530730 Fax No. 977-1-5550774
E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.ican.org np