Endodontic Rotary Instrument

Read: Endodontic Rotary Instruments (write assignment plus answers to questions)
Classification of Endodontic Instruments Based on Method of Use

 Group I: Hand-operated endodontic instruments
 Barbed broaches and rasps
 K-type reamers and files
 Hedstroem files
 Group II: Low-speed instruments with latchtype attachments
 Gates-Glidden drills
 Peeso reamers
 Group III: Engine-driven instruments
 Rotary NiTi endodontic instruments
 Reciprocating instruments
 Self-adjusting file (SAF)
 Group IV: Ultrasonic and sonic instruments
Group II: Low-Speed Instruments with Latch-Type Attachment (Rotary Endodontic

Instruments Used with Handpieces)
a. Gates-Glidden Drills The Gates-Glidden drill

Remove the lingual shoulder during access preparation of the anterior teeth
Enlarge root canal orifices
Has a long, thin shaft ending in a flame-shaped head, with a safe tip to guard against
perforations. The flame head cuts laterally and is used with gentle, apically directed pressure.
The long shaft is designed to break at the neck, the narrowest diameter that lies adjacent to
the handpiece. The fractured segment is easily removed by grasping the broken shaft with
pliers and pulling it out of the tooth
b. Peeso Reamers The Peeso reamer

Long,sharp flutes connected to a thick shaft. It cuts laterally and is primarily used for the
preparation of post space when gutta-percha has to be removed from the obturated root canal.
Both Gates-Glidden drills and Peeso reamers are made of stainless steel. These aggressive
cutting instruments are inflexible and should be used at slow speed in a contra-angled engine-
driven handpiece and with extreme caution to prevent overinstrumentation and perforations.
Group III: Engine-Driven Instruments
a. Nickel–Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instruments

A unique property is due to the austenitic crystalline structure of the alloy which gets
transformed into a martensitic crystalline structure under stress. Thus, nitinol exhibits shape
memory, i.e., the ability to return to its original shape once the stress is removed. This has led
to the development of numerous types of endodontic instruments which can be employed in a
truly rotary or 360° revolution within a curved root canal.
Motors for Nickel–Titanium Rotary Instrumentation- The manufacturer-recommended speeds
for the currently available nickel–titanium rotary instruments are in the range of 150–600
RPM with the exception of the LightSpeed instruments which work at an optimal RPM of
1500. The other alternative is to use an electric/battery- powered slow-speed motor with a
handpiece not only the speed of the instrument rotation can be controlled but the torque as
well.
Electric motors offer several advantages over the airpowered ones such as the following:
Preset rotations per minute
Preset maximum torque for different instruments and systems in order to prevent instrument
fracture
Autoreverse function when the maximum torque level is reached
Ergonomic friendly
b. Reciprocating Instruments
Concept The reciprocating instruments function at unequal bidirectional angles. The
counterclockwise engaging angle is five times the clockwise disengagingangle and is
designed to be less than the elastic limit of the file. Strategically, after three counterclockwise
and clockwise cutting cycles, the file will have rotated 360°, or one complete circle. This
novel reciprocating movement allows a file to progress more readily, cut efficiently, and
effectively auger debris out of the canal, e.g., WaveOne system and Reciproc.
c. Self-Adjusting File This group comprises a single instrument type, namely the SAF,
Concept The file three dimensionally adapts both longitudinally and along the cross-section
of the root canal system and this is its most characteristic feature. This results in a uniform
cutting action of the dentin from the canal walls (60–75 μm thick) and preserves the basic
shape of the root canal. Designed to be used as singleuse files, the SAF system consists of a
hollow compressible nickel–titanium lattice with a thin-walled pointed cylinder 1.5 or 2.0
mm in diameter. It is operated with a modified KaVo vibrating handpiece generating 3,000–
5,000 vibrations/min at amplitude of 0.4 mm. Another advantage of the system is the feature
of continuous irrigation by a silicon tube to the irrigation hub on the file. The device operates
with an in-and-out manual motion using two cycles of 2 minutes each for a total of 4
min/canal. The file demonstrates increased flexibility as it lacks a metal core and is less
susceptible to fracture.
Group IV: Ultrasonic and Sonic Instruments
Ultrasonic and sonic instruments have been developed mainly for cleaning the root canals
and have a limited role in shaping of the root canals. The handpiece holds a K-file or a
specially designed diamond file that, when activated, produces movements of the shaft of the
file between 0.001 and 0.004 inch at a frequency of 25–30 kHz. This oscillating movement
produces the cutting action of the file and creates an ultrasonic wave of irrigant solution,
which is delivered along the side of the file into the root canal. The ultrasonic vibration
produces heat that increases the chemical effectiveness of the irrigating solution. It also
produces two significant physical processes:
Cavitation: This is the growth and collapse of bubbles, with a resulting increase in the
mechanical cleansing activity of the solution. Because of this increase in thermal and
mechanical activity of the irrigating solution delivered into the root canal, removal of debris
and tissue from the isthmus and removal of the smear layer are more efficient. The
bactericidal action of the irrigating solution also increases. However, the root canal diameter
does not permit cavitation significantly.
Acoustic streaming: This is the formation of small but intense eddy currents or
fluidmovements around the oscillating instrument. This improves the cleaning ability of the
irrigant through hydrodynamic stresses.
Before ultrasonic instrumentation, the apical third of the root canal should be instrumented to
at least the size of a No. 30 to No. 40 file. This is because both acoustic streaming and
cavitation are totally dependent on the free oscillation of the instrument. Hence, ultrasonic
devices have very limited application in the shaping of the root canal. They do improve the
cleaning ability of the irrigant and help in debriding regions that are difficult to access, such
as the isthmus of a canal. The ultrasonic file should be inserted into the apical third of the
root canal before one activates the file’s motion. Care should be taken to choose a small file
size with minimal contact to the canal wall in order to achieve optimal results. The ultrasonic
irrigation of the canal with sodium hypochlorite solution produces a fine mist that can irritate
the eyes and respiratory systems of both patient and the operator, so appropriate precautions
should be taken. Sonic handpieces operate at 2–3 kHz when used inside root canals. They are
similar in shape and weight to dental handpieces and are attached to existing air and water
lines. These instruments are used in a manner similar to the ultrasonic system in
instrumentation of the root canals. The only difference is that the sonic system uses water as
an irrigant and requires special instruments known as:
 Rispi Sonic
 Shaper sonic
 Trio sonic (or Helio sonic)
Q1. Enumerate the different generations of rotary handpieces giving one example each.
First generation: Profiles, Quantec
Second generation: Profile GT
Third generation: K3, RACE Protaper
Fourth generation: V-taper
Q2. Mentions six (6) precautions that should be taken to prevent fracture of Nickel Titanium
rotary instruments during usage.
1) Use only torque controlled electric handpiece for these instruments.
2)Proper glide path must be established before using rotary files, i.e. getting the
canal to at least size 15 before using them
3) Use crown down method for canal preparation. By this apical curve can be
negotiated safely
4) Frequent cleaning of flutes should be done as it can lessen the chances that
debris will enter the microfractures and resulting in propagation of original fracture
and finally the separation.
5) Do not force the file apically against resistance. Motion of file going into canal
should be smooth, deliberate with 1 to 2 mm deep increments relative to the
previous instrument
6) apical portion of canal should be prepared by hand files.
7) A file should be considered disposable when
it has been used in curved canals and despite of excellent glide path, it does not cut
dentin properly.
Q3.Mention any four (4) advantages of Nickel alloys.

-Shape memory
-Superelasticity
-Low modulus of elasticity
- Good resiliency
- Corrosion resistance
- Softer than stainless steel.
Q4.Name four (4) advantages of the RACE file system.

1) Noncutting safety tip helps in:
-Perfect control of the instrument.
- Steers clear of lateral canals.
2) Alternating cutting edges help in
-Reducing working time.
- Decreasing operation torque.
- Nonthreading or blocking effect
3) Sharp cutting edges provide
-Better efficiency.
- Better debris evacuation.
4) Electrochemical treatment provides
-Better resistance to torsion and metal fatigue.

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Read: Endodontic Rotary Instruments (write assignment plus answers to questions)

Classification of Endodontic Instruments Based on Method of Use

Group II: Low-Speed Instruments with Latch-Type Attachment (Rotary Endodontic

a. Gates-Glidden Drills The Gates-Glidden drill

b. Peeso Reamers The Peeso reamer

Group III: Engine-Driven Instruments

a. Nickel–Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instruments

Group IV: Ultrasonic and Sonic Instruments

Q3.Mention any four (4) advantages of Nickel alloys.

Q4.Name four (4) advantages of the RACE file system.

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