Centre Candidate

Surname
Number Number
Other Names 2

GCE A LEVEL

A410U10-1 S18-A410U10-1

CHEMISTRY – A level component 1

Physical and Inorganic Chemistry

TUESDAY, 5 JUNE 2018 – AFTERNOON

2 hours 30 minutes
For Examiner’s use only
Maximum Mark
Question
Mark Awarded
Section A 1. to 8. 15

A 41 0 U 1 0 1
Section B 9. 11

01
10. 16
11. 11
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
12. 12
In addition to this examination paper, you will need a:
13. 14
• calculator;
• Data Booklet supplied by WJEC. 14. 23
15. 18
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Total 120
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Section A Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Section B Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Candidates are advised to allocate their time appropriately between Section A (15 marks) and
Section B (105 marks).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.
The maximum mark for this paper is 120.
Your answers must be relevant and must make full use of the information given to be awarded full
marks for a question.
The assessment of the quality of extended response (QER) will take place in Q.10(a)(i) and
Q.14(c)(ii)II.
If you run out of space, use the additional page(s) at the back of the booklet, taking care to number
the question(s) correctly.

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SECTION A

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1. (a) Give the electronic structure of an atom of phosphorus. [1]

.............................................................................................................

(b) Explain why the first ionisation energy of phosphorus is greater than that of sulfur. [2]

2. Draw the arrangement of ions in the structure of CsCl. [1]

3. State what is meant by a buffer solution. [1]

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4. Draw a dot and cross diagram of the ammonium ion and use it to explain the difference between
covalent and coordinate bonds. [2]

5. Calcium metal reacts slowly with water. Write an equation for this reaction. [1]

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03
6. Using the principles of valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) state and explain the
shape of a molecule of H2S. [2]

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7. Chlorine and sodium hydroxide can react together in a disproportionation reaction.

(a) Balance the equation. [1]

…........…… Cl2 + …........…… NaOH …........…… NaCl + …........…… NaClO3 + …........…… H 2O

(b) Use oxidation states to explain why this is a disproportionation reaction. [2]

8. Standard electrode potentials are measured by comparison with the standard hydrogen
electrode.

Describe the standard hydrogen electrode. You may include a diagram as part of your answer.
[2]

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SECTION B

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

9. Caesium chloride is an ionic solid that is transparent to a wide range of frequencies of

electromagnetic radiation, from infrared to ultraviolet.

(a) The Born-Haber cycle below shows the formation of caesium chloride from its elements.
All values shown are standard values in kJ mol–1.

Cs+(g) + Cl(g) + e–

121
–364

Cs+(g) + 12 Cl2(g) + e–

376 Cs+(g) + Cl–(g)

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Cs(g) + 12 Cl2(g)

77
–645

Cs(s) + 12 Cl2(g)

Δ fH θ

CsCl(s)

(i) State the value of the standard enthalpy change of lattice breaking of CsCl. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol
–1

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(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CsCl, Δ f H θ. [2]

Δ f H θ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1

(iii) The standard enthalpy change of solution of CsCl is +18 kJ mol–1 and the enthalpy
of hydration of a chloride ion is –364 kJ mol–1.

I. Calculate the enthalpy change of hydration of a caesium ion. [2]

Δ hyd H θ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1

II. A student says “Caesium chloride must be insoluble as the enthalpy change
of solution is endothermic. Endothermic reactions do not occur readily.”

The teacher shows the student that caesium chloride is soluble.

State what other factor(s) must be considered when deciding whether a

reaction is feasible and explain why these would favour the formation of the
solution. [3]

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(b) The first ionisation energy of caesium is 376 kJ mol–1.
This value can be found from the
frequency of a line in the atomic spectrum of caesium. Calculate the frequency of this line
in THz. [3]

(1 THz = 1000 GHz)

Frequency = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THz

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10. Industrial processes are designed to give the maximum yield of the pure product in the shortest
time at the lowest possible cost. The choice of temperature, pressure and catalyst are all key
factors of designing an industrial process.

(a) (i) The Wacker process is used to produce ethanal from ethene. It is a reaction
catalysed by a mixed catalyst containing chlorides of copper and palladium. The
reaction may be carried out in the gas phase according to the equation below.

C2H4(g) +
1
2 O2(g) [ CH3CHO(g) ΔH θ = –218 kJ mol−1

Outline the factors that would need to be considered when selecting conditions for
this process, applying these to suggest appropriate conditions. You should include
a full explanation of why catalysts are very important for exothermic equilibria such
as this. [6 QER]

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(ii) This industrial process has a yield of 95.0 %. Calculate the mass of ethanal, in kg,
that would be produced from 2.00 tonnes of ethene. [3]

Mass of ethanal = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

(b) This process uses a catalyst mixture that contains CuCl2.

When copper(II) compounds are dissolved in water they appear pale blue, whilst copper(I)
compounds are not coloured.

(i) Give the formula of the complex ion present in dilute aqueous solutions of
copper(II) compounds. [1]

(ii) Explain why copper(I) compounds are not coloured. [2]

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(iii) State the colour change that occurs when concentrated ammonia solution is added
to copper(II) compounds in aqueous solution, drawing the structure of the copper-
containing ion present. Explain why the addition of ammonia solution causes the
colour to change. [4]

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11. A student is provided with a set of unknown ionic solids. She is told that the compounds could
be any four of the following.

lead(II) carbonate lead(II) iodide lead(II) nitrate

sodium carbonate sodium iodide potassium carbonate

calcium nitrate magnesium hydroxide magnesium sulfate

(a) All of the samples provided were white. State which one of the compounds from the list
above could not be amongst the samples. Give a reason for your answer. [1]

(b) She planned to test each of the samples by following the steps below.

solid does
add a small amount of not dissolve
solid to distilled water add a small amount of solid to hydrochloric acid
and shake

no effervescence effervescence

hydroxide or oxide ions carbonate ions are

solid are present in the present in the original
dissolves original sample; sample; a solution
a solution of metal of metal chloride
chloride is formed is formed

test samples of the solution separately with each of the following solutions

• silver nitrate
• barium chloride
• a small amount of dilute sodium hydroxide
• an excess of dilute sodium hydroxide
• bromine water

(i) Explain why the method as written would not conclusively identify all the unknown
samples that contain carbonate ions. [1]

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(ii) Her teacher says that hydrochloric acid is not the correct reagent to use in this
method. Give two reasons why hydrochloric acid is not appropriate and suggest an
alternative reagent that would avoid these problems. [3]

(iii) Another student starts her method with a flame test. State which s-block cations
she could identify by this method, giving the colours expected for each. [2]

(iv) As time was short the teacher suggested the following simplified method.

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• Look at the colour of the sample
• Carry out a flame test to identify s-block cations

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• Try to dissolve the sample in water
• Add acid to the samples and look for effervescence
This method allowed seven of the nine compounds to be identified.

lead(II) carbonate lead(II) iodide lead(II) nitrate

sodium carbonate sodium iodide potassium carbonate

calcium nitrate magnesium hydroxide magnesium sulfate

Name the two compounds that could not be distinguished and suggest a test that
would tell them apart. Give reagent(s) and observations for both compounds. [4]

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12. Radioisotopes of elements are often used in the study of biological molecules. One such
radioisotope is fluorine-18.

(a) Give the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a fluorine-18 atom. [1]

Protons … … … … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … … … … … Neutrons … … … … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … … … … …

(b) This radioisotope decays to form oxygen-18 only. Identify the type of radiation that must
be emitted for this change to occur and identify any other type(s) of radiation that may also
be emitted at the same time. [2]

18F 19 F
(c) A sample of fluorine gas contains four atoms for every atom. This was used to
produce difluoromethanol, CHF2OH.

A mass spectrum was taken as soon as the difluoromethanol had been synthesised.
Part of the mass spectrum is shown below.
Abundance

m/z
66 67 68

(i) Identify the species that gives rise to the peak at m/z 66. [1]

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(ii) The half-life of the fluorine-18 isotope is 110 minutes, and the original fluorine
sample contained four fluorine-18 atoms for every fluorine-19 atom. Find the time
taken to synthesise the difluoromethanol. [4]

Time taken = … … … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … … … … … … minutes

(d) The electronic structure of the oxygen atoms produced in this decay process may be
studied by measuring successive ionisation energies.

(i) Sketch a diagram showing the successive ionisation energies for oxygen.
Show all eight ionisation energies. [2]

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log (Ionisation energy)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Number of electrons removed

(ii) Explain how this diagram gives information regarding the position of the element in
the Periodic Table. [2]

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13. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc only. The copper content of the alloy can be found by
volumetric or gravimetric analysis. The brass is dissolved by adding highly acidic mixtures to the
alloy which forms Cu2+(aq) and amphoteric Zn2+(aq).

(a) Redox titration is one method to find the mass of copper in a known mass of alloy.

A 2.877 g sample of alloy is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. The mixture is neutralised
and then made up to a volume of 250.0 cm3.

Samples of the solution with a volume of 25.00 cm3 are removed and excess potassium
iodide solution added, before titration with 0.105 mol dm –3 sodium thiosulfate solution. The
mean volume of sodium thiosulfate needed to completely reduce the iodine in solution is
26.75 cm3.

Calculate the percentage by mass of copper in this alloy. You must show your working.
[4]

Percentage copper = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

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(b) An alternative method is gravimetric analysis.

Another sample of alloy is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. The solution is neutralised
and aqueous sodium hydroxide is added until all the copper(II) and zinc(II) ions form metal
hydroxide precipitates. This sample is then filtered, dried and weighed (weighing 1).

The solid sample is then treated with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide and the remaining
solid is removed by filtration, dried and weighed (weighing 2).

The results are given below.

Mass of empty vessel = 23.34 g

Mass of vessel and precipitate (weighing 1) = 25.12 g

Mass of vessel and precipitate (weighing 2) = 24.45 g

Calculate the percentage by mass of copper in this alloy. You must show your working.
[4]

Percentage copper = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(c) A student suggests that the alloys in parts (a) and (b) are the same. State and explain
whether the evidence supports this statement and suggest what further evidence should
be collected to confirm your conclusion. [2]

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(d) (i) Concentrated nitric acid is used to dissolve the alloy in the experiments above. The
pH of this strong acid is typically –1.2.

Calculate the concentration of this nitric acid. [2]

Concentration = … … … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … … … … … … … . . mol dm–3

(ii) The acidic solution is neutralised using aqueous sodium hydroxide of concentration
2.00 mol dm –3.

Calculate the pH of this sodium hydroxide solution. [2]

[ionic product of water, Kw = 1.00 × 10 –14 mol2 dm –6]

pH = … … … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … … … … … … … … . .

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14. Materials are often classified according to their physical properties and chemists use their
knowledge of their structures to explain these properties.

(a) One way to classify materials is according to their physical state.

The halogens chlorine, bromine and iodine have different physical states at room
temperature. Give the physical state for each of these halogens and explain why they
have different physical states. [3]

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(b) Another way to classify materials is according to their solubility in water. The solubilities
of four compounds were found in an online database.

Substance Solubility in water at 20 °C / g dm–3

CaCl2 (anhydrous) 745

CaCl2.4H2O (hydrated) 908

butan-1-ol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) 73

octan-1-ol (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH) 0.46

(i) A student says that this shows that the concentration of calcium ions in a saturated
solution of calcium chloride is the same for solutions formed by dissolving anhydrous
and hydrated forms of CaCl2. Is he correct? Give a reason for your answer. [2]

(ii) Explain why the alcohols butan-1-ol and octan-1-ol can dissolve in water, giving a
reason why the solubility of octan-1-ol is lower than that of butan-1-ol. [3]

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(c) The physical properties of materials can be modified by using additives. AIBN is an
additive used to modify the properties of rubber.

AIBN decomposes in solution in the solvent dioxane, shown as (sol) below, under standard
conditions.

NC—C(CH3)2 —N=N—C(CH3)2 —CN (sol) 2NC—C(CH3)2 • (sol) + N2(g)

AIBN

(i) Give the temperature and pressure used as standard conditions. [1]

(ii) The reaction can be followed by measuring the absorbance of the reactant in the
solution at a wavelength of light of 350 nm. The dioxane solvent also absorbs a
certain amount of light of this wavelength. The graph below shows the results of this
experiment undertaken by two students, Anna and Megan.

80

70

60

50
Absorbance / %

40

30

20

10

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30 000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Time / s

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I. State the percentage absorbance due to the solvent. Explain how you reached
your conclusion. [2]

II. Describe and explain fully the shape of the graph. Use the graph to prove that
the reaction is first order with respect to AIBN. [6 QER]

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(iii) Upon heating, AIBN decomposes extremely rapidly. The rate equation for this
process is as follows.

rate = k[AIBN]

The value of the rate constant k, can be found using the Arrhenius equation. Anna
incorrectly writes the Arrhenius equation as
Ea
k=A eT

I. State the correct Arrhenius equation. [2]

II. Anna uses the correct temperature, frequency factor and activation energy
in her incorrect Arrhenius equation. The values of two of these are given
below.

frequency factor, A = 6.92 × 10 9 s–1

temperature = 600 K

Anna calculates that the rate constant is 4.89 × 1082 s–1.

Megan says the true value should be much smaller. Find the value of the
activation energy then use the correct Arrhenius equation to find the true
value of the rate constant. State whether Megan is correct. [4]

Ea = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1

k = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s–1

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15. Ethyne, H—C — — C—H, is commonly known as acetylene and is burned as a fuel in
oxy-acetylene welding torches. It is stored in cylinders where the gas is dissolved in propanone
and this is adsorbed onto an inert substance and kept under pressure.

(a) Propanone is used to dissolve the ethyne as this gas is only slightly soluble in water. State
why the solubility of ethyne in water is low. [1]

(b) (i) When used in an oxy-acetylene torch the ethyne is released at a pressure of
135 kPa at 20 °C. Find the number of moles of ethyne in 1 cm3 and hence calculate
the density of ethyne gas, in g cm–3, at this pressure at 20 °C. [4]

density = mass ÷ volume

Density = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g cm–3

(ii) The density of dry air at 0 °C and 135 kPa is 1.27 × 10 –3 g cm–3. A student says
that this shows that a vessel of negligible mass filled with ethyne will float in air.
Calculate the density of dry air at 20 °C and 135 kPa and show whether the student
is correct.
[2]

Density = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g cm–3

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(c) A student wrote the equation below for the standard enthalpy of combustion (Δ c H θ) of
ethyne.

2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

(i) Identify two errors that the student has made. [2]

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(ii) The student found the following data in a reference source. He wanted to calculate
the most accurate value for the enthalpy change for his reaction.

Standard enthalpy Bond energy /

Bond
values / kJ mol–1 kJ mol–1
Δ f H θ [C2H2(g)] 227 C—H 412

Δ f H θ [CO2(g)] –394 C—
—C 837

Δ f H θ [H2O(l)] –242 C—
—O 743

Δ vaporisationH θ [H2O(l)] 41 O—H 463

O—
—O 496

Select appropriate data to calculate the most accurate value you can for the
enthalpy change for the reaction below. Explain your choice of method. [4]

2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Enthalpy change of reaction = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1

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(iii) The student decided to compare his value with one obtained experimentally.
He used the apparatus and method given below.

thermometer

conical flask

appropriate volume of water

gas burner containing ethyne

Method

Measure an appropriate volume of water into the conical flask.

Measure the mass of the gas burner containing the ethyne on a 3 decimal place
balance.

Select a thermometer that has 0.2 °C as its smallest division and place this in the
conical flask.

Record the temperature of the water and then immediately light the gas burner.

Heat the water for 2 minutes.

Extinguish the gas burner and record the temperature of the water and the mass of
the gas burner.

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I. The difference between the initial and final temperature readings is 37.4 °C.
Calculate the percentage error in this value. [1]

Percentage error = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

II. An appropriate volume of water was selected for the experiment. Explain
why a volume which was much smaller or much greater than this would give
results which were of a lower accuracy. [2]

Much smaller volume of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Much greater volume of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. Suggest two improvements to the method and explain how these would lead
to improved results. [2]

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