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    C4 Differential Equations 3 QP

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    will bell
    The document presents two differential equation models to describe the growth of a tree over time and the velocity of a particle falling through a liquid. For the tree growth models, one results in a long-term height of 20 meters while the other results in unlimited growth. For the particle motion models, both produce the correct initial and terminal velocities but one model matches the measured velocity at 0.5 seconds better.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    C4 Differential Equations 3 QP

    Uploaded by

    will bell
    60 views4 pages
    The document presents two differential equation models to describe the growth of a tree over time and the velocity of a particle falling through a liquid. For the tree growth models, one results in a long-term height of 20 meters while the other results in unlimited growth. For the particle motion models, both produce the correct initial and terminal velocities but one model matches the measured velocity at 0.5 seconds better.

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    The document presents two differential equation models to describe the growth of a tree over time and the velocity of a particle falling through a liquid. For the tree growth models, one results in a long-term height of 20 meters while the other results in unlimited growth. For the particle motion models, both produce the correct initial and terminal velocities but one model matches the measured velocity at 0.5 seconds better.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views4 pages

    C4 Differential Equations 3 QP

    Uploaded by

    will bell
    The document presents two differential equation models to describe the growth of a tree over time and the velocity of a particle falling through a liquid. For the tree growth models, one results in a long-term height of 20 meters while the other results in unlimited growth. For the particle motion models, both produce the correct initial and terminal velocities but one model matches the measured velocity at 0.5 seconds better.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

    com
    2 The growth of a tree is modelled by the differential equation
    dh
    10 = 20 - h ,
    dt
    where h is its height in metres and the time t is in years. It is assumed that the tree is grown from seed, so
    that h = 0 when t = 0.
    dh
    (i) Write down the value of h for which = 0, and interpret this in terms of the growth of the tree. [1]
    dt
    (ii) Verify that h = 20 _ 1 - e -0.1t i satisfies this differential equation and its initial condition. [5]

    The alternative differential equation


    dh
    200 = 400 - h 2
    dt
    is proposed to model the growth of the tree. As before, h = 0 when t = 0.

    (iii) Using partial fractions, show by integration that the solution to the alternative differential equation is

    20 _ 1 - e -0.2t i
    h= .
    1 + e -0.2t [9]

    (iv) What does this solution indicate about the long-term height of the tree? [1]

    (v) After a year, the tree has grown to a height of 2 m. Which model fits this information better? [3]

    PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
    3
    10 cm

    x cm

    Fig. 9

    Fig. 9 shows a hemispherical bowl, of radius 10 cm, filled with water to a depth of x cm. It can be shown that
    the volume of water, V cm3, is given by

    V = π (10x2 – 13  x3).

    Water is poured into a leaking hemispherical bowl of radius 10 cm. Initially, the bowl is empty. After
    t seconds, the volume of water is changing at a rate, in cm3 s−1, given by the equation
    dV
    = k (20 – x),
    dt
    where k is a constant.
    dV dx
    (i) Find , and hence show that πx = k. [4]
    dx dt

    (ii) Solve this differential equation, and hence show that the bowl fills completely after T seconds, where
    50π
    T= . [5]
    k
    Once the bowl is full, the supply of water to the bowl is switched off, and water then leaks out at a rate of
    kx cm3 s–1.
    dx
    (iii) Show that, t seconds later, π (20 – x) = –k. [3]
    dt
    (iv) Solve this differential equation.

    Hence show that the bowl empties in 3T seconds. [6]

    PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
    4 A particle is moving vertically downwards in a liquid. Initially its velocity is zero, and after t seconds
    it is v m s−1 . Its terminal (long-term) velocity is 5 m s−1 .

    A model of the particle’s motion is proposed. In this model, v = 5 1 − e−2t .

    (i) Show that this equation is consistent with the initial and terminal velocities. Calculate the
    velocity after 0.5 seconds as given by this model. [3]

    dv
    (ii) Verify that v satisfies the differential equation = 10 − 2v. [3]
    dt
    In a second model, v satisfies the differential equation
    dv
    = 10 − 0.4v2 .
    dt
    As before, when t = 0, v = 0.

    (iii) Show that this differential equation may be written as


    10 dv
    = 4.
    (5 − v)(5 + v) dt

    Using partial fractions, solve this differential equation to show that


    5+v
    t = 14 ln . [8]
    5−v

    5 1 − e−4t 
    This can be re-arranged to give v = . [You are not required to show this result.]
    1 + e−4t

    (iv) Verify that this model also gives a terminal velocity of 5 m s−1 .

    Calculate the velocity after 0.5 seconds as given by this model. [3]

    The velocity of the particle after 0.5 seconds is measured as 3 m s−1 .

    (v) Which of the two models fits the data better? [1]

    PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

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