TMSJ 3/1 (Spring 1992) 73-94

WHO IS WRONG?
A REVIEW OF JOHN GERSTNER'S
1
WRONGLY DIVIDING THE WORD OF TRUTH

Richard L. Mayhue
Vice-President and Dean
Professor of Pastoral Ministries
The Master's Seminary

Dr. John H. Gerstner, a recognized scholar with impressive

credentials, has issued a call for dispensationalists to admit the glaring gaps
between their system and orthodox Christianity. However, his presentation of
dispensationalism contains shortcomings that necessitate this special review
article to point out some of these and to challenge dispensationalists to
publicize a greater clarification of their position. Many of the assumptions
that undergird Dr. Gerstner's case against dispensationalism are in error.
These faults are magnified by a number of major weaknesses in his argument.
A review of the book shows how the author's treatment of his subject
deteriorates even more through ten representative theological misstatements.
The work is of such a misleading nature that a retraction of some kind seems
to be in order.

*****

General Anthony C. McAuliffe, commanding officer of the

101st Airborne Division at Bastogne, found his troops surrounded by
the Germans early in the famous World War II Battle of the Bulge

1John
H. Gerstner, Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth: A Critique of Dispensa-
tionalism (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth and Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., 1991). This
volume greatly expands on Dr. Gerstner's previous brief presentation of these issues
in his booklet A Primer on Dispensationalism (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and
Reformed, 1982).

73
(December, 1944). The opposing Nazi general, sensing quick victory,
sent word to surrender immediately. McAuliffe replied with what is
now one of the most famous one-word responses in military history,
"Nuts!" In love, that also is our response to Dr. Gerstner's call for the
surrender of "dispensationalism."
This strong retort, borrowed from WW II, answers R. C.
Sproul's (President of Ligonier Ministries and a disciple of Dr.
Gerstner) initial comments in the Foreword (p. ix).

This bomb`unlike missiles that suffer from dubious guidance systems and are
liable to land on civilian populations wreaking havoc indiscriminately`is
delivered with pinpoint accuracy into the laps of dispensational scholars.

According to Sproul, Gerstner

would prefer torture or death to intentionally distorting or misrepresenting

anyone's position. . . . If Gerstner is inaccurate`if he has failed to understand
dispensational theology correctly`then he owes many a profound apology. But
first he must be shown where and how he is in error. This is the challenge of
the book. If Gerstner is accurate, then Dispensationalism should be discarded as
being a serious deviation from Biblical Christianity (p. xi).

Dr. Gerstner delivers his "Surrender!" demand in the

Introduction and elsewhere in the book:

Dispensationalism today, as yesterday, is spurious Calvinism and dubious

evangelicalism. If it does not refute my charges and the charges of many others,
it cannot long continue to be considered an essentially Christian movement (p.
2).

Dispensationalism . . . is in constant deviation from essential historical

Christianity . . . (p. 68).

Since Gerstner believes so strongly that soteriology determines

eschatology, one could expect that the President of The Master's
Seminary, John F. MacArthur, Jr., would be the first to wave a white
flag. Gerstner affirmingly quotes him (without documentation or
obvious connection to his point) as saying, "There is no salvation

74
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 75

except Lordship Salvation" (p. 2). Gerstner finds this strongly

reformed view of salvation incompatible with his understanding of
dispensationalism. This convincingly illustrates the most obvious non
sequitur in the book, i.e., Dr. Gerstner's assertion throughout his book
that Reformed soteriology necessarily eliminates dispensational
ecclesiology and eschatology. He labors for more than half the
book`chapters 7-13`to prove that dispensationalism should surrender
because it is unbiblical (pp. 105-263).
He seems to debate from the following basic syllogism, though
he never states it so succinctly as this:

Premise 1: Calvinism is central to all true theology.

Premise 2: Dispensationalism does not embrace Calvinism.
Conclusion: Dispensationalism is a "spurious" and "dubious"
expression of true theology (p. 2).

Thus, he strongly calls for dispensationalism's quick surrender.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND HIS WORK

Dr. Gerstner, Professor Emeritus of Pittsburgh Theological

Seminary, is Associate Pastor of Trinity (PCA) Church in Johnstown,
Pennsylvania, and currently serves as theologian-at-large at Ligonier
Ministries. He also lectures on the Bible at Geneva College. Gerstner
has been a Visiting Professor at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
since 1966 and is Adjunct Professor of Theology at both Reformed
Theological Seminary and Knox Theological Seminary. He holds a
B.A. from Westminster College, an M.Div. and Th.M. from
Westminster Theological Seminary, and a Ph.D. in Philosophy of
Religion from Harvard University.
Dr. Gerstner has published many books, audio and video tapes,
plus numerous articles in theological journals and magazines. He was
a pastor for ten years and a professor of church history at Pittsburgh
Theological Seminary for thirty years (1950-80). He still preaches and
76 The Master's Seminary Journal

lectures around the world. He is best known for his lectures and
writings on Jonathan Edwards.
In describing the author, R. C. Sproul writes glowingly about
his mentor (p. ix):

As a world-class historian, Gerstner has done his homework. The book is a

result of years of careful and painstaking research. Gerstner has examined in
the minutest detail the works of the most important historic dispensational
theologians. He has canvassed scholarly journals and Ph.D. dissertations. He
has been in repeated dialogue and debate with contemporary dispensational
scholars. The current publication is the crystalized essence of over one
thousand typescript pages of Gerstner's research and conclusions.

J. I. Packer declares that this volume clarifies "the issues more

precisely than any previous book has done."2 The publisher suggests
that "Dr. Gerstner . . . presents the most extensive and systematic study
of Dispensational theology ever published."3

SYNOPSIS OF DR. GERSTNER'S THINKING

Dr. Gerstner divides his volume into three sections:

1. Historical Sketch of Dispensationalism (pp. 7-72).

2. Philosophy and Hermeneutics of Dispensationalism (pp. 73-
101).
3. Theology of Dispensationalism (pp. 103-263).

Dispensationalism Historically
The author's sketch of history looks back to the early church,
the middle ages, the Reformation, and post-Reformation periods (pp.
7-20). The dispensationalism of 19th century England receives
attention (pp. 21-36) with special mention of John Nelson Darby (pp.

2
Endorsement on the outside back of the dust cover.
3
Inside front of the dust cover.
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 77

23-27). Next, he reviews American dispensationalism ranging from C.

I. Scofield to E. W. Bullinger (pp. 37-56). Finally, he looks at
dispensationalism in relation to American Reformed churches of the
late 19th and early-to-middle 20th centuries (pp. 57-72).
He notes in his brief historical survey of twenty centuries (66
pages) that dispensationalism "has a new theology, anthropology,
soteriology, ecclesiology, eschatology, and a new systematic
arrangement of all of these as well" (p. 18).

Dispensationalism is a theology of persons holding to a deviation from the

Christian religion. Just as truly as a proper premillennialist would resent being
called a Jehovah's Witness because Jehovah's Witnesses also are
premillennialists, or a Mormon because Mormons also are premillennialists, so
also, a premillennialist should resent being called a dispensationalist because
dispensationalists also are "premillen-nialists" (though I do not infer for a
moment that Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons are orthodox trinitarians at the
heart as are all dispensationalists) (p. 69)

Dispensationalism Philosophically and Hermeneutically

Gerstner first looks at the philosophy, epistemology, and
apologetical method of dispensationalism (pp. 75-81). Then he turns to
dispensational hermeneutics (pp. 83-101). He concludes that
dispensationalism is essentially anti-philosophical and without a
proper philosophy (p. 75), devoid of an articulated epistemology (p.
78), but generally adhering to Gerstner's own "classical" approach to
apologetics associated with the theology of Old Princeton. However,
he asserts that dispensationalists hold a "weakened form" of this
method (p. 79).
Regarding hermeneutics, Gerstner writes that ". . . almost all
dispensationalists maintain that their mode of Biblical interpretation is
more fundamental than their theology" (p. 83). Yet he concludes that ".
. . far from determining dispensational theology, the dispensational
literal hermeneutic (with all its inconsistencies), is in fact the direct
result of that theology" (p. 101).
78 The Master's Seminary Journal

Dispensationalism Theologically
Gerstner first states and then attempts to prove that
dispensationalism significantly deviates from all five points relating to
the nature of man, sin, and salvation as articulated by the Synod of
Dort (1619). These are commonly called the five points of Calvinism
(pp. 105-147, esp. p. 105). Next, he accuses dispensationalists of
teaching more than one way of salvation (pp. 149-169, esp. p. 149). "If
Dispensationalism has actually departed from the only way of
salvation which the Christian religion teaches, then we must say it has
departed from Christianity" (p. 150).
Gerstner discusses the issue of Christ's kingdom preaching
(171-179). He variously calls the dispensational position "appalling"
and "novel" (p. 172). The dispensational view on Christ making a bona
fide kingdom offer to the Jews, according to the author, ". . . is a direct
affront to the righteousness of God, involving as it does the
implication that God can and did lie" (p. 179).
Only one chapter discusses eschatology proper (chap. 10, pp.
181-208). Gerstner approaches the issue of Israel's relationship to the
church with the view that "from the earliest period of Christian
theology onward, the essential continuity of Israel and the church has
been maintained" (p. 186). "Nevertheless, this scriptural unity of Israel
and the church is directly challenged by Dispensationalism, wrongly
dividing asunder what God's Word has joined together" (p. 187). He
concludes, "The dispensational distinction between Israel and the
church implicitly repudiates the Christian way of salvation" (p. 206):

The root of the problem is the Israel/church distinction which assumes that
Israel is an entirely temporal matter and the church an entirely spiritual affair.
As a result, dispensationalists retreat into a hyper-spiritual Gnosticism which
spurns the structures of the visible church which God has graciously given to
His people (p. 208).

Returning to the issue of soteriology, Gerstner then discusses

sanctification (chaps. 11-12, pp. 209-250). He attempts to ". . . show that
all traditional dispensationalists teach that converted Christian persons
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 79

can (not may) live in sin throughout their post-conversion lives with
no thought to their eternal destiny" (p. 209). "To depart from it
(antinomianism) is to depart from dispensationalism" (p. 231). He
perceives in the conclusion to this discussion that "there is no question
that dispensationalism has been relatively indifferent to strict morality
and usually indifferent to reform activities" (p. 250).
A brief discussion of the Lordship Salvation issue concludes
Gerstner's case against dispensationalism (pp. 251-59). "We have
shown throughout this volume that Dispensationalism teaches another
gospel" (p. 251). ". . . Dispensationalism is another gospel" (p. 259).
He draws his argument to an ultimate conclusion (pp. 261-63)
by stating first,

We have now examined the Dispensationalism of yesterday and today. We

have found that Dispensationalism is virtually the same today as yesterday.
There have been some variations, of course, but none are essential. There are
many varieties (to use an expression from natural science), but no new species
(p. 261).

He then abstracts the allegations enumerated in chapters 7-13 (pp. 261-

62). Finally, Dr. Gerstner issues the following appeal:

My plea to all dispensationalists is this`show me the fundamental error in what I

teach or admit your own fundamental error. We cannot both be right. One of us
is wrong`seriously wrong. If you are wrong (in your doctrine, as I here charge),
you are preaching nothing less than a false gospel. This calls for genuine
repentance and fruits worthy of it before the Lord Jesus Christ whom we both
profess to love and serve (p. 263).

An appendix summarizing and evaluating Charles Lincoln's

1943 article on covenants from a dispensational perspective caps off
the book (pp. 265-72).4 Because Gerstner believes that he successfully

4
Charles Fred Lincoln, "The Development of the Covenant Theory," BSac 100/397
(Jan-Mar 1943) 134-63. Gerstner remarks, "His work on the covenants is the best
dispensational presentation of the subject I have seen" (p. 266). This reviewer
80 The Master's Seminary Journal

refutes all sixteen of Lincoln's points, he reasons, ". . . Covenant

theology ought, . . . to be vindicated in the minds of dispensationalists"
(p. 266).

WHY A REVIEW ARTICLE?

When someone with Dr. Gerstner's credentials, with such

extensive teaching and writing experience, addresses a subject so
significant as "dispensationalism," he cannot go unnoticed or unread.
Out of respect for the author's reputation and in response to his
invitation for interaction (p. 263), this review is undertaken.
To ignore this work, which has been heralded by some as
possibly providing an epochal contribution to the theological debate
between covenantalists and dispensationalists, would be an insult to
the author and the position he represents. Furthermore, silence would
imply that his facts are correct, his logic impeccable, his conclusions
formidable, and his call to "surrender" as unavoidable to one who truly
has a passion to be biblical in all areas of theology.
If one assumes that Dr. Gerstner has his facts straight, always
represents dispensationalism accurately, has studied both the older
classic dispensational works and is familiar with the current dialogue
among dispensationalists, correctly understands the theological issues,
and is exegetically valid in his approach to the subject, then he will
tend to conclude that dispensationalism must indeed surrender. At
face value and upon first reading, the majority of people (especially
those who have not studied the issues for themselves) will be
convinced that Gerstner is right in his conclusions.
This review is not an unabridged analysis of Gerstner's
arguments and conclusions. Nor would this reviewer suggest that, if
Gerstner can be shown to be mistaken theologically, dispensationalism

suggests that Dr. Gerstner consider Renald E. Showers, There Really Is a Difference: A
Comparison of Covenant and Dispensational Theology (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of
Israel Gospel Ministry, 1990) 1-111, as more current and representative material to
evaluate.
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 81

is vindicated. Rather, the purpose of this review is twofold. First, it

intends to demonstrate that what Dr. Gerstner delivers in the book
falls well short of what he repeatedly claims to have accomplished
throughout the book and what the testimonials of his friends and
publishers urge the readers to believe are his contributions to this
debate.
Second, it hopefully challenges in a small way the
dispensational community to publish decisive clarification of the
significant issues of dispensationalism in terms of its history, its
essential identifying elements, the features that most or all
dispensationalists currently embrace, the textual interpretations and
theological conclusions of older dispensationalists that the current
generation has questioned, the cur-rent debate over the exegesis of
particular biblical texts, the current articulation of dispensational
conclusions, and the decisive issues that distinctly set
dispensationalists apart from covenantalists. Dispensa-tionalists must
seize the present opportunity to state what is and what is not essential
to dispensationalism, upon whom current dispensational theology is
dependent, and how dispensationalism of the 1990's differs from that
of past decades.

EXAMINING THE AUTHOR'S ASSUMPTIONS

Presuppositions and assumptions undergird all reasoned

thought. At times they are enumerated explicitly in the introduction
to a subject while in other cases, such as this book, assumptions make
their appearance somewhat randomly throughout the discussion,
either in implicit or explicit fashion. This review suggests that at least
ten of Dr. Gerstner's major assumptions are in error and thus seriously
damage the validity of his conclusions.

1. Dr. Gerstner is perceived to assume that he is right and thus

speaks on this subject ex cathedra.5 One only needs to ponder

5John
Witmer will note this tendency in his soon-to-be-published "A Review of
82 The Master's Seminary Journal

the book's title, Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth to sense the
author's confidence. Implicitly, one gains the idea throughout
the book that the author believes he stands in the theological
gap at the eleventh hour as the champion of covenantalism and
thus the destroyer of dispensationalism.
2. Dr. Gerstner seems to assume that he is factually, logically, and
theologically decisive. Both R. C. Sproul's mild acknowledge-
ment that Dr. Gerstner could be wrong (p. xi) and the author's
own challenge to be corrected (p. 263) are more like a challenge
than a humble invitation to other brothers in Christ "to come let
us reason together" (cf. Isa 1:18).
3. When Dr. Gerstner writes, ". . . that Calvinism is just another
name for Christianity" (p. 107), one senses that he presumes to
be the spokesman for all Calvinists. His own discussion of the
atonement, which highlights varying approaches to the subject
in the Reformed community, evidences that this is not
altogether true (pp. 127-28).
4. One gets the distinct impression that Dr. Gerstner's view on
soteriology, as expressed by the Synod of Dort (1619), serves as
the canon by which other people's doctrine is judged as true or
heretical (p. 105). Yet, much later in the book he writes, "The
standard of judgment is fidelity to God's inerrant Word" (p.
262). A noticeable lack of biblical discussion throughout the
book, plus the obvious appeal to a "dogmatic" approach in his
own theology, leads the reviewer to suggest that the author
frequently seems to espouse the latter (Scripture) but employ
the former (Dortian doctrine) to authenticate truth.
5. Dr. Gerstner further narrows the field of those who understand
and hold to Scripture correctly regarding the atonement by
limiting this group to the Protestant Reformed Church (p. 128).
This reviewer challenges this assumption and so do some of his
covenantal brethren. In a letter dated September 12, 1991, the
Elders of Trinity Baptist Church in Montville, NJ, pastored by

Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth, Part 2," BSac 149/595 (July-Sept 1992).
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 83

Al Martin, himself a staunch proclaimer of Reformed doctrine,

disavow Dr. Gerstner's teaching on the atonement beginning on
p. 118 and continuing through p. 131. They write that, "Dr.
Gerstner strays from the mainstream of historic calvinistic
teaching regarding the free offer of the Gospel." This disclaimer
letter comes with every copy of Dr. Gerstner's book that they
distribute. A review of Dr. Gerstner's work by Reformation
Today seriously questions his discussion of total depravity,
election, and irresistible grace as it relates to his analysis of
dispensational thought.6
6. Throughout the volume one receives the strong impression that
Dr. Gerstner believes that Dallas Theological Seminary speaks
representatively for all dispensationalists. He refers to "Dallas
Dispensationalism" (p. 47). While this reviewer would not want
to take away from DTS's contributions to furthering dispensa-
tional thought, dispensational thinking extends significantly
beyond Dallas, especially in its theological formation. While
Grace Theological Seminary, Capital Bible Seminary, and
Western Conservative Baptist Seminary are mentioned (p. 52),
numerous other schools such as Grand Rapids Baptist
Seminary, The Master's Seminary, Talbot School of Theology,
and a host of Christian colleges, not to mention scholars and
pastors who do not teach at dispensationally oriented schools,
swell the ranks of institutions and individuals who claim to be
"dispensational" in their ecclesiology and eschatology.
7. Dr. Gerstner identifies dispensationalism with a certain view of
soteriology. ". . . Dispensationalism is another gospel" (p. 259).
"When Dispensationalism does truly give up mere nominalistic
faith for a working faith, Dispensationalism will be Dispensa-
tionalism no more" (p. 272 n. 9). R. C. Sproul says of the
author's view, "For Gerstner, when a dispensationalist eschews
Antinomianism, he is, in effect, eschewing Dispensationalism"

6Tom Wells, "Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth: A Critique of Dispensationalism: A

Review," Reformation Today (Jan-Feb 1992) 25-32.
84 The Master's Seminary Journal

(p. x). Nothing could be further from reality or better illustrate

the meaning of non-sequitur. Both Zane Hodges and John Mac-
Arthur consider themselves dispensationally oriented in their
ecclesiology and eschatology, and yet see a great gulf fixed
between their views on soteriology.7 One could be both "a five-
point Calvinist" and dispensational without being biblically
inconsistent. D. G. Hart has recently written about the
Westminster Seminary faculty of Machen's day being explicitly
Reformed, yet having dispensationalist Allan A. MacRae as
Professor of Old Testament.8
8. Dr. Gerstner assumes that dispensationalism is in a theological
rut and has brought no essential change to its thinking: "A
pressing question today is whether Dispensationalism has
changed in any significant ways in recent years. I think not" (p.
72). "In spite of numerous contemporary fringe changes,
Dispensationalism in America is still essentially Scofieldian . . ."
(pp. 252-53). He does not acknowledge the Dispensational
Study Group that has been meeting since 1985 just prior to the
Evangelical Theological Society's Annual Meeting.9 Nor does
he interact with several recent, major works such as Continuity

7Dr.
Gerstner takes great issue with Zane C. Hodges, Absolutely Free (Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 1989), but so does John F. MacArthur, Jr., The Gospel According To
Jesus (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988). Yet Hodges and MacArthur both remain
dispensationalists. Why? Because one's soteriology does not necessarily dictate the
essence of his ecclesiology and eschatology.
8D. G. Hart, "The Legacy of J. Gresham Machen and the Identity of the Orthodox

Presbyterian Church," WTJ 53 (1991) 213

9
Craig Blaising, who teaches theology at Dallas Theological Seminary, presented a
major paper to the 1986 meeting of the Dispensational Study Group (DSG), which
was subsequently published as two articles. "Doctrinal Development in Orthodoxy,"
BSac 145/578 (Apr-June 1988) 133-40 and "Development of Dispensationalism by
Contemporary Dispensationalists," BSac 145/579 (July-Sept 1988) 254-80. Dr.
Gerstner acknowledged this latter article on p. 159 (n. 19). For a short history of the
DSG see Ronald T. Clutter, "Dispensational Study Group: An Introduction," GTJ
10/2 (Fall 1989) 123-24. This same issue of GTJ also contains the papers presented at
the 1989 DSG by Vern S. Poythress, Paul S. Karleen, and Robert L. Saucy.
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 85

and Discontinuity (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 1988) where John

Feinberg, the editor, brings together both sides of the debate on
key issues.10 Robert Saucy has recently contributed several
important articles: "The Crucial Issue Between Dispensational
and Non-Dispensational Systems," Criswell Theological Review
1/1 (Fall 1986) 149-65, "Contemporary Dispensational
Thought," TSF Bulletin (Mar-Apr 1984) 10-11, "The Presence of
the Kingdom and the Life of the Church," BSac 145/577 (Jan-
Mar 1988) 30-46. Dr. Saucy is now completing a full-length
volume tentatively entitled The Interface Between Dispensational
and Covenantal Theology to be published by Zondervan in 1992.11
In all these, dispensational spokesmen have moved rapidly
and significantly beyond Scofield, Chafer, and Ryrie.12
9. Dr. Gerstner assumes that dispensationalism is a theological
system much like the Calvinistic system. He refers to the
"dispensational theological system" (pp. 105, 158). Then he
erroneously tries to equate dispensational thinking with the
Arminian system of theology (p. 103). Earl D. Radmacher
makes the point that dispensational thought comes more from a
hermeneutical approach to Scripture than from any theological
system.13

10Gerstner
hardly acknowledges this significant work, Continuity and Discontinuity,
including only a two-sentence reference to it on p. 151 n. 4.
11Also expected in 1992 are Craig Blaising and Darrell Bock, eds., Israel and the

Church (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992) and D. Campbell and J. Townsend, eds.,
Premillennialism (Chicago: Moody, 1992). The recent publishing of Larry V.
Crutchfield, The Origins of Dispensationalism: The Darby Factor (Lanham, MD:
University Press of America, 1992) is also significant. In this he strongly refutes Dr.
Gerstner's charge that Darby is ". . . to this day the chief influence" (p. 24).
12
Covenantalist Vern S. Poythress, Understanding Dispensationalists (Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1987) 12, agrees that "many dispensational scholars have now modified
considerably the classic form of D-theology. . . ."
13Earl D. Radmacher, "The Current State of Dispensationalism and Its

Eschatology," in Perspectives on Evangelical Theology (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979), 163-

76. Compare Paul D. Feinberg in "Hermeneutics of Discontinuity," Continuity and
Discontinuity 109-28. See also Darrell L. Bock, "Evangelicals and the Use of the Old
86 The Master's Seminary Journal

10. Dr. Gerstner continually assumes that because he thinks he has

proven dispensationalism wrong, therefore covenantalism is
demonstrated to be a correct expression of truth. Nowhere
does the author adequately demonstrate the biblical correctness
of his own beliefs. Until he does so, his brand of covenantalism
is just as suspect as the dispensationalism he sets out to
discredit. And, let this reviewer and all his dispensational
friends be alert to remember the need to do the same in the
debate with covenantalists.

NOTING MAJOR WEAKNESSES

In addition to unwarranted assumptions, Dr. Gerstner's book

contains a number of flaws that greatly lessen its credibility as a
significant critique of dispensationalism. The following list briefly
discusses some of the more serious deficiencies:
1. Dr. Gerstner's volume does not generally reflect the writings of
dispensationalists since 1980, as illustrated above. Therefore, it
could not possibly represent or interact with current dispensa-
tional thinking as it purports to do (p. 72).14
2. Dr. Gerstner frequently cites certain men as representative of
dispensational thought. To current dispensationalists, most of
these men represent anachronistic referencing and/or a giant
caricature of dispensational spokesmen. Examples include Jim
Bakker (p. 54), Harold Barker (p. 223), M. R. DeHaan (pp. 54,
88), Jerry Falwell (p. 54), Norm Geisler (p. 75), Billy Graham
(pp. 54, 137, 174), Zane Hodges (pp. 225-230), W. W. Howard
(p. 224), Rex Humbard (p. 54), Hal Lindsey (pp. 175, 221), James

Testament in the New, Part 1," BSac 142/567 (July-Sept 1985) 209-23 and "Part 2,"
BSac 142/568 (Oct-Dec 1985) 306-19.
14In addition to the literature cited above, Dr. Gerstner does not acknowledge such

notable pieces as Kenneth L. Barker, "False Dichotomies Between the Testaments,"

JETS 25/1 (Mar 1982) 3-16 or David L. Turner, "The Continuity of Scripture and
Eschatology: Key Hermeneutical Issues," GTJ 6/2 (Fall 1985) 275-87.
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 87

Robison (p. 54), Jimmy Swaggart (p. 54), R. B. Thieme (p. 225),
and A. W. Tozer (p. 139). Throughout this volume Dr. Gerstner
has presented "strawman" arguments, among which this is his
masterpiece.
3. Dr. Gerstner resorts in places to a "guilt by association" form of
argumentation. R. C. Sproul (p. x) in the Foreword associates
dispensationalists with Joseph Fletcher, father of modern
"situational ethics." Gerstner puts dispensationalists alongside
cults like Mormonism and Jehovah's Witnesses (p. 69).
Dispensational thought is equated with Arminian theology (p.
103). Gerstner calls John Nelson Darby the "major theologian"
of dispensationalists (p. 84). Trivialization and
dispensationalism are equated (pp. 69-70). He even implies that
dispensationalism is more deceptive than liberalism and the
occult (p. 2).
4. Dr. Gerstner frequently resorts, out of character with a carefully
reasoned scholastic exchange, to pejorative language and
sarcasm.15 One wonders why one needs inflammatory
rhetoric e.g., cult (p. 150), pantheism (pp. 136, 143), and
`
"departed from Christianity" (p. 150)`to disprove such a
supposedly lame theological opponent as "dispensationalism."
5. Dr. Gerstner shows familiarity with the writings of Darby,
Scofield, Chafer, and Ryrie, citing them frequently. However,
the author shows little or no familiarity with other older
dispensational works that are classics. These include Alva J.
McClain, The Greatness of the Kingdom (Chicago: Moody, 1968)
and George N. H. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (3 vols., 1978
rpt.; Grand Rapids: Kregel, n.d.). Besides a brief quote from
German dispensationalist Eric Sauer (p. 183 n. 8), Gerstner

15This charge has more than adequately been documented by both John Witmer,
"A Review of Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth, Part 1," BSac 149/594 (Apr-June
1992) 132-33, and Thomas Ice, "How Trinitarian Thinking Supports A Dispensational
Rationale," Dispensational Distinctives 1/5 (Sept-Oct 1991) 1. Therefore, I will not
duplicate their observations.
88 The Master's Seminary Journal

attributes no significance to his classic trilogy which includes

The Dawn of World Redemption: A Survey of the History of Salvation
in the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1951), The
Triumph of the Crucified: A Survey of the History of Salvation in the
New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1951), and From
Eternity to Eternity (Exeter: Paternoster, 1954). A volume
making the promise of being "the most extensive and
systematic study of Dispensational theology ever published"
would surely interact with these indispensable works. Yet Dr.
Gerstner has in essence ignored them. This reviewer does not
affirm all that is taught in these classics. However, a
comprehensive critique of dispensationalism should certainly
recognize and comment on them.
6. Dr. Gerstner has not paid the kind of attention to historical,
factual, and bibliographic details that one would expect.
Examples of such discrepancies have been catalogued by Dr.
John A. Witmer, archivist at Dallas Theological Seminary.16
7. Dr. Gerstner would have served his readers far better in his
discussion of sanctification (pp. 209-50) by quoting from John F.
Walvoord, "The Augustinian-Dispensational Perspective," in
Five Views on Sanctification (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987)
197-226. Here is a recent and focused expression on
sanctification by a noted Dallas dispensationalist. While this
reviewer does not agree with all that Dr. Walvoord writes
there,17 the doctrine that he articulates is far different in many
respects than the dismal picture painted by Gerstner (esp. pp.
231-39). It should be noted that one's view with regard to
sanctification does not necessarily identify a person as
dispensational or non-dispensational, contrary to the author's
conclusion.

16Witmer,"A Review, Part 1" 133-36.

17
This reviewer found Reformed theologian Anthony A. Hoekema to be fair but
forthright in his critique of Walvoord in Five Views (230-32), in contrast to the "worst-
case scenario" approach of Dr. Gerstner.
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 89

8. Dispensationalists would generally say that their consistently

applied, normal hermeneutic leads them to their views on the
church and its relationship to national Israel. These conclusions
would then set them distinctly apart from covenantalists.18 Dr.
Gerstner has chosen to major on the non sequitur that one's
soteriology determines his ecclesiology and eschatology by
devoting at least six full chapters to its discussion (chaps. 7-9,
11-13). In contrast, he minors (only chap. 10) on what
dispensation-alists would consider to be one of their major
distinctives`escha-tology. Thus his discussion of
dispensationalism is notably out of proportion with the real
issues distinguishing dispensationalism from covenantalism.
9. Nowhere does Gerstner distort the facts more than with his
stereotypical chart on p. 147. The right-hand column,
inaccurate-ly labeled "dispensationalism," should be more
accurately titled "modified Arminianism." In so doing, he has
led his readers to equate dispensationalism with Arminianism.
This reviewer does not deny that some dispensationalists
subscribe to an Arminian soteriology, but asserts rather that an
Arminian soteriology is not synonymous with
dispensationalism.

Sadly, Dr. Gerstner's volume does not live up to its advanced

billing and hints of irrefutable argumentation. Numerous books and
booklets have been written in the recent past with the purpose of
analyzing dispensational thinking.19 Of them all, Dr. Gerstner's most

18
Consult Parts 1 and 2 of Willem A. Van Gemeren, "Israel as the Hermeneu-tical
Crux in the Interpretation of Prophecy," WTJ 45 (1983) 132-44 and WTJ 46 (1984) 254-
97, for a thorough survey of Reformed thinking about Israel, beginning with Calvin
who had "no clearly defined position on Israel" and extending to the publication dates
of these articles.
19For example, Oswald T. Allis, Prophecy and The Church (1977 rpt.; Nutley, NJ:

Presbyterian and Reformed, n.d.); Greg L. Bahnsen and Kenneth L. Gentry, Jr., House
Divided: The Breakup of Dispensational Theology (Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian
Economics, 1989); Clarence B. Bass, Backgrounds To Dispensationalism (Grand Rapids:
90 The Master's Seminary Journal

resembles the maiden voyage of the Titanic. This supposedly

"unsinkable" book seems to have sustained severe damage below the
water line at the hands of its own self-imposed icebergs of specious
reasoning, fallacious assumptions, incomplete and outdated research,
inaccurate data, distorted characterizations, and a seemingly
premature celebration of victory.

ASSESSING THEOLOGICAL VALIDITY

In this reviewer's opinion, dispensational thought entered a

new era somewhere in the late 70s or early 80s. Because no one person
or single institution speaks for all dispensationalists and because it is
not a theological system like Calvinism (but rather tends to result from
a consistent hermeneutic applied with exegetical skill to particular
texts whose individual conclusions comprise a macro-summation of a
biblical truth), no designated person speaks for the movement. Scores
of individual scholars and schools are involved in formulating
dispensational thought.
Unfortunately, Dr. Gerstner has not accurately identified the
current makeup or movement of dispensationalism. Thus, the almost
unrecognizable image he paints of current dispensationalism results
from several errors of fact and/or omission. First, he looks at the
Darby/Scofield era and then the Chafer/Walvoord/Ryrie era as the
bases for his conclusions, rather than being current with the new era of
dispensational thought in the 80s`90s whose leading spokesmen might
well include Robert L. Saucy and John F. MacArthur, Jr. The former
deals more with eschatology and the latter soteriology/ecclesiology.
The author limits his research primarily to earlier Dallas Theological
Seminary expressions of dispensationalism that do not
comprehensively reflect the whole of dispensational thought, past or

Baker, 1977); William E. Cox, An Examination of Dispensationalism (Phillipsburg, NJ:

Presbyterian and Reformed, 1980); Vern S. Poythress, Understanding Dispensationalists;
Jon Zens, Dispensationalism: A Reformed Inquiry Into Its Leading Figures and Features
(Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1980).
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 91

present.
The Master's Seminary could agree with much of what Dr.
Gerstner affirms as biblical truth about salvation and sanctification.20
However, it strongly opposes the wrong equation of a soteriological
position with the distinctive feature of dispensationalism. Further, it
disavows what Dr. Gerstner pictures as the current consensus of
dispensational thinking. The Master's Seminary, in opposing easy
believism for salvation,21 does not deny its dispensational roots, but
rather works hard to sink them deeper into the good soil of solid
biblical exegesis with the result of proper theological conclusions.
"Covenantalism" and opposition to easy believism are not
synonymous. Conversely, dispensationalism and antinomianism are
not necessarily synonymous either. One may be a five-point Calvinist
and still be a consistent dispensationalist with regard to one's view of
Israel in relationship to the NT church and one's expectation regarding
events on God's prophetic calendar. The achilles heel in Dr. Gerstner's
entire argument is the assumption that Calvinism, or Reformed
theology, stands as the antithesis of dispensationalism, thus making
one's soteriol-ogy determine whether he is a dispensationalist or not.22

20As
evidenced by MacArthur, Gospel According to Jesus. Note also the affirming
review by dispensationalist Homer A. Kent, Jr., "The Gospel According to Jesus: A
Review Article," GTJ 10/1 (Spring 1989) 67-77. Darrell Bock of Dallas Theological
Seminary does not fully commend all of Dr. MacArthur's book, but he gives it
affirmation beyond what one would expect based on Gerstner's discus-sions (p. 253)
("A Review of The Gospel According to Jesus," BSac 146/581 [Jan-Mar, 1989] 21-40).
21"Opposition to easy believism" more accurately defines the issue under

discussion than the expression "lordship salvation," because the latter implies a false
addition to faith as the sole condition for salvation (cf. MacArthur, Gospel According to
Jesus xiii-xiv, 28-29 n. 20).
22
Gerstner writes "The Bible teaches Dispensationalism or Calvinism. It cannot
teach both and be the infallibly true Word of God" (2 n. 1). This statement, as it
stands, is erroneous and/or potentially very misleading. First, it could be true that
the Bible teaches something other than these two schools of thought. The burden
rests with him to prove his point biblically. Second, his reasoning would make
dispensationalism the antithesis to Calvinism. If by Calvinism, Dr. Gerstner means
Calvinistic soteriology, then he errs because dispensational thought does not
92 The Master's Seminary Journal

On the other hand, this reviewer affirms that dispensationalism does

stand in notable contrast to covenantalism.
Now, in order to limit this review article to a reasonable length,
brief note will be taken of a series of selected theological misstatements
by Dr. Gerstner in his discussions of philosophy, hermeneutics,
apologetics, and theology.23

1. In his brief discourse on dispensationalists and philosophy, Dr.

Gerstner charges, " . . . It [dispensationalism] is almost
impatient in its desire to get to Holy Scripture" (p. 75).
Dispensationalists consider this a great compliment consistent
with their high view of Scripture's sufficiency as outlined in
such classic passages as Psalm 19, Psalm 119, and 2 Tim 3:14-
17.24 Therefore, to dispensationalists logic and philosophy are
secondary to Scripture and serve as a means to an end, not the
end itself.
2. Dr. Gerstner, an avowed advocate of the "classical" approach to
apologetics, states, "Dispensationalists are not disposed to
conscious fideism" (p. 79). This reviewer is amazed that Dr.
Gerstner personally finds the "classical" approach in common
with most dispensationalists (p. 79). Gerstner is surprised that

essentially involve soteriolgy and is not formulated from a certain creedal soteriology.
If by dispensationalism he means to include ecclesiology and eschatology, then he
errs because the antithesis would be with "covenantalism" rather than "Calvinism."
For a reasonable clarification of terms to allow a comparison of "apples with apples,"
see Michael Harbin, "The Hermeneutics of Covenant Theology," BSac 143/571 (July-
Sept 1986) 246-59, from a dispensationalist's perspective, and Morton H. Smith, "The
Church and Covenant Theology," JETS 21/1 (March 1978) 47-65, for a covenantalist's
view.
23
In a soon-to-appear article John A. Witmer, "A Review, Part 2" 149/595 BSac
(July-Sept, 1992) will biblically challenge and attempt to correct Dr. Gerstner's attack
on varying aspects of dispensationalism as taught in the past or as currently being
taught by some at Dallas Theological Seminary.
24
McClain, Greatness of the Kingdom 527-31, lets some air out of Dr. Gerstner's over-
inflated charge that dispensationalism is "almost anti-philosophical" (p. 75) with his
chap. 28, "A Premillennial Philosophy of History."
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 93

more dispensationalists do not embrace the presuppositional

approach to apologetics, since it is in the vanguard of
contemporary, conservative thinking (p. 81). This reviewer is
even more surprised since the author asserts, ". . . All
presuppositionalists are thoroughgoing Calvinists and they do
not think that Dispensationalism is an authentic form of
Calvinism" (p. 81). Those dispensationalists who are
presuppositionalists are so because they believe it is taught in
Scripture, not because they believe it is Calvinistic.25 There is
no necessary connection, other than consistent biblical thought
and conclusion, between dispensational theology and
presuppositional apologetics.
3. The discussion of hermeneutics deserves at least a whole
volume rather than just a chapter (pp. 83-101). However, given
the reality of limitations in a review article and in Dr. Gerstner's
book, in kindness it is proposed that his discussion contributes
more heat than light as it relates to understanding
dispensationalism. His eclectic discussion of older and/or
"pop" dispensationalists such as Darby, M. R. DeHaan,
Feinberg, Scofield, and Lindsey is, at best, inadequate. His
discussion of "spoof-texting" or throwing "massive citations" at
an issue (p. 99-100) is certainly an unfair caricature of
dispensationalists who have a legitimate desire to allow
Scripture to interpret Scripture. Many dispensationalists hold
in high regard the Reformed approach of interpreting the Bible
by the Bible with the principle of analogia Scriptura.26

25
Dr. Gerstner does recognize John C. Whitcomb as a dispensationalist who is also
a presuppositionalist (80 n. 14). However, he fails to mention The Master's Seminary
which embraces presuppositionalism. See TMS Professor of Theology, George J.
Zemek, "Review Article: Classical Apologetics: A Rational Defense" GTJ 7/1 (Spring
1986) 111-23, where he evaluates the discussion of apologetical method by R. C.
Sproul, John Gerstner, and Arthur Lindsey.
26
Dispensationalist Elliott E. Johnson has recently provided a comprehensive
discussion of hermeneutics in general in Expository Hermeneutics: An Introduction
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990). In contrast to Gerstner, Vern Poythress,
94 The Master's Seminary Journal

4. Dr. Gerstner has strong words against anyone who tampers

with the Reformed view of "the eternal sonship of Christ" (pp.
33-34). In discussing this issue, he attempts to discredit
dispensationalists historically by associating them with F. E.
Raven, a Brethren figure of the late 19th century, who,
according to Gerstner, denied full humanity to Christ. One's
view of Christ's eternal sonship, so long as it does not deny or
diminish His eternality, deity, and full humanity in his
incarnation, does not affect whether one is a dispensationalist
or a covenantalist. As such, it serves no logical purpose in Dr.
Gerstner's discussion, other than trying to portray
dispensationalists as guilty of the same heresy.27
5. Concerning unconditional election, Dr. Gerstner writes, "A
predestination of some corpses to life and foreordination of
some corpses to remain dead is what is meant by the Bible
doctrine but dispensationalists refuse to accept that" (p. 113).
Dr. Gerstner's assertion is generally true of dispensationalists
with regard to the reprobative corollary of unconditional
election, but it is not a defining distinctive of dispensationalism.
One can believe in the doctrine of double predestination as
articulated by sane Calvinists and still be a dispensationalist.28
6. Dr. Gerstner questions the orthodoxy of dispensationalists
concerning the full humanity of Jesus Christ. He asserts that,
regardless of whether it comes more from a lack of theological
care than heterodoxy, dispensationalists have an unusual
conception of Christ's full humanity (pp. 116-17). The author's
discussion is altogether too brief for such a major charge, being

Understanding Dispensationalists 78-96, presents a covenantalist's perspective on this

issue in a more informative and irenic fashion.
27
See John MacArthur, The Sonship of Christ (Grandville, MI: IFCA Press, 1991), for
a discussion of the incarnational approach to Christ's sonship.
28Cp. dispensationalist Emery H. Bancroft, Christian Theology (2nd rev. ed.; Grand

Rapids: Zondervan, 1976) 241, whose discussion of reprobation in its conclusion is

essentially indistinguishable from that of R. C. Sproul, "Double Predestination," in Soli
Deo Gloria (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1976) 63-72.
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 95

limited to Darby, Chafer, and C. H. Mackintosh. Regarding

Christ's humanity, covenantalists and dispensationalists agree
that it remained without sin throughout His earthly life (2 Cor
5:21). The theological discussion still goes on as to whether the
impeccability of Christ's human nature meant that He was
susceptible to temptation like humanity, yet without sin, or
whether He could not be tempted at all. After everything is
said and written, the issue at hand is not really germane to the
discussion of dispensationalism.
7. Dr. Gerstner's own view that one must be regenerated before
becoming an object of God's call to salvation is stated but never
defended biblically (p. 119). How then can he accuse
dispensationalists of being unorthodox until he proves the
point scripturally? Furthermore, his own view is seriously
questioned by others who, like Gerstner, are strong Calvinists.29
8. Throughout the book, but especially in chapter eight, "Dubious
Evangelism: The Dispensational Understanding of
`Dispensation' Denies The Gospel" (pp. 149-69), Dr. Gerstner
repeatedly charges that Dispensationalists teach multiple ways
of salvation. Since the author acknowledges the existence of the
book Continuity and Discontinuity (p. 151 n. 4), this reviewer
cannot understand why Dr. Gerstner does not inform his
readers of and then interact with one of its contributors, Allen
P. Ross, "The Biblical Method of Salvation: A Case for
Discontinuity" 161-78. To do so would have pushed the debate
from the 1960's almost to the 1990's. Dr. Gerstner's charge that
current dispensation-alists teach multiple ways of salvation is
defenseless.30

29
E.g., the elders of Trinity Baptist Church in Montville, NJ, mentioned above (p.
81). Why, then, attempt to hold dispensationalists responsible for error in this point
when even fellow Calvinists do not agree?
30
For another excellent refutation of Dr. Gerstner's charge, see John S. Feinberg,
"Salvation in the Old Testament," in Tradition and Testament (John S. and Paul D.
Feinberg, eds.; Chicago: Moody, 1981) 39-77.
96 The Master's Seminary Journal

9. In chapter 11 (p. 209), the author writes, ". . . I will show that all
traditional dispensationalists teach that converted Christian
persons can (not may) live in sin throughout their post-
conversion lives with no threat to their eternal destiny." Then
he points out a contradictory exception on p. 216: "Harry
Ironside is especially interesting, for surely no classical
dispensationalist has tried more strenuously to avoid
Antinomianism (unless it be John MaeArthur [sic], who
succeeded)." It seems to have escaped Dr. Gerstner's attention
that not only has John MacArthur succeeded, but also every
dispensationalist who believes as MacArthur does. Therefore,
Gerstner subsequently disproves what he originally set out to
prove.
10. "There is no question that Dispensationalism has been relatively
indifferent to strict morality and usually indifferent to reform
activities" (p. 250). Here Dr. Gerstner libels dispensationalists
by making a universal statement about them without any docu-
mentation or real substance (documented or otherwise). The
statement is false and damaging to dispensationalism's
reputation. This defamatory caricature alone brings Dr.
Gerstner's objectivity in his critique of dispensational teaching
into serious question.

A CLOSING WORD31

This review article did not set out to prove Dr. Gerstner
altogether theologically wrong or to affirm dispensationalism as
theologically correct. But in response to the book's invitation to be
evaluated, this reviewer has attempted to comply with that wish.
Here are the conclusions.
Dr. John Gerstner has sincerely attempted to the best of his

31
It is beyond the scope of this review, but a subsequent article is needed to interact
with and evaluate Dr. Gerstner's exegesis of key passages that dispensationalists use
to show a distinction between Israel and the church (cf. pp. 187-200).
 Who Is Wrong? . . . 97

scholastic skills, intellect, theological prowess, and debate technique to

critique dispensationalism. The work appears to be a culmination of
his life-long study of dispensationalism. This review concludes,
however, that (1) Dr. Gerstner's claim to comprehensive research falls
seriously short of its boast, (2) his penchant for factuality and accurate
representation of dispensationalism has failed, (3) he demonstrates his
apparent unwillingness to discuss major theological issues without
uncalled-for and repeated diatribe, and (4) his non-sequitur argumenta-
tion disqualifies much of this book as a positive or helpful contribution
to the growing rapproachment between covenantalists and
dispensation-alists. If anything, it has attitudinally and
informationally hurt the dialogue.
This review might not satisfy Dr. Gerstner's challenge to ". . .
show me the fundamental error in what I teach" (p. 263). However, it
should be more than enough to respond to R. C. Sproul's conditional
offer of Dr. Gerstner's apology when substantial reason can be shown:
"If Gerstner is inaccurate`if he has failed to understand dispensational
theology correctly`then he owes many a profound apology" (p. xi). At
best, one could hope that this title would be withdrawn from
circulation as unworthy of the author's reputation for accuracy and
fairness. But at the very least, R. C. Sproul's promise on the author's
behalf should be kept.
Dr. Gerstner, the contemporary dispensational community
awaits your "profound apology"!