=At displacement resonance w = V wg - 2B” F2

, = 20 —_,.- nm 4p 40 z piacere @ - 2 SF ie 4nmay while

max Thus . . N, 493 The equation of the disc is @ +2B@+aRq = Then as before © = Gm Cos (wt=a) where om = Nm aaa = 28%, ™ TE (aa - 07)? +4207)?” oo (a) Work performed by frictional forces 53 r = -fN,do where N, = -21B@ = ~f 2BIq? de = -2nBwlg, 0 =~ x1 @8[( 03-07) +4 Bw? ] sina = —2Ny Pq Sino (b) The quality factor 2 onto _Vab-B Vag 8 at dora 4B wo? AmeDs 2B (5-0? )tna = tana | (aw) (@p-a")? wn 40 wo P Gy Nn wt FO OO em tanta — since wf = w+ cosa 2tana | N2 cos*a me v2 1 ae wal = fe sin Tsina we ' 1 1 40° Pgh (2 Ny cosa ; : "rena | aE (Ot Ig, tt 2 ll 210m N, / wo —— +casa} -1 2 254 4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS 4.94 4.95 If the electron (charge of each electron = -¢ ) are shifted by a sinau distance x, a net + ve charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field E = nex/eg in the direction of x and a restoring force on an electron of ex £0 2 nex Thus mi =- £0 or This gives as the plasma frequency for the problem. Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm’s 1 law reads a, ,4! iste where q = change on the capacitor, [ = “4 = current through the coil. Then & Peasy Shr o0da = 0, of = re. The solution fo this equation is 7 = Gm C08 (Wot +a) From the problem Vq = = . Then I = ~ aC V,, sin (gt +a) and V = V,,cos (wt-a) P 2 V2 4-5 = V2 pC 2 ar vet -v2. By energy conservation $L P+ £ = constant ‘When the PD. across the capacitor takes its maximum value V,, the current J must be zero. Thus “constant” = ze v, V? = V2 once again. some Le,55 4.96 After the switch was closed, the circuit am By A é uo or fascia san ae crams where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have -4. meds 2 Veda Vm tm a0 ate = 0. Thus (a) 1 = TH «CV copsin ot = - Va € sinagt L (b) The electrical energy of the capacitor is x cos? Wt and of the inductor is aL Pasin® aot. The two are equal when x oot = 5 At that instant the emf of the oe inductance is -15 = Vycoagt = Vn IVv2 497 In the oscillating circuit, let d = Im COS WE be the change on the condenser where o? = 1. and C is the instantaneous capacity of the. condenser (S = area of plates) LC S ce y y = distance between the plates. Since the oscillation frequency increases 7 fold, the quantity Spengnsaiyanet or OSL changes 1 fold and so does y ie. changes from yo initially to 1° yo finally. Now the PD. across the condenser is Im Y Im Va Gooswt= ase and hence the electric field between the plates is Im E= 295 SOF498 Thus, the charge on the plate being qq cos a f, the force on the plate is 2 F=—cos*wt eS Since this force is always positive and the plate is pulled slowly we can use the average force 7. F- 5; : Fen 21) 4m¥0 and work done is A = F(? yo-yo) = (17-1) 2 tS TaYo Gn ae But Ja% = 315 = W the intl stored energy. Thus. A= (P-1)W. The equations of the L ~C circuit are C,V-fidt C,V-fid 14 page ef ne vf a qi Cr Differentiating again «= L(+) «-1h--14 G G ¢, 1 2 Then hegighh ae Teh+th so L(Cy+C,)I+I = 0 or I= Iysin (apt +a) 2 1 where 0" Teac) (Part a ) (Hence T = 2% = 0,7 ms) Wo At 1=0,l=0s0a=0 T= Iysinogt The peak value of the current is Jp and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation LI=V-fldt(C,+C2) ' 1 : or +Laplocosagt = V- GG, J Jasin ootat (The PD. across the inductance is V at t = 0) 1h VFS oy (cms out 1) af G6, Hence Ty = (Cy +p) VV = V = 8.05 A. L57 499 Initially q, = CVp and q> = 0. After the switch is closed change flows and we get N+2 = CV 4,40 49 | Bid Leo Q Also I = q, = -q. Thus I enn : 4 Por 2 2 +41 + Hence F+upl= 0 a = 7%, C Cc 4, The soloution of this equation subject to -4, “Yo T=Oatr=0 Sw is I= Ipsinaot. Integrating 91 = A- 7 cos aot Finally substituting in (1) A-B_ 21 c Gap C08 M0# +L Ip 0 COS ot =0 cy, Thus A= B= rand CV Ip cee CM so 41 = Ze +008 91) cv 92 = "(1-008 wt) 4.100 The flux in the coil is (1) = {$ <0 0 £>0 : fla The equation of the current is opel (a) dime 2 This mean that ico} +1=0 or with b= f5 I = Ipsin( 1+ a)4.101 4.102 I Putting in (1) ~L Ip Wp 008 ( 9 t+) = ~ T° [€08 (wot +a) ~ cos a] 0 This implies cosa = 0 +. J = * Iycos wot . From Faraday’s law de dI a a =-L9 or integrating from t = - € to - € where ¢ + 0 ® = LJy with + sign in J so, I= 2 COS Wot. Given V = V,, e7*! coswmt (a) The phrase ‘peak values’ is not clear. The answer is obtained on taking |cos wt| = 1 mn o ie te (b) For extrema 2Y = 0 - Booswr- wsinwt = 0 or tanwt = - B/o ie. ot = n+ tan’ The equation of the circuit is OQ ,p42,2. Letra +S -0 where Q = charge on the capacitor, This has the solution Q=Q, e7*' sin(wr+ a) where B=, 0=Vop- BP, of =e. Now 1-42.20 attr =0 $0, QO, 28! (- Bsin(wt+ a)+mcos(wt+a))=0 att=0 Thus cosa = Bsina or a = tan7! 5 Now vq = 2 and Vo = D.atr= 0 = 2 sina v, z yo 7 sina = Gate = Oe eisai Meee ‘mn orp %59 4103 We write 2 rote ™ sinwe = Brie ior = gm I, (gm means imaginary part) (B+ iw)en Bit ier = gm I, SP gm In ee =[e# Bsinwt+ w coswt = P+ o -prsin(wi+d) igo V B+ wo 8 ( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to zero.) Thus =Ine v-2-1, Vv z e7 * sin(wtt 8) V(0) = V% sind = 1, VE ws o + C(1+ 6/0") 4104 f= J, e7* sinwt £ Vv 1 anne fogs Ie’ o = VoR- 8 I= - 4, q = charge on the capacitor Then qa Ine Pt SOLD) tango 2, Vo'+ p 6 Thus Wu = £11 eo? sin? or e728! sin? (wet 8) LER 26 = ot gee ee a sin? (wt+ 3) w+ B*60 Current is maximum when 4 sino = 0 Thus - Bsinwt+ wcoswt = 0 o or wn ot = 2 = tnd 8 ie. orenn+d ‘a? in? and hence Wigaretenas (tien eneinsOuraeee le We sin?(wt+ 3) sin?28 — 4cos?d 1 ip seeeeL Ser, REEL. se Se ee ees 4B'70g 4p? LCR? cr? (Wy is the magnetic energy of the inductance coil and We is the electric enengy of 1 capacitor.) 4.105 Clearly L=L,+1y,R=R,+R 4106 Q = Fe or B-a5 Now Br=inn sore "or = 2101 - 05 ms mv 4.107 Current decreases ¢ fold in time te 2d gee uw 2k caccttations ~2L o R 2x re 1 R? 1 V 4L _ "ERY LG7 4p "2a ¥ Rig 1 7 159 oscillations x _o 4108 Q = FE 35 . - pee “+ @= 282, Baao. a wy oVis—-y or oS eS 1+ 42 oo Por | £100 % « 15x 100% = 05% 9 804.109 4110 4111 Att = 0 current through the coil = £ Rer PD. across the condenser = =~ Rer (a) Ate = 0, energy stored = Wo 2 2 -34(x5) 1 (at) = 52 ESRD. 20 ee (Re ry? -1R2 -1R/L (b) The current and the change stored decrease as e~'””*" so energy decreases as e 2 We We = 0.10 mI. Vo} - B 28 ©, or Ber Vie 49? or B= Now W= We 7 Thus energy decreases 1 times in ot sec. = Inn Vis 49" | Qinn oo = 1.033 ms Yao” 224 In a leaky condenser 4aly_7 rade Gee 1-1! where I’ =p = leak current ~22-,%._,4(4,¥ Now v-Z--17 =-L5 [eR - 124. 4a di? RC dt eee d Oe . +geatiet~° Then = Ime *'sin(wmt+ a)62 4.112 Given V = V,e7*' sinwt, @ = @ BT << Energy loss per cycle Power loss = T ad cvax 26 (energy decreases as Wy e~ 7°! so loss per cycle is Wox 2BT) Thus

= z cv2« £ 2

L or R- v2 a Hence o-ivi -VE x Feb 7 100 on putting the vales. 4.113. Energy is lost across the resistance and the mean power lass is

= R = 5 R12 = 02 mW. This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. 2 RCV, 4114

= 57 28 in (4.112). We get

= 5 mW. 4.115 Given q = 41+ a iT h--@h--% = eres Lh=Rh= 4, Thus CL 91+ (q+ @) = 0 RC H+ N+ =0 Putting gq) = Ae’®! qo = Beti®! (1- wLC)A+B=0 tle63 A+(1+ i@RC)B = 0 A solution exists only if (1- wLC)(14+ i@RC) = 1 or iwRC- w LC-iw LRC? =0 or LRCo*-iwLC-RC =0 Thus G1 = (A, cos wot + Az sin wy t) e7** etc. 2p is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if 3 > 0 ic. +1 .¢ ce 4p? L° 4116 We have ; Ly h+ Ril = 1, h+ Rh sia ¢c RyLt I=lh+h Then differentiating we have the equations L,CT,;+R,Ch + (+h) =0 1,C 14 RpCh + (h+h) =0 Look for a solution =A, e", b= Ape Then (14 07? L,C+ aR,C) Ai+ Ap = 0 A, + (14+ 0? L,C+#aR,C) A, = 0 This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if (1+ 72, C+ aR\C)(1+ 07L,C+#aRC)=1 3. 2 L:Ro+1pR, Ly+Lp+ Ri RoC Ry+ Rp or a teeeerrerarees ta eee ers caeeet TT ce This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of the equation a?LC+aRC+1=04.117 The general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cases. If Ry = Ry = 0, tha Lk 12 | If L;=L2=0, then 2 R=0 and LTS L=0 and R =R,Ry/(R,+Rz) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading. We shall give the solution for small R, Ry . Then we put a = -6 +i when B is small We get (1-071, C-2iB@l,C-B,C+ioR,C) (1-071, C- 2iBwL,C- Bfac+ iwR,C)=1 (we neglect B* & BR,, BR, ). Then L,+ L,; 2 2 2 title (1- @C)(1-aLgC) = te oh PS a ne This is identical with ow Ie if L Tel, also (2BLy- Ry) (1- @L,C)+ (2BL2- R,)(1- wL,C) = 0 R RL? + Rol? RL} + RL? This gi B = Op = aT Teg) 7 Ra 4,,4 =+4 on otlL G+ Ri ta+F on RK “ti Vi For the critical case R = 2V Thus LC G+ 2VIC g+q=0 Sw Look for a solution with q a e*' An independent solution is te*' . Thus pe se : At t=0q=CVo thus A =CVy Also at t=0qg=-1=0 0=B-AT B= VE vic4118 ‘Thus finally 1-4.yVE elie VE eT The current has been defined to increase the charge. Hence the minus sign. The current is maximum when a a& This gives t = VEC and the magnitude of the maximum current is Ye JE Mol = 2VE. The equation of the circuit is (J is the current) Vo it t --Té 1- ye}? dl LG + RI = Vue ot From the theory of differential equations T= Iptle where Jp is a particular integral and Ic is the complementary function (Solution of the differential equation with the RHS = 0 ). Now Te * Ico 7" and for Ip we write Ip = Iq cos (wt-@) Substituting we get v, L-——*{=—, 9 tan? 24 Vrs wh? R Vin RL ‘Thus i, cos (wt- @) + Ieoe” VR es Lt Now in an inductive circuit] = 0 at t= 0 because a current cannot change suddenly. ee) Vw Veea [cos (woe - @p)- cos pe +066 4.119 4.120 Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor) Q,rzd2. ct R dt Vn cos@t A solution subject to Q = 0 at t = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem) 2 = O,[ cos (wt- F)- cospe™*°] Substituting back oe cos (at - @)- ORQ,sin(wt- P) = V_ COS OE = V,,{ cos G cos (wt - F) = sinGsin(wr- F)} so Qn = C Vy, COs F ORQ, = V_sin® This leads to cy, ia Qu = F—————, an F = ORC V1+(@RC) Hence a= Is [- since w+ SEE ereme a 3 sin V R24 (ze) oc The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at t = 0. Then Q = 0 att = 0 but this will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0, Thus J# 0, ( Equation will be satisfied with J = 0 only if Q# 0 at ¢ = 0) y, Wi =0)-—2 ith our J, I(t20) =z The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle -1 @L = ta — oman eR Now L = yn? xa71, 1 = length of the solenoid Ru bc2xanl sy , 2b = diameter of the wire xb 1 But 2bn=1 2s bagy 2pm a? 1 Won? Ina?-2nv 1 ‘Then oo wi! aaa * Gat -1 Ho ay meses = tai apn4121 4.122 67 HereV = V,,cos ot I = 1,,cos(wt+ @) where Now Vn axe iss Tala Thus the current is ahead of the voltage by eaeee = fs : p= un aa = tant (we) - = 60 ' Side Hee Va IR+ > or weeramenne YO aa Ignoring transients, a solution has the form Tehpsin(wt-a) 9 ee Ty OR Ip cos(wt- a) + 7 sin(@t- a) = - wVp sinwt = — @Vo{sin(wt- a) cosa+ cos(wt- a)sina} so Rly = - Vosina —=-Vcsa a=2+ tan™'(@RC) I= Igsin(or— tan“? @RC-2) = - Iysin(wr- tan“! @RC) Then Q- [rae 20+ “eos (w1-ten"! oR) It satisfies Vo(1+ coswr) = REZ 2if Vo(1+ coswr) = - Rigsin(wt- tan7'@RC) Qo, to 1 + ot G gem (@r- tan aRC) Thus Qo = CV 7 SunauEee and ah = vo/Vis(oRcy VooRC checks Rh = — Vi+(@RCY Vo lence ee Vi+(oRCY © 2- Vi+ (oRCY or W-1 = 0 (RCP or RC =Vre-1/0 = 22 ms. fauee Va__ Vir Voltage Va. MAR current Voltage V @) ©) =~ as 4124 @ I, = (b) tng = 2S, 9 w - 60° Current lags behind the voltage V by p69 Vo = 2 w 0665 KV O fe oc” Vin = InV R24 wh? = 0-SKV V, ee V R24 (2+- se) oc ————_k. —____ Vine V(oRCh+(@Le-iy Vf 2 2 (3 1} + toto ©}70 4.126. 4.127 Vi = Iq V R24 wl? Vn VR? + wb? V r+ (oz- a) oc for a given @,L,R, this is maximum when 1 1 aot Ob © C= >= 2 UF VV R74 oL? For that C, Vi = JA - VV 1+ (ole? ~ 0540 EV Va ol At this C Vo = ee AO L509 Vv ocoa 0000 © Poor Condo|—= ©0000 2000 1! ‘We use the complex voltage V = V,, e'®'. Then the voltage across the capacitor is , 1 U- TYG and that across the resistance RJ’ and both equal V . Thus , Vin ior ' ; ioe SMa ata eecae a eeaae Hence Vn ; ioe I= (1+ iwRC) e The actual voltage is obtained by taking the real part. Then = Vis (orc? cos (wt+ p) Where tang = oRC Note —> A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a high resistance joined in p between its plates.aT 4128, ah Sha ah Maer oe 7 tae dh dl, Ly 2-1, at Oat ¢ from the second equation Lnh = -Lyh By kh Then [ati ee Thus the current oscillates with frequency 1 Ly cj LL.- >= * E| 4.129 Given V = V,,cos wt I = I,cos(@t~@) L,R where T Vin ews Vv 2 eee rs(at-gh] Idt I,sin(wt-@) Then, ve GS _ esntate) Vin - sin (or- 9) V(1- wLCy+ (RCP ‘As resonance the voltage amplitude across the capacitor See eel ae a ek 1 CR RC Vic L 2 Se =n : cr N/a casei meer Now Q= CGR? 4 nara 4.130 For maximum current amplitude1 Vn Sig ind then Ino = R Now So 4.131 At resonance and Now Then oyb- = VAI wae VFT (assuming «> ©;) mc «3 o _ yaak or oy- Gee = aye VATE Pe or 01+ = SE (y+ @) > wy = VOrO, and o-oo Vea & R_ %-o 6-20 2Vn-1 and o- V8 _ 1 LV OP Dom 1 ae 4 (m= oF 473 o : 4132 Q = = FE for low damping. Now 2% ow 2 v2 or Thus s Aw = 2p and Q = 0 o = 2B and Q =<. 4133 At resonance © = Vn Im (9) = RE Then J, (10) = 4.134 The a.c. current must be T= I) V2 sinwt Then D.C. component of the rectified current is 12 = 5 f V2 sinwtdr T 0 ie ~ V2 5, f snoao _ ov2 x Since the charge deposited must be the same 2 Int) = 21 The answer is incorrect.74 4135 (a) my =ht Ost pfhparh tea 4n Then I, = 2h since =. Now mean square current | r 2 2 21 44h =48 rr an 2h so effective current = a (b) In this case J = I, |sinwt| r 1 « and y= FS hlsinor |ae ° 2s * 1 . Le. 2h = aah |sin@[d0 = ete -= al So te r wig page elon ey Then, mean square current = = 7 ie word as wig 2 wip “3 x tf swtoao = = 0 I so effective current = . v2 4136 ree Pic ™ Vo R es Pe. § R?+ aL? VR?+ aL? 16($2) n R4.137 4.138 4.139 75 Thus Sb ow Vq=1 R or o=7Vn-1 R Y= agEYI~) @ 2 KH of on putting the values. Z = VR?+X2 ot Ry = V27- X? The tan = ae we So oe SEV (3) wt 9 = cos"! 1- (2) = 37. The current lags by @ behind the voltage. 2 v 2 2 also P= VI cosp = —V2? ~ X? = .160 kW. z 2 oe Vva(Ra tn) (Re rh + ol? This is maximum when R+ r = wL for 2 2 P-— Fe 7 oly L Reve Viggo Rer a VR+r v2 Thus R = @L ~ r for maximum power and Pra = 7 7 + Substituting the values, we get R = 200 and Pyar = .114 kW. V?R -_— *_, R’+ (X,- Xe) Varying the capacitor does not change R so if P increases n times Z =VR?+ (X,-Xc)* must decreases V7 times Thus cos = g increases Vin times % increase in cos @ = (vn - 1)x 100 % = 30.4%. P76 4.140 4.141 ae V?R R24(X_YP R?+ (X,~ Xe) At resonance X, = Xc => @ = NICH Power generated will decrease n times when 2 2 peeks erage 2 (%- Xe} (2-32) (ek 2 or o- Bae Vanit Bae Vani 28. Thus ow ¥ 2Vn- 1 Bo- (oF Vane 1 8) = wp + (n- 1) Bp? or 2 Vig (= 1) Bag 2 Via T B/oy 0 (taking only the positive sign in the first term to ensure positive value for = ) 0 Now var ere =V14 49? Thus eee aera * +407) For large Q == = Hot, 100% = 05% ®o oe 30 We have Ke VR Vy = VY Ris Xe V(R+ Ri) + XP V(R+ RP + XP 2 2 V)R so crenreate (Gi). neat (1) yy Yi Hence Re RR = 5 (V7 ve) Ry = 5 (V?- v2 - v2 or 1 a a- Vi)77 v?R, ve Ve gan ft ea” ag2 (V?- v2- ¥,) 1 Heat generated in the coil = ————}—_, = (Ri+ Ry + Xp R? v?- ve- v2 = oR t 30 W 4.142 Here Ip = zg , V=. effective voltage I v ,-——— VR?+ x? R ts EERE : as Re+ XP Ra L 2 I, Regis the impedance of the coil & the resistance in parallel. aif Rs ann (1) 2RR, EB Rp + XP DL)” R?+ x? P-H-12 2RR, 2 Re Now mean power consumed in the coil Vv? RR: P-R-R 1 epee -2 Aa) 2 R(I?- I?- 3) = 25 W. et ae rn 2 ee Zz R z R R ioc = = 409 |Z |= V14(@RCY 4.144 (a) For the resistance, the voltage and the current are in phase. For the coil the voltage is ahead of the current by less than 90°. The current is obtained by addition because the elements are in parallel. qa axis of Voltage To ir I, ® o Ur oO78 (>) Ic is ahead of the voltage by 90°. (©) The coil has no resistance so J, is 90° behind the voltage. ST Ir To I, © 4.145 When the coil and the condenser are in parallel, the equation is di, In dt Ler ee = Vq_ COS WE Teh+h R Using complex voltages V=Vin currént v, ef@! R+iol’ he = ioCV, e* and Rziwks imc (Ris wh? ) jae vino) dm = [Feindeiogia 1 i: (a iol Thus, taking real parts cos(wmt- p) Vn | 12) 1 _ [R74 {wC(R?+ wL?)- oL PY] Zz (@) (R?4+0°L”) wL- C(R?+ ow’ L”) tang = R where and (a) To get the frequency of resonance we must define what we mean by resouance. One definition requires the extremum (maximum or minimum) of current amplitude. The other definition requires rapid change of phase with @ passing through zero at resonance. For the series circuit.79 both definitions give @ = i at resonance. In the present case the two definitions do not agree (except when R = 0 ). The definition that has been adopted in the answer given in the book is the vanishing of phase. This requires C(R?+ WL?) = L 2. 1 R? oe see) . 3 or w= TEn TT Whey Ome = 316 x 10? rad/s. Note that for small R, @ rapidly changes from ~ — > to +5 as w passes through Dyes {OM < Wye 10 > Dyes - VaR CR (b) At resonance In = i ne ‘ CR 80 I = effective value of total current = V —~ = 3.1 mA. similarly ie =v ve = 0.98 A. Vi7e Note :- The vanishing of phase (its passing through zero) is considered a more basic definition of resonance. 4.146 We use the method of complex voltage ZR Vn Vel : ter Te Then Ie = ew iw Cpe"! Cc n Ic = “2 — = iwC Ve Vv LR ToC eVoeaun LR” Reiol : . 23,2 I= let ha y, Rriwbsiwcen +0°L?) jive Then taking the real part VoWR?+{0C(R?+07L?)-oL}? R* 407k? @wL-wC(R?2+07L?) R Te cos(@t-p) where tang =80 4.147 From the previous problem R?4 07k? Vr?+(wc(R?+ @L?)- ol} R?+ wk? Ze (R24 @7L7)(1- 207LC)+ w?C?(R 2+ w7L?)? R?+ w*L? VR? + 07k? V (1- 207LC)+ @7C7(R?+ wb?) V (1- @?LC)2+ (wR)? 4.148 (a) We have e=- ae. © Osinot = Li+ RI Put Taian (are) eThen @Oysinwt = @Oo{sin(wr- @) cos p+ cos (wt-q) sing} = LI,wcos(wt- 9) + RI,sin(wt- @) so RIy = Oy c08q and LI, = Dosing w & or i aieiaeeeiese eee ead tape VR 20k? R (b) Mean mechanical power required to maintain rotation = energy loss per unit time r a ety Lp. 102 08R Hau eel py bree ee Oa TLR d = Rim RT GT? 4.149 We consider the force Fix that a citcuit 1 exerts on another closed circuit 2 :- FaeP nal i, Here By, = magnetic field at the site of the current element dZ due to the current J; flowing in 1. wo f hahx mp "an Pa where 73) = 7)- 7 = vector,from current element d/, to the current element d 1, Now > > > = o> > 7,- dh x(diyx 7p) Ho ff dl (dh: ra)- (dh: db)ip Fy = LL = AL; woe Sn A) BF i, “e In the first term, we carry out the integration over di, first. Then81 ai, dh > ai, mh > > Sf ee ba Fa) -farg 33 aaa fang aip-v, + a0 2 because ” peneb fed curl (rs)* Thus Fa=- 22 ffan diy. di, ns The integral involved will depend on the vector @’that defines the separation of the (suitably chosen centre of the coils. Let C; and C; be the centres of the two coil suitably defined. Write ™mon- A= - te pepraree : aA? >. => where py (p2) is the distance of dl; (d1) from C, (C) and @°stands for the vector C; Cp « ae Then Pate gr 2 ™ poate Ho di-dh and Fy = Vi. [as wo ff care The bracket defines the mutual inductance Ly). Thus noting the definition of x aly = 52 where < > denotes time average. Now I, = Incoswt = Real part of le!®! : Z , adh ah The current in the coil 2 satisfies Rlp+ Lo"? = - LaZr -iwly or h = Reial, 2° Ipe'®" ( in the complex case pl taking the real part olyk L ieee eae (@L,c0swt-R sinwt) = - ete Iycos(wt+@) Ri+ wl, VR*+ w7L? Where tan p = —7~. Taking time average, we get 2 aly oLyly @LyLyh aly = I 1 0 FSP = Te ey ax VR ew 2 2(R?+w°Li) Ox The repulsive nature of the force is also consistent with Lenz’s law, assuming, of comse, that Lyp decreases with x.4.3 ELASTIC WAVES. ACOUSTICS 4.150 4.151 Since the temperature varies linearly we can write the temperature as a function of x, which is, the distance from the point A towards B. ie., Ta 7+ 222, [ocxl] hence, dT= ( | a @ In order to travel an elemental distance of dx which is at a distance of x from A it will take a time dx dt = 2) alr. Q From Eqns (1) and (2), expressing dx in terms of dT, we get 1_ (tat d= Al “aI Which on integration gives f Achs Je- sai lB ao VT ay (VB - VR) or, a a( = +VTy ) Equation of plane wave is given by E (r,t) = acos(wt-K'F), where R= On called the wave vector Hence the sought time ¢ = and 7 is the unit vector normal to the wave surface in the direction of the propagation of wave. F a Poayz) afi Q x4.152 4.153 4.154 or, &(x,y,z) = acos(wt-kx-ky-kz) = acos(wt—kx cos a — ky cos B - kz cos y) Thus §(41,91,%t) = acos(wt-kx; cos a- ky, cos B-kz, cosy) and (22,92,%,t) = acos(wt-kx,.cos a-ky2 cos B- kz cosy) Hence the sought wave phase difference 2-1 =k [ (a1~#2) 008+ (91 ~y2) 608 B+ (21-22) 2087 or Ap = [o2- ail = & | [(x1-22) 608 0+ (9-92) 008 B+ (21-22) 008] | =F | [C21 72) c08 0 + Cra yn) e058 B + (21-22) cos] | The phase of the oscillation can be written as ® = ot-Fr” When the wave moves along the x-axis ® = wt-k,x (On putting k, = k, = 0). Since the velocity associated with this wave is v, We have =f ‘1 as © o Similarly k= 2 and k= > wn wn wa Thus Bm Pet Othe The wave equation propagating in the direction of +ve x axis in medium K is give as & = acos(wt-kx) So, & = acosk(vt-x), where k= and, v ‘is the wave velocity In the refrence frame K’ , the wave velocity will be (v~V) propagating in the direction of +ve x axis and x will be x’. Thus the sought wave equation. § = acosk{(v-V)t-x'] 7 v or, $+ ecm (of ~kx | = acos[or(1-7) 4x1] This follows on actually putting B= f(t+ax) A , VE 108 th equati = in the wave equation oa (We have written the one dimensional form of the wave equation.) Then Apr (rsax) = of" (r+a2)4.155 4.156 so the wave equation is satisfied if aeet v That is the physical meaning of the constant ot . The given wave equation & = 60 cos (1800 r- 53x) is of the type & = acos(wt- kx), where a = 60x10~*m @ = 1800 per sec and k = 5:3 per metre 2x 2 As ka, oka DO and also k=2, so v= 2% = 340 m/s v k (@) Sought ratio = 5 = gk = 541x107 (b) Since = acos(wt-kx) a -awsin(wt-kx) So velocity oscillation amplitude (3), OF Vm = 4 = O-ll m/s @ and the sought ratio of velocity oscillation amplitude to the wave propagation velocity 32x 107* (©) Relative deformation = a = ak sin(ot-kx) So, relative deformation amplitude ax From Eqns (1) and (2) (se) sre Poe (FE) ax var -(3] = ak = (60x 107°x5-3)m = 321074 m Q Thus (3) - 2 (3) , where v = 340 m/s is the wave velocity. (a) The given equation is, & = acos(wt-kx)4,157 4.158 85 So at teo, § = acoskx Now, #8. _awsin(wt-kx) dt and 48 . awsinkx, at t= 0. dt Also, & = +aksin(wt-kx) and at feo, ay ~aksinkx. dx Hence all the graphs are similar having different amplitudes, as shown in the answer- sheet of the problem book. (b) At the points, where & = 0, the velocity direction is positive, i.c., along + ve x - axis in ag the case of longitudinal and + ve y-axis in the case of transverse waves, where dt is positive and vice versa. For sought plots see the answer-shcet of the problem book. In the given wave equation the particle’s displacement amplitude = a e~"* Let two points x, and x, , between which the displacement amplitude differ by = 1% So, ae" — ae"? = nae"™ or evA(1-n) =e or In (1-q)- yx = - YX ce ee 2Omu) In(1-n) So path difference = - “1S and phase differenci = 2x path difference a 28 n(1 29) 289 2 3 a a 7 hy Let S be the source whose position vector relative to the reference point O is 7” Since intensities are inversely proportional to the square of distances,Intensity at P(1,) & Intensity at Q(z) ~ # where d, = PS and d, = QS. But intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude. 2 a So, Ss 4 or a;d; = ad; = k(say) 7) AL k k q iaceeatttaee ene nariag leaden $ p= band = t P Let ‘1 be the unit vector along PQ directed from P to Q. > Peer ay <> Then PS -dn-+n = ea Oh y i SB -ah ka an pees a From the triangle law of vector addition. ° Siaceettttnmetitiiar aca prnetiate OP + PS =08 o tkhe? a or aritkn = ar q) Similarly men =F oot ai-kn= ai” Q a Adding (1) and (2), penis - a, 77+ a,7} = (a,-a)7 es = UA+ 7 Hence r= a+ ay 4.159 (a) We know that the equation of a spherical wave in a homogencous absorbing medium of wave damping coefficient y is : aye" e- r Thus particle’s displacement amplitude equals cos (wt-kr) aye" r According to the conditions of the problem, aden" @) at r= 1, a= vo and when rer, Da Q) n0) 4.160 (a) or, 87 Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) rar) 2 e a> or, Y(r=m) = In(ym)=Inr I - a or, Inn+InromInr _ In3+inS-in10 _ p99 -1 r=7 3 a'ge 7?” AsE = cos (wt-kr) aa So, as : wsin(ot-kr) dye 7 a'ge” But at point A, : or So, (28) = 22% . 902% _ 50x10 4g, 22 1.45% 10? = 15 m/s ae} am 7 3 7 Equation of the resultant wave, k(xt Bobi = 20cmk/ $ Joos {or - + om {or ACE, where a’ = 2acosk Now, the equation of wave pattern is, x+y =k, (a Const.) For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. For antinodes, i.e. maximum intensity cos EO=2) 2 1=cosnx or, # (x-y) = 248 =nh or, yexsnh,n=0,1,2,.. Hence, the particles of the medium at the points, lying on the solid straight lines (y =x nh), oscillate with maximum amplitude. For nodes, i.e. minimum intensity, cas EL k(y-x) © x oe (2n41)For, yaxs (2n+1)N2, and hence the particles at the points, lying on dotted lines do not oscillate. (6) When the waves are longitudinal, For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. a 18 @ k(y-x) = cost cos or, Bo coset Sven] 3 cos k(y—x)-sink(y 2) sin (co = Beosk(y-x)-sink(y-) @) from (1), if sink(y-x) = 0 sin(nx) & = & C1)" thus, the particles of the medium at the points lying on the straight lines, y = x ax will oscillate along those lines (even 7), or at right angles to them (odd n). Also from (1), if cos k(y-x) = 0 = cos(2n+1)F x 2 = 1-82/0, a circle. Thus the particles, at the points, where y = x+ (m+ 1/4), will oscillate along circles. In general, all other particles will move along ellipses. 4.161 The displacement of oscillations is given by § = a.cos(wt-kx) Without loss of generality, we confine ourselves to x = 0. Then the displacement maxima occur at tf = nx. Concentrate at @¢ = 0. Now the energy density is given by w=pa'w’sin'ot atx =0 7/6 time later (where T = 2n is the time period) than ¢ = 0. 2 ote 2% 3 202 w= paro’sin’ = = paw = 2 Thus .= Spat? 7 =4.162 4.163 4.164 The power output of the source much be 4xP Ip = Q Watt. The required flux of accoustic power is then: Q = 2 [\, Where Q is the solid angle subtended by the disc enclosed by the ring at S. This solid angle is Q = 2x (1 - cosa) 1 So flux O=hh{i- 2nP fo Pe) Substitution gives ® = 211 x 30 (1-——_) uw ~ 1.99 pw. Viet 4 Eqn. (1) is a well known result stich is derived as follows; Let SO be the polar axis. Then the required solid angle is the area of that part of the surface a sphere of much radius whose colatitude is s a. a Thus a= f 2xsinodo = 250 - cosa. 0 From the result of 4.162 power flowing out through anyone of the opening Py Az 21.) setae | VR?4(h/2) offy. 4 2\ Varta As total power output equals P, so the power reaching the lateral surface must be. 4 rae] 2h ow 2\0 Var?+n?} Var?+h? We are given & = acoskxort s0 28 _aksinkxcosot and 25 ~ -awcoskxsinor ax or Thus (E)-0 = aooskx, (E)- 22 = -acoskx (3 = akanke. (33) = gkanke ax t=O ax t= T/2(a) The graphs of (&) and (33) are as shown in Fig. (35) of the book (p.332). (b) We can calculate the density as follows : Take a parallelopiped of cross section unity and length dx with its edges at x and x4dx. After the oscillation the edge at x goes to x+&(x) and the edge at x+dx goes to xt+dx+E(x+dr) = x4dx+8(x) +38 ar, Thus the volume of the element (originally dx) becomes (+8) ex ax Po Omteag es 1428 ax and hence the density becomes ! On substituting we get for the density p(x) the curves shown in Fig.(35). referred to above. | (©) The velocity v(x) at time t = 7/4 is ( 3) = -awooskx ar t= 1/4 On plotting we get the figure (36). 4.165 Given & = acoskxcos wt (a) The potential energy density (per unit volume) is the energy of longitudinal strain. This 2 1, (88 ag, vradi . 2*( al es is the longitudinal strain = Sea? R sin? kx cos? wt 2 ech ere But == of Ek’ = po oP f Thus w= Fp 02? sin? kx cos? ws (b) The kinetic energy density is 2 1 (28) 2 1 Ge cos? kx sin? 2(§ ) zPeo cos” kx sin? wt.91 On plotting we get Fig. 37 given in the book (p. 332). For example at ¢ = 0 Wom Wet We = > pa? wo sin kx i 2 and the displacement nodes are at x = + OE so we do get the figure. 4.166 Let us denote the displacement of the elements of the string by § = asinkx cost since the string is 120 cm long we must have &120 = nx If x, is the distance at which the displacement amplitude first equals 3-5 mm then asinkx, = 35 = asin(kx,+15k) Then kxy+1Sk = x-kx, or kx, = HB One can convince ourself that the string has the form shown below 1 It shows that kx120 = 42, 80 k= on” Thus we are dealing with the third overtone Also ka G so a= 35V2mm ~ 4949 mm. 4167 We haven = 2 VE 1 V2! Where af = total mass of the wire. When the wire 21 Vm "214M is stretched, total mass of the wire remains constant. For the first wire the new length = [+ mil and for the record wire, the length is 1 + npl. Also T, = a (1; /) where a is a constant and 7, = 0 (72/). Substituting in the above formula. 1 viem) +m!) “1 a * 2(eml) M ye 1 vy (om!) +m!) 2° 2 (T+!) M va dtm afm Ltn Mo 1+tm mm ltm uly m+ m) Vv 0-04(1+ 0-02) 44 M m+ mm) ~ © 0-02(1+ 0-04) ~92 4.168 4.169 4.170 Let initial length and tension be / and T respectively. 1 So, “37 In accordance with the problem, the new length 1x35 300 7 65! and new tension, T’ = T+ Thus the new frequency «+ r ate VEE fi ‘ae 2x0-657 Me re 13° M7 065 7 065 Hence =2 Obviously in this case the velocityof sound propagation v=2v(h-h) where Ip and J; are consecutive lengths at which resonance occur In our problem, ()-) = 1 So v = 2vI = 2x 2000 x85 cm/s = 0-34 km/s. (@) When the tube is closed at one end ve qi (2m41), where m= 0,1,2,... = eee lanet) = 100(2n+1) Thus for n= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,..., we get my = 1001H,, my = 3001H,, ns = 5001H,, m, = 7001H,, ns = 9001H,, mg = 11001H,, m = 13001H, Since v should be 50k Hz. Hence the sought number of frequencies between 20 to 50k Hz equals 4. Let two waves &, = acos(wr-kx) and & = acos(wt+kx), superpose and as a result, we have a standing wave (the resultant wave ) in the string of the form & = 2acos kx cos wt. According to the problem 2.4 = dy,4.173 Hence the standing wave excited in the string is & = a, cos kx cos wt (a) ag or, nO COs kx sin wt (2) So the kinetic energy confined in the string element of length dr, is given by : a-4(ta)(] or, Ce ee sin? ot ae ae dT= nae sin? ot cos? 22 x de Hence the kinetic energy confined in the string corresponding to the fundamental tone w forte Because, for the fundamental tone, length of the string 7 = * 2 +} Integrating we get, T im @0? sin? ot Hence the sought maximum kinetic energy equals, Tas = im ao, because for Tinax » Sin? ot = 1 (ii) Mean kinetic energy averaged over one oscillation period axe jn? S sin? wt de Td = imazar. We have a standing wave given by the equation § = asinkx coswr So, 28 oe a inks dat @) and 23 » akeoskx cosot @95 ‘The kinetic energy confined in an element of length dx of the rod 2 dTs p(esas)( HF) - dpsao sin? cot sin? kx de So total kinetic energy confined into rod Te fat -Fosdotsin? “fates 2S a’ p sin? ot or, T. i @) The potential energy in the above rod element ? au = fau- ~ fase where Fy = (osaey2§ or, Fy = - (pSdt)w& zg 50, au = at psd f $e 0 2 Dot SS ay . pots? cos’ ot sin’kx de or, Thus the total potential energy stored in the rod U = s du wa or, te ton f i AE de 0 Ss _ zpSa? w cos” wt °» 4k To find the potential energy stored in the rod element we may adopt an easier way. We know that the potential energy density confined in a rod under elastic force equals : Up = J (stress x strain) = hoe = hye 122 1 pO 7 2f 985 eee : a ee = $9070? cos? wt cos?kx96 4.174 4.175 Hence the total potential energy stored in the rod if 1 U=fUpdv=f 5 para’ cos wt cos*kx S dx cj 2 iaitea = EpSa*o* cos’ wt m 4k @ Hence the sought mechanical energy confined in the rod between the two adjacent nodes 2 42 Eas = SPOS 4k Receiver R; registers the beating, due to the sound waves reaching directly to it from source and the other due to the reflection from the wall. Frequency of sound reaching directly from Sto Ry vy Veen, = Yor When S moves towards Ry and v's-cz, = Yo when S moves towards the wall v+ Now frequency reaching to R, after reflection from wall v Vw, = Yor, > When S moves towards Ry wn tee eo - yp 8 R, and Viy+z, = Yo a , when S moves towards the wall ‘Thus the sought beat frequency Av = (Ysen-Yworn,) Of, (Vwnn,- Ysa.) v__ 2vovu 2uvy -¥ => =1Hz woven yee uy? v aaaea Oar Let the velocity of tuning fork is u. Thus frequency reaching to the observer due to the tuning fork that approaches the observer : v v= Toy = velocity of sound } Frequency reaching the observer due to the tunning fork that recedes from the observer v veu v" = vo So, Beat frequency v-v" = v = vov 2vovu or, ve vu? So, vur+(2vv)u-v2v =04.176 4.177 97 we L2Y MOF V 4vav744vv? 2 Hence the sought value of u, on simplifying and noting that u > 0 ; va (3) -1) Obviously the maximum, frequency will be heard when the source is moving with maximum velocity towards the receiver and minimum frequency will be heard when the source recedes with maximum velocity. As the source swing harmonically its maximum velocity equals aq. Hence Hence Vmax = Yo So the frequency band width AV = Viax- Vin = | or, (Ava?) w+ (2vova)o- Avv? =0 So, o- -2vovae V 4vev7a2+ Ava’v? 2Ava" On simplifying (and taking + sign as > 0 if Av > 0) eee (v 1+(42) -1) Ava It should be noted that the frequency emitted by the source at time ¢ could not be received at the same moment by the receiver, becouse till that time the source will cover the distance dw 1? and the sound wave will take the further time Swit to reach the receiver. Therefore the frequency noted by the receiver at time ¢ should be emitted by the source at the time ty0-63 km no sound will be héard. 4.184 We treat the fork as a point source. In the absence of damping the oscillation has the form Const. r cos (wt-kr) Because of the damping of the fork the amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with the retarded time (i.e. the time at which the wave started from the source.). Thus we write for the wave amplitude. go Samt o-8(*-5) calort) alot) PO] ee This means that —_ = vs ' x xtde101 (++) in vd) oo, p ‘Thus e® a4 orp = —4_ 012.57 "a aan v4 BoA v 4.185 (a) Let us consider the motion of an clement of the medium of thickness dr and unit area of cross-section. Let § = displacement of the particles of the medium at location x. Then by the equation of motion pdx =-dp where dp is the pressure increment over the length dr Recalling the wave equation =v 7 ax we can write the foregoing equation as 2 208 dx=-d Pv oe iP Integrating this equation, we get Ap = surplus pressure = - ove, Const. In the absence of a deformation (a wave), the surplus pressure is Ap = 0, So ’Const? = 0 and (b) We have found earlier that w = W,+W, = total energy density v-e(B)--A() Ee) ot 2 ax ax It is easy * see that the space-time average of both densities is the same and the space time average of total energy density is then 2 a The intensity of the wave is ; (apy Tavera ae AP ym Using < (APE > = F(A we get 1. GP) .102 4.186 4.187 4.188 ‘The intensity of the sound wave is (API | (AP Yn 2pv — 2pva Using v = vA, pis the density of air. Thus the mean energy flow reaching the ball is 2 2 2(AP mn uR°I="R 2pve aR? being the effective area (area of cross section) of the ball. Substitution gives 10.9 mW. date CY 4 We have 5 = intensity = “3 or (AP )m = gee 2ar 1 oY 1293 kg/m x 340 m/s x080w _ 4/1293 %340% 8 ( kgkgm?s~?ms"!\)? 2ax15x15 5 2nx 15x15 m? = 49877 (kgm7*s7? = SPa. (AP mn P = 5x107* a (b) We have Ap = -pve (AP )m = PV KEq = PVITVEn (AP )m S: Bao Braye ” 20% 1-293 x 340 x 600 Ey 3x107* _ 1800 2% = ~— 340/600 340 =3pm x107* = 5x10~* Express L in bels. (ie. L = 5 bels). Then the intensity at the relevant point (at a distance r from the source) is : Jo:10° Had there been no damping the intensity would have been : e?"” I-10 Now this must equal the quantity reat where P = sonic power of the source. mr Thus batts 4ar? or P= 4nr7e7"" fy10’ = 1.39 W. 297 Ty10t103 4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. RADIATION 4.189 The velocity of light in a medium of relative permittivity © is KE € wavelength of light (from its value in vaccum to its value in the medium) is Thus the change in “Ans clve ele iaaaGaguEE vov 4.190 From the data of the problem the relative permittivity of the medium varies as (x) = ee Hence the local velocity of light VO) = as ee 1 4191 Conduction current density = 0, Displacement current density = ae ereeat a = iweeE Ratio of magnitudes = ae = 2, on puting the valucs. £9 412 so OB aH Wx Fe - 28. 4, 8 = V cos(wt-E°7}x Eq = EXE, sin(wt-F:7") At r= 0 aH ERE, > =- — snot at Ho 1 So integrating (ignoring a constant) and using ¢ = Ve Bo or RKE, 1 9 RX Em H = —— coscktx— Ho pees ng k cosckt104 4.193 As in the previous problem o> oe at kxEy He 7 cos (wt - FF}105 so S-ExH- = Ex (Rx Ey) 5 008? (wt F275 = V2 BB Feo (or FF <> -iVe iF 4197 E = E,,cos(2xvt-kx) @) jas = ap = - 2meqvE,sin(wt-kx) Thus Cia me = << iis >? = V2 megvEy = 0.20 mA/m?, 1 0) = 5 7 EZ as in (196). Thus = 3.3 » W/m? 4.198. For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196) = 3 i E2 along the direction of propagation. Hence in time ¢ (which is much longer than the time period T of the wave), the energy reaching the ball is mR? x E2xt=5\. 4199 Here E = Ecos kx cost = From div E = 0 we getE,, = 0 so E, is in the y~z plane. Also SF TB = - VeaskxxE, cos ot = E&E,sin kx cos wt so Ba a sinkxsinwt = B,sinkxsin wt Where |B] = AE and Hy 4 Ey in the yz plane At t=0,B = 0, E = E,coskx At t= 7/4 E=0,B = B,sinkx4.201 E- E, cos kx wt a EKER, : He sin kxsin wt (exactly as in 199) =< =» we Ex En Fo Beit = EXE) 1 5 sin2kx sin 201 Wo 1 : : 1 Thus S.= | %0cEm sin2kxsin2ot (+ we") <5,> = 0 Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W, = 3 Cyn Lip XR? mi 2nd, (d = separation between the plates, ™R? = area of each plate.). V = V,, sin wt, V,, is the maximum voltage Changing electric field causes a displacement current jaa ae = t9E_ © cos wt Vin = OO cos wt This gives rise to a magnetic field B(r) (at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate) soo, ‘m cos wt B(r)-2mr = pom? jas = Wo? B= Lemelvaarer Energy associated with this field is 2 =far om : 1Buy Si an [ Prarnaxv cos? «wt Deer itat ah Rast gies, 7g TEOMO Gg Vm cos wt Thus the maximum magnetic energy i five (o apse *y2 ‘nm 1 iid (foot 15 Hence Wr 7g Mo(OR) aot =5 x 10 ‘The approximation are valid only if @ R < (for r >) Thus S= radially outward from the axis e940 r? This is the Poynting vector. Within the solenoid B = ypnJ and the rate of change of magnetic energy ot py seene ati sLrontred paar ogi) sitesee tia y Wn = 3, (Eur aR ‘) Hon? eR? UT where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid / = length. Also H = B/jip = nI along the axis within the solenoid. By Faraday’s law, the induced electric field is Ey 2mr= nr? B= nr? pont or = Svonir109 so at the edge Ey (R) = $0 nIR (circuital) Then S, = Ey H, (radially inward) and Wy = Svor TR x2RI = Hon’ R71IT as before. 4.207 Given @> 91 The electric field is as shown by the dashed lines (--—>-—---). % The magnetic field is as shown Oo O Oo (©) emerging out of the paper. 5” = E’x His parallel to the wires % and towards right. Hence source must be on the left. 4.208 The electric field (----—>) and the magnetic field (H —>) are as shown. The electric field by Gauss’s theorem is like ga4 r r, Integrating g-Aln eS 0 so A= (n> n) "2 In 2 n Then eee y "2 rin n Magnetic field is igtetee=s oe °" Qnr The Poynting vector $ is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires (n< 7 < 72). The total power flux is jf 2Qurdr=1V Qn? in 4.209 As in the previous problem Vg t Ty t- g, = OOHOF oy gy. oelas-v) a 2aur rin— nh Hence time averaged power flux ( along the z axis ) = 4 Vo1y cos @110 4.210 4.211 4.212 4.213 214 On using = Loose - Let in” be along the z axis. Then Sin = Fiz Miy-Eiy Mix and Soy = En Hzy Ezy Hox Using the boundary condition E,, = Ez, , Hy, = Hz, at the boundary (t = x or y) we see that Sin = San- 242 P- a [p') when if a But ape m;7; = 0 for a closed system Hence P=#0. Spee? (pide Ane, 30° => 2 IP’ l = (e022) cos? ot 2a b, ew ra? 4s This

= alewaPx == 59456 51x 10 w Amey 3 2 12me9c Here 2 eee ~~ 1 Pia GX fomee = OT aaa 22 Tous Pr eieeractes (eos eee (4mxe9)° (mR?) 3¢ Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In that region, we can write R? = b+ v70? and apply the previous problem’s formula dt ( be +V 2 1 y? (the integral can be taken between * o with little error.) iaaieaie (idee Thi AW = — es aaa ™4.215 4.216 111 Nog. f dt a f dx aia ai (Biav ity (beta Ube 204 Hence, swe—t ct a (429)? 30° mvb>" For the semicircular path on the right 2 MY Bev ot v= Bek. R m 2 2p? Thus KE. = T= my? -2 2 = 2m : 122: evs Power rained = = 55 ( R ) Hence energy radiated = AW 2 12 (=) xR B’e*R? ” Fee 3c3| im? ) BeR” ~ Gegmic? AW Be* -18 So fe = Ss = 206 x 10. T —3e9c°m (neglecting the change in v due to radiation, correct if AW/T << 1). my Ree 12 fev?) 1 2 (etBy Then Pte 3 R ) ” ane ral m ) 1 aa “3 3 3 megc? \ m This is the radiated power so aT Be* at 3negm*c? Integrating, T = Ty e~'* 1 = 3E0 mc? Bre 1 is (1836 )° ‘» 107° times Jess for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112 4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance | from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because 4.218 1 > a, to first order in the distance between P and the instantaneous position of the particle is still For the first case y= 0 so t= 7/4 The corresponding retarded time ist’ = ZL Now FU =- cPacosolF 2) a et asin 2 c ¢ For the second case y = a at f = 0 so at the retarded time t’ = — --2 Thus ya)« ~ aPacos 24 ‘The radiation fluxes in the two cases are proportional to (j" (2) )* so S, tS tan? 2! © 3.06 on substitution. S; c Note : The radiation received at P at time ¢ depends on the acceleration of the charge at the retarded time. Along the circle x = Rsinwt, y = Reos wt where @ = 5. If t is the parameter in x(t),y(¢) and 1 1” is the observer time then lwe> tlm te ft b~\ P where we have neglected the effect of the y--cordinate which is of second order. The observed cordinate are x'(t') = x(t), y(t") = y(t) dy' dy dt dy -oRsinwot | _-ox | -vx/R Then Gat dd 7 oR 1-— sat € ee d?y'! _ dt d(-vx/R vy 1- oR This is the observed acceleration.4219 4.220 4.221 4.222 113 (b) Energy flow density of EM radiation Sis proportional to the square of the y- projection “teal af G4) We know that Sy (r) «2, 7 20° of the observed accéleration of the particle (i« S| : ole At other angles S(r,0) « sin? 6=M/2 Thus S(7,0) = Sp(r)sin*O = Sosin’6 So Average power radiated pk 2 5 5 Sor = Sox 4ar?x (avense of sin?@ over whole sphere is From the previous problem. 8mSor? Py» — 3 or So= Sr S. Thus = te, (Poynting flux vector is the energy contained is a box of unit cross section and length c). The rotating dispole has moments Py = PCoswt, py = psinwr 2 af Thus ee bee aean a meeaeue Ane 3c 6xegc If the electric field of the wave is . E = E, cost then this induces a dipole moment whose second derivative is Hence radiated mean power.