PHP interview questions and answers

1. What does a special set of tags <?= and ?> do in PHP? - The output is displayed
directly to the browser.
2. What’s the difference between include and require? - It’s how they handle failures. If
the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the
script. If the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will
continue.
3. I am trying to assign a variable the value of 0123, but it keeps coming up with a
different number, what’s the problem? - PHP Interpreter treats numbers beginning
with 0 as octal. Look at the similar PHP interview questions for more numeric problems.
4. Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of dollars
in this example? - In this example it wouldn’t matter, since the variable is all by itself,
but if you were to print something like "{$a},000,000 mln dollars", then you definitely
need to use the braces.
5. How do you define a constant? - Via define() directive, like define ("MYCONSTANT",
100);
6. How do you pass a variable by value? - Just like in C++, put an ampersand in front of
it, like $a = &$b
7. Will comparison of string "10" and integer 11 work in PHP? - Yes, internally PHP
will cast everything to the integer type, so numbers 10 and 11 will be compared.
8. When are you supposed to use endif to end the conditional statement? - When the
original if was followed by : and then the code block without braces.
9. Explain the ternary conditional operator in PHP? - Expression preceding the ? is
evaluated, if it’s true, then the expression preceding the : is executed, otherwise, the
expression following : is executed.
10. How do I find out the number of parameters passed into function? -
func_num_args() function returns the number of parameters passed in.
11. If the variable $a is equal to 5 and variable $b is equal to character a, what’s the
value of $$b? - 100, it’s a reference to existing variable.
12. What’s the difference between accessing a class method via -> and via ::? - :: is
allowed to access methods that can perform static operations, i.e. those, which do not
require object initialization.
13. Are objects passed by value or by reference? - Everything is passed by value.
14. How do you call a constructor for a parent class? - parent::constructor($value)
15. What’s the special meaning of __sleep and __wakeup? - __sleep returns the array of
all the variables than need to be saved, while __wakeup retrieves them.
16. Why doesn’t the following code print the newline properly?    <?php
            $str = ‘Hello, there.nHow are you?nThanks for visiting TechInterviews’;
            print $str;
    ?>
Because inside the single quotes the n character is not interpreted as newline, just as a
sequence of two characters - and n.
17. Would you initialize your strings with single quotes or double quotes? - Since the
data inside the single-quoted string is not parsed for variable substitution, it’s always a
 better idea speed-wise to initialize a string with single quotes, unless you specifically
need variable substitution.
18. How come the code <?php print "Contents: $arr[1]"; ?> works, but <?php print
"Contents: $arr[1][2]"; ?> doesn’t for two-dimensional array of mine? - Any time
you have an array with more than one dimension, complex parsing syntax is required.
print "Contents: {$arr[1][2]}" would’ve worked.
19. What is the difference between characters �23 and x23? - The first one is octal 23,
the second is hex 23.
20. With a heredoc syntax, do I get variable substitution inside the heredoc contents? -
Yes.
21. I want to combine two variables together:
22. $var1 = 'Welcome to ';
23. $var2 = 'TechInterviews.com';

What will work faster? Code sample 1:

$var 3 = $var1.$var2;

Or code sample 2:

$var3 = "$var1$var2";

Both examples would provide the same result - $var3 equal to "Welcome to
TechInterviews.com". However, Code Sample 1 will work significantly faster. Try it out
with large sets of data (or via concatenating small sets a million times or so), and you will
see that concatenation works significantly faster than variable substitution.

24. For printing out strings, there are echo, print and printf. Explain the differences. -
echo is the most primitive of them, and just outputs the contents following the construct
to the screen. print is also a construct (so parentheses are optional when calling it), but it
returns TRUE on successful output and FALSE if it was unable to print out the string.
However, you can pass multiple parameters to echo, like:

<?php echo 'Welcome ', 'to', ' ', 'TechInterviews!'; ?>

and it will output the string "Welcome to TechInterviews!" print does not take multiple
parameters. It is also generally argued that echo is faster, but usually the speed advantage
is negligible, and might not be there for future versions of PHP. printf  is a function, not
a construct, and allows such advantages as formatted output, but it’s the slowest way to
print out data out of echo, print and printf.

25. I am writing an application in PHP that outputs a printable version of driving

directions. It contains some long sentences, and I am a neat freak, and would like to
make sure that no line exceeds 50 characters. How do I accomplish that with PHP? -
On large strings that need to be formatted according to some length specifications, use
wordwrap() or chunk_split().
26. What’s the output of the ucwords function in this example?
 27. $formatted = ucwords("TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS");
print $formatted;

What will be printed is TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW

QUESTIONS.
ucwords() makes every first letter of every word capital, but it does not lower-case
anything else. To avoid this, and get a properly formatted string, it’s worth using
strtolower() first.

What’s the difference between PHP interview questions and

answers
By admin | December 12, 2005

1. What does a special set of tags <?= and ?> do in PHP? - The output is displayed
directly to the browser.
2. What’s the difference between include and require? - It’s how they handle failures. If
the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the
script. If the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will
continue.
3. I am trying to assign a variable the value of 0123, but it keeps coming up with a
different number, what’s the problem? - PHP Interpreter treats numbers beginning
with 0 as octal. Look at the similar PHP interview questions for more numeric problems.
4. Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of dollars
in this example? - In this example it wouldn’t matter, since the variable is all by itself,
but if you were to print something like "{$a},000,000 mln dollars", then you definitely
need to use the braces.
5. How do you define a constant? - Via define() directive, like define ("MYCONSTANT",
100);
6. How do you pass a variable by value? - Just like in C++, put an ampersand in front of
it, like $a = &$b
7. Will comparison of string "10" and integer 11 work in PHP? - Yes, internally PHP
will cast everything to the integer type, so numbers 10 and 11 will be compared.
8. When are you supposed to use endif to end the conditional statement? - When the
original if was followed by : and then the code block without braces.
9. Explain the ternary conditional operator in PHP? - Expression preceding the ? is
evaluated, if it’s true, then the expression preceding the : is executed, otherwise, the
expression following : is executed.
10. How do I find out the number of parameters passed into function? -
func_num_args() function returns the number of parameters passed in.
11. If the variable $a is equal to 5 and variable $b is equal to character a, what’s the
value of $$b? - 100, it’s a reference to existing variable.
12. What’s the difference between accessing a class method via -> and via ::? - :: is
allowed to access methods that can perform static operations, i.e. those, which do not
require object initialization.
13. Are objects passed by value or by reference? - Everything is passed by value.
14. How do you call a constructor for a parent class? - parent::constructor($value)
15. What’s the special meaning of __sleep and __wakeup? - __sleep returns the array of
all the variables than need to be saved, while __wakeup retrieves them.
16. Why doesn’t the following code print the newline properly?    <?php
            $str = ‘Hello, there.nHow are you?nThanks for visiting TechInterviews’;
            print $str;
    ?>
Because inside the single quotes the n character is not interpreted as newline, just as a
sequence of two characters - and n.
17. Would you initialize your strings with single quotes or double quotes? - Since the
data inside the single-quoted string is not parsed for variable substitution, it’s always a
better idea speed-wise to initialize a string with single quotes, unless you specifically
need variable substitution.
18. How come the code <?php print "Contents: $arr[1]"; ?> works, but <?php print
"Contents: $arr[1][2]"; ?> doesn’t for two-dimensional array of mine? - Any time
you have an array with more than one dimension, complex parsing syntax is required.
print "Contents: {$arr[1][2]}" would’ve worked.
19. What is the difference between characters �23 and x23? - The first one is octal 23,
the second is hex 23.
20. With a heredoc syntax, do I get variable substitution inside the heredoc contents? -
Yes.
21. I want to combine two variables together:
22. $var1 = 'Welcome to ';
23. $var2 = 'TechInterviews.com';

What will work faster? Code sample 1:

$var 3 = $var1.$var2;

Or code sample 2:

$var3 = "$var1$var2";

Both examples would provide the same result - $var3 equal to "Welcome to
TechInterviews.com". However, Code Sample 1 will work significantly faster. Try it out
with large sets of data (or via concatenating small sets a million times or so), and you will
see that concatenation works significantly faster than variable substitution.

24. For printing out strings, there are echo, print and printf. Explain the differences. -
echo is the most primitive of them, and just outputs the contents following the construct
to the screen. print is also a construct (so parentheses are optional when calling it), but it
returns TRUE on successful output and FALSE if it was unable to print out the string.
However, you can pass multiple parameters to echo, like:
 <?php echo 'Welcome ', 'to', ' ', 'TechInterviews!'; ?>

and it will output the string "Welcome to TechInterviews!" print does not take multiple
parameters. It is also generally argued that echo is faster, but usually the speed advantage
is negligible, and might not be there for future versions of PHP. printf  is a function, not
a construct, and allows such advantages as formatted output, but it’s the slowest way to
print out data out of echo, print and printf.

25. I am writing an application in PHP that outputs a printable version of driving

directions. It contains some long sentences, and I am a neat freak, and would like to
make sure that no line exceeds 50 characters. How do I accomplish that with PHP? -
On large strings that need to be formatted according to some length specifications, use
wordwrap() or chunk_split().
26. What’s the output of the ucwords function in this example?
27. $formatted = ucwords("TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS");
print $formatted;

What will be printed is TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW

QUESTIONS.
ucwords() makes every first letter of every word capital, but it does not lower-case
anything else. To avoid this, and get a properly formatted string, it’s worth using
strtolower() first.

28. What’s the difference between htmlentities() and htmlspecialchar() ? -

htmlspecialchars only takes care of <, >, single quote ‘, double quote " and ampersand.
htmlentities translates all occurrences of character sequences that have different meaning
in HTML.
29. What’s the difference between md5(), crc32() and sha1() crypto on PHP? - The
major difference is the length of the hash generated. CRC32 is, evidently, 32 bits, while
sha1() returns a 128 bit value, and md5() returns a 160 bit value. This is important when
avoiding collisions.
30. So if md5() generates the most secure hash, why would you ever use the less secure
crc32() and sha1()? - Crypto usage in PHP is simple, but that doesn’t mean it’s free.
First off, depending on the data that you’re encrypting, you might have reasons to store a
32-bit value in the database instead of the 160-bit value to save on space. Second, the
more secure the crypto is, the longer is the computation time to deliver the hash value. A
high volume site might be significantly slowed down, if frequent md5() generation is
required.
31. How do you match the character ^ at the beginning of the string? - ^^

28. htmlentities() and htmlspecialchar()? - htmlspecialchars only takes care of <, >, single
quote ‘, double quote " and ampersand. htmlentities translates all occurrences of character
sequences that have different meaning in HTML.
29. What’s the difference between md5(), crc32() and sha1() crypto on PHP? - The
major difference is the length of the hash generated. CRC32 is, evidently, 32 bits, while
 sha1() returns a 128 bit value, and md5() returns a 160 bit value. This is important when
avoiding collisions.
30. So if md5() generates the most secure hash, why would you ever use the less secure
crc32() and sha1()? - Crypto usage in PHP is simple, but that doesn’t mean it’s free.
First off, depending on the data that you’re encrypting, you might have reasons to store a
32-bit value in the database instead of the 160-bit value to save on space. Second, the
more secure the crypto is, the longer is the computation time to deliver the hash value. A
high volume site might be significantly slowed down, if frequent md5() generation is
required.
31. How do you match the character ^ at the beginning of the string? - ^^