CHAPTER - III

3. PROFILE OF DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS

JOURNALS AND ANTHROPOLOGY JOURNALS

3.1 DOAJ

The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is website that lists open access

journals and is maintained by Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA). Until

January 2013, the DOAJ was maintained by Lund University.The concept of Open

Access to research publications and data has gained tremendous momentum. Its

importance continues to grow and so does the need to establish a sustainable future for

services that underpin Open Access. DOAJ has grown in every aspect since then and so

have the demands and expectations of the community. After thorough discussion, Lund

University Libraries and IS4OA have entered into an agreement that the DOAJ will be

transferred to IS4OA to maintain and develop. DOAJ is sponsored by Lund University,

INASP, National Library of Sweden, Svensk Bibliotek Forening, Springer.

The project defines open access journals as scientific and scholarly journals that

meet high quality standards by exercising peer review or editorial quality control and "use

a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for

access." The Budapest Open Access Initiative's definition of open access is used to define

required rights given to users, for the journal to be included in the DOAJ, as the rights to

"read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles".

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 As of September 2014, the database contains 10000 journals, with an average of

four journals being added each day in 2012. Journals can be browsed by title or by broad

subject area. Articles are searchable by article author or title, ISSN, journal title, abstract,

or key words. Full-text is not searchable but is fully accessible. To be included in the

DOAJ, journals must use a funding model that does not charge readers or their

institutions for access and must exercise peer-review or editorial quality control. The

Interface and material language is English.

It covers the following subjects African American Studies, African

Studies, Agriculture, American Indian Studies, Anthropology, Archaeology, Art &

Architecture, Asian American, Studies, Biology, Black Studies, Business, Chemical

Engineering, Chemistry, ChicanoStudies,ChineseStudies, Communication, ComputerScie

nceEngineering, CounselingPsychology, EarthSciences, EastAsianStudies, Economics, E

ducation, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Studies, Feminist Studies, Film & Media

Studies, Gender Studies, Health Sciences, History (U.S.), History (World), Japanese

Studies, Language, Latin American & Iberian Studies, Law & Society, Life

Sciences, Linguistics, Literature, Materials Science &

Engineering, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Military Science, Native American

Studies, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology (Brain

Sciences), Psychology(Counseling), Religious Studies, Sociology, Spanish &

Portuguese, Statistics (discipline), Women's Studies.

The DOAJ provides metadata (title, key words, URL, publisher’s name, language

etc) at the journal title level and also at the article level for a significant part of the

journals referenced. Journals must fulfill a set of criteria for being referenced in the

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DOAJ. The DOAJ aims to be comprehensive and covers all open access scientific and

scholarly journals that use a quality control system to guarantee the content.

The aim of the Directory of Open Access Journals is to increase the visibility and

ease of use of open access scientific and scholarly journals thereby promoting their

increased usage and impact. The Directory aims to be comprehensive and cover all open

access scientific and scholarly journals that use a quality control system to guarantee the

content.

The researcher has taken Ten Anthropology Journals for analysis. The data were

down loaded using DOAJ website.

3.2 ANTHROPOLOGY JOURNALS

Anthropology is traditionally divided into four sub-fields, each with its own

further branches: biological or physical anthropology, social anthropology or cultural

anthropology, archaeology and anthropological linguistics. These fields frequently

overlap, but tend to use different methodologies and techniques.

It presupposes the need for local, regional, national and international data both

published as well as unpublished. Journals have been playing a vital role as carriers of

nascent thought. The development of any nation depends to a large extent on the research

activities and on the diffusion of technology.

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 So the researcher has chosen ten Anthropology open access journals which are

published from different countries. All the needed data were downloaded from DOAJ open

Access Journals. The following are the details about the journals

3.3 ANTHROPOLOGIST

Anthropologist is a Journal Full Text available ON LINE is a peer reviewed

journal that publishes original articles, both theoretical and applied, book reviews and

debates on current issues in the interdisciplinary field of Human Science and provides a

forum to social and life scientists for exchanging their scientific knowledge, besides

putting it on record for those interested.

The journal is indexed in ProQuest International Bibliography of the Social

Sciences (IBSS), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), India,

Sociological Abstracts database, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts database,

Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts database, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access

Journals, <http://www.doaj.org>) and other indices.

The Journal seeks scholarly manuscripts that address bio-socio-cultural and

ecological aspects of man. The journal publishes original papers on current research and

practical programmes, short notes, news items, book reviews, reports of meetings and

professional announcements. Constructive criticisms and discussions of published papers

and letters of relevance and interest to the readership will be published at the discretion of

the Managing Editor. The journal is committed to prompt review, and priority

publication is given to manuscripts with novel or timely findings, and to manuscripts of

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unusual interests. The researchers are invited to submit original papers in English (papers

published elsewhere or under consideration elsewhere shall not be submitted).

There shall be six issues, two volumes per year (January, March, May, July,

September & November). All papers and articles submitted are subjected to review. The

possible exceptions are in the case of occasional invited papers and editorials, or where a

partial or entire volume is devoted to a special theme. The annual subscription price for

four issues, one volume per year for institution, libraries and other corporate bodies is

US$ 300/- Rs. 9000/- (Single Issue: US $ 55/- Rs. 1750/-). Rupee prices are valid in

India. Subscription rates include postage air mail delivery Regular Subscriber to the

journal will get free Special and Supplement Issues of the journal. Submission of a

manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before (except in the

form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis) that it is not under

consideration for publication elsewhere; that if and when the manuscript is accepted for

publication,

The authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher. ©

Kamla-Raj Enterprises. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced

in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Administrative

Editor, B-2 (Ground Floor), South City II, Gurgaon 122 018, Haryana, India or e-mail to:

[email protected]

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3.4 JOURNAL OF HUMAN ECOLOGY

The Journal of Human Ecology (J. Hum. Ecol.) is a peer reviewed, internationally

circulated journal. It publishes reports of original research, theoretical articles and timely

reviews, and brief communications in the interdisciplinary field of Human Ecology. The

Journal serves as a forum for social and life scientists and health professionals. Especially

those who share common interests in understanding Man-Environment Relationship.

Reviews of books and other publications relevant to Human Ecology are also published.

The Journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that

making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of

knowledge. It is a an open submissions, indexed peer revised journal. It is available

online and the website is www.krepublishers.com

The journal is indexed in BIOSIS database, IBIDS database, Indian Science

Abstracts' (ISA) database, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS),

National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India (NAAS Rating 3.4), Social Services

Abstracts database, Sociological Abstracts database, Worldwide Political Science

Abstracts database, CAB Abstracts and Global Health databases, DOAJ (Directory of

Open Access Journals, <http://www.doaj.org>) and other indices.

The Journal seeks scholarly manuscripts that address all aspects of the discipline

of Human Ecology. Thus, the transdisciplinary areas covered by Human Ecology include,

but are not limited to, Anthropology (Physical/Biological, Social/Cultural), Sociology,

Geography, Life Sciences, Forensic Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Botany,

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Agriculture, Home Science, Zoology, Genetics, Biology, Medical Sciences, Public

Health, Demography along with their relationship interfaces. The Journal publishes basic,

applied and methodologically oriented research from all areas. This includes

measurement, analytical techniques and strategies, and computer applications in Human

Ecology. The Journal is committed to prompt review, and priority publication is given to

manuscripts with novel or timely findings, and to manuscript of unusual interest.

Constructive criticisms and discussions of published papers and letters of relevance and

interest to the readership will be published at the discretion of the Managing Editor. The

researchers are invited to submit original papers in English (papers published elsewhere

or under consideration elsewhere shall not be submitted).

There shall be twelve issues, four volumes per year (January, February,

March, April, May, June, July August, September, October, November, December).

Manuscript along with disk should be submitted to the Administrative Editor, B-2

(Ground Floor), South City II, Gurgaon 122 018, Haryana, India or e-mail to:

[email protected]. Materials submitted for publication are to be prepared in accordance

with The Guide for Contributors, which is published JANUARY issue of the journal (or

visit our website: www.krepublishers.com). Manuscripts which do not fully confirm to

Journal style will be returned to the Authors.

The annual subscription price for twelve issues, four volumes per year for institution,

libraries and other corporate bodies is US$ 600/- Rs. 18000/- (Single Issue: US $ 55/- Rs.

1750/-). Rupee prices are valid in India. Subscription rates include postage air mail

delivery

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3.5 ASIAN FOLKLORE STUDIES (ASIAN ETHNOLOGY)

Asian Ethnology is registered as an Open Access Journal. All issues of the

journal, including the current one, are freely downloadable. The ISSN is 1882–6865

Asian Ethnology is a semi-annual, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the

promotion of scholarly research on the peoples and cultures of Asia. It began in China as

Folklore Studies in 1942 and later moved to Japan where its name was changed to Asian

Folklore Studies. It is currently edited and published at Nanzan University in Nagoya,

Japan.

Asian Ethnology seeks to deepen understanding and further the pursuit of

knowledge about the peoples and cultures of Asia. We wish to facilitate intellectual

exchange between Asia and the rest of the world, and particularly welcome submissions

from scholars based in Asia. The journal presents formal essays and analyses, research

reports, and critical book reviews relating to a wide range of topical categories, including

narratives, performances, and other forms of cultural representation

popular religious concepts

vernacular approaches to health and healing

local ecological/environmental knowledge

collective memory and uses of the past

cultural transformations in diaspora

transnational flows

material culture

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3.6 ANTHROPOETICS: THE JOURNAL OF GENERATIVE
ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropoetics is dedicated to this rethinking both for its intrinsic importance and

as a framework for literary and cultural analysis. The editors of Anthropoetics hope to

stimulate the continuing interest in GA and to encourage productive dialogue between the

humanities and the human sciences.

3.6.1 COPYRIGHT POLICY

1. The Author assigns to Anthropoetics the right to publish and distribute his/her

manuscript and to create a derivative work from said manuscript. The assignment

shall be effective so long as Anthropoetics is available on computer networks.

2. The Author shall remain the sole owner of his/her manuscript and the copyright in

that manuscript. The author may publish the manuscript in any other journal or

medium but such publication must include notice that the manuscript was first

published by Anthropoetics.

3. Anthropoetics subscribers may copy or download the paper from the network.

Any distribution or publication of said paper by subscribers shall constitute an

infringement of the Author's copyright. The Author agrees to hold Anthropoetics

harmless for any unauthorized use of the paper by its subscribers.

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3.6.2 CONTINUOUS AVAILABILITY

The following Humanities Computing Facility (HCF) electronic document policy

applies to Anthropoetics:

"It is the policy of HCF that any electronic document or series of electronic

documents published on the HUMnet web servers be made continuously available,

barring technical difficulties or violation of the HCF Acceptable Use Policy. This service

includes moving the document or series to new electronic delivery platforms when and if

that is deemed necessary, but does not preclude the document or series publisher from

removing them from distribution."

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3.7 ANTHROPOLOGY MATTERS JOURNAL

Anthropology Matters is the official postgraduate network of the Association of

Social Anthropologists of UK and Commonwealth (the ASA). Anthropology Matters

received its start-up funds from the Centre for Learning & Teaching - Sociology,

Anthropology & Politics (C-SAP), and is run by a steering committee of postgraduate

researchers and early-career anthropologists.

Anthropology Matters is an initiative developed by postgraduates and early-career

anthropologists. The site aims to stimulate discussion on the production of

anthropological knowledge through a focus on training, teaching, research and writing.

Anthropology Matters features an open-access academic journal, various

anthropology resources, and an email list that distributes relevant information about jobs,

conferences, etc. The publisher encourages all those interested in anthropology to use and

contribute to this website. We can register on this site to receive journal alerts, and we can

join the email list.

The journal usually publishes two issues a year and submissions to the journal are

welcomed. For further information about the Anthropology Matters journa , click on the

relevant links on this page or email the editor in chief Jennifer Peachey at

anthropology.matters @ gmail.com.

Anthropology Matters encourages the sharing of experiences and ideas at a level

beyond departmental settings. Specifically, the journal addresses issues of relevance to

the learning and teaching of anthropology, as well as work in progress via the associated

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discussion forum, the journal seeks to promote active debate of epistemological, political

and pragmatic aspects of postgraduate training, research and anthropological writing.

There are two issues in a year.

3.7.1 OPEN ACCESS POLICY

This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that

making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of

knowledge.

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3.8 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE

The Anthropological Society of Nippon (ASN) is a scientific organization for

physical anthropologists and ASN was founded in 1884 and is one of the earliest

established learned societies of Japan.

Their mission is to advance anthropological research and to promote the

dissemination and exchange of anthropological knowledge. They hold annual meetings,

publish an official journal, give public symposia, and maintain contact with other

societies. Members are entitled to receive the journal Anthropological Science, purchase

Society publications, can participate in the annual and other meetings and present

research papers. Members also have the right to participate in the Society's business and

other administrative meetings as outlined in the Society By laws. Its purpose is to present

research results, to exchange information for the promotion of anthropological research

and education, and to encourage friendship among members.

The official journal Anthropological Science is published quarterly in English,

and Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) twice a year. The journals publish original

articles, review articles, brief communications and material reports contributed by either

member or non-member. Starting from 2004, in addition to the printed journal,

Anthropological Science is published online (http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp).

In 1886, the first issue of their journal was published, and the growing group was

renamed "The Anthropological Society of Tokyo." In 1887, Takahira Kanda became its

first president. After that, The Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, The

University of Tokyo functioned as the center for the Society's activities. In 1936, the first
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annual joint meeting with the Japan Society of Ethnology was held. In 1941, the

organization was renamed The Anthropological Society of Nippon, which continues to

this day.

The annual meetings were not held during the World War II times, but the Joint

Meetings were reestablished after the war, and the 50th meeting was held in 1996. Since

the initial founding of the organization, 113 years have passed by the year 1996, and the

official journal had reached its 104th volume. It is one of the earliest established scientific

societies of Japan. Anthropology is a multidisciplinary science that encompasses

prehistory, archeology, ethnology, morphological anthropology, human genetics, human

ecology, physiological anthropology, primatology, among other related disciplines. Over

the years, with the advance of science, many independent societies have come out of the

ASN.

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3.9 CULTURAL ANALYSIS

From its inception, Cultural Analysis has embraced new models for scholarly

publication. The editors intend the journal's dual publication format to help fulfill its

mission to make high-level folklore scholarship as widely available as possible to the

international scholarly community.

Unlike traditional journals, CA does not maintain a subscription base, and instead

is freely available to anyone with an internet connection. And hearkening back to the days

of manuscript scholarship with a postmodern twist, Cultural Analysis provides free

hardcopies of each volume to major research libraries and archives, ensuring that its

availability to international scholars is not dependent on internet access.

Using this innovative model to encourage the participation of scholars from across

the globe, Cultural Analysis has become a highly-rated peer-reviewed journal with a

reputation for promoting international and interdisciplinary collaboration.

The editors of Cultural Analysis are pleased to announce that, effective

immediately, they will begin working in collaboration with the Societé Internationale

d'Ethnologie et de Folklore, an organization whose focus on international and

interdisciplinary cooperation. While Folklore has always been an international discipline,

the rise of globalization has dramatically increased the need for an international

scholarship that is capable of tracking transnational cultural flows.

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 In the future of the global village, the study of vernacular expressive culture will

continue to be among the most critical areas for research and publication. In association

with SIEF, Cultural Analysis is pleased to contribute towards the study of this valuable

area. The editors of Cultural Analysis welcome this opportunity to enhance our scholarly

mission and contribute to the valuable work of SIEF.

Cultural Analysis is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to

investigating expressive and everyday culture. The journal features analytical research

articles, but also includes notes, reviews, and cross-disciplinary responses. Cultural

Analysis is global in scope, with an international editorial board.

Cultural Analysis is published electronically in HTML and PDF formats. Access

to these files is available free of charge at the Cultural Analysis website. Electronic

publication of articles, notes, and reviews is ongoing.

Bound copies of current and selected previous volumes are available for purchase

at Lulu.com. Free PDF downloads are also available. Cultural Analysis distributes e-mail

notifications to a mailing list when new publications are available on the website. To add

and remove from the mailing list write to the editor to add or remove from the mailing

list.

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3.10 INDIAN FOLKLIFE

Indian Folklife publishes original and unpublished research papers, and

announcements in the discipline of Folklore. Indian Folklife is published quarterly by

India's National Folklore Support Centre. It is a quarterly research journal available by

INFSL.

Request for online/manuscript submissions should be addressed to

M.D.Muthukumaraswamy, Editor, Indian Folklife, C/O National Folklore Support

Centre, No. 508, Fifth Floor, Kaveri Complex 96, Mahatma Gandhi Road,

Nungambakkam Chennai- 600034. India. The mail id is Email:[email protected]

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3.11 ORAL TRADITION

Oral Tradition is a forum for discussion of the world’s oral traditions and related

forms from the ancient world to the present day. OT is freely available to all interested

scholars, students, performers, and general readers without charge as an online, open-

access resource. both the current issue of the journal as well as all back issues from the

inaugural publication in 1986 onward are available. In this electronic incarnation, OT

reaches more than 20,000 readers per year in 216 countries and territories, and includes

multimedia eCompanions to articles—audio, video, photographic, and other support for

the article texts—that help to illuminate the traditions under investigation.

Along with the Master Index, the menu on the righthand side of each page

contains various tools and options to facilitate use of the more than 500 articles and

10,000 pages on this site. The Search mechanism allows users to investigate the OT

archive by author, keyword, or more advanced topics. The Summative Bibliography

collates every reference or citation made throughout the history of the journal (more than

16,000 items) in a searchable data-base. They also offer a Chinese translation of volume

18 (2003), in which more than seventy authors address two questions: “What is oral

tradition in your field?” and “What are the next few challenges in your area?”

OT was founded in 1986 to serve as an international and interdisciplinary forum

for discussion of worldwide oral traditions and related forms. Since that time, and through

the end of 2006, it has been published by Slavica Publishers, with an additional online

edition through Project Muse from 2003 onward.

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 With the advent of the free, open-access electronic version of the journal, the

journal aspire to remove many of the natural barriers created by print-based and

subscription media. Anyone with a connection to the internet will be able to read and

redistribute its contents – not only the current issue, but also more than 25 years and more

than 10,000 pages of back issues.

3.11.1 PUBLICATION DETAILS

OT is posted on this website as a series of PDF (Portable Document Format) files

in order to preserve formatting and diacritics accurately. Files can be opened and read

online, and can also be printed to produce hard copy. To browse the articles in this

journal, Adobe reader is to be installed, which is ready available is their website.

The entire OT archve is searchable online by keyword and by author, so that

readers seeking information on specific traditions or concepts can easily locate pertinent

research. eCompanions, which contain photographs, audio, video, and other multimedia

support for articles, are linked from within the individual article texts.

OT will continue to be a fully refereed academic journal, with all manuscripts

reviewed by a specialist and a generalist before a decision is reached. Although the

medium of publication has shifted, nothing in the process of evaluation will change.

For the sake of accuracy and to help spread awareness of the electronic edition of

the journal as widely as possible, the publisher requests authors who quote or cite

contents from OT to acknowledge the internet source via URL.

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3.12 STUDIES OF TRIBES AND TRIBAL’S

The journal Studies of Tribes and Tribals (Stud Tribes Tribals) aims to serve as a

forum of socio-cultural and life scientists and health professionals, especially those who

share common interests in understanding human beings especially aboriginals, backwards

and minorities. Full text is available online and the web address is

www.krepublishers.com)

THE Journal is indexed in ProQuest's International Bibliography of the Social

Sciences (IBSS),National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), India (NAAS

Rating 3.3), Social Services Abstracts database, Sociological Abstracts database and

Worldwide Political Science Abstracts database, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access

Journals, <http://www.doaj.org>) and other indices.

The journal publishes original papers on current research and practical

programmes, short notes, news items, book reviews, reports of meetings and professional

announcements on all aspects of aboriginals, backwards and minorities. Constructive

criticisms and discussions of published papers and letters of relevance and interest to the

readership will be published at the discretion of the Managing Editor. The journal is

committed to prompt review, and priority publication is given to manuscripts with novel

or timely findings, and to manuscripts of unusual interests. The researchers are invited to

submit original papers in English (papers published elsewhere or under consideration

elsewhere shall not be submitted).

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 There shall be two issues, one volume per year (July , December ). All papers and

articles submitted are subjected to review. The possible exceptions are in the case of

occasional invited papers and editorials, or where a partial or entire volume is devoted to

a special theme.

Scholars are welcome to edit an entire Special Issue/Volume of the journal in their

field of specialisation as a Guest Editor. For details write to the Administrative Editor,

Administrative Editor, B-2 (Ground Floor), South City II, Gurgaon 122 018, Haryana,

India or e-mail to: [email protected]. The annual subscription price for two issues, one

volume per year for institution, libraries and other corporate bodies is US$ 100/- Rs.

3000/- (Single Issue: US $ 55/- Rs. 1750/-). Subscription rates include postage air mail

delivery. Regular Subscriber to the journal will get free Special and Supplement Issues of

the journal.

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3.13 PROFILE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

The term Anthropology is a combination of two terms “Anthropos” and “logus”,

the former meaning human and the latter meaning discourse or science. Thus,

anthropology is the science or discourse of man. It is the science or discourse of human

beings. Aristotle first used the term “ Anthropology”.

3.13.1 Definitions of Anthropology

1. The Concise Oxford Dictionary “ Study of mankind especially of its societies

and customs; study of structure and evolution of man as an animal”.

2. Kroeber “ Anthropology is the science of groups of men and their behavior and

production”.

3. Herskovits “ Anthropology may be defined as the measurement of human

beings”.

4. Jocobs and stern “ Anthropology is the scientific study of the physical , social

and cultural development and behavior of human beings since their appearance on

this earth”.

3.13.2 DIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS

Anthropology has been divided into two main branches: physical anthropology

and cultural anthropology. These two main branches have been again, sub-divided into

several other branches which have been given in the following chart:

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3.13.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES
ANTHROPOLOGY

Physical Anthropology Cultural Anthropology

Human Genetics Human Ethnology Palaeontology Anthropometry Biometry

Prehistoric Archeology SocialAnthropology

Thus the subject matter of Physical Anthropology includes the study of human

genetics, human palaeontology, ethnic characteristics, anthropometric and biometric

measurements. Physical Anthropology has now been divided into the following five

branches according to the specialization of study.

1. Human Genetics. Human genetics is the branch of physical anthropology which

studies the genesis of man.

2. Human Palaeontology : Human Palaeontology studies the old human skeletons

of different stages.

3. Ethmology : Ethnology studies human races . in the words of SC Dube, “

Ethnology is a comparative study of the races and cultures of mankind in their

different aspects.

4. Anthropometry : According to Herskovits, Anthropometry may be defined as the

measurement of man.
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 5. Biometry: In the words of Charles Winik,” Biometry is the statistical analysis of

biological studies specially as applied to such areas as disease, birth, growth and

death”.

3.13.4 CULUTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Cultural anthropology, as is clear by the nomenclature, studies human cultures. In

order to carry on his personal and social life man invents some sort of system, develops

and establishes it. This total system is culture. It is social heritages. It is, however, not

transmitted through heredity. It is learned through imitation, experience and

understanding.

Thus, cultural anthropology studies human customs, mores, traditions, social life,

religion, art, science, literature and economic and political organization. Some of its

definitions are as follows. Beals and Hoizer “ cultural anthropology studies the origins

and history of man’s culture, their evolution and development, and the structure and

functioning of human culture in every place and time”. E.A. Hoebal “ the phase of

anthropology that devotes its attention to the customs of mankind , is called cultural

anthropology”.

Cultural anthropology has been classified into the following two classes:

1. Prehistoric Archaeology : Literally speaking , archaeology is the study of ancient

time. Thus, it studies ancient things. In the words of Beals and Hoizer,

“Archaeology or prehistory deals primarily with ancient cultures and with past

phases of modern civilization. The archaeology studies the ancient history which

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 has no written records. Things and articles discovered by archaeological

excavations give us an idea about the culture of the people using them, for

example, excavations have led to the evidence of the existence if the ancient

Indian cultural of Harrappa and Mohanjodaro. Archaeology also helps in

reconstruction of the social , economic and political organizations of these

cultures. It records cultural successes of a particular era and also area of its

expansion.

2. Social Anthropology : Social anthropology is the study of social behavior

especially from the point of view of the systematic comparative study of social

forms and institutions. Physical anthropology and cultural anthropology are

closely related. Different branches of physical anthropology have close bearing

upon the study of social anthropology, a branch of cultural anthropology.

Prehistory would lose is human touch , if it neglected the study of the types of

prehistoric men, who were responsible for the various prehistoric industries.

The main branches of social anthropology are given below:

1. Ethnography

2. Familial anthropology

3. Economic anthropology

4. Political anthropology

5. Symbology and linguistics

6. Thought and Art.

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3.13.5 AIMS OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

The primary aim of social anthropology is to gather information about human

nature. Human nature is a controversial subject. Different scholars have laid emphasis

upon different aspect of human nature. The primitive man and society present human

nature in its most rudimentary and raw form. Therefore, their study is useful for the

understanding of the basic essentials of human nature without much influence of culture

upon them.

Anthropology society of Great Britain and Ireland the Ireland the mos important

aims of social anthropology are the following :

1. The study of primitive culture in its present form.

2. The study of cultural contact and specific processes.

3. This includes exploration of the influences of outer groups creating cultural

changes.

4. Reconstruction of social history

5. Search for universally valid social laws.

3.13.6 IMPORTANCE IN MODERN INDIA

After the independence of the country, the study of social anthropology has

gradually been on the increase in the Indian universities. It has many practical

advantages, some of which are given below:

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 1. As a remedy for ethnocentrism: according to Dr.M.N. Srinivas social

anthropology removes ethnocentrism through a comparative study of different

civilized and primitive societies.

2. Scientific viewpoint towards social problems: social anthropology helps in

comparative study of social reactions in different societies and different events in

one and the same society.

3. Help in solving problems: it is clear that social anthropology will also prove

helpful in solving social problems. For example, social anthropology can help in

solving the problems arising from the relation between man and woman. As

Raymond Firth has said that social anthropology aims at a reasoned comparative

analysis of how people behave in social circumstances.

4. Help in understanding the primitive societies: As laid down in Encyclopaedia

Brittannica, “ social anthropology is one of the social sciences engaged in the

comparative study of human societies”.

5. As a remedy against all kinds of social prejudices: Social anthropology helps in

removing all sorts of social prejudices.

Under these circumstances, the researcher was chosen ten Anthropological

Journals both in India and foreign journals to analyses the quality of journals and their

growth either nationally or internationally.

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