RCC 17w7u
RCC 17w7u
RCC 17w7u
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Summary of IS 456:2000
S.No. Topic Page No.
1. List of important codes
2. Salient features and introduction
3. Section 1: General
4. Section 2: Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing
5. Section 3: General Design consideration
6. Section 4: Special Design requirements for structural members and systems
7. Section 5: Structural design (limit state method)
8. Annexure B: Structural design (working state method)
9. Annexure D: Slabs spanning in two directions
10. Annexure E: Effective lengths of columns
11. Annexure G: Moments of resistance for rectangular and T-sections
On extreme left, clause numbers are given which is same as clause number of
original code.
Figure number and Table number has been kept same as original code.
INTRODUCTION
This code is used for design and analysis of plain and reinforced concrete structures. It
comprises five sections and eight annexure out of which 3 section and 3 annexure only are
important for competitive examinations.
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Description of symbols are given which is used in case of any confusion between two
symbols.
SECTION 2: MATERIAL, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION & TESTING
MATERIALS
Cement
Types of recommended cement:
I. 33 grade ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
II. 43 grade ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
III. 53 grade ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
IV. Rapid hardening Portland cement
V. Portland slag cement
VI. Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based )(PPC)
VII. Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay based)
VIII. Hytrophobic cement
IX. Low heat portland cement
X. Sulphate resisting portland cement
5.3 Aggregates
Coarse aggregates of light weight with comparable strength is preferable
as it reduces dead load of structure. Aggregates (should not absorb more
then 10% of their own mass of water) and free form excessive sulphate in the
form of SO3 size of coarse aggregates is governed by following:
Reinforcement
Modulus of elasticity of steel shall be taken as 2x105 MPa
Three grades of steel is covered in this code
1. fe250
2. fe415
3. fe500
Recent development:Fe550 TMT(Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars is also available in market.
CONCRETE
The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 5
percent of the test results are expected to fall. It is denoted by fck.
There is normally a gain of strength beyond 28 days also but the design should be based on 28 days
characteristic strength of concrete.
Table 2:Grades of concrete
Group Grade designation Specified characteristic compressive strength
of 150 mm cube at 28 days in N/mm
M 10 10
Ordinary concrete M 15 15
M 20 20
M 25 25
Standard Concrete M 30 30
M 35 35
M 40 40
M 45 45
M 50 50
High strength M 55 55
Concrete M 60 60
M 65 65
M 70 70
M 75 75
M 80 80
Ec is short term static modulus of elasticity. Actual measured values may differ by 20
present from the values obtained from the above expression.
The total shrinkage of concrete is significantly influenced by the total amount of water
present while mixing and to a lesser extent, by the cement content. the approximate value to
total shrinkage strain for design may be taken as 0.0003.
Creep coefficient, which is used for the calculation of total creep depends upon age of
concrete at the time of loading applied on it.
Ultimatecreep strain
Creep coefficient
Elastic strain at the ageof loading
1 year 1.1
Ec
Effective modulus of elasticity using creep coefficient Ece
1
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
Workability of concrete is defined as ease to work with concrete. There are five degree of
workability as follows:
Degree of workability Placing condition
Very low In highway construction a layer of lean concrete
with very low workability is used and it is
compacted using roller.
Low Mass concreting(like, dam construction)light
reinforced section of slab, beam, colomn
Medium Heavily reinforced section of slab, column,
DURABILITY OF CONCERETE
Durability of concrete is mainly influenced by following:
i the surrounding climate condition
ii the cover to embedded steel
iii the type and quality of constituent materials
iv the cement content and water/cement ratio of the concrete
v workmanship ,to obtain full compaction and efficient curing
vi the shape and size of the member
Exposure conditions:
There are five environmental exposure condition:
Table 3 : Environmental Exposure conditions
S.No. Environment Exposure condition
i Mild Concrete surface protected against weather.
Structure of coastal areas doesn’t come in this
category.
ii Moderate Concrete surface sheltered from severe rain ,saturated
air in coastal areas ,concrete continuously under normal
water and in contact with non –aggressive soil.
iii Severe Concrete surface exposed to severe rain, alternate
M20 1:1.5:3
M15 1:2:4
M10 1:3:6
Design mix proportion must be by weight while nominal mix proportion could be by volume
also but by weight is preferable.
PRODUTION OF CONCRETE
Production of concrete for construction is done in batching plant.
FORMWORK
Vertical form wok of beam, column, walls is removed after 16-24 hrs of concreting (not
horizontal)
ASSEMBLY OF REINFORCEMENT
Actual concrete over at site should not devote from the required nominal cover by
0 to+10mm.(no negative variation is allowed)
TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTION AND CURING
Transporting and handling
After mixing, concrete shall be transported to the form work as rapidly as possible by
methods which will prevent the segregation. Common way of transportation are given below.
1. Head load
2. Dumper
3. Transit mixer if sites is far away from batching plant
4. Concrete pump
Placing the maximum permissible free fall of concrete may be taken as 1.5 m. if free fall is 2
m or 3m, then there may be possibility of segregation
Compaction
Concrete should be thoroughly compacted and fully worked around the reinforcement, and
into corners of the formwork. Common way of compaction are given below:
1. Manually by using steel rod
2. Needle vibrator (Most commonly used)
3. Surface vibrator(Used to compact slab concreting)
4. Form work vibrator
Now a days self compacting concrete is being used which does not require any compaction.
Curing
Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete whilst
maintaining a satisfactory temperate regime. The prevention of moisture loss from the
concrete is particularly important if the water cement ratio is low. Broadly ,curing is divided
into two types:
i. Moist curing – Exposed surface of concrete shall be kept continuously in a
damp or wet condition by pending or by covering with a layer of sacking, canvas for at least
7 days from the date of placing of concrete. Steam curing can also be done for high strength
concrete. Railways sleepers are steam cured.
ii. Membrane curing – Curing compound may be used in line of moist curing. It
is applied to all exposed surfaces of the concrete as soon as possible after the concrete has set.
It prevents evaporation of concrete water content.
CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITION
Concrete cast under water should not fall freely through the water otherwise, it may be
segregated.
There are few techniques for underwater concreting:
i. Tremie pipe method
ii. Direct placement with pumps
iii. Drop bottom bucket
iv. Grouting
SAMPLING AND STRENGTH OF DESIGNED CONCRETE MIX
Cubes casted using fresh concrete at the time of construction is tested for compressive
strength after 28 days but in the case of speedy work progress it may be tested for 7 days
strength also.
Frequency
Quantity of concrete in the work m3 Number of test samples
1-5 1
6-15 2
16-30 3
31-50 4
51 and above 4+one additional sample for
The test result of the sample shall be the average of the strength of three specimens the
individual variation should not be more than 15 percent of the average.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The concrete shall be acceptable when both the following condition are met:
(a) The mean strength determined from group of four consecutive test result satisfy
the appropriate limits in column (2) of table11.
(b) Any individual test result should satisfy the appropriate limits in column(3) of
table11.
Table 11: Characteristic Compressive Strength Compliance
Requirement (after amendment4)
Specified Grade Means of the group of 4 individual test result in
(1) Non-overlapping consecutive N/mm2
test result in N/mm2 (3)
(2)
M 15 fck + 0.825xstandard deviation fck - 3
or or
above fck + 3
whichever is greater
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: Assume 100 m3 of M25 concrete has been placed at the site in
30 day as below.
Days Quantity Number of Number of Sample Compressive strength
(1) (2) samples specimens number of each sample in
(3) (4) (5) N/mm2
6
In above table column (1) represents the day of concreting at site and Colum (2)represents
volume of concreting in that day. Colum(3)is number of samples taken on the day of
concreting at site as per clause 15.2.2. Since each sample is having 3 specimens so
column(4)represents number of specimen taken during concreting. Each sample has been
given a number that is represented in column(5).column(6) is the compressive strength of the
sample(average of 3 specimen of each sample).
Acceptance Criteria:
Mean of any four non-overlapping So, take either3,4,5,6 or 5,6,7,8
consecutive test result or so on(not,1,2,3,6 or 3,4,9,10,)
Average of sample numbers5,6,7,8=29.25 N/mm2
Check as per Table 11
29.25 fck + 0.825 x standard deviation
25 + 0.825 x 4 (as per table no. 8 of IS 456:2000)
28.3 N/mm2
Or
fck +3
25 + 3
28 N/mm2
Whichever is greater
All value of compressive strength of sample given in column 6 is greater than fck - 3 =22
N/mm2. So concrete is acceptable.
INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES
In case of any doubt regarding the grade of concrete used in construction, testing is conducted
again.
(1) Destructive test
a. Core test
b. Load test
(2) Non-destructive test
a. Rebound hammer tests
b. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
SECTION 3: GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
BASES FOR DESIGN
The aim of design is to fulfil following five requirements:
(1) safety
(2) Serviceability
(3) Durability
(4) Economy
(5) Aesthetic
LOADS AN FORCES
Types of load which are taken into account while designing any structure are as follows:
(1) Dead load
(2) Imposed load
(3) Wind load, snow load
(4) Earthquake load
(5) Effect due to shrinkage, creep and temperature
(6) Foundation movement
(7) Soil and fluid pressure
(8) vibration, impact, fatigue
(9) Erection load
The unit weight of plain concrete and reinforced concrete may be taken as 24 kN/m2 and
25kN/m3 respectively for calculation of dead load.
Design load is the load to be taken for design of any structural member. In case of working
stress method it is characteristic load while appropriate partial safety factor is multiplied for
limit state design method.
FIRE RESISTANCE
A Structure is made fire resistance by using suitable construction material and providing
appropriate cover to steel. Measurement of fire resistance capacity of any structure is in terms
of hour for which structure can behave satisfactorily. Minimum width of beam that should be
used for fire resistance building is 200 mm.
ANALYSIS
Effective Span
a. Simply supported beam and slab-The effective span of a member that is not built
integrally eighth its supports shall be taken as clear span plus the effective depth of
slab or beam or centre to centre of supports, whichever is less.
b. Continuous beam or slab –
If the width of support is less than 1/12th of clear span then effective span is same as
mentioned in (a).
If the width of support is more than 1/12th of clear span or 600mm whichever is less
then effective span is as follows:
lc
b or 600
12
2 Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on alternate spans for
maximum sagging bending moment in between support A and B as shown below.
(fixed)
Imposed load 1 1 1 1
(not fixed) 10 12 9 9
Note: For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design and effective span.
BEAMS
Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centred of area of tension
reinforcement, centred of all tension reinforcement is considered.
A slab which is assumed to act as a compassion flange of a T-beam or L-beam must
be cast monolithically with the web or bonded firmly together.
Effective width of flange may be taken as the following but in no case grater than the
width of the web plus half the sum of the clear distance to the adjacent beams on
either side.
Effective width of flange may be taken as the following but in no case greater than the
width of the web plus half the sum of the clear distance to the adjacent beams on
either side.
l0
a. For T-beam b f bw 6 D f
6
l0
b. For L-beam b f bw 3D f
12
c. For isolated beams, the effective flange width shall be obtained as below but in no
case greater than the actual width
l0
T-beam, bf bw
l0
4
b
0.5l0
L-beam, bf bw
l0
4
b
bf = effective width of flange
l0 = distance between points of zero moments in the beam.
Note: For continuous beam and frames ‘l0’ may be assumed as 0.7 times the effective span.
The final due to all loads including effects of temperatures, creep and shrinkage and
measured from the as cast level of the supports of floors not normally exceed effective
span/250.
And the deflection due to effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage after erection of
partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed span/350 or 20
mm whichever is less.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Column or strut is a compression members, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the least lateral dimension. It is less than or equal to three then consider it
as a pedestal.
A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
lex l
and ey are less than 12.
D b
In general x-axis taken as major axis and y-axis is taken as minor axis.
If in any given plane, one end of a column is unrestrained, its unsupported length, l
shall not exceed 100b2/D.
Minimum eccentricity
All column shall be designed for minimum eccentricity.
lun sup ported lateral dim ension
emin Or 20 mm, which ever is more.
500 30
Reinforcing steel of same type and grade shall be used as main reinforcement in a
structural member. However, simultaneous use of two different types of steel for main
secondary reinforcement use of two different types of steel for main secondary
reinforcement respectively is permissible.
Bars may be arranged singly, or in pairs in contact, or in group of three or four bars
bundled in contact. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties. Bundled
bars shall be tied together to ensure the bars remaining together. Bars larger than
32mm diameter shall not be bundled, except in column
Development of stress in reinforcement
The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on
each side of the section by providing development length or end anchorage or
combination.
Development length of bars
Where,
= nominal diameter of bar
s = stress in bar at the section considered at design load
bd = design bond stress
Design bond stress for deformed bar shall be 60 percent higher than design bond
stress for plain bar. This is due to extra ribs provided on the surface of bar.
Anchoring is provided by bends and hooks at the end which is equivalent of resistance
provided by straight bars.
d. When bars of two different diameter are to be spliced. The lap length shall be
calculated on the basis of diameter of the smaller bar.
Maximum distance between bars in tension:
a. Beams: The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars near the
tension face of the beam shall not be greater than the following
fy (N/mm2) Clear distance between bars (mm)
250 300
415 180
500 150
b. Slabs: The horizontal distance between parallel main bars shall not be more than
three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300mm whichever is smaller.
The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times these effective depth
of a solid slab or 300mm whichever is smaller.
Minimum values of nominal cover for different structural member depends upon
exposure condition because cover is directly related to durability of the structure.
Exposure Nominal cover (mm)
Mild 20
Moderate 30
Severe 45
Very severe 50
Extreme 75
For footings, minimum cover shall be 50mm.
Requirements of reinforcement for structural members
Tension reinforcement
Minimum tension reinforcement in beams
0.85bd
As
fy
Compression reinforcement
a. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8
percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross sectional are of column.
Note: The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in
placing and compacting of concrete hence lower percentage is recommended.
Where bars form the columns below have to be lapped with those in the column
under consideration the percentage of steel shall usually not exceed 4 percent.
b. In any column that has a larger cross sectional area than that required to support
the load the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete
required to resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
c. The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
d. The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
e. A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six
bars of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
f. In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the
helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
g. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
h. In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into
account in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than
0.15 percent of the cross sectional are shall be provided.
Note: Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not
exceed three times the least lateral dimension.
Transverse reinforcement
a. General: A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or
helical reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the
compression face has effective lateral support against buckling. The effective
lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement either ri the form of circular
rings capable of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral
ties) with internal angles not exceeding 1350. The ends of the transverse
reinforcement shall be properly anchored.
FLAT SLAB
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by column.
There is no role of beam in this case. Some times drops are provided at interface of
column and slab.
The minimum thickness of flat slab shall be 125mm.
The critical section for shear shall be at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the
column/ capital/drop panel, perpendicular to the plane of the slab where d is the
effective depth of the section. The shape of critical section for shear is geometrically
similar to the support immediately below the slab as shown in the figure below.
WALLS
The minimum thickness of walls shall be 100mm.
The design of a wall shall take account of the actual eccentricity of the vertical force
subject to a minimum value of 0.05t. where t is thickness of wall.
The ratio of effective height to the thickness shall not exceed 30.
Minimum requirements for reinforcement in walls
The reinforcement for walls shall be provided as below:
a. The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be:
1. 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in diameter and with a
characteristics strength of 4515 N/mm2 or greater.
2. 0.0015 for other types of bars.
3. 0.0012 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16mm in diameter.
b. Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall
thickness nor 450mm.
c. The minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be:
1. 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in diameter and with a
characteristics strength of 415N/mm2 or greater.
2. 0.0055 for other types of bars.
3. 0.0020 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16mm in diameter.
d. Horizontal reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the
wall thickness nor 450mm.
For wall having thickness more than 200mm, the vertical and horizontal
reinforcement shall be provided in two grids, one near each face of the wall.
FOOTINGS
In reinforced and plain concrete footings the thickness at the edge shall not be less
than 150mm for footings on soils.
The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete footing
which supports a column, pedestal or wall, shall be calculated at section located as
follows:
a. At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footings supporting monolithic
constructed column or walls.
b. Half way between the centre line and the edge of the wall, for footing under
masonry walls.
c. Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted
base, for footings under gusseted bases.
Critical section for shear:
There are two type of shear failure in footings, namely, one way shear and two way
shear (punching shear)
a. In case of one way shear, critical section is at a distance a from face of column of
wall, where d is effective depth of footing.
b. In case of two way shear critical section is at a distance d/2 from the face of
column. Where d is effective depth of footings.
Transfer of Load at the Base of Column
The compressive stress in concrete at the abse of a column or pedestal shall be
considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or
footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible
bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to A1 / A2 but not
greater than 2:
Where
A1 = supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped footing
may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid
or cone contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base, the
area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two horizontal
and
A2 = Loaded area at the column base.
For working stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on full area of
concrete shall be taken as 0.25fck; for limit state method of design the permissible
bearing stress shall be 0.45fck.
Safety and serviceability requirement
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure
occur is called Limit state.
There is limiting value of crack width from serviceability and durability point of view.
Limit of crack width directly depends upon exposure condition as follows:
Maximum allowable crack Exposure condition
0.3mm Mild
0.2mm moderate
0.1mm severe, and more aggressive environment
Characteristic and design values and partial safety factors
Characteristics strength means that value of the strength of the material below which
not more than 95 percent of the test results are expected to fall.
Characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not
being exceeded during the life of the structure.
Design values
Materials,
f
Design strength of material: f d
m
Loads
Design load:
Where f, F = characteristic strength of material and characteristics load respectively.
m , f = partial safety factor for material and load respectively.
When assessing the strength of a structure or structural number for the limit state of
collapse, the values of partial safety factor, m should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and
1.15 for steel.
Table 18: Values of partial safety factor f for loads
ANALYSIS
In no case more than 30 percent moment redistribution is allowed.
Yield line theory or any other acceptable method may be used for analysis of slabs
spanning in two directions at right angle.
Limit state of collapse: flexure
Assumptions
Design for the limit sate of collapse in flexure shall be based on the assumption given
below:
Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as
0.0035 in bending.
The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the
strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any
other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with
the results of test. An acceptable stress strain curve in given in fig. 21. For design
purpose the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to
be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor m = 1.5 shall be
applied in addition to this.
Note: for the stress train curve in fig. 21 the design stress block parameters are as
follows fig. 22
Area of stress block = 0.36 fck xu
Depth of centre of compressive force = 0.42xu
From the extreme fibre in compression.
Where,
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete, and
xu = depth of neutral axis
The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not
be less than:
fy
0.002
1.15Es
Where
fy = characteristic strength of steel, and
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
0.67
Thus stress in concrete at collapse = f ck 0.447 f ck
1.5
Assumption (b) and (f) govern the maximum depth of neutral axis in flexural
members. The strain distribution across the member corresponding to those
limiting condition is shown in figure below. The maximum depth of neutral axis
X u ,max is obtained directly form the strain diagram by considering similar triangle
23 A characteristics and design stress strain curves for Fe250 grade mild steel
23 B Characteristics and design strain curves for Fe415 grade cold worked steel
Fig. 23 Representative stress strain curve for reinforcement.
Limit state of collapse: Compression
Assumptions: (a), (c), (d) and (e) of 38.1 for flexural members are also applicable
to members subjected to combined axial load and bending. The assumption (b)
that the maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is 0.0035
is also applicable when the neutral axis lies within the section and in limiting case
when the neutral axis lies along the edge of the section, in the later case the strain
varies from 0.0035 at the highly compressed edge to zero at the opposite edge as
shown by line (2) in the fig. (b). For purely axial compression, the strain is
assumed to be uniformly equal to 0.002 across the section as shown by the line (3)
in fig. (c). The strain distribution lines for these two cases intersect each other at a
depth of 3D/7 form the highly compressed edge. This point is assumed to act as a
fulcrum from the strain distribution line when the neutral axis lies outside the
section as shown in the fig. (C). The leads to the assumption that the strain at the
highly compressed edge is 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed edge.
When the minimum eccentricity calculated as per clause 25.4 does not exceed 5
percent the lateral dimension, the member may be designed by the following equation.
Pu 0.4 f ck Ac 0.67 f y Asc
Where,
Pu = axial load on the member
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete
Ac = area of concrete (excluding area of steel means )
fy = characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement
ASC = area of longitudinal reinforcement for column
The strength of compression members will helical reinforcement satisfying the
requirement of code shall be taken as 1.05 times the strength of similar member with
lateral ties. Failure of column with helical ties is more ductile compare to column with
lateral ties as shown in figure below.
The ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be
A f
less than 0.36 g 1 ck
Ac fy
Where,
Ag = gross area of the section
Ac = area of the core of the helically reinforced column measured to the
outside diameter of the helix.
fck = characteristic compressive strength of the concrete, and
fy = character strength of the helical reinforcement but not exceeding
415N/mm2.
A member subjected to axial force and uniaxial bending shall be designed suing
interaction diagrams available in SP : 16
The resistance of member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be
obtained by the satisfying following equation.
n n
M ux M uy
1.0
M ux1 M uy1
Where,
M ux , M uy = Moments about x and y axis due for an axial load of Pu, bending about x
Design of long column is done as per procedure of clause 39.5 and 39.6
Limit state of collapse: shear
The nominal shear stress sin beams of uniform depth shall be obtained by the
following equation:
Vu
v
bd
In the case of beams of varying depth the equation shall be modified as:
Where,
Mu
Vu tan ve for fig.(i) and
v d
ve for fig.(ii)
bd
Vu, Mu = shear force and bending moment at the section due to design load
= angle between the top and bottom edge of the beam as shown in the figure above
Design shear strength of concrete
The design shear strength of concrete in beams in beams without shear reinforcement
is given in table 19
For solid slabs, the design shear strength for concrete shall be c k, where k has the
values given below:
Overall 300 or 275 250 225 200 175 150 or
depth of more less
slab
(mm)
(k) 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
Note: This provision shall not apply to flat slabs for which 31.6 shall apply.
Shear strength of members under axial compression
For members subjected to axial compression Pu, the design shear strength of concrete,
given in table 19, shall be multiplied by the following factor:
But not exceeding 1.5
Where,
Pu = axial compressive force in Newtons,
Ag = gross area of the concrete section in mm2, and
fck = characteristics compressive strength of concrete
With shear reinforcement: Under no circumstances, even with shear reinforcement,
shall the nominal shear stress in beams v exceed c max given in table 20.
Minimum shear reinforcement: When v is less than c given in table 19, minimum
shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with 26.5.1.6
Where bent up bars are provided, their contribution towards shear resistance shall not
be more than half that of the total shear reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to Vu c bd. The
strength of shear reinforcement Vus shall be calculated as below:
i. For vertical stirrups:
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus
SV
ii. For inclined stirrups of a series of bars bent up at different cross sections:
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus (sin cos )
Sv
iii. For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same cross
section:
Vus 0.87 f y Asv sin
Where,
Asv = total cross sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars within a
distance sv
Sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent up bars along the length of the
member
v = nominal shear stress
40.1, except for substituting Vu by Ve. The values of ve shall not exceed the values
If the equivalent nominal shear stress ve does not exceed c given in table 19
minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided as per 26.5.1.6
If ve exceed c given in table 19 both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall
be provided in accordance with 41.4
Reinforcement in members subjected to torsion
Reinforcement for torsion, when required, shall consist of longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement.
Longitudinal reinforcement: The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to resist
an equivalent bending moment, Mel, given by
M el M u M l
Where, Mu = bending moment at the cross section, and
1 D / b
M t Tu
1.7
Tu is torsional moment D is the overall depth of the beam and b is the width of the
beam.
If the numerical value of Mt as defined in 41.4.2 exceeds the numerical value of the
moment Mu, longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on the flexural
compression face, such that the beam can also withstand an equivalent M e2 given by
Me2 = Mt – Mu, the moment Me2 being taken as acting in the opposite sense to the
moment Mu.
Transverse reinforcement: Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars shall have an area of cross section Asv, given by
Tu sv Vu sv
Asv
b1d1 (0.87 f y ) 2.5d1 (0.87 f y )
Where,
Tu = torsional moment,
Vu = shear force,
Sv = spacing of the stirrup reinforcement
b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the width
d1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars.
b = breadth of the member
fy = characteristics strength of the stirrup reinforcement
ve = equivalent shear stress as specified in 41.3.1 and
1 2 3
M 10 3.0 2.5
M 15 5.0 4.0
M 20 7.0 5.0
M 25 8.5 6.0
M 30 10.0 8.0
M 35 11.5 9.0
M 40 13.0 10.0
M 45 14.5 11.0
M 50 16.0 12.0
Direct tension
For members in direct tension, when full tension is taken by the reinforcement alone,
the tensile stress shall be not greater than the value given below.
Grade of concrete M10 M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50
Tensile stress 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2
leff
Cr 1.25
160imin
Where imin is the least radius of gyration.
Composite columns
Metal core and reinforcement: the cross sectional area of the metal core shall not
exceed 20 percent of the gross area of the column.
Table 22: Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement
S.No. Type of stress in steel Permissible stress in N/mm3
reinforcement
Mild steel bar High yield strength
(Fe 250) deformed bars (Fe 415)
1 2 3 4
i. Tension ( st or sv )
a. Up to and including 20 min 140 230
M
2. cc ,cal where M equals the moment and z equals modulus of section. In
Z
the case of sections subject to moments in two directions, the stress shall be
calculated separately and added algebraically.
Design base don cracked section
If the requirements specified in B-4.1 are not satisfied the stresses in concrete and
steel shall be calculated by the theory of cracked section in which the tensile
resistance of concrete is ignored. If the calculated stresses are within the permissible
stress specified in table 21, 22 and 23 the section may be assumed to be safe.
Note: The direct load should be equal to the algebraic sum of the forces on concrete
and steel.
a. The direct load should be equal to the algebraic sum of the forces on concrete and
steel.
b. The moment of the external loads about any reference line should be equal to the
algebraic sum of the moment of the forces in concrete (ignoring the tensile force
in concrete) and steel about the same line, and
c. The moment of the external loads about any other reference lines should be equal
to the algebraic sum of the moment of the forces in concrete (irnoring the tensile
force in concrete) and steel and about the same line.
Shear (same as limit state method)
Nominal shear stress
The nominal shear stress v in beams or slabs of uniform depth shall be calculated by
the following equation:
V
v
bd
Where,
V = shear force due to design loads,
b = breadth of the member, which for flanged sections shall be taken as the
breadth of the web, and
d = effective depth,
Beams of varying depth in the case of beams of varying depth, the equation shall be
modified as:
M tan
V
v d
d
Where, v v, b and d are the same as in B-5.1
M = bending moment at the section and
= angle between the top and the bottom edges of the beam.
The negative sign in the formula applies when the bending moment M
increases numerically in the same direction as the effective depth d increases, and the
positive sing when the moment decreases numerically in this direction.
Design shear strength of concrete
The permissible shear stress in concrete in beam without shear reinforcement is given
in table 23.
Table 23: permissible shear stress in concrete
Ap Permissible shear stress in concrete c N/mm2 Grade of concrete
100
bd
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 and
above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.22 0.22 1.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
For solid slabs the permissible shear stress in concrete shall be k c where k has the
value given below:
5P
1 but not exceeding 1.5
Ag f ck
Where,
P = axial compressive force in N,
Ag = gross area of the concrete section in mm2, and
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
With shear reinforcement
When shear reinforcement is provided the nominal shear stress v in beams shall not
For slabs v shall not exceed half the value of c max given in table 24.
Torsion
Critical section
Sections located less than a distance d, from the face of the support may be designed
for the same torsion as computed at a distance d, where d is the effective depth
Shear and Torsion
Equivalent shear, Ve shall be calculated form the formula
T
Ve V 1.6
b
Where, Ve = equivalent shear,
V = shear,
T = torsional moment, and
b = breadth of beam
The equivalent nominal shear stress, ve in this case shall be calculated as given in B-
5.1, except for substituting V by Ve. The values of ve shall not exceed the values of
= Mt – M, the moment Me2 being taken as acting in the opposite sense to the moment
M.
Transverse reinforcement. Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars shall have an area of cross section Asv given by
T .sv V .sv
Asv
b1d1 sv 2.5d1 sv
But the total transverse reinforcement shall not be less than
( ve c )b.sv
sv
Where,
T = torsional moment
V = shear force
Sv = spacing of the stirrup reinforcement
b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the width
d1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the depth
b = breadth of the member
sv = permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement
ve = equivalent shear stress as specified in B-6.3.1
c = shear strength of the concrete as specified in table 23.
Restrained slabs
When the corners of a slab are prevented from lifting, the slab may be designed as
specified in D-1.1 to D-1.11
The maximum bending moments per unit width in a slab are given by the following
equations:
Mx x wlx2
My y wlx2
Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips as
shown in fig. 25, the middle strip being three quarters of the width and each edge strip
one eight of the width.
The maximum moments calculated as in D-1.1 apply only to the middle strips and no
redistribution shall be made.
Tension reinforcement provided at mid span in the middle strip shall extend in the
lower part of the slab upto 0.25l from center of support of a continuous edge or 0.15l
of a discontinuous edge.
Over the continous edges of a middle strip, the tension reinforcement shall extend in
the upper part of the slab a distance of 0.15l from the support, and atleast 50 percent
shall extend a distance of 0.3l.
At a discontinuous edge negative moments may arise. They depend on the degree of
fixity at the edge of the slab but , in general tension reinforcement equal to 50 percent
of that provided at mid span extending 0.1l into the span will be sufficient.
Reinforcement in edge strip, parallel to that edge, shall comply with the minimum
given in section 3 and the requirements for torsion given in D-1.8 to D-1.10.
Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab is simply
supported on both edges meeting at that corner. It shall consists of top and bottom
reinforcement, each with layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and
extending from the edges a minimum distance of one fifth of the shorter span. The
area of reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be three quarters of the each
required for maximum mid span moment in the slab.
Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described in D-1.8 shall be provided at a
corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is continous.
Torsion reinforcements need not be provided at any corner contained by edges over
both of which the slab is continous.
Torsion ly/lx is greater than 2, the slabs shall be designed as spanning one way.
M x x wlx2
M u u wlx2
Where, Mx, My, w, lx, ly are same as those in D-1.1 and x and y are moment
y 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014
FLANGED SECTION
For xu < Dt, the moment of resistance may be calculated from the equation given in
G-1.1. Because it behaves as a rectangular section.
The limiting value of the moment of resistance of the section may be obtained by the
following equation when the ratio Df/d does not exceed 0.2:
xu.max xu.max Df
M u 0.36 1.042 f ck bwd 0.45 f ck (b f bw ) D f
2
d
d d 2
Where,
Mu, xu,max d and fck are same as G-1.1.
bf = breadth of the compression face/flange
bw = breadth of the web
Df = thickness of the flange
When the ratio Dt/d exceeds 0.2, the moment of resistance of the section may be
calculated by the following equation.
xu.max xu.max yf
M u 0.36 1 .042 f ck bwd 0.45 f ck (b f bw ) D f
2
d
d d 2
Where yf = (0.15 xu + 0.65Df), but not greater than Df, and the other symbols are same
as in G-1.1 and G-2.2.
For xu,max > xu > Dt, the moment of resistance may be calculated by the equations
given in G-2.2 when Df/xu does not exceed 0.43 and G-2.2.1 when Df/xu exceeds 0.43;
in both cases substituting xu,max by xu.