Project Report on

Steam condenser
Submitted by
Roll No Name of Group Members Class

214 Jadhav Mayur Anil AE4I

215 Maind Nisarg Sanjay AE4I

243 Epsit Jahid Ansari AE4I

In the Partial Fulfillment of the Diploma in Automobile Engineering

for the Academic Year 2018-19

Submitted to

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHULE

Under the Guidance of

Mr.Z.S.Ansari ,lecturer in Automobile department
Government Polytechnic, Dhule
Sr. No. INDEX

1 Acknowledgement

2 Introduction

3 Weekly Report

4 Evolution sheet

5 Main body

7 Reference
 Acknowledgment
We express our sincere gratitude to our collage Government polytechnic, Dhule for providing
us an opportunity to undertake and complete such and interesting project report.
We are very thankful to our respected MrZ.S.Ansari for the confidence she had on us
regarding this project. We are very much obliged to our respected principal, Dr .R G
Wadekar for inspiring and motivating us to bring out a successful project.
We are very grateful to our respected faculty Mr.Z.S.Ansari who was our backbone and our
guide throughout this project. Without her assistance we couldn’t have completed this project
within a short period of a time.
It would be really very unfair without mention of our friends and families. The immense love
and moral support they have given is truly immeasurable.
 REFERENCE

 
1. ^ Robert Thurston Kent (Editor in Chief) (1936). Kents’ Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook
(Eleventh edition (Two volumes) ed.). John Wiley & Sons (Wiley Engineering Handbook
Series).
2. ^ Jump up to: a b Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005). Steam: Its Generation and Use (41st ed.).
ISBN  0-9634570-0-4.
3. ^ Jump up to: a b Thomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp (coauthors) (1997).
Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN  0-
07-019435-1.
4. ^ Air Pollution Control Orientation Course from website of the Air Pollution Training Institute
5. ^ Energy savings in steam systems Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
 WEEKLY WORK REPORT
Sr. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF DATE
No. GUIDE
1 1st Discussion and finalization of Topic
2 2nd Preparation and Submission of Abstract
3 3rd Literature Review
4 4th Collection of Data
5 5th Collection of Data
6 6th Discussion and Outline of Content
7 7th Formulation of Content
8 8th Editing and Proof Reading of Content
9 9th Compilation of Report and Presentation
10 10th Seminar
11 11th Viva Voce
12 12th Final Submission of Micro Project
 EVALUATION SHEET FOR MICRO PROJECT
(Academic Year: 2018-19)
Name of the Student: Roll No:
Course : Heat Power Engineering(22441) Course Code: AE4I
Title of the Project: Steam Condenser
Cos addressed by Micro Project:
a) Formulate grammatically correct sentences.
b) Summarize comprehension passages
c) Include all true information
d) Campare give proper points in project

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project:

a) Practical outcome:
1) Take various types of steam condenser
b) Unit outcomes in Cognitive Domain:
1) giving proper information about project
c) Out comes in affective domain:
1) Function as a team member
2) Follow ethics
Comments/suggestions about teamwork/leadership/interpersonal communications (if
any):

Marks out of 06 Marks out of 04

for performance for performance
Roll No Student Name in group in oral or Total out of 10
activity (D5 presentation
Column 08) (D5 Column 09)
214 Jadhav Mayur
Anil
215 Maind Nisarg
Sanjay
241 Epsit Jahid
Ansari

Name & Signature of Faculty:

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

Mr./Ms……………………………………………………………………….
Roll No. ……….. of Forth Semester of Diploma in Automobile Engineering
of Institute Government Polytechnic, Dhule (0017) has completed the Micro
project satisfied in subject Heat power Engineering (22441) for the Academic
Year 2018-19 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Enrollment No:

Date: Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Instituti
on

 
 EVALUATION SHEET FOR MICRO PROJECT
(Academic Year: 2018-19)
Name of the Student: Roll No:
Course : Heat power Engineering (22441) Course Code: AE4I
Title of the Project: Staem condenser
Cos addressed by Micro Project:
e) Formulate grammatically correct sentences.
f) Summarize comprehension passages
g) Include all true information
h) Campare give proper points in project

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project:

a) Practical outcome:
1) Take various types of Steam Condenser
b) Unit outcomes in Cognitive Domain:
1) giving proper information about project
c) Out comes in affective domain:
1) Function as a team member
2) Follow ethics

Comments/suggestions about teamwork/leadership/interpersonal communications (if

any):

Marks out of 04
Marks out of 06
for
for
performance in
Roll No Student Name performance in Total out of 10
oral or
group activity
presentation
(D5 Column 08)
(D5 Column 09)

Name & Signature of Faculty:

INDRODUCTION
A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water-
cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the
exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power
stations. These condensers are heat exchangers which
convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a
pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where cooling water
is in short supply, an air-cooled condenser is often used. An
air-cooled condenser is however, significantly more
expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine
exhaust pressure (and temperature) as a water-cooled
surface condenser.

Surface condensers are also used in applications and

industries other than the condensing of steam turbine
exhaust in power plants. In thermal power plants, the
purpose of a surface condenser is to condense the exhaust
steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency,
and also to convert the turbine exhaust steam into pure
water (referred to as steam condensate) so that it may be
reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water
 Steam condenser
Steam Condenser is a mechanical device which converts the low
pressure exhaust steam from the turbine into water. Or in other words
it is a device which is used to condense exhaust steam of the turbine
into water. It does so with the help of cooling water circulated into it
from the cooling tower.

It works to achieve two main objectives

1. To maintain low pressure (below atmospheric pressure) at the

outlet of the steam turbine so as to obtain the maximum possible
energy.
2. To supply pure feed water to the hot well and from hot well the
water is again pumped to the boiler with the help of boiler feed pump.

Steam condensing plant

  Requirements of Steam Condensing Plant
The principle requirements of steam condensing plant are:

1. Condenser:  It is a closed vessel used to condense the steam. The

low pressure steam gives off its heat to the coolant (here water from
cooling tower) and gets converted into water during the process of
condensation.

2. Condensate Extraction Pump: It is a pump which is installed in

between the condenser and hot well. It transfers the condensate from
the condenser to the hot well.

3. Hot Well: It is a sump that lies in between the condenser and

boiler. It receives the condensate from the condenser by condensate
pump. The feed water is transferred from the hot well to the boiler.

4. Boiler Feed Pump: It is a pump installed in between the hot well

and boiler. It pumps the feed water from the hot well to the boiler.
And this is done by increasing the pressure of condensate above boiler
pressure.

5. Air Extraction Pump:  It is a pump used to extracts or removes

the air from the steam condenser.

6. Cooling Tower: It is a tower which contains the cold water and

this water is made to circulate within the condenser for cooling of
steam.

7. Cooling Water Pump: It is a pump lies in between the cooling

tower and condenser. It circulates the cooling water through the
condenser.

Working Of Steam Condenser

The steam condenser receives the exhaust steam from one end
and comes in contact with the cooling water circulated within it
form the cooling tower. As the low pressure steam comes in
 contact with the cooling water, it condenses and converts into
water.

It is connected to the air extraction pump and condensate extraction

pump. After the condensation of steam, the condensate is pumped to
the hot well with the help of condensate extraction pump. The air
extraction pump extracts the air from the condenser and creates the
vacuum inside it. The vacuum created helps in the circulation of
cooling water and flow of condensate downward.

Classification of Steam Condenser

The steam condenser is classified as:

A) Jet condensers or mixing type condenser

B) Surface condenser or non-mixing type condenser
JET TYPE CONDENSER:
 1)Jet condenser is a condenser in which the condensate gets mixed
with the cooling water. That’s why it is also called as mixing type
condenser.
 2)This type of condenser is used sometime because it lost some of
the condensate and requires high power for the pump during the
process of condensation.
 3)In jet condenser, as the condensate is not free from the salt, so
it cannot be used as feed water for the boiler. It can be used at
the place where sufficient amount of good quality water is
available.
 Types of jet condenser:
1) Parallel Flow Jet Condenser.
2) Counter Flow or Low Level Jet Condenser.
3) Barometric or High Level Jet Condenser.
4) Ejector Condenser.
(i) Parallel Flow Jet Condenser
In parallel flow jet condenser, the steam and water enters into the
condenser at the top and leaves at the bottom.The cooling water and
steam enters at the top. As both steam and cooling water mix with
each other, the steam gets condense. The condensate, cooling water
and air moves downward and it is removed by two separate pumps
known as air extraction pump and condensate extraction pump. The
condensate pump transfers the condensate to the hot well and from
there the extra water is made to flow in cooling water tank or pond
through overflow pipe.
(ii) Counter Flow or Low Level Jet Condenser

In counter Flow or low level jet condensers, the steam enters at the
bottom and the cooling water at the top. The steam flows upward and
meets the cooling water coming downward.

In these types of steam Condensers, the air pump is located at the top.
Air pump creates vacuum and this vacuum draws water from the
cooling tower. The cooling water enter into the condenser and falls on
the perforated conical plate. The perforated conical plates convert the
cooling water into a large number of jets as shown in the figure. The
falling jet of water caught in the trays and from there it escapes out in
second series of jets and meets the exhaust steam entering at the
bottom. As the steam mix with the water, it gets condense. The
condensate and cooling water moves down through a vertical pipe to
the condensate pump. And finally the pump delivers it to the hot well.
(iii) Barometric or High Level Jet Condenser
Barometric or high level jet condensers are provided at high level
with a long vertical discharge tube or tailpipe. It does not have
condensate extraction pump and the condensate and cooling water
flows in the hot well because of the gravity. An injector pump is used
to flow cooling water at the top of the condenser.

These types of jet condensers are used at a high level with a vertical
discharge pipe. In this condenser, the steam enters at the bottom and
flows in upward direction and meets with the down coming cooling
water. Its working is similar as the low level jet condenser. The
vacuum is created at the top of the condenser shell. With the help of
vacuum and injector pump, the cooling water is moved to the top of
the condenser. The condensate and cooling water comes down in the
hot well through a long vertical discharge pipe. And finally the extra
hot water flows to the cooling tank or cooling pond by an overflow
pipe.
(iv) Ejector Condenser
In ejector condensers, it has a non-return valve through which exhaust
steam enters, hollow truncated cones, and diverging cone.In these
condensers, the cooling water is injected at the top. The steam enters
into the condenser through a non-return valve.

The steam and water mixes with each other while passing through
series of hollow truncated metal cones and steam changes into water.
At the end of the metal cones a diverging cone is present. When the
condensate passes through diverging cone, its kinetic energy is partly
transformed into pressure energy.
The condensate and cooling water is then discharged to the hot well.

 SURFACE CONDENSER:
 1)Surface condenser is a type of steam condenser in which the
steam and cooling water do not mix with each other. And
because of this, the whole condensate can be used as boiler feed
water.
 2)It is also called as non-mixing types condenser. The figure
above shows the longitudinal section of a two pass surface
condenser.
 3)It consists of a horizontal cylindrical vessel made of cast iron
and packed with tubes. The cooling water flows through these
tubes. The ends of the condensers are cut off by the perforated
type plates. The tubes are fixed into these perforated type plates.
It is fixed in such a manner that any leakage of water into the
center of condensing space is prevented.

4) The water tubes are passed horizontally through the main

condensing space.
5)The exhaust steam from the turbine or engine enters at the top
and forced to move downward due to the suction of the air
extraction pump.
6)In this steam condenser, the cooling water enters into boiler
through lower half of the tubes in one direction and returns in
opposite direction through the upper half as shown in the figure
above.
7)This type of condenser is used in ships as it can carry only a
limited quantity of water for the boiler. It is also widely used for
the land installation where there is a scarcity of good quality of
water.
  Types of surface condenser:
1) Down Flow surface condenser.
2) Central Flow surface condenser.
3) Regenerative surface condenser.
4) Evaporative surface condenser.

(i) Down Flow

In Down flow surface condenser, the steam enters at the top of the
condenser and flows downwards over the tubes due to the gravity and
air extraction pumps. The condensate gets collected at the bottom and
then pumped with the help of condensate extraction pump. The pipe
of dry air extraction pump is provided near the bottom and it is
covered by baffle plates so as to prevent the entry of the condensate
into it.

The steam in down flow condenser flows perpendicular to the

direction of flow of cooling water, so it is also called as cross-surface
condenser.
(ii) Central Flow

In central flow condenser, the steam enters at the top of the condenser
and flows in downward direction. In this the suction pipe of the air
extraction pump is provided in the center of the tube nest as shown in
the figure. Due to this placement of the suction pipe in the center of
the tube nest, the exhaust steam flows radially inward over the tubes
towards the suction pipe. The condensate is collected at the bottom of
the condenser and pumped to the hot well.
iii) Regenerative 

In regenerative surface condensers, the condensate is heated by the

use of regenerative method. In that the condensate is passed through
the exhaust steam coming out from the turbine or engine. This raises
its temperature and it is used as the feed water for the boiler.
(iv) Evaporative

In evaporative surface condensers, the steam enters at the top of the

condenser in a series of pipes over which a film of cold water is
falling. At the same time, current of air is made to circulate over the
film of water. As the air circulates over the water film, it evaporates
some of the cooling water. As a result of this rapid evaporation, the
steam circulating inside the series of pipes gets condensed. Remaining
cooling water that left is collected at an increased temperature and
reused. It is brought to the original temperature by adding required
quantity of cold water.

Comparison of Jet and Surface Condenser

S.no Jet Condenser Surface Condenser

1. Exhaust steam and cooling Exhaust steam and cooling

water mixed with each other. water are not mixed with each
other.

2. It is less suitable for high It is more suitable for high

capacity plants. capacity plants.

3. The condensing plant using The condensing plant using

this type of steam condenser surface condenser is costly and
is simple and complicated.
economical.

4. Condensate is wasted and The condensate is reused.

cannot be reused.

5. Less quantity of circulating Large quantity of circulating

water is required. water is required.

6. It has low maintenance cost. It has high maintenance cost.

7. In jet condenser, more power In surface condenser, less

is required for the air pump. power is required for the air
pump.
  Advantage and disadvantage of steam condenser
i. High vaccume efficiency.
ii. Pure condensate.
iii. Low quality cooling water can be used.
iv. It allow the expansion of steam through a higher pressure
ratio.
 Disadvantage of steam condenser
i. Large amount of water is required .
ii. Construction is complicated .
iii. Costly maintaince and skilled worker .
iv. Large floor area.
 Effect of Condenser Pressure on Rankine Efficiency:
• Lowering the condenser pressure will increase the area
enclosed by the cycle on a T-s diagram which indicates that the net
work will increase. Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle will be
increased

• Lowering the back pressure causes an increase in moisture

content of steam leaving the turbine

. • Increase in moisture content of steam in low pressure stages,

there is decrease in efficiency & erosion of blade may be a very
serious problem and also the pump work required will be high.

 . Vacuum Creation in Condenser:

• When the steam condenses in a closed vessel, the vapour phase of
working substance changes to liquid phase, and thus its specific
volume reduces to more than one thousand times.

• Due to change in specific volume, the absolute pressure in the

condenser falls below atmospheric pressure and a high vacuum is
created.
• This minimum pressure that can be attained depends on the
temperature of condensate and air present in the condenser. The
absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure – Vacuum Gauge in the
condenser Pressure

 Sources of Air in the Condenser:

• The ambient air leaks to the condenser chamber at the joints &
glands which are internally under pressure lower than that of
ambient.

• Another source of air is the dissolved air with feed water. The
dissolved air in feed water enters into boiler and it travels with
steam into condenser.

 Effects of Air Leakage:

• The presence of air lowers vacuum in the condenser. Thus back
pressure of the plant increases, and consequently, the work output
decreases.

• Air has very poor thermal conductivity. Hence, the rate of heat
transfer from vapour to cooling medium is reduced.

• The presence of air in the condenser corrodes to the metal

surfaces. Therefore, the life of condenser is reduced.

 Application of steam condenser:

1.Vaccum evaporation
2.Vaccum refrigeration
3.Ocean thermal energy
4.Replacing barometric condensers in steam driven ejector
systems
5.Geothermal energy recovery
6.Desalination systems