00 Talaba Proposal 1
00 Talaba Proposal 1
00 Talaba Proposal 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The tourism industry of the Philippines is slowly but surely growing and is in
fact became the third growth engine in the service sector, after remittances
from overseas Filipino workers and the BPO-IT sector. Analyst Jose-Paolo
Fontanilla of CLSA forecasted that the international tourist arrivals will grow at 16
percent annually for the six years. It helped that massive infrastructure projects
are initiated by both private and public companies to ensure that the roads and
airports leading to wonderful destinations in the country are safe and well-
constructed.
Along with the development of the tourism industry is the boom of the
construction companies selling out the hardware materials used to improve the
roads and buildings near popular tourist destinations. One of the commonly
used concrete product are the pavements. Pavements are generally referred to
as an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering. It can also function as a road
surface recognized for durable surfacing of roads and walkways.
Stone pavers are another type of paver used widely in building and
landscaping due to its beauty, strength and durability. These are mostly made of
limestone, bluestone, basalt, sandstone and granite.
II. RATIONALE
Bricks are one of the essential products used in building the foundation of
different buildings and infrastructures we see in our daily life. This product is
usually laid flat and are usually bonded forming s structure to increase its stability
and strength. This also comes in different types and specially has different
structure and strength properties.
Bricks as one useful material in building pavements and other
infrastructure is very popular because it has certain advantages. These are the
following:
Aesthetic;
Strength;
Fire Protection;
Sound Attenuation; and
Durability
Bricks are also made from natural materials such as clay and shale which
are abundant materials in the Earth’s surface. This material has already been
proven useful and was already used even in the past especially in Ancient
Egyptian civilization.
The use of organic materials in making bricks have been devised since the
time of Tom Shaw who first used sludge in making his own bricks but the idea
was ahead of his time so Shaw’s idea was completely neglected but recently
sludge posed great disposal problems that this idea of his could be of great
help.
Like the problem with sludge, one major problem of the world is the
increasing number of plastic everywhere. Just as Shaw’s idea to use sludge in
making his bricks, which are organic. The use of plastic integrated in bricks is also
possible and can be one way to have a solution with this increasing
environmental problem. Also, not only plastic could be used in making bricks but
also the shells of mussels. This shells are no longer used after people have
consumed its content for their tummy. Integrating this two materials in a product
could be of great help to human advancement.
Lime is one of the most widely used alkaline activator that is produced by
grounded limestone which is calcined to remove the carbon dioxide molecules.
However, it is a non-renewable natural source, the over mining and
consumption that is related with the use of lead is also another environmental
factors that should be considered, because it destroys vegetation, cause water
loss and soil erosion, and an environmental pollutant (Chindaprasirt and
Pimraksa, 2008; Gencel et al., 2012a,b; Grutzeck and Siemer, 1997). Hence, it is
also high time to use alternative to lime by waste materials that will contribute to
more sustainable infrastructures and environmental friendly. Nowadays,
recycling has been rampant in many parts of the world, the use of waste
materials to construction do not degrade the quality of the establishment. In
fact it has many economic and environmental benefits to the community. (Guo
et al., 2010; Kumar 2002; Li and Zhao, 2003; Rahman et al., 2014; Suaiam and
Makul, 2014; Sutcu et al., 2014; Uygunoglu et al., 2012).
One of the renewable sources that the group considered in making bricks
is with the use of talaba shells also known as the oyster shells, it is a by-product of
ostreaculture, are easily accumulated in the coastal areas, which includes
Southeast Asian countries. It is readily available in markets and could easily be
collected. (Chiou et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2010, 2005; Yoon et
al., 2003). In the form of oyster shell freshly collected, it is an environmental
damage and has a strong odor that has a negative impact in the environment
and local health. In order to solve the prevailing problem, studies have found
that the use of oyster shells when dry and grounded like lime can improve
materials, especially the ceramics and cements to make bricks. It is a good
substitute for aggregates in construction materials (Chiou et al., 2014; Kuo et al.,
2013; Wang et al., 2013; Yanget al., 2010, 2005; Yoon et al., 2003).
Bricks are ceramics, ceramics are Inorganic and non-metallic materials
that are commonly electrical and thermal insulators, brittle and composed of
more than one element. When mixed with water, it forms a paste that
subsequently sets and hardens. It is produced by grinding and intimately mixing
clay and lime-bearing minerals in the proper proportions, and then heating the
mixture to about in a rotary kiln; this process, sometimes called calcination. The
setting and hardening of this material result from relatively complicated
hydration reactions.
Reaction of hardening: 2CaO-SiO2+ xH2O Calcium Silicate Fibrils
Oysters are renewable natural resources that mainly comprise calcium
carbonates (Chiou et al., 2014; Yoon et al., 2003). It could be used to replace
the use of lime in making ceramics as alkali-activator in the production of
unfired bricks; it could be more beneficial to the society.
Studies have proven that the use of oyster shells adds strength and
durability to the ceramics since it is an alkali-activator that strengthens the
binding between the cements. However, with the excess proportion of addition
decreases its effects.
The incorporation of oyster shells in the brick making industries is one of the
ways of recycling the materials. It was found that the application of the oyster
shells has positive effect on the increase of strength and durability of unfired
bricks in either wet or dry environment.
One of the reinforcements that the group has considered is adding
plastics, since plastics are polymers which are binders, it is expected in helping
the pores closer, making the porosity of the bricks lower, allowing it to be tighter
and not allowing the passage of liquid (water) easily.
The materials involved are cement, water, plastics, and oyster shells. There
are many reasons on why the grouped considered adding plastics and oyster
shells in brick making. (1) The use of oyster shells has as significant effect in the
increase of strength and durability of the bricks. (2) The use of oyster shells also
contribute to the rate or reaction of the brick to temperature, it reacts to cold
and heat at lower rate hence, it is not highly affected. (3) Oyster shells, together
with plastics, decrease shrinkage and water absorption by lowering the porosity.
(4) The use of plastics and oysters addresses environmental issues because both
are recycled from waste materials, powdered oyster shells and plastic scraps. (5)
The bricks made of oyster shells with plastics could be marketable and could
contribute to the industry of construction but also the economy.
To top it all, the expected product is both an infusion of inorganic and
organic compounds since calcium carbonates of oyster shells and plastics
which are polymers are involved.
Materials
Empty talaba shells
Plastic (bottles and/or wrappers)
Commercial Cement
Water
Hammer
Scissors
Molder
Procedures
PROJECTED EXPENSES
Bio building bricks. Using sludge in bricks: Improves quality Reduces weight Saves
energy. (1988, July 05). Retrieved November 28, 2017, from
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November 28, 207, from http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/tacloban/;oca;-
news/2013/03/27/mussel-shell-ideal-hollow-block-making-275041
T. (2016, May 27). Turning old plastic bags into bricks. Retrieved November 28,
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bricks/
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Gencel, O., Ozel, C., Koksal, F., Erdogmus, E., Martínez-Barrera, G., Brostow, W.,
2012a. Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble. J.
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Gencel, O., Koksal, F., Ozel, C., Brostow, W., 2012b. Combined effects of fly ash
and waste ferrochromium on properties of concrete. Constr. Build. Mater.
29 (4), 633e640.
Kumar, S., 2002. A perspective study on fly ashelimeegypsum bricks and hollow
blocks for low cost housing development. Constr. Build. Mater. 16 (8),
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Sutcu, M., del Coz Diaz, J.J., Alvarez Rabanal, F.P., Gencel, O., Akkurt, S., 2014.
Thermal performance optimization of hollow clay bricks made up of
paper waste. Eng. Build. 75 (6), 96e108.
Uygunoglu, T., Topcu, I.B., Gencel, O., Brostow, W., 2012. The effect of fly ash
content and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-fabricated
concrete interlocking blocks (PCIBs). Constr. Build. Mater. 30 (5), 180e187.
Wang, H.Y., Kuo, W.T., Lin, C.C., Chen, P.-Y., 2013. Study of the material
properties of fly ash added to oyster cement mortar. Constr. Build. Mater.
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Liang, C.F. and Wang, H.Y. (2013). Feasibility of Pulverized Oyster Shell as a
Cementing Material. Retrieved from
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