Functions - Quadratic Modelling - Big Ideas

Linear and Quadratic
2 Functions
2.1 Parent Functions and Transformations
2.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions
2.3 Modeling with Linear Functions
2.4 Solving Linear Systems
2.5 Transformations of Quadratic Functions
2.6 Characteristics of Quadratic Functions
2.7 Modeling with Quadratic Functions
Meteorologist (p. 93)
Soccer (p. 89)
Kangaroo (p. 79)
SEE the Big Idea
Prom (p. 57)
Dirt B
Di ike ((p.
Bike
ik p. 43
43))
Int_Math3_PE_02.OP.indd 36 1/30/15 2:13 PM

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
Evaluating Expressions
Example 1 Evaluate the expression 36 ÷ (32 × 2) − 3.
36 ÷ (32 × 2) − 3 = 36 ÷ (9 × 2) − 3 Evaluate the power within parentheses.
= 36 ÷ 18 − 3 Multiply within parentheses.
=2−3 Divide.
= −1 Subtract.
Evaluate.
⋅
1. 5 23 + 7 2. 4 − 2(3 + 2)2 3. 48 ÷ 42 + —5
3
4. 50 ÷ 52 2 ⋅ 5. —12 (22 + 22) 6. —16 (6 + 18) − 22
Transformations of Figures
Example 2 Reflect the black rectangle in the x-axis. Then translate the new rectangle
5 units to the left and 1 unit down.
y B
4
A
Move each vertex 5 units D C

left and 1 unit down. −4 −2 4 x
D″ C″ D′ C′ Take the opposite of
−2
each y-coordinate.
−4
A′ B′
A″ B″
Graph the transformation of the figure.

7. Translate the rectangle 8. Reflect the triangle in the 9. Translate the trapezoid
1 unit right and y-axis. Then translate 3 units down. Then
4 units up. 2 units left. reflect in the x-axis.
y y y
3 6 4
1 4 2
−3 1 3 x
−6 −4 −2 2x
−2
−4 −2 2 4x
−5 −2 −4
10. ABSTRACT REASONING Give an example to show why the order of operations is important
when evaluating a numerical expression. Is the order of transformations of figures important?
Justify your answer.
Dynamic
D i Solutions
S l ti available
il bl att BigIdeasMath.com
BigId M th 3
37

Mathematical Mathematically proficient students use technological tools to
Practices
explore concepts.
Using a Graphing Calculator

Core Concept
Standard and Square Viewing Windows WINDOW
Xmin=-10 This is the
A typical screen on a graphing calculator has a height-to-width Xmax=10
ratio of 2 to 3. This means that when you view a graph using Xscl=1 standard
the standard viewing window of −10 to 10 (on each axis), Ymin=-10 viewing
Ymax=10 window.
the graph will not be shown in its true perspective. Yscl=1
To view a graph in its true perspective, you need to change to WINDOW

Xmin=-9 This is a
a square viewing window, where the tick marks on the x-axis Xmax=9
are spaced the same as the tick marks on the y-axis. Xscl=1 square
Ymin=-6 viewing
Ymax=6 window.
Yscl=1

10
Use a graphing calculator to graph y = ∣ x ∣ − 3.
SOLUTION −10 10
In the standard viewing window, notice that This is the graph

the tick marks on the y-axis are closer together in the standard
−10 viewing window.
than those on the x-axis. This implies that the
graph is not shown in its true perspective.
4
In a square viewing window, notice that the

tick marks on both axes have the same spacing.
−6 6
This implies that the graph is shown in its
true perspective. This is the graph
in a square
−4 viewing window.
Monitoring Progress
Use a graphing calculator to graph the equation using the standard viewing
window and a square viewing window. Describe any differences in the graphs.
1. y = 2x − 3 2. y = −x + 1 3. y = −∣ x − 4 ∣
4. y = ∣ x + 2 ∣ 5. y = x2 −2 6. y = −x2 + 1
Determine whether the viewing window is square. Explain.

7. −8 ≤ x ≤ 8, −2 ≤ y ≤ 8 8. −7 ≤ x ≤ 8, −2 ≤ y ≤ 8
9. −6 ≤ x ≤ 9, −2 ≤ y ≤ 8 10. −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3
11. −4 ≤ x ≤ 5, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3 12. −4 ≤ x ≤ 4, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3
38 Chapter 2 Linear and Quadratic Functions

2.1 Parent Functions and Transformations
Essential Question What are the characteristics of some of the
basic parent functions?
Identifying Basic Parent Functions
Work with a partner. Graphs of four basic parent functions are shown below.
Classify each function as linear, absolute value, quadratic, or exponential. Justify
your reasoning.
JUSTIFYING a. 4 b. 4
CONCLUSIONS
To be proficient in math,
you need to justify −6 6 −6 6
your conclusions and

communicate them
clearly to others. −4 −4
c. 4 d. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
Identifying Basic Parent Functions
Work with a partner. Graphs of four basic parent functions that you will study later
in this course are shown below. Classify each function as square root, cube root, cubic,
or reciprocal. Justify your reasoning.
a. 4 b. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
c. 4 d. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
Communicate Your Answer

3. What are the characteristics of some of the basic parent functions?
4. Write an equation for each function whose graph is shown in Exploration 1.
Then use a graphing calculator to verify that your equations are correct.
Section 2.1 Parent Functions and Transformations 39
Int_Math3_PE_02.01.indd 39 1/30/15 2:02 PM

2.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Identify families of functions.
Describe transformations of parent functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Describe combinations of transformations.
parent function, p. 40
transformation, p. 41
translation, p. 41
Identifying Function Families
reflection, p. 41 Functions that belong to the same family share key characteristics. The parent
vertical stretch, p. 42
function is the most basic function in a family. Functions in the same family are
transformations of their parent function.
vertical shrink, p. 42
Previous
function Core Concept
domain
Parent Functions
range
slope Family Constant Linear Absolute Value Quadratic
scatter plot Rule f(x) = 1 f(x) = x f(x) = ∣ x ∣ f(x) = x 2
Graph y y y y
x x
x x
Domain All real numbers All real numbers All real numbers All real numbers
Range y=1 All real numbers y≥0 y≥0
LOOKING FOR Identifying a Function Family

STRUCTURE
Identify the function family to which f belongs. y
You can also use function
Compare the graph of f to the graph of its
rules to identify functions. 6
parent function.
The only variable term in
f is an ∣ x ∣-term, so it is an SOLUTION 4
absolute value function.
The graph of f is V-shaped, so f is an absolute
value function.
f(x) = 2x + 1
The graph is shifted up and is narrower than
−4 −2 2 4 x
the graph of the parent absolute value function.
The domain of each function is all real numbers,
but the range of f is y ≥ 1 and the range of the
parent absolute value function is y ≥ 0.
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com
1. Identify the function family to which 1

g(x) = 4 (x − 3)2
g belongs. Compare the graph of g to y
6
the graph of its parent function.
4
2 4 6 x

Describing Transformations
A transformation changes the size, shape, position, or orientation of a graph.
A translation is a transformation that shifts a graph horizontally and/or vertically
but does not change its size, shape, or orientation.
REMEMBER
Graphing and Describing Translations
The slope-intercept form
of a linear equation is
Graph g(x) = x − 4 and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
y = mx + b, where m is
the slope and b is the SOLUTION
y-intercept.
The function g is a linear function with a slope y
of 1 and a y-intercept of −4. So, draw a line 2
through the point (0, −4) with a slope of 1.

The graph of g is 4 units below the graph of −4 −2 2 4 x
the parent linear function f. f(x) = x −2
So, the graph of g(x) = x − 4 is a vertical (0, −4)

translation 4 units down of the graph of
g(x) = x − 4
the parent linear function.
−6
A reflection is a transformation that flips a graph over a line called the line of
reflection. A reflected point is the same distance from the line of reflection as the
original point but on the opposite side of the line.
Graphing and Describing Reflections
REMEMBER Graph p(x) = −x 2 and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
The function p(x) = −x 2
is written in function SOLUTION
notation, where p(x) is The function p is a quadratic function. Use a table of values to graph each function.
another name for y.
y
x y = x2 y = −x 2 4
−2 4 −4
2
−1 1 −1 f(x) = x2
0 0 0 −4 −2 2 4 x
1 1 −1 p(x) = −x2 −2
2 4 −4
−4
The graph of p is the graph of the parent function flipped over the x-axis.
So, the graph of p(x) = −x 2 is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of the parent
quadratic function.
Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
2. g(x) = x + 3 3. h(x) = (x − 2)2 4. n(x) = −∣ x ∣

Another way to transform the graph of a function is to multiply all of the y-coordinates
by the same positive factor (other than 1). When the factor is greater than 1, the
transformation is a vertical stretch. When the factor is greater than 0 and less than 1,
it is a vertical shrink.
Graphing and Describing Stretches and Shrinks
Graph each function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
a. g(x) = 2 ∣ x ∣ b. h(x) = —12 x2
SOLUTION
a. The function g is an absolute value function. Use a table of values to graph
the functions.
g(x) = 2x
x y = ∣x∣ y = 2∣ x ∣ y
−2 2 4 6
−1 1 2
4
0 0 0
REASONING 1 1 2 2
ABSTRACTLY 2 2 4 f(x) = x
To visualize a vertical −4 −2 2 4 x
stretch, imagine pulling
the points away from
the x-axis. The y-coordinate of each point on g is two times the y-coordinate of the
corresponding point on the parent function.
So, the graph of g(x) = 2∣ x ∣ is a vertical stretch of the graph of the parent
absolute value function.
b. The function h is a quadratic function. Use a table of values to graph
the functions.
f(x) = x2
y
x y = x2 y = —21 x 2
To visualize a vertical 6
−2 4 2
shrink, imagine pushing
the points toward −1 1 1
—2 4
the x-axis.
0 0 0
2
1
1 1 1
—2 h(x) = 2 x 2
2 4 2 −4 −2 2 4 x
The y-coordinate of each point on h is one-half of the y-coordinate of the

corresponding point on the parent function.
So, the graph of h(x) = —12 x 2 is a vertical shrink of the graph of the parent
quadratic function.
7. c(x) = 0.2∣ x ∣
3
5. g(x) = 3x 6. h(x) = —2 x2

Combinations of Transformations
You can use more than one transformation to change the graph of a function.
Describing Combinations of Transformations
Use a graphing calculator to graph g(x) = −∣ x + 5 ∣ − 3 and its parent function. Then
describe the transformations.
SOLUTION 8
The function g is an absolute value function. f

−12
The graph shows that g(x) = −∣ x + 5 ∣ − 3
10
is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a g

translation 5 units left and 3 units down of the
graph of the parent absolute value function. −10
Modeling with Mathematics
Time Height The table shows the height y of a dirt bike x seconds after jumping off a ramp. What
(seconds), x (feet), y type of function can you use to model the data? Estimate the height after 1.75 seconds.
0 8 SOLUTION
0.5 20
1. Understand the Problem You are asked to identify the type of function that can
1 24 model the table of values and then to find the height at a specific time.
1.5 20 2. Make a Plan Create a scatter plot of the data. Then use the relationship shown in
2 8 the scatter plot to estimate the height after 1.75 seconds.
3. Solve the Problem Create a scatter plot. y
30
The data appear to lie on a curve that resembles
a quadratic function. Sketch the curve.
20
So, you can model the data with a quadratic
function. The graph shows that the height is 10
about 15 feet after 1.75 seconds.
0
0 1 2 3 x
44. Look Back To check that your solution is reasonable, analyze the values in the
table. Notice that the heights decrease after 1 second. Because 1.75 is between
1.5 and 2, the height must be between 20 feet and 8 feet.
8 < 15 < 20 ✓
Monitoring Progress
M Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com
U a graphing calculator to graph the function and its parent function.

Use
Then describe the transformations.
T
1
8. h(x) = −—4 x + 5 9. d(x) = 3(x − 5)2 − 1
10. The table shows the amount of fuel in a chainsaw over time. What type of
function can you use to model the data? When will the tank be empty?
Time (minutes), x 0 10 20 30 40
Fuel remaining (fluid ounces), y 15 12 9 6 3

2.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The function f(x) = x 2 is the ______ of f(x) = 2x 2 − 3.
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.
What are the vertices of the figure after a y

4
reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation
2 units right? 2
What are the vertices of the figure after a

−4 −2 2 4 x
translation 6 units up and 2 units right?
−2
What are the vertices of the figure after

a translation 2 units right, followed by a −4
reflection in the x-axis?
What are the vertices of the figure after a

translation 6 units up, followed by a reflection
in the x-axis?
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, identify the function family to which 7. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS At 8:00 a.m.,
f belongs. Compare the graph of f to the graph of its the temperature is 43°F. The temperature increases
parent function. (See Example 1.) 2°F each hour for the next 7 hours. Graph the
temperatures over time t (t = 0 represents 8:00 a.m.).
3. 4.
What type of function can you use to model the data?
y y
Explain.
−4 −2 x
−2 8. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You purchase a car
−4 −2 2 4x from a dealership for $10,000. The trade-in value of
−4
−2 the car each year after the purchase is given by the
function f(x) = 10,000 − 250x 2. Identify the function
family to which f belongs.
f(x) = −2x2 + 3
f(x) = 2x + 2 − 8 In Exercises 9–18, graph the function and its parent
5. 6. function. Then describe the transformation. (See
Examples 2 and 3.)
y y
20 6
9. g(x) = x + 4 10. f(x) = x − 6
f(x) = 3
10 4
11. f(x) = x 2 − 1 12. h(x) = (x + 4)2
2
−2 2 4 6x
13. g(x) = ∣ x − 5 ∣ 14. f(x) = 4 + ∣ x ∣
f(x) = 5x − 2 −4 −2 2 4x
−20 −2 15. h(x) = −x 2 16. g(x) = −x
17. f(x) = 3 18. f(x) = −2

In Exercises 19–26, graph the function and its parent MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 37 and 38,
function. Then describe the transformation. find the coordinates of the figure after the
(See Example 4.) transformation.
1
19. f(x) = —3 x 20. g(x) = 4x 37. Translate 2 units 38. Reflect in the x-axis.
down.
1
21. f(x) = 2x2 22. h(x) = —3 x2
y y
4 4
3 4 A B
23. h(x) = —4 x 24. g(x) = —3 x
2
A
25. h(x) = 3∣ x ∣ 26. f(x) = —2 ∣ x ∣
1
D C
−4 −2 4x −4 −2 2 4x
B −2
In Exercises 27–34, use a graphing calculator to graph
the function and its parent function. Then describe the −4
C
−4
transformations. (See Example 5.)
27. f(x) = 3x + 2 28. h(x) = −x + 5
USING TOOLS In Exercises 39–44, identify the function
family and describe the domain and range. Use a
29. h(x) = −3∣ x ∣ − 1 ∣x∣ + 1
3
30. f(x) = —4
graphing calculator to verify your answer.
39. g(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 1 40. h(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 2
1
31. g(x) = —2 x2 − 6 32. f(x) = 4x2 − 3
33. f(x) = −(x + 3)2 + —4

1
41. g(x) = 3x + 4 42. f(x) = −4x + 11
34. g(x) = −∣ x − 1 ∣ − —2 43. f(x) = 5x 2 − 2 44. f(x) = −2x2 + 6

1
45. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 35 and 36, identify and the speeds of a car as it travels through an intersection
correct the error in describing the transformation of the with a stop sign. What type of function can you use to
parent function. model the data? Estimate the speed of the car when it
✗
35. is 20 yards past the intersection. (See Example 6.)
y
−4 −2 2 4x Displacement from Speed

−4 sign (yards), x (miles per hour), y
−100 40
−8
−50 20
−12
−10 4
The graph is a reflection in the x-axis 0 0
and a vertical shrink of the parent 10 4
quadratic function.
50 20
100 40
36.
✗ 4
y
46. THOUGHT PROVOKING In the same coordinate plane,

sketch the graph of the parent quadratic function
2
and the graph of a quadratic function that has no
x-intercepts. Describe the transformation(s) of the
2 4 6 x parent function.
The graph is a translation 3 units right of

the parent absolute value function, so the 47. USING STRUCTURE Graph the functions
function is f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣. f(x) = ∣ x − 4 ∣ and g(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 4. Are they
equivalent? Explain.

48. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Consider the graphs of f, g, 51. PROBLEM SOLVING You are playing basketball with
and h. your friends. The height (in feet) of the ball above
the ground t seconds after a shot is released from
h 4 y your hand is modeled by the function
f f(t) = −16t 2 + 32t + 5.2.
g
2
a. Without graphing, identify the type of function
that models the height of the basketball.
−4 2 4x
b. What is the value of t when the ball is released
−2
from your hand? Explain your reasoning.
−4 c. How many feet above the ground is the ball when
it is released from your hand? Explain.
a. Does the graph of g represent a vertical stretch
or a vertical shrink of the graph of f ? Explain 52. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows the
your reasoning. battery lives of a computer over time. What type of
function can you use to model the data? Interpret the
b. Describe how to transform the graph of f to obtain
meaning of the x-intercept in this situation.
the graph of h.
Time Battery life

49. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says two (hours), x remaining, y
different translations of the graph of the parent linear 1 80%
function can result in the graph of f(x) = x − 2. Is 3 40%
your friend correct? Explain.
5 0%
50. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS A person swims at a 6 20%
constant speed of 1 meter per second. What type 8 60%
of function can be used to model the distance the
swimmer travels? If the person has a 10-meter head
start, what type of transformation does this 53. REASONING Compare each function with its parent
represent? Explain. function. State whether it contains a horizontal
translation, vertical translation, both, or neither.
Explain your reasoning.
a. f(x) = 2∣ x ∣ − 3 b. f(x) = (x − 8)2
c. f(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ + 4 d. f(x) = 4x 2
54. CRITICAL THINKING Use the values −1, 0, 1,

and 2 in the correct box so the graph of each function
intersects the x-axis. Explain your reasoning.
a. f(x) = 3x +1 b. f(x) = ∣ 2x − 6 ∣ −
c. f(x) = x2 + 1 d. f(x) =
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons
Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution of the equation. (Skills Review Handbook)
55. f(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣; (1, −3) 56. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; (−2, −5)
57. f(x) = x − 3; (5, 2) 58. f(x) = x − 4; (12, 8)
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of the equation. (Skills Review Handbook)
59. y=x 60. y=x+2
61. 3x + y = 1 62. x − 2y = 8

2.2 Transformations of Linear and
Absolute Value Functions
Essential Question How do the graphs of y = f(x) + k,
y = f(x − h), and y = −f(x) compare to the graph of the parent
function f ?
Transformations of the Parent Absolute

Value Function
Work with a partner. Compare
y = x y = x + 2
USING TOOLS the graph of the function 4
STRATEGICALLY y = ∣x∣ + k Transformation

To be proficient in
to the graph of the parent function −6 6
math, you need to use
technological tools to f (x) = ∣ x ∣. Parent function y = x − 2
visualize results and
−4
explore consequences.
Transformations of the Parent Absolute

Value Function
y = x y = x − 2
the graph of the function 4
y = ∣x − h∣ Transformation
−6 6
to the graph of the parent function
y = x + 3
f (x) = ∣ x ∣. Parent function
−4
Transformation of the Parent Absolute

Value Function
the graph of the function y = x
4
y = −∣ x ∣ Transformation
to the graph of the parent function −6

6 6
y = −x
f (x) = ∣ x ∣. Parent function
−4

4. How do the graphs of y = f (x) + k, y = f (x − h), and y = −f(x) compare to the
graph of the parent function f ?
5. Compare the graph of each function to the graph of its parent function f. Use a
graphing calculator to verify your answers are correct.
a. y = 2x − 4 b. y = 2x + 4 c. y = −2x
d. y = x 2 + 1 e. y = (x − 1)2 f. y = −x 2
Section 2.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions 47

Write functions representing translations and reflections.
Write functions representing stretches and shrinks.
Write functions representing combinations of transformations.
Translations and Reflections

You can use function notation to represent transformations of graphs of functions.
Core Concept
Horizontal Translations Vertical Translations
The graph of y = f (x − h) is a The graph of y = f (x) + k is a
horizontal translation of the graph vertical translation of the graph of
of y = f (x), where h ≠ 0. y = f (x), where k ≠ 0.
y = f(x)
y y
y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k, y = f(x)
h<0 k>0
x x
y = f(x − h), y = f(x) + k,
h>0 k<0
Subtracting h from the inputs Adding k to the outputs shifts the

before evaluating the function graph down when k < 0 and up
shifts the graph left when h < 0 when k > 0.
and right when h > 0.
Writing Translations of Functions
Let f(x) = 2x + 1.
a. Write a function g whose graph is a translation 3 units down of the graph of f.
b. Write a function h whose graph is a translation 2 units to the left of the graph of f.
SOLUTION
a. A translation 3 units down is a vertical translation that adds −3 to each output value.
g(x) = f(x) + (−3) Add −3 to the output.
= 2x + 1 + (−3) Substitute 2x + 1 for f(x).
= 2x − 2 Simplify.
The translated function is g(x) = 2x − 2.
Check b. A translation 2 units to the left is a horizontal translation that subtracts −2 from
5
each input value.
h f g h(x) = f(x − (−2)) Subtract −2 from the input.
−5 5
= f(x + 2) Add the opposite.
= 2(x + 2) + 1 Replace x with x + 2 in f(x).
= 2x + 5 Simplify.
−5
The translated function is h(x) = 2x + 5.

Core Concept
Reflections in the x-Axis Reflections in the y-Axis
The graph of y = −f (x) is a The graph of y = f (−x) is a reflection
STUDY TIP reflection in the x-axis of the graph in the y-axis of the graph of y = f (x).
When you reflect a of y = f (x).
function in a line, the y
y
graphs are symmetric y = f(x) y = f(−x) y = f(x)
about that line.
x
x
y = −f(x)
Multiplying the outputs by −1 Multiplying the inputs by −1

changes their signs. changes their signs.
Writing Reflections of Functions
Let f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1.
a. Write a function g whose graph is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
b. Write a function h whose graph is a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of f.
SOLUTION
a. A reflection in the x-axis changes the sign of each output value.
g(x) = −f(x) Multiply the output by −1.
= −( ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1 ) Substitute ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 1 for f(x).
= −∣ x + 3 ∣ − 1 Distributive Property
The reflected function is g(x) = −∣ x + 3 ∣ − 1.
b. A reflection in the y-axis changes the sign of each input value.
Check
10
h(x) = f(−x) Multiply the input by −1.
= ∣ −x + 3 ∣ + 1 Replace x with −x in f(x).
f h
−10 10
= ∣ −(x − 3) ∣ + 1 Factor out −1.
g ⋅
= ∣ −1 ∣ ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1 Product Property of Absolute Value
= ∣x − 3∣ + 1 Simplify.
−10
The reflected function is h(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 1.
Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation of the

graph of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer.
1. f(x) = 3x; translation 5 units up
2. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; translation 4 units to the right
3. f(x) = −∣ x + 2 ∣ − 1; reflection in the x-axis
1
4. f(x) = —2 x + 1; reflection in the y-axis

Stretches and Shrinks
In the previous section, you learned that vertical stretches and shrinks transform
graphs. You can also use horizontal stretches and shrinks to transform graphs.
Core Concept
Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks y = f(ax),
The graph of y = f (ax) is a horizontal stretch a>1
y y = f(x)
1
or shrink by a factor of — of the graph of
a y = f(ax),
y = f(x), where a > 0 and a ≠ 1. 0<a<1
Multiplying the inputs by a before evaluating x
the function stretches the graph horizontally The y-intercept
(away from the y-axis) when 0 < a < 1, and stays the same.
shrinks the graph horizontally (toward the
STUDY TIP y-axis) when a > 1.
The graphs of y = f(−ax) Vertical Stretches and Shrinks y = a ∙ f(x),
⋅
and y = −a f(x) represent
a stretch or shrink and a ⋅
The graph of y = a f(x) is a vertical stretch or y
a>1
y = f(x)
shrink by a factor of a of the graph of y = f(x),
reflection in the x- or y-axis
where a > 0 and a ≠ 1. y = a ∙ f(x),
of the graph of y = f (x).
0<a<1
Multiplying the outputs by a stretches the graph x
vertically (away from the x-axis) when a > 1,
and shrinks the graph vertically (toward the The x-intercept
stays the same.
x-axis) when 0 < a < 1.
Writing Stretches and Shrinks of Functions
Let f(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ − 5. Write (a) a function g whose graph is a horizontal shrink of

the graph of f by a factor of —13 , and (b) a function h whose graph is a vertical stretch of
the graph of f by a factor of 2.
SOLUTION
a. A horizontal shrink by a factor of —13 multiplies each input value by 3.
g(x) = f(3x) Multiply the input by 3.
Check = ∣ 3x − 3 ∣ − 5 Replace x with 3x in f(x).

4 The transformed function is g(x) = ∣ 3x − 3 ∣ − 5.
g h f
−10 14 b. A vertical stretch by a factor of 2 multiplies each output value by 2.
⋅
h(x) = 2 f(x) Multiply the output by 2.
= 2 ⋅ (∣x − 3∣ − 5) Substitute ∣ x − 3 ∣ − 5 for f(x).
−12 = 2∣ x − 3 ∣ − 10 Distributive Property

The transformed function is h(x) = 2∣ x − 3 ∣ − 10.
Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation of the

graph of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer.
5. f(x) = 4x + 2; horizontal stretch by a factor of 2
6. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 3; vertical shrink by a factor of —3
1

Combinations of Transformations
You can write a function that represents a series of transformations on the graph of
another function by applying the transformations one at a time in the stated order.
Combining Transformations
Let the graph of g be a vertical shrink by a factor of 0.25 followed by a translation

3 units up of the graph of f (x) = x. Write a rule for g.
SOLUTION
Step 1 First write a function h that represents the vertical shrink of f.
Check
12 ⋅
h(x) = 0.25 f(x) Multiply the output by 0.25.
f = 0.25x Substitute x for f(x).
g Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.
−8 12
g(x) = h(x) + 3 Add 3 to the output.
−8
= 0.25x + 3 Substitute 0.25x for h(x).
The transformed function is g(x) = 0.25x + 3.
You design a computer game. Your revenue for x downloads is given by f(x) = 2x.
Your profit is $50 less than 90% of the revenue for x downloads. Describe how to
transform the graph of f to model the profit. What is your profit for 100 downloads?
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given a function that represents your revenue
and a verbal statement that represents your profit. You are asked to find the profit
for 100 downloads.
2. Make a Plan Write a function p that represents your profit. Then use this function
to find the profit for 100 downloads.
3. Solve the Problem ⋅
profit = 90% revenue − 50
p(x) = 0.9 ⋅ f(x) − 50
Vertical shrink by a factor of 0.9 Translation 50 units down
⋅
= 0.9 2x − 50 Substitute
b 2x ffor f(
ff(x).
)
= 1.8x − 50 Simplify.
200
f p To find the profit for 100 downloads, evaluate p when x = 100.
p(100) = 1.8(100) − 50 = 130
y = 1.8x − 50 Your profit is $130 for 100 downloads.
4. Look Back The vertical shrink decreases the slope, and the translation shifts the
0 X=100 Y=130 300
0 graph 50 units down. So, the graph of p is below and not as steep as the graph of f.
7. Let the graph of g be a translation 6 units down followed by a reflection in the

x-axis of the graph of f (x) = ∣ x ∣. Write a rule for g. Use a graphing calculator to
check your answer.
8. WHAT IF? In Example 5, your revenue function is f(x) = 3x. How does this affect
your profit for 100 downloads?


1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The function g(x) = ∣ 5x ∣ − 4 is a horizontal ___________ of the
function f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 4.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN'T BELONG? Which transformation does not belong with the other three?
Translate the graph of f(x) = 2x + 3 Shrink the graph of f(x) = x + 5

up 2 units. horizontally by a factor of —12 .
Stretch the graph of f(x) = x + 3 Translate the graph of f(x) = 2x + 3

vertically by a factor of 2. left 1 unit.

In Exercises 3–8, write a function g whose graph 10. PROBLEM SOLVING You open a café. The function
represents the indicated transformation of the graph f(x) = 4000x represents your expected net income
of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer. (in dollars) after being open x weeks. Before you
(See Example 1.) open, you incur an extra expense of $12,000. What
transformation of f is necessary to model this
3. f(x) = x − 5; translation 4 units to the left situation? How many weeks will it take to pay off
the extra expense?
4. f(x) = x + 2; translation 2 units to the right
5. f(x) = ∣ 4x + 3 ∣ + 2; translation 2 units down
6. f(x) = 2x − 9; translation 6 units up
7. f(x) = 4 − ∣ x + 1 ∣ 8. f(x) = ∣ 4x ∣ + 5
y y
5
f
f g g
4
1
−1 1 3 x
2 In Exercises 11–16, write a function g whose graph
represents the indicated transformation of the graph
−2 2 x of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer.
(See Example 2.)
9. WRITING Describe two different translations of the
graph of f that result in the graph of g. 11. f(x) = −5x + 2; reflection in the x-axis
1
y 12. f(x) = —2 x − 3; reflection in the x-axis
2
13. f(x) = ∣ 6x ∣ − 2; reflection in the y-axis

−2 2 4x
g(x) = −x − 2 14. f(x) = ∣ 2x − 1 ∣ + 3; reflection in the y-axis
f(x) = −x − 5 15. f(x) = −3 + ∣ x − 11 ∣; reflection in the y-axis

−6
16. f(x) = −x + 1; reflection in the y-axis

In Exercises 17–22, write a function g whose graph In Exercises 27–32, write a function g whose graph
represents the indicated transformation of the graph represents the indicated transformations of the graph
of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer. of f. (See Example 4.)
(See Example 3.)
27. f(x) = x; vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed by a
17. f(x) = x + 2; vertical stretch by a factor of 5 translation 1 unit up
1
18. f(x) = 2x + 6; vertical shrink by a factor of —2 28. f(x) = x; translation 3 units down followed by a
vertical shrink by a factor of —13
19. f(x) = ∣ 2x ∣ + 4; horizontal shrink by a factor of
1
—2
29. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; translation 2 units to the right followed by
20. f(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣; horizontal stretch by a factor of 4
a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2
21. f(x) = −2∣ x − 4 ∣ + 2
30. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; reflection in the y-axis followed by a
y (4, 2) translation 3 units to the right
2
(4, 1)
31. f(x) = ∣ x ∣ 32. f(x) = ∣ x ∣
4 x
g
−2 y y
4 4
f f
2
f
−8 −4 4 8x
−4
22. f(x) = 6 − x −4 −2 2 4x
g
y
(0, 6) g
6 −12 −4
2 f ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 33 and 34, identify and

g correct the error in writing the function g whose graph
−4 4 8x
represents the indicated transformations of the
graph of f.
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS y
✗
33.
In Exercises 23–26, match the f(x) = ∣ x ∣; translation
graph of the transformation of f 3 units to the right followed
with the correct equation shown. f by a translation 2 units up
g(x) = ∣ x + 3 ∣ + 2
x
23. y 24. y
✗
34.
f(x) = x; translation
6 units down followed by a
vertical stretch by a factor
of 5
x x g(x) = 5x − 6
25. y 26. y
35. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that

when writing a function whose graph represents
a combination of transformations, the order is not
important. Is your friend correct? Justify your answer.
x x
A. y = 2f(x) B. y = f (2x)
C. y = f(x + 2) D. y = f(x) + 2

36. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS During a recent 42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Consider the graph of
period of time, bookstore sales have been declining. f(x) = mx + b. Describe the effect each
The sales (in billions of dollars) can be modeled by transformation has on the slope of the line and
7
the function f(t) = −—5 t + 17.2, where t is the number the intercepts of the graph.
of years since 2006. Suppose sales decreased at twice y
the rate. How can you transform the graph of f to
model the sales? Explain how the sales in 2010 are
affected by this change. (See Example 5.)
f
MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS For Exercises 37–40,
describe the transformation of the graph of f to the
x
graph of g. Then find the area of the shaded triangle.
37. f(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ 38. f(x) = −∣ x ∣ − 2
a. Reflect the graph of f in the y-axis.
y y b. Shrink the graph of f vertically by a factor of —31.
6
f g g c. Stretch the graph of f horizontally by a factor of 2.
−2 2 x
43. REASONING The graph of g(x) = −4∣ x ∣ + 2 is a

−4 −2 2 4x
−4
f reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch by a factor
−2 of 4, and a translation 2 units down of the graph of
its parent function. Choose the correct order for the
transformations of the graph of the parent function to
39. f(x) = −x + 4 40. f(x) = x − 5
obtain the graph of g. Explain your reasoning.
y y
x
44. THOUGHT PROVOKING You are planning a
g −2 2
2 cross-country bicycle trip of 4320 miles. Your distance
−2 d (in miles) from the halfway point can be modeled
−2 2 4 6x by d = 72∣ x − 30 ∣, where x is the time (in days) and
−2
x = 0 represents June 1. Your plans are altered so that
f f g the model is now a right shift of the original model.
Give an example of how this can happen. Sketch both
the original model and the shifted model.
41. ABSTRACT REASONING The functions f(x) = mx + b
and g(x) = mx + c represent two parallel lines. 45. CRITICAL THINKING Use the correct value 0, −2, or 1
with a, b, and c so the graph of g(x) = a∣ x − b ∣ + c is
a. Write an expression for the vertical translation of
a reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation one
the graph of f to the graph of g.
unit to the left and one unit up of the graph of
b. Use the definition of slope to write an expression f(x) = 2∣ x − 2 ∣ + 1. Explain your reasoning.
for the horizontal translation of the graph of f to
the graph of g.
Evaluate the function for the given value of x. (Skills Review Handbook)
46. f(x) = x + 4; x = 3 47. f(x) = 4x − 1; x = −1
48. f(x) = −x + 3; x = 5 49. f(x) = −2x − 2; x = −1
Create a scatter plot of the data. (Skills Review Handbook)

50. 51.
x 8 10 11 12 15 x 2 5 6 10 13
f(x) 4 9 10 12 12 f(x) 22 13 15 12 6

2.3 Modeling with Linear Functions
Essential Question How can you use a linear function to model and
analyze a real-life situation?
Modeling with a Linear Function
Work with a partner. A company purchases a

A B
copier for $12,000. The spreadsheet shows how
1 Year, t Value, V
the copier depreciates over an 8-year period.
2 0 $12,000
a. Write a linear function to represent the 3 1 $10,750
value V of the copier as a function of the 4 2 $9,500
number t of years. 5 3 $8,250
6 4 $7,000
b. Sketch a graph of the function. Explain why
7 5 $5,750
MODELING WITH this type of depreciation is called straight
line depreciation.
8 6 $4,500
MATHEMATICS 9 7 $3,250
c. Interpret the slope of the graph in the context 10 8 $2,000
To be proficient in math, of the problem. 11
you need to routinely
interpret your results
in the context of the Modeling with Linear Functions
situation.
Work with a partner. Match each description of the situation with its corresponding
graph. Explain your reasoning.
a. A person gives $20 per week to a friend to repay a $200 loan.
b. An employee receives $12.50 per hour plus $2 for each unit produced per hour.
c. A sales representative receives $30 per day for food plus $0.565 for each
mile driven.
d. A computer that was purchased for $750 depreciates $100 per year.
A. y B. y
40 200
20 100
4 8x 4 8 x
C. y D. y
20 800
10 400
4 8x 4 8 x

3. How can you use a linear function to model and analyze a real-life situation?
4. Use the Internet or some other reference to find a real-life example of
straight line depreciation.
a. Use a spreadsheet to show the depreciation.
b. Write a function that models the depreciation.
c. Sketch a graph of the function.
Section 2.3 Modeling with Linear Functions 55

Write equations of linear functions using points and slopes.
Find lines of fit and lines of best fit.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
line of fit, p. 58 Writing Linear Equations
line of best fit, p. 59
correlation coefficient, p. 59 Core Concept
Previous Writing an Equation of a Line
slope
Given slope m and y-intercept b Use slope-intercept form:
slope-intercept form
point-slope form y = mx + b
scatter plot Given slope m and a point (x1, y1) Use point-slope form:
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
Given points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) First use the slope formula to find m.
Then use point-slope form with either
given point.
Writing a Linear Equation from a Graph

Asteroid 2012 DA14
The graph shows the distance Asteroid 2012 DA14 travels in x seconds. Write an
y
equation of the line and interpret the slope. The asteroid came within 17,200 miles
Distance (miles)
(5, 24) of Earth in February, 2013. About how long does it take the asteroid to travel
24
that distance?
16
SOLUTION
8 24
From the graph, you can see the slope is m = —5
= 4.8 and the y-intercept is b = 0.
0 Use slope-intercept form to write an equation of the line.
0 2 4 6 x
Time (seconds) y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
= 4.8x + 0 Substitute 4.8 for m and 0 for b.
The equation is y = 4.8x. The slope indicates that the asteroid travels 4.8 miles per
second. Use the equation to find how long it takes the asteroid to travel 17,200 miles.
REMEMBER
17,200 = 4.8x Substitute 17,200 for y.
An equation of the form
y = mx indicates that x 3583 ≈ x Divide each side by 4.8.
and y are in a proportional
relationship. Because there are 3600 seconds in 1 hour, it takes the asteroid about 1 hour to
travel 17,200 miles.
1. The graph shows the remaining Car Loan

balance y on a car loan after
y
(thousands of dollars)
making x monthly payments. (0, 18)

18
Write an equation of the line and
interpret the slope and y-intercept. 12
Balance
(10, 15)
What is the remaining balance
6
after 36 payments?
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Number of payments

Two prom venues charge a rental fee plus a fee per student. The table shows the total
Lakeside Inn
costs for different numbers of students at Lakeside Inn. The total cost y (in dollars) for
Number of Total x students at Sunview Resort is represented by the equation
students, x cost, y
y = 10x + 600.
100 $1500
Which venue charges less per student? How many students must attend for the total
125 $1800
costs to be the same?
150 $2100
SOLUTION
175 $2400
1. Understand the Problem You are given an equation that represents the total cost
200 $2700
at one venue and a table of values showing total costs at another venue. You need
to compare the costs.
2. Make a Plan Write an equation that models the total cost at Lakeside Inn. Then
compare the slopes to determine which venue charges less per student. Finally,
equate the cost expressions and solve to determine the number of students for
which the total costs are equal.
3. Solve the Problem First find the slope using any two points from the table. Use
(x1, y1) = (100, 1500) and (x2, y2) = (125, 1800).
y2 − y1 1800 − 1500 300
m=— = —— = — = 12
x2 − x1 125 − 100 25
Write an equation that represents the total cost at Lakeside Inn using the slope of
12 and a point from the table. Use (x1, y1) = (100, 1500).
y − y1 = m(x − x1) Point-slope form
y − 1500 = 12(x − 100) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.
y − 1500 = 12x − 1200 Distributive Property
y = 12x + 300 Add 1500 to each side.

Equate the cost expressions and solve.
10x + 600 = 12x + 300 Set cost expressions equal.

Check
300 = 2x Combine like terms.
Another way to check your
solution is to graph each equation 150 = x Divide each side by 2.
and find the point of intersection.
The x-value of the point of Comparing the slopes of the equations, Sunview Resort charges $10 per
intersection is 150. student, which is less than the $12 per student that Lakeside Inn charges.
The total costs are the same for 150 students.
3000
4. Look Back Notice that the table shows the total cost for 150 students at Lakeside
Inn is $2100. To check that your solution is correct, verify that the total cost at
Sunview Resort is also $2100 for 150 students.
y = 10(150) + 600 Substitute 150 for x.
Intersection
0 X=150
0
Y=2100 250
= 2100 ✓ Simplify.
2. WHAT IF? Maple Ridge charges a rental fee plus a $10 fee per student. The total
cost is $1900 for 140 students. Describe the number of students that must attend
for the total cost at Maple Ridge to be less than the total costs at the other two
venues. Use a graph to justify your answer.

Finding Lines of Fit and Lines of Best Fit
Data do not always show an exact linear relationship. When the data in a scatter plot
show an approximately linear relationship, you can model the data with a line of fit.
Core Concept
Finding a Line of Fit
Step 1 Create a scatter plot of the data.
Step 2 Sketch the line that most closely appears to follow the trend given by
the data points. There should be about as many points above the line as
below it.
Step 3 Choose two points on the line and estimate the coordinates of each point.
These points do not have to be original data points.
Step 4 Write an equation of the line that passes through the two points from
Step 3. This equation is a model for the data.
Finding a Line of Fit
The table shows the femur lengths (in centimeters) and heights (in centimeters) of
Femur
Height, y several people. Do the data show a linear relationship? If so, write an equation of a line
length, x of fit and use it to estimate the height of a person whose femur is 35 centimeters long.
40 170
SOLUTION
45 183
Step 1 Create a scatter plot of the data.
32 151 Human Skeleton
The data show a linear relationship.
50 195 y (40, 170)
(centimeters)
Step 2 Sketch the line that most closely appears
37 162
Height
to fit the data. One possibility is shown. 160
(50, 195)
41 174
Step 3 Choose two points on the line. 80
30 141 For the line shown, you might
choose (40, 170) and (50, 195). 0
34 151 0 30 40 50 x
47 185 Step 4 Write an equation of the line. Femur length
(centimeters)
45 182 First, find the slope.
y2 − y1 195 − 170 25
m=— = — = — = 2.5
x2 − x1 50 − 40 10
Use point-slope form to write an equation. Use (x1, y1) = (40, 170).
y − 170 = 2.5(x − 40) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.
y − 170 = 2.5x − 100 Distributive Property
y = 2.5x + 70 Add 170 to each side.
Use the equation to estimate the height of the person.
y = 2.5(35) + 70 Substitute 35 for x.

= 157.5 Simplify.
The approximate height of a person with a 35-centimeter femur is

157.5 centimeters.

The line of best fit is the line that lies as close as possible to all of the data points.
Many technology tools have a linear regression feature that you can use to find the line
of best fit for a set of data.
The correlation coefficient, denoted by r, is a number from −1 to 1 that measures
how well a line fits a set of data pairs (x, y). When r is near 1, the points lie close to
a line with a positive slope. When r is near −1, the points lie close to a line with a
negative slope. When r is near 0, the points do not lie close to any line.

humerus Use the linear regression feature on a graphing calculator to find an equation of the
line of best fit for the data in Example 3. Estimate the height of a person whose femur
is 35 centimeters long. Compare this height to your estimate in Example 3.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Enter the data into Step 2 Use the linear regression
two lists. feature. The line of best fit is
y = 2.6x + 65.
L1 L2 L3
40 170
45 183 LinReg
32 151
50 195
y=ax+b
37 162 a=2.603570555
41 174 b=64.99682074
femur 30 141 r2=.9890669473
L1(1)=40 r=.9945184499
The value of
r is close to 1.
Step 3 Graph the regression equation Step 4 Use the trace feature to find the
with the scatter plot. value of y when x = 35.
210 210
y = 2.6x + 65
25 X=35 Y=156
ATTENDING TO 25
120
55
120
55
PRECISION The approximate height of a person with a 35-centimeter femur is

Be sure to analyze the 156 centimeters. This is less than the estimate found in Example 3.
data values to help you
select an appropriate
viewing window for Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com
your graph.
3. The table shows the humerus lengths (in centimeters) and heights
(in centimeters) of several females.
Humerus length, x 33 25 22 30 28 32 26 27
Height, y 166 142 130 154 152 159 141 145
a. Do the data show a linear relationship? If so, write an equation of a line

of fit and use it to estimate the height of a female whose humerus is
40 centimeters long.
b. Use the linear regression feature on a graphing calculator to find an equation
of the line of best fit for the data. Estimate the height of a female whose humerus
is 40 centimeters long. Compare this height to your estimate in part (a).

Vocabulary and Core Concept

p Check
1
1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The linear equation y = —2 x + 3 is written in ____________ form.
2. VOCABULARY A line of best fit has a correlation coefficient of −0.98. What can you conclude about
the slope of the line?

In Exercises 3–8, use the graph to write an equation of 9. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Two newspapers
the line and interpret the slope. (See Example 1.) charge a fee for placing an advertisement in their
paper plus a fee based on the number of lines in the
3.. Tipping 4
4. Gasoline Tank advertisement. The table shows the total costs for
y y different length advertisements at the Daily Times.
90
Tip (dollars)
Fuel (gallons)
4 The total cost y (in dollars) for an advertisement that

3
(10, 2) 8
is x lines long at the Greenville Journal is represented
2 (90, 9)
by the equation y = 2x + 20. Which newspaper
0 4 charges less per line? How many lines must be in an
0 4 8 12 x
advertisement for the total costs to be the same?
Cost of meal 0
0 60 120 x (See Example 2.)
(dollars)
Distance (miles)
Daily Times
Number of Total
5. Savings Account 6. Tree Growth lines, x cost, y
y y
Tree height (feet)
4 27
Balance (dollars)
6
350
(4, 300) 5 30
4
250 6 6 33
100
2 7 36
150 2
4 8 39
0
0 2 4 x
0
0 2 4 x Age (years)
Time (weeks) 10. PROBLEM SOLVING While on vacation in Canada,
you notice that temperatures are reported in degrees
Celsius. You know there is a linear relationship
7. Typing Speed 8. Swimming Pool between Fahrenheit and Celsius, but you forget the
formula. From science class, you remember the
Volume (cubic feet)
y y
freezing point of water is 0°C or 32°F, and its boiling
Words typed
150 (3, 165) 400 point is 100°C or 212°F.

(3, 300)
100 200
(5, 180) a. Write an equation that represents degrees
(1, 55) Fahrenheit in terms of degrees Celsius.
50 0
0 2 4 x
0 Time (hours) b. The temperature outside is 22°C. What is this
0 2 4 x
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
Time (minutes)
c. Rewrite your equation in part (a) to represent
degrees Celsius in terms of degrees Fahrenheit.
d. The temperature of the hotel pool water is 83°F.
What is this temperature in degrees Celsius?

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 11 and 12, describe and 17. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The data
correct the error in interpreting the slope in the context pairs (x, y) represent the average annual tuition
of the situation. y (in dollars) for public colleges in the United States
x years after 2005. Use the linear regression feature
✗
11.
Savings Account on a graphing calculator to find an equation of the
line of best fit. Estimate the average annual tuition
y
in 2020. Interpret the slope and y-intercept in this
Balance (dollars)
150 situation. (See Example 4.)
(4, 140) (0, 11,386), (1, 11,731), (2, 11,848)
130
(3, 12,375), (4, 12,804), (5, 13,297)
110
(0, 100) 18. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows
0
0 2 4 6 x the numbers of tickets sold for a concert when
Year different prices are charged. Write an equation of a
line of fit for the data. Does it seem reasonable to use
The slope of the line is 10, so after your model to predict the number of tickets sold when
7 years, the balance is $70. the ticket price is $85? Explain.
Ticket price
17 20 22 26
✗
12. (dollars), x
Earnings
y
Tickets sold, y 450 423 400 395
Income (dollars)
80
60 USING TOOLS In Exercises 19–24, use the linear

regression feature on a graphing calculator to find an
40 equation of the line of best fit for the data. Find and
(3, 33) interpret the correlation coefficient.
20
(0, 0) 19. y 20. y

0
0 2 4 6 x 4 4
Hours
2 2
The slope is 3, so the income is $3 per hour. 0 0

0 2 4 6x 0 2 4 6x
21. y 22. y
In Exercises 13–16, determine whether the data show a
linear relationship. If so, write an equation of a line of 4 4
fit. Estimate y when x = 15 and explain its meaning in 2

2
the context of the situation. (See Example 3.)
0 0
13. 6x 0 2 4 6x
Minutes walking, x 1 6 11 13 16 0 2 4
Calories burned, y 6 27 50 56 70 y
23. y 24.
4 4
14.
Months, x 9 13 18 22 23
2 2
Hair length (in.), y 3 5 7 10 11
0 0
0 2 4 6x 0 2 4 6x
15.
Hours, x 3 7 9 17 20
Battery life (%), y 86 61 50 26 0 25. OPEN-ENDED Give two real-life quantities that have
(a) a positive correlation, (b) a negative correlation,
and (c) approximately no correlation. Explain.
16.
Shoe size, x 6 8 8.5 10 13
Heart rate (bpm), y 112 94 100 132 87

26. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? You secure an interest-free 30. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Which equation has
loan to purchase a boat. You agree to make equal a graph that is a line passing through the point (8, −5)
monthly payments for the next two years. The graph and is perpendicular to the graph of y = −4x + 1?
shows the amount of money you still owe.
1
A y = —4 x − 5
○ B y = −4x + 27
○
Boat Loan
1 1
(hundreds of dollars)
y C y = −—4 x − 7
○ D y = —4 x − 7
○
Loan balance
30
31. PROBLEM SOLVING You are participating in an
20
orienteering competition. The diagram shows the
position of a river that cuts through the woods. You
10 are currently 2 miles east and 1 mile north of your
starting point, the origin. What is the shortest distance
0
0 8 16 24 x you must travel to reach the river?
Time (months)
y North
8
a. What is the slope of the line? What does the
slope represent? y = 3x + 2
6
b. What is the domain and range of the function? 4

What does each represent?
2
c. How much do you still owe after making
payments for 12 months? East
0
0 1 2 3 4 x
27. MAKING AN ARGUMENT A set of data pairs has a 32. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Data from North
correlation coefficient r = 0.3. Your friend says that American countries show a positive correlation
because the correlation coefficient is positive, it is between the number of personal computers per capita
logical to use the line of best fit to make predictions. and the average life expectancy in the country.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
a. Does a positive correlation make sense in this
situation? Explain.
28. THOUGHT PROVOKING Points A and B lie on the line
b. Is it reasonable to
y = −x + 4. Choose coordinates for points A, B,
conclude that
and C where point C is the same distance from point
giving residents
A as it is from point B. Write equations for the lines
of a country
connecting points A and C and points B and C.
personal computers
will lengthen their
29. ABSTRACT REASONING If x and y have a positive lives? Explain.
correlation, and y and z have a negative correlation,
then what can you conclude about the correlation
between x and z? Explain.
Solve the system of linear equations in two variables by elimination or substitution.

(Skills Review Handbook)
33. 3x + y = 7 34. 4x + 3y = 2 35. 2x + 2y = 3
−2x − y = 9 2x − 3y = 1 x = 4y − 1
36. y = 1 + x 37. —12 x + 4y = 4 38. y = x − 4

2x + y = −2 2x − y = 1 4x + y = 26

2.4 Solving Linear Systems
Essential Question How can you determine the number of
solutions of a linear system?
A linear system is consistent when it has at least one solution. A linear system is
inconsistent when it has no solution.
Recognizing Graphs of Linear Systems
Work with a partner. Match each linear system with its corresponding graph.
Explain your reasoning. Then classify the system as consistent or inconsistent.
a. 2x − 3y = 3 b. 2x − 3y = 3 c. 2x − 3y = 3
−4x + 6y = 6 x + 2y = 5 −4x + 6y = −6
A. y B. y C. y
2 2 2
−2 2 4x 2 4x −2 2 4x
−2 −2 −2
Solving Systems of Linear Equations
Work with a partner. Solve each linear system by substitution or elimination. Then
use the graph of the system below to check your solution.
a. 2x + y = 5 b. x + 3y = 1 c. x + y = 0
x−y=1 −x + 2y = 4 3x + 2y = 1
y y y
4
2 2
2 4 x −2 2 x
−4 −2 x
−2
−2
FINDING AN
ENTRY POINT
you need to look for entry
points to the solution of
3. How can you determine the number of solutions of a linear system?
a problem.
4. Suppose you were given a system of three linear equations in three variables.
Explain how you would approach solving such a system.
5. Apply your strategy in Question 4 to solve the linear system.
x+y+z=1 Equation 1
x−y−z=3 Equation 2
−x − y + z = −1 Equation 3
Section 2.4 Solving Linear Systems 63

Visualize solutions of systems of linear equations in three variables.
Solve systems of linear equations in three variables algebraically.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Solve real-life problems.
linear equation in three
variables, p. 64 Visualizing Solutions of Systems
system of three linear A linear equation in three variables x, y, and z is an equation of the form
equations, p. 64 ax + by + cz = d, where a, b, and c are not all zero.
solution of a system of three
The following is an example of a system of three linear equations in
linear equations, p. 64
three variables.
ordered triple, p. 64
3x + 4y − 8z = −3 Equation 1
Previous
system of two linear equations x + y + 5z = −12 Equation 2
4x − 2y + z = 10 Equation 3
A solution of such a system is an ordered triple (x, y, z) whose coordinates make
each equation true.
The graph of a linear equation in three variables is a plane in three-dimensional
space. The graphs of three such equations that form a system are three planes whose
intersection determines the number of solutions of the system, as shown in the
diagrams below.
Exactly One Solution

The planes intersect in a single point,
which is the solution of the system.
Infinitely Many Solutions

The planes intersect in a line. Every
point on the line is a solution of the system.
The planes could also be the same plane.
Every point in the plane is a solution
of the system.
No Solution
There are no points in common with all three planes.

Solving Systems of Equations Algebraically
The algebraic methods you used to solve systems of linear equations in two variables
can be extended to solve a system of linear equations in three variables.
Core Concept
Solving a Three-Variable System
Step 1 Rewrite the linear system in three variables as a linear system in two
variables by using the substitution or elimination method.
Step 2 Solve the new linear system for both of its variables.
Step 3 Substitute the values found in Step 2 into one of the original equations and
solve for the remaining variable.
When you obtain a false equation, such as 0 = 1, in any of the steps, the system
has no solution.
When you do not obtain a false equation, but obtain an identity such as 0 = 0,
the system has infinitely many solutions.
LOOKING FOR
STRUCTURE
The coefficient of −1 in Solving a Three-Variable System (One Solution)
Equation 3 makes y a
convenient variable Solve the system. 4x + 2y + 3z = 12 Equation 1
to eliminate. 2x − 3y + 5z = −7 Equation 2
6x − y + 4z = −3 Equation 3
SOLUTION
Step 1 Rewrite the system as a linear system in two variables.
4x + 2y + 3z = 12 Add 2 times Equation 3 to
Equation 1 (to eliminate y).
12x − 2y + 8z = −6
16x + 11z = 6 New Equation 1
ANOTHER WAY 2x − 3y + 5z = −7 Add −3 times Equation 3 to
Equation 2 (to eliminate y).
In Step 1, you could also −18x + 3y − 12z = 9
eliminate x to get two −16x − 7z = 2 New Equation 2
equations in y and z, or
you could eliminate z Step 2 Solve the new linear system for both of its variables.
to get two equations 16x + 11z = 6 Add new Equation 1
in x and y. and new Equation 2.
−16x − 7z = 2
4z = 8
z=2 Solve for z.
x = −1 Substitute into new Equation 1 or 2 to find x.
Step 3 Substitute x = −1 and z = 2 into an original equation and solve for y.
6x − y + 4z = −3 Write original Equation 3.
6(−1) − y + 4(2) = −3 Substitute −1 for x and 2 for z.
y=5 Solve for y.
The solution is x = −1, y = 5, and z = 2, or the ordered triple (−1, 5, 2).

Check this solution in each of the original equations.

Solving a Three-Variable System (No Solution)
Solve the system. x+y+z=2 Equation 1

5x + 5y + 5z = 3 Equation 2
4x + y − 3z = −6 Equation 3
SOLUTION
−5x − 5y − 5z = −10 Add −5 times Equation 1
to Equation 2.
5x + 5y + 5z = 3
0 = −7
Because you obtain a false equation, the original system has no solution.
Solving a Three-Variable System (Many Solutions)

ANOTHER WAY
Subtracting Equation 2 Solve the system. x − y + z = −3 Equation 1
from Equation 1 gives
z = 0. After substituting x − y − z = −3 Equation 2
0 for z in each equation, 5x − 5y + z = −15 Equation 3
you can see that each is
equivalent to y = x + 3. SOLUTION
x − y + z = −3 Add Equation 1 to
x − y − z = −3 Equation 2 (to eliminate z).
2x − 2y = −6 New Equation 2
x − y − z = −3 Add Equation 2 to
5x − 5y + z = −15 Equation 3 (to eliminate z).
6x − 6y = −18 New Equation 3
−6x + 6y = 18 Add −3 times new Equation 2
6x − 6y = −18 to new Equation 3.
0=0
Because you obtain the identity 0 = 0, the system has infinitely
many solutions.
Step 3 Describe the solutions of the system using an ordered triple. One way to do
this is to solve new Equation 2 for y to obtain y = x + 3. Then substitute
x + 3 for y in original Equation 1 to obtain z = 0.
So, any ordered triple of the form (x, x + 3, 0) is a solution of the system.
Solve the system. Check your solution, if possible.

1. x − 2y + z = −11 2. x + y − z = −1 3. x + y + z = 8
3x + 2y − z = 7 4x + 4y − 4z = −2 x−y+z=8
−x + 2y + 4z = −9 3 x + 2y + z = 0 2x + y + 2z = 16
4. In Example 3, describe the solutions of the system using an ordered triple in
terms of y.

Solving Real-Life Problems
Solving a Multi-Step Problem
LAWN
An amphitheater charges $75 for each seat in Section A, $55 for each seat in
Section B, and $30 for each lawn seat. There are three times as many seats in
B
B B Section B as in Section A. The revenue from selling all 23,000 seats is $870,000.
B B
A How many seats are in each section of the amphitheater?
A A
STAGE
SOLUTION
Step 1 Write a verbal model for the situation.
Number of
seats in B, y
=3 ⋅ Number of
seats in A, x
Number of Number of Number of Total number

+ + =
seats in A, x seats in B, y lawn seats, z of seats
75 ⋅ Number of
seats in A, x
+ 55 ⋅ Number of
seats in B, y
+ 30 ⋅ Number of
lawn seats, z
=
Total
revenue
Step 2 Write a system of equations.

y = 3x Equation 1
x + y + z = 23,000 Equation 2
75x + 55y + 30z = 870,000 Equation 3
Step 3 Rewrite the system in Step 2 as a linear system in two variables by substituting
3x for y in Equations 2 and 3.
x + y + z = 23,000 Write Equation 2.
x + 3x + z = 23,000 Substitute 3x for y.
4x + z = 23,000 New Equation 2
75x + 55y + 30z = 870,000 Write Equation 3.
75x + 55(3x) + 30z = 870,000 Substitute 3x for y.
240x + 30z = 870,000 New Equation 3
STUDY TIP −120x − 30z = −690,000 Add −30 times new Equation 2
When substituting to find 240x + 30z = 870,000 to new Equation 3.
values of other variables, 120x = 180,000
choose original or new x = 1500 Solve for x.
equations that are
easiest to use. y = 4500 Substitute into Equation 1 to find y.
z = 17,000 Substitute into Equation 2 to find z.
The solution is x = 1500, y = 4500, and z = 17,000, or (1500, 4500, 17,000). So,
there are 1500 seats in Section A, 4500 seats in Section B, and 17,000 lawn seats.
5. WHAT IF? On the first day, 10,000 tickets sold, generating $356,000 in revenue.
The number of seats sold in Sections A and B are the same. How many lawn seats
are still available?


1. VOCABULARY The solution of a system of three linear equations is expressed as a(n) __________.
2. WRITING Explain how you know when a linear system in three variables has infinitely
many solutions.

In Exercises 3–8, solve the system using the elimination 13. x + 3y − z = 2 14. x + 2y − z = 3
method. (See Example 1.)
x+y−z=0 −2x − y + z = −1
3. x + y − 2z = 5 4. x + 4y − 6z = −1 3x + 2y − 3z = −1 6x − 3y − z = −7
−x + 2y + z = 2 2x − y + 2z = −7
2x + 3y − z = 9 −x + 2y − 4z = 5 15. x + 2y + 3z = 4 16. −2x − 3y + z = −6
−3x + 2y − z = 12 x+y−z=5
5. 2x + y − z = 9 6. 3x + 2y − z = 8 −2x − 2y − 4z = −14 7x + 8y − 6z = 31
−x + 6y + 2z = −17 −3x + 4y + 5z = −14
5x + 7y + z = 4 x − 3y + 4z = −14 17. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Three orders are
placed at a pizza shop. Two small pizzas, a liter of
7. 2x + 2y + 5z = −1 8. 3x + 2y − 3z = −2 soda, and a salad cost $14; one small pizza, a liter
of soda, and three salads cost $15; and three small
2x − y + z = 2 7x − 2y + 5z = −14 pizzas, a liter of soda, and two salads cost $22.
2x + 4y − 3z = 14 2x + 4y + z = 6 How much does each item cost?
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 9 and 10, describe and

correct the error in the first step of solving the system of
linear equations.
4x − y + 2z = −18
−x + 2y + z = 11
3x + 3y − 4z = 44
✗
9. 4x − y + 2z = −18
−4x + 2y + z = 11 18. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Sam’s Furniture
Store places the following advertisement in the local
y + 3z = −7 newspaper. Write a system of equations for the three
combinations of furniture. What is the price of each
✗
10. piece of furniture? Explain.
12x − 3y + 6z = −18
3x + 3y − 4z = 44
SAM
15x + 2z = 26 Furnit
u
’S
re Sto
re
Sofa and love seat
In Exercises 11–16, solve the system using the

Sofa and two chairs
elimination method. (See Examples 2 and 3.)
11. 3x − y + 2z = 4 12. 5x + y − z = 6 Sofa, love seat, and one chair
6x − 2y + 4z = −8 x+y+z=2
2x − y + 3z = 10 12x + 4y = 10

In Exercises 19–28, solve the system of linear equations 31. WRITING Explain when it might be more convenient
using the substitution method. (See Example 4.) to use the elimination method than the substitution
method to solve a linear system. Give an example to
19. −2x + y + 6z = 1 20. x − 6y − 2z = −8
support your claim.
3x + 2y + 5z = 16 −x + 5y + 3z = 2
32. REPEATED REASONING Using what you know about
7x + 3y − 4z = 11 3x − 2y − 4z = 18
solving linear systems in two and three variables, plan
a strategy for how you would solve a system that has
21. x + y + z = 4 22. x + 2y = −1
four linear equations in four variables.
5x + 5y + 5z = 12 −x + 3y + 2z = −4
x − 4y + z = 9 −x + y − 4z = 10 MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 33 and 34,
write and use a linear system to answer the question.
23. 2x − 3y + z = 10 24. x = 4
33. The triangle has a perimeter of 65 feet. What are the
y + 2z = 13 x + y = −6 lengths of sidesℓ, m, and n?
z=5 4x − 3y + 2z = 26
25. x + y − z = 4 26. 2x − y − z = 15 n= + m − 15
= 13 m
3x + 2y + 4z = 17 4x + 5y + 2z = 10
−x + 5y + z = 8 −x − 4y + 3z = −20
m
27. 4x + y + 5z = 5 28. x + 2y − z = 3
8x + 2y + 10z = 10 2x + 4y − 2z = 6 34. What are the measures of angles A, B, and C?
x − y − 2z = −2 −x − 2y + z = −6 A
29. PROBLEM SOLVING The number of left-handed

people in the world is one-tenth the number of right- A°
handed people. The percent of right-handed people
is nine times the percent of left-handed people and
ambidextrous people combined. What percent of
people are ambidextrous?
(5A − C)°
(A + B)°
B C
35. OPEN-ENDED Consider the system of linear

equations below. Choose nonzero values for a, b,
and c so the system satisfies the given condition.
30. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Use a system of
linear equations to model the data in the following x+y+z=2
newspaper article. Solve the system to find how many
ax + by + cz = 10
athletes finished in each place.
x − 2y + z = 4
Lawrence High prevailed in Saturday’s track a. The system has no solution.

meet with the help of 20 individual-event
placers earning a combined 68 points. A b. The system has exactly one solution.
first-place finish earns 5 points, a second-
c. The system has infinitely many solutions.
place finish earns 3 points, and a third-place
finish earns 1 point. Lawrence had a strong
second-place showing, with as many second 36. MAKING AN ARGUMENT A linear system in three
place finishers as first- and third-place variables has no solution. Your friend concludes that it
finishers combined. is not possible for two of the three equations to have
any points in common. Is your friend correct? Explain
your reasoning.

37. PROBLEM SOLVING A contractor is hired to build an 40. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Determine whether the
apartment complex. Each 840-square-foot unit has a system of equations that represents the circles has
bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom. The bedroom will no solution, one solution, or infinitely many solutions.
be the same size as the kitchen. The owner orders Explain your reasoning.
980 square feet of tile to completely cover the floors
a. y b. y
of two kitchens and two bathrooms. Determine
how many square feet of carpet is needed for each
bedroom.
BATHROOM KITCHEN x x
41. CRITICAL THINKING Find the values of a, b, and c so

BEDROOM that the linear system shown has (−1, 2, −3) as its
only solution. Explain your reasoning.
Total Area: 840 ft2
x + 2y − 3z = a
−x − y + z = b
38. THOUGHT PROVOKING Does the system of linear 2x + 3y − 2z = c
equations have more than one solution? Justify
your answer. 42. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Determine which
4x + y + z = 0 arrangement(s) of the integers −5, 2, and 3 produce
a solution of the linear system that consist of only
2x + —12 y − 3z = 0 integers. Justify your answer.
−x − —14y − z = 0 x − 3y + 6z = 21
__ x + __ y + __ z = −30
39. PROBLEM SOLVING A florist must make 5 identical 2x − 5y + 2z = −6
bridesmaid bouquets for a wedding. The budget is
$160, and each bouquet must have 12 flowers. Roses 43. ABSTRACT REASONING Write a linear system to
cost $2.50 each, lilies cost $4 each, and irises cost represent the first three pictures below. Use the system
$2 each. The florist wants twice as many roses as the to determine how many tangerines are required to
other two types of flowers combined. balance the apple in the fourth picture. Note: The
first picture shows that one tangerine and one apple
a. Write a system of equations to represent this balance one grapefruit.
situation, assuming the florist plans to use the
maximum budget.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
b. Solve the system to find how many of each type of

flower should be in each bouquet.
c. Suppose there is no limitation on the total cost of
the bouquets. Does the problem still have exactly 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
one solution? If so, find the solution. If not, give

three possible solutions.
Simplify. (Skills Review Handbook)

44. (x − 2)2 45. (3m + 1)2 46. (2z − 5)2 47. (4 − y)2
Write a function g described by the given transformation of f(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 5. (Section 2.2)

48. translation 2 units to the left 49. reflection in the x-axis
50. translation 4 units up 51. vertical stretch by a factor of 3

2.1–2.4 What Did You Learn?
Core Vocabulary
parent function, p. 40 line of fit, p. 58 system of three linear equations,
transformation, p. 41 line of best fit, p. 59 p. 64
translation, p. 41 correlation coefficient, p. 59 solution of a system of three linear
reflection, p. 41 linear equation in three variables, equations, p. 64
vertical stretch, p. 42 p. 64 ordered triple, p. 64
vertical shrink, p. 42
Core Concepts
Section 2.1
Parent Functions, p. 40 Describing Transformations, p. 41
Section 2.2
Horizontal Translations, p. 48 Reflections in the y-Axis, p. 49
Vertical Translations, p. 48 Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks, p. 50
Reflections in the x-Axis, p. 49 Vertical Stretches and Shrinks, p. 50
Section 2.3
Writing an Equation of a Line, p. 56 Finding a Line of Fit, p. 58
Section 2.4
Solving a Three-Variable System, p. 65
Mathematical Practices
1. Explain how you would round your answer in Exercise 10 on page 52 if the extra expense is $13,500.
2. Describe how you can write the equation of the line in Exercise 7 on page 60 using only one of
the labeled points.
Using the Features of Your Textbook

to Prepare for Quizzes and Tests
• Read and understand the core vocabulary and the
contents of the Core Concept boxes.
• Review the Examples and the Monitoring Progress
questions. Use the tutorials at BigIdeasMath.com
for additional help.
• Review previously completed homework
assignments.
71
7 1
Int_Math3_PE_02.MC.indd 71 1/30/15 2:12 PM

2.1–2.4 Quiz
Identify the function family to which g belongs. Compare the graph of the function to the graph of its
parent function. (Section 2.1)
1. y 2. y 3. y
12 g(x) = x + 1 − 2 4
1
g(x) =3x −1
2
8 2
−2 4 x 4
−4 2 x
−2
−4 −2 2 x
g(x) = 2(x + 1)2
Graph the function and its parent function. Then describe the transformation(s). (Section 2.1)
5. f(x) = −∣ x + 2 ∣ − 7
1
4. f(x) = 3x 6. f(x) = —4 x 2 + 1
Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformation(s) of the graph of f. (Section 2.2)
8. f(x) = −3∣ x − 4 ∣; vertical shrink by a factor of —2
1
7. f(x) = 2x + 1; translation 3 units up
9. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; reflection in the x-axis and a vertical stretch by a factor of 4 followed by a

translation 7 units down and 1 unit right
10. The total cost of an annual pass plus camping for x days in a National Park can be
modeled by the function f(x) = 20x + 80. Senior citizens pay half of this price and
receive an additional $30 discount. Describe how to transform the graph of f to model
the total cost for a senior citizen. What is the total cost for a senior citizen to go camping
for three days? (Section 2.2)
Write an equation of the line and interpret the slope and y-intercept. (Section 2.3)
11. Bank Account 12. Shoe Sales
y
Price of pair of shoes (dollars)
y 20 units
50
10 units
Balance (dollars)
800
(3, 600) 40
600
30 (0, 50)
400
(2, 400) 20
200
10
0
0 2 4 x
0
Weeks 0 20 40 60 80 x
Percent discount
13. A bakery sells doughnuts, muffins, and bagels. The bakery makes
three times as many doughnuts as bagels. The bakery earns a total
of $150 when all 130 baked items in stock are sold. How many of Doughnuts............ $1.00
each item are in stock? Justify your answer. (Section 2.4)
Muffins ................ $1.50
Bagels.................... $1.20
Int_Math3_PE_02.MC.indd 72 1/30/15 2:12 PM

2.5 Transformations of
Quadratic Functions
Essential Question How do the constants a, h, and k affect the

graph of the quadratic function g(x) = a(x − h)2 + k?
The parent function of the quadratic family is f(x) = x2. A transformation of the
graph of the parent function is represented by the function g(x) = a(x − h)2 + k,
where a ≠ 0.
Identifying Graphs of Quadratic Functions
Work with a partner. Match each quadratic function with its graph. Explain your
reasoning. Then use a graphing calculator to verify that your answer is correct.
a. g(x) = −(x − 2)2 b. g(x) = (x − 2)2 + 2 c. g(x) = −(x + 2)2 − 2
d. g(x) = 0.5(x − 2)2 − 2 e. g(x) = 2(x − 2)2 f. g(x) = −(x + 2)2 + 2
A. 4 B. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
C. 4 D. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
E. 4 F. 4
−6 6 −6 6
LOOKING FOR
−4
STRUCTURE −4
you need to look closely
to discern a pattern or Communicate Your Answer
structure. 4
2. How do the constants a, h, and k affect the graph of
the quadratic function g(x) = a(x − h)2 + k?
3. Write the equation of the quadratic function whose −6 6
graph is shown at the right. Explain your reasoning.
Then use a graphing calculator to verify that your
equation is correct. −4
Section 2.5 Transformations of Quadratic Functions 73

Describe transformations of quadratic functions.
Write transformations of quadratic functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
quadratic function, p. 74 Describing Transformations of Quadratic Functions
parabola, p. 74 A quadratic function is a function that can be written in the form f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k,
vertex of a parabola, p. 76 where a ≠ 0. The U-shaped graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola.
vertex form, p. 76 In Section 2.1, you graphed quadratic functions using tables of values. You can also
Previous graph quadratic functions by applying transformations to the graph of the parent
transformations function f(x) = x2.
Core Concept
Horizontal Translations Vertical Translations
f(x) = x 2 f(x) = x 2
f(x − h) = (x − h)2 f(x) + k = x 2 + k
y = (x − h)2, y = x 2 + k, y = x2
y = x2 k>0 y
h<0
y
y = (x − h)2,
h>0 x
y = x 2 + k,
x
k<0
● shifts left when h < 0 ● shifts down when k < 0
● shifts right when h > 0 ● shifts up when k > 0
Translations of a Quadratic Function
Describe the transformation of f(x) = x2 represented by g(x) = (x + 4)2 − 1. Then

graph each function.
SOLUTION
Notice that the function is of the form y
g(x) = (x − h)2 + k. Rewrite the function
6
to identify h and k.
4 f
g(x) = (x − (−4))2 + (−1) g
2
h k
−6 −2 2x
Because h = −4 and k = −1, the graph
of g is a translation 4 units left and 1 unit
down of the graph of f.
Describe the transformation of f(x) = x2 represented by g. Then graph

each function.
1. g(x) = (x − 3)2 2. g(x) = (x − 2)2 − 2 3. g(x) = (x + 5)2 + 1

Core Concept
Reflections in the x-Axis Reflections in the y-Axis
f(x) = x2 f(x) = x 2
−f(x) = −(x2) = −x2 f(−x) = (−x)2 = x2
y y = x2 y y = x2
x
x
y = –x 2
y = x 2 is its own reflection
flips over the x-axis in the y-axis.
Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks Vertical Stretches and Shrinks

f(x) = x2 f(x) = x 2
f(ax) = (ax)2 ⋅
a f(x) = ax2
y = (ax)2, y = ax 2,
a>1 y = x2 a>1 y = x2
y y
y = ax 2,
y = (ax)2, 0<a<1
0<a<1
x x
● horizontal stretch (away from ● vertical stretch (away from

y-axis) when 0 < a < 1 x-axis) when a > 1
● horizontal shrink (toward y-axis) ● vertical shrink (toward x-axis)
when a > 1 when 0 < a < 1
Transformations of Quadratic Functions
Describe the transformation of f(x) = x2 represented by g. Then graph each function.

LOOKING FOR 1
a. g(x) = −—2 x2 b. g(x) = (2x)2 + 1
STRUCTURE
In Example 2b, notice that SOLUTION
g(x) = 4x2 + 1. So, you can
also describe the graph of a. Notice that the function is of the form b. Notice that the function is of the
g as a vertical stretch by g(x) = −ax 2, where a = —12 . form g(x) = (ax)2 + k, where a = 2
a factor of 4 followed by and k = 1.
So, the graph of g is a reflection
a translation 1 unit up of in the x-axis and a vertical shrink So, the graph of g is a horizontal
the graph of f. by a factor of —12 of the graph of f. shrink by a factor of —12 followed
by a translation 1 unit up of the
y f graph of f.
2 y
6
g f
−2 2 x
4
−2
g
−2 2 x

Describe the transformation of f(x) = x 2 represented by g. Then graph

each function.
2
( )
1
4. g(x) = —3 x 5. g(x) = 3(x − 1)2 6. g(x) = −(x + 3)2 + 2
Writing Transformations of Quadratic Functions

The lowest point on a parabola that opens up or the highest point on a parabola
that opens down is the vertex. The vertex form of a quadratic function is
f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k, where a ≠ 0 and the vertex is (h, k).
f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k

a indicates a reflection k indicates a
in the x-axis and/or a h indicates vertical translation.
vertical stretch or shrink. a horizontal
translation.
Writing a Transformed Quadratic Function
Let the graph of g be a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 and a reflection in the x-axis,
followed by a translation 3 units down of the graph of f(x) = x2. Write a rule for g and
identify the vertex.
SOLUTION
Method 1 Identify how the transformations affect the constants in vertex form.
reflection in x-axis
a = −2
vertical stretch by 2
translation 3 units down} k = −3
Write the transformed function.
g(x) = a(x − h)2 + k Vertex form of a quadratic function
= −2(x − 0)2 + (−3) Substitute −2 for a, 0 for h, and −3 for k.
= −2x 2 − 3 Simplify.
The transformed function is g(x) = −2x2 − 3. The vertex is (0, −3).

Method 2 Begin with the parent function and apply the transformations one at a time
in the stated order.
First write a function h that represents the reflection and vertical stretch
of f.
Check
20
f
⋅
h(x) = −2 f(x) Multiply the output by −2.
= −2x2 Substitute x2 for f(x).
−5 5 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.

g(x) = h(x) − 3 Subtract 3 from the output.
g
= −2x 2 −3 Substitute −2x 2 for h(x).
−20
The transformed function is g(x) = −2x2 − 3. The vertex is (0, −3).

Writing a Transformed Quadratic Function
REMEMBER Let the graph of g be a translation 3 units right and 2 units up, followed by a reflection
To multiply two binomials, in the y-axis of the graph of f(x) = x 2 − 5x. Write a rule for g.
use the FOIL Method.
First Inner SOLUTION
(x + 1)(x + 2) = x2 + 2x + x + 2 Step 1 First write a function h that represents the translation of f.
Outer Last h(x) = f(x − 3) + 2 Subtract 3 from the input. Add 2 to the output.
= (x − 3)2 − 5(x − 3) + 2 Replace x with x − 3 in f(x).
= x2 − 11x + 26 Simplify.
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the reflection of h.
g(x) = h(−x) Multiply the input by −1.
= (−x)2 − 11(−x) + 26 Replace x with −x in h(x).
= x2 + 11x + 26 Simplify.
The height h (in feet) of water spraying from a fire hose can be modeled by
h(x) = −0.03x2 + x + 25, where x is the horizontal distance (in feet) from the fire
truck. The crew raises the ladder so that the water hits the ground 10 feet farther from
the fire truck. Write a function that models the new path of the water.
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given a function that represents the path of
water spraying from a fire hose. You are asked to write a function that represents
the path of the water after the crew raises the ladder.
2. Make a Plan Analyze the graph of the function to determine the translation of the
ladder that causes water to travel 10 feet farther. Then write the function.
3. Solve the Problem Use a graphing calculator to graph the original function.
Because h(50) = 0, the water originally hits the ground 50 feet from the fire
truck. The range of the function in this context does not include negative values.
However, by observing that h(60) = −23, you can determine that a translation
23 units (feet) up causes the water to travel 10 feet farther from the fire truck.
60
g(x) = h(x) + 23 Add 23 to the output.
y = −0.03x 2 + x + 25
= −0.03x2 + x + 48 Substitute for h(x) and simplify.
The new path of the water can be modeled by g(x) = −0.03x2 + x + 48.
0 80
4. Look Back To check that your solution is correct, verify that g(60) = 0.
X=50
−30
Y=0
g(60) = −0.03(60)2 + 60 + 48 = −108 + 60 + 48 = 0 ✓
1
7. Let the graph of g be a vertical shrink by a factor of —2 followed by a translation
2 units up of the graph of f(x) = x2. Write a rule for g and identify the vertex.
8. Let the graph of g be a translation 4 units left followed by a horizontal shrink by a
factor of —13 of the graph of f(x) = x2 + x. Write a rule for g.
9. WHAT IF? In Example 5, the water hits the ground 10 feet closer to the fire truck
after lowering the ladder. Write a function that models the new path of the water.


p Check
1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The graph of a quadratic function is called a(n) ________.
2. VOCABULARY Identify the vertex of the parabola given by f(x) = (x + 2)2 − 4.

In Exercises 3–12, describe the transformation of In Exercises 17–24, describe the transformation of
f(x) = x2 represented by g. Then graph each function. f(x) = x2 represented by g. Then graph each function.
(See Example 1.) (See Example 2.)
3. g(x) = x 2 − 3 4. g(x) = x 2 + 1 17. g(x) = −x 2 18. g(x) = (−x)2
1
5. g(x) = (x + 2)2 6. g(x) = (x − 4)2 19. g(x) = 3x 2 20. g(x) = —3 x2
7. g(x) = (x − 1)2 8. g(x) = (x + 3)2 21. g(x) = (2x)2 22. g(x) = −(2x)2
1 1
9. g(x) = (x + 6)2 − 2 10. g(x) = (x − 9)2 + 5 23. g(x) = —5 x 2 − 4 24. g(x) = —2 (x − 1)2
11. g(x) = (x − 7)2 + 1 12. g(x) = (x + 10)2 − 3

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 25 and 26, describe
and correct the error in analyzing the graph of
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS y f(x) = −6x2 + 4.
In Exercises 13–16, match the f
✗
25.
function with the correct
The graph is a reflection in the
transformation of the graph
y-axis and a vertical stretch
of f. Explain your reasoning.
by a factor of 6, followed by a
translation 4 units up of the graph
of the parent quadratic function.
x
13. y = f(x − 1) 14. y = f(x) + 1

26.
15. y = f(x − 1) + 1
A. y
16. y = f(x + 1) − 1
B. y
✗ The graph is a translation 4 units
up, followed by a vertical stretch
by a factor of 6 and a reflection
in the x-axis of the graph of the
parent quadratic function.
USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 27–30, describe the

x x transformation of the graph of the parent quadratic
function. Then identify the vertex.
C. y D. y
27. f(x) = 3(x + 2)2 + 1
28. f(x) = −4(x + 1)2 − 5
29. f(x) = −2x 2 + 5

x x 1
30. f(x) = —2 (x − 1)2

In Exercises 31–34, write a rule for g described by the JUSTIFYING STEPS In Exercises 41 and 42, justify each
transformations of the graph of f. Then identify the step in writing a function g based on the transformations
vertex. (See Examples 3 and 4.) of f(x) = 2x2 + 6x.
31. f(x) = x 2; vertical stretch by a factor of 4 and a 41. translation 6 units down followed by a reflection in
reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation the x-axis
2 units up
h(x) = f(x) − 6
1
32. f(x) = x2; vertical shrink by a factor of and a —3 = 2x 2 + 6x − 6
reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation
g(x) = −h(x)
3 units right
= −(2x 2 + 6x − 6)
33. f(x) = 8x2 − 6; horizontal stretch by a factor of 2 and
= −2x 2 − 6x + 6
a translation 2 units up, followed by a reflection in the
y-axis
42. reflection in the y-axis followed by a translation
1 4 units right
34. f(x) = (x + 6)2 + 3; horizontal shrink by a factor of —2
and a translation 1 unit down, followed by a reflection h(x) = f(−x)
in the x-axis
= 2(−x)2 + 6(−x)
= 2x 2 − 6x
USING TOOLS In Exercises 35–40, match the function
with its graph. Explain your reasoning. g(x) = h(x − 4)
35. g(x) = 2(x − 1)2 − 2
1
36. g(x) = —2 (x + 1)2 − 2 = 2(x − 4)2 − 6(x − 4)
= 2x 2 − 22x + 56
37. g(x) = −2(x − 1)2 + 2
43. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The function
38. g(x) = 2(x + 1)2 + 2 39. g(x) = −2(x + 1)2 − 2
h(x) = −0.03(x − 14)2 + 6 models the jump of a red
kangaroo, where x is the horizontal distance traveled
40. g(x) = 2(x − 1)2 + 2
(in feet) and h(x) is the height (in feet). When the
y kangaroo jumps from a higher location, it lands
A. y B. 4 5 feet farther away. Write a function that models the
second jump. (See Example 5.)
2 2
−4 −2 2 4x −4 2 4x
−2
−4 −4
C. y D. y
4
−4 −2 4x −4 −2 4x
−2 44. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The function

−4
f(t) = −16t 2 + 10 models the height (in feet) of an
object t seconds after it is dropped from a height of
10 feet on Earth. The same object dropped from
E. y F. y
4 4 the same height on the moon is modeled by
g(t) = − —83 t 2 + 10. Describe the transformation of
2
the graph of f to obtain g. From what height must the
object be dropped on the moon so it hits the ground at
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x the same time as on Earth?
−2
−4 −4

45. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Flying fish use 47. COMPARING METHODS Let the graph of g be a
their pectoral fins like airplane wings to glide through translation 3 units up and 1 unit right followed by
the air. a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 of the graph of
f(x) = x 2.
a. Write an equation of the form y = a(x − h)2 + k
with vertex (33, 5) that models the flight path, a. Identify the values of a, h, and k and use vertex
assuming the fish leaves the water at (0, 0). form to write the transformed function.
b. What are the domain and range of the function? b. Use function notation to write the transformed
What do they represent in this situation? function. Compare this function with your
function in part (a).
c. Does the value of a change when the flight path
c. Suppose the vertical stretch was performed first,
has vertex (30, 4)? Justify your answer.
followed by the translations. Repeat parts (a)
and (b).
d. Which method do you prefer when writing a
transformed function? Explain.
48. THOUGHT PROVOKING A jump on a pogo stick

with a conventional spring can be modeled by
f(x) = −0.5(x − 6)2 + 18, where x is the horizontal
distance (in inches) and f(x) is the vertical distance
(in inches). Write at least one transformation of
the function and provide a possible reason for
your transformation.
46. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Describe the graph of g as a
transformation of the graph of f(x) = x 2. 49. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The area of a circle
g y
depends on the radius, as shown in the graph. A
6 circular earring with a radius of r millimeters has a
f
3r
4 circular hole with a radius of — millimeters. Describe
4
a transformation of the graph below that models the
2
area of the blue portion of the earring.
−6 −4 2x
Circle
−2
Area (square units)
A
30
A = πr2
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 r
Radius (units)
A line of symmetry for the figure is shown in red. Find the coordinates of point A.
(Skills Review Handbook)
50. y 51. y 52. y

(– 4, 3) (0, 4) A A
y=1 y=x
x
x
A x (2, –2)
x=2

2.6 Characteristics of
Quadratic Functions
Essential Question What type of symmetry does the graph of

f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k have and how can you describe this symmetry?
Parabolas and Symmetry
Work with a partner.

y
a. Complete the table. Then use the values 6
in the table to sketch the graph of the
4
function
2
f(x) = —12 x 2 − 2x − 2
on graph paper. −6 −4 −2 2 4 6x
−2
x −2 −1 0 1 2
−4
f(x)
−6
x 3 4 5 6
f(x)
y
b. Use the results in part (a) to identify the 6
vertex of the parabola.
4
c. Find a vertical line on your graph paper so
that when you fold the paper, the left portion of 2 6x
the graph coincides with the right portion of 4
the graph. What is the equation of this line? 2
−6 −4 −2
How does it relate to the vertex? −2
d. Show that the vertex form
−4
f(x) = —12 (x − 2)2 − 4
−6
is equivalent to the function given in part (a).
Parabolas and Symmetry

ATTENDING TO Work with a partner. Repeat Exploration 1 for the function given by
PRECISION 1 1
f(x) = −—3 x 2 + 2x + 3 = −—3(x − 3)2 + 6.
To be proficient in math, you
need to use clear definitions
in your reasoning and
discussions with others.
3. What type of symmetry does the graph of f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k have and how can
you describe this symmetry?
4. Describe the symmetry of each graph. Then use a graphing calculator to verify
your answer.
a. f(x) = −(x − 1)2 + 4 b. f(x) = (x + 1)2 − 2 c. f(x) = 2(x − 3)2 + 1
d. f(x) = —12 (x + 2)2 e. f(x) = −2x 2 + 3 f. f(x) = 3(x − 5)2 + 2
Section 2.6 Characteristics of Quadratic Functions 81

Explore properties of parabolas.
Find maximum and minimum values of quadratic functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Graph quadratic functions using x-intercepts.
axis of symmetry, p. 82 Rewrite equations.
standard form, p. 82
minimum value, p. 84 Exploring Properties of Parabolas
maximum value, p. 84
An axis of symmetry is a line that divides a parabola y
intercept form, p. 85
into mirror images and passes through the vertex.
Previous Because the vertex of f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k is (h, k),
x-intercept the axis of symmetry is the vertical line x = h.
Previously, you used transformations to graph quadratic (h, k)

functions in vertex form. You can also use the axis of x=h x
symmetry and the vertex to graph quadratic functions
written in vertex form.
Using Symmetry to Graph Quadratic Functions
Graph f(x) = −2(x + 3)2 + 4. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Identify the constants a = −2, h = −3, and k = 4. y
(−3, 4)
Step 2 Plot the vertex (h, k) = (−3, 4) and draw 4
the axis of symmetry x = −3.
2
Step 3 Evaluate the function for two values of x.
−6 −2 x
x = −2: f(−2) = −2(−2 + 3)2 + 4 = 2
x = −1: f(−1) = −2(−1 + 3)2 + 4 = −4
Plot the points (−2, 2), (−1, −4), and
their reflections in the axis of symmetry.
Step 4 Draw a parabola through the plotted points. x = −3
Quadratic functions can also be written in standard form, f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c,

where a ≠ 0. You can derive standard form by expanding vertex form.
f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k Vertex form
f(x) = a(x 2 − 2hx + h2) + k Expand (x − h)2.
f(x) = ax 2 − 2ahx + ah2 + k Distributive Property
f(x) = ax 2 + (−2ah)x + (ah2 + k) Group like terms.
f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c Let b = −2ah and let c = ah2 + k.
This allows you to make the following observations.

a = a: So, a has the same meaning in vertex form and standard form.
b b
b = −2ah: Solve for h to obtain h = −—. So, the axis of symmetry is x = −—.
2a 2a
c = ah2 + k: In vertex form f(x) = a(x − h)2 + k, notice that f(0) = ah2 + k.
So, c is the y-intercept.

Core Concept
Properties of the Graph of f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c
y = ax 2 + bx + c, a > 0 y = ax2 + bx + c, a < 0
y y
b
x= – 2a
(0, c)
x x
b
(0, c)
x= – 2a
● The parabola opens up when a > 0 and opens down when a < 0.
● The graph is narrower than the graph of f(x) = x2 when ∣ a ∣ > 1 and wider
when ∣ a ∣ < 1.
●
b b
The axis of symmetry is x = −— and the vertex is −—, f −— .
2a 2a
b
2a( ( ))
● The y-intercept is c. So, the point (0, c) is on the parabola.
Graphing a Quadratic Function in Standard Form
Graph f(x) = 3x 2 − 6x + 1. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.

COMMON ERROR SOLUTION
Be sure to include the
negative sign when Step 1 Identify the coefficients a = 3, b = −6, and c = 1. Because a > 0,
writing the expression the parabola opens up.
for the x-coordinate of Step 2 Find the vertex. First calculate the x-coordinate.
the vertex.
b −6
x = −— = −— = 1
2a 2(3) y
Then find the y-coordinate of the vertex.

f(1) = 3(1)2 − 6(1) + 1 = −2
So, the vertex is (1, −2). Plot this point.
Step 3 Draw the axis of symmetry x = 1.
Step 4 Identify the y-intercept c, which is 1. Plot the
point (0, 1) and its reflection in the axis of 2
symmetry, (2, 1).

−2 4 x
Step 5 Evaluate the function for another value of x, ((1,, – 2))
−2
such as x = 3. x=1
f (3) = 3(3)2 − 6(3) + 1 = 10
Plot the point (3, 10) and its reflection in the axis of symmetry, (−1, 10).
Step 6 Draw a parabola through the plotted points.
Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.
1. f(x) = −3(x + 1)2 2. g(x) = 2(x − 2)2 + 5

3. h(x) = x 2 + 2x − 1 4. p(x) = −2x 2 − 8x + 1

Finding Maximum and Minimum Values
Because the vertex is the highest or lowest point on a parabola, its y-coordinate is
the maximum value or minimum value of the function. The vertex lies on the axis of
symmetry, so the function is increasing on one side of the axis of symmetry and
decreasing on the other side.
Core Concept
Minimum and Maximum Values
For the quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, the y-coordinate of the vertex
is the minimum value of the function when a > 0 and the maximum value
when a < 0.
a > 0 a < 0
y y b
x = – 2a
decreasing increasing maximum
STUDY TIP minimum

increasing decreasing
When a function f is b x x
x = – 2a
written in vertex form,
b
you can use h = − — and
b
2a ● Minimum value: f −—
b
2a( ) ● Maximum value: f −—
b
2a ( )
( )
k = f − — to state the
2a ● Domain: All real numbers ● Domain: All real numbers
properties shown.
● ( )
Range: y ≥ f −—
b
2a
● Range: y ≤ f −—
b
2a ( )
b b
● Decreasing to the left of x = −— ● Increasing to the left of x = −—
2a 2a
b b
● Increasing to the right of x = −— ● Decreasing to the right of x = −—
2a 2a
Finding a Minimum or a Maximum Value
Find the minimum value or maximum value of f(x) = —12 x 2 − 2x − 1. Describe the
domain and range of the function, and where the function is increasing and decreasing.
SOLUTION
Identify the coefficients a = —12 , b = −2, and c = −1. Because a > 0, the parabola
Check
10
opens up and the function has a minimum value. To find the minimum value, calculate
the coordinates of the vertex.
b −2 1
x = −— = −— = 2 f (2) = —(2)2 − 2(2) − 1 = −3
−10 2a
10
2 —12 () 2
Minimum
X=2 Y=-3 The minimum value is −3. So, the domain is all real numbers and the range is
−10 y ≥ −3. The function is decreasing to the left of x = 2 and increasing to the
right of x = 2.
5. Find the minimum value or maximum value of (a) f(x) = 4x2 + 16x − 3 and
(b) h(x) = −x2 + 5x + 9. Describe the domain and range of each function,
and where each function is increasing and decreasing.

Graphing Quadratic Functions Using x-Intercepts
When the graph of a quadratic function has at least one x-intercept, the function can be
written in intercept form, f(x) = a(x − p)(x − q), where a ≠ 0.
REMEMBER
An x-intercept of a graph
is the x-coordinate of a Core Concept
point where the graph
Properties of the Graph of f (x) = a(x − p)(x − q)
intersects the x-axis. It p+q
occurs where f(x) = 0. ● Because f(p) = 0 and f(q) = 0, p and x= 2
y
q are the x-intercepts of the graph of
the function.
● The axis of symmetry is halfway between
(p, 0) and (q, 0). So, the axis of symmetry y = a(x – p)(x – q)
p+q
is x = —. (q, 0) x
2
● The parabola opens up when a > 0 and (p, 0)
opens down when a < 0.
COMMON ERROR Graphing a Quadratic Function in Intercept Form

Remember that the
x-intercepts of the graph Graph f(x) = −2(x + 3)(x − 1). Label the x-intercepts, vertex, and axis of symmetry.
of f(x) = a(x − p)(x − q) are
p and q, not −p and −q. SOLUTION
Step 1 Identify the x-intercepts. The x-intercepts are y
p = −3 and q = 1, so the parabola passes (–1, 8)
through the points (−3, 0) and (1, 0).
6
Step 2 Find the coordinates of the vertex.
4
p + q −3 + 1
x = — = — = −1
2 2 2
f(−1) = −2(−1 + 3)(−1 − 1) = 8 (–3, 0) (1, 0)
−4 −2 2 x
So, the axis of symmetry is x = −1 and
the vertex is (−1, 8). x = –1
Step 3 Draw a parabola through the vertex and
the points where the x-intercepts occur.
Check You can check your answer by generating a table of values for f on a
graphing calculator.
X Y1
-4 -10
x-intercept -3 0 The values show
-2 6
-1 8 symmetry about x = −1.
0 6
x-intercept 1 0 So, the vertex is (−1, 8).
2 -10
X=-1
Graph the function. Label the x-intercepts, vertex, and axis of symmetry.
1
6. f(x) = −(x + 1)(x + 5) 7. g(x) = —4 (x − 6)(x − 2)

Rewriting Equations
You can use completing the square to rewrite equations of the form
ax2 + by2 + cx + dy + e = 0
into forms that make it easier to identify characteristics of their graphs.
Rewriting Equations
Use completing the square to find the vertex of the parabola or the center and radius
REMEMBER of the circle. Then graph the equation.
To complete the square
for an expression of the a. −2x2 + 8x − y + 7 = 0 b. x2 + y2 − 2x + 6y − 6 = 0
b 2
form x2 + bx, add —
2 () SOLUTION
to the expression. In this
a. The equation has no y2-term. So, isolate the x-terms and complete the square.
example, you must also
add −2(4) = −8 to the −2x2 + 8x = y − 7 Isolate the x-terms.
right side of the equation
−2(x2 − 4x) = y − 7 Factor out −2 on the left side.
to preserve equality.
−2(x2 − 4x + 4) = y − 7 − 8 Complete the square for x2 − 4x.
−2(x − 2)2 + 15 = y Write in vertex form.
The graph of the equation is a parabola y (2, 15)

with a vertex of (2, 15). 12
6
(−1, −3)
2 4 x
(5, −3)
b. The equation has an x2-term and a y2-term. So, complete the square twice.
x2 + y2 − 2x + 6y = 6 Add 6 to each side.
(x2 − 2x) + (y2 + 6y) = 6 Group x-terms and y-terms.
Complete the square for x2 − 2x
(x2 − 2x + 1) + (y2 + 6y + 9) = 6 + 1 + 9
and y2 + 6y.
(x − 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16 Factor left side. Simplify right side.
REMEMBER The graph of the equation is a circle y
Recall that the standard with a radius of 4 and center (1, −3).
equation of a circle with 2 x
center (h, k) and radius r is −2
(1, −3)
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2. −4
y −6
(x, y)
r
(h, k)
x Use completing the square to find the vertex of the parabola or the center and
radius of the circle. Then graph the equation.
8. x2 − 8x − y + 15 = 0 9. x2 + y2 + 2x − 8y − 8 = 0


p Check
1. WRITING Explain how to determine whether a quadratic function will have a minimum value
or a maximum value.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? The graph of which function does not belong with the
other three? Explain.
f(x) = 3x2 + 6x − 24 f(x) = 3x2 + 24x − 6
f(x) = 3(x − 2)(x + 4) f(x) = 3(x + 1)2 − 27

In Exercises 3–14, graph the function. Label the vertex REASONING In Exercises 19 and 20, use the axis of
and axis of symmetry. (See Example 1.) symmetry to plot the reflection of each point and
complete the parabola.
3. f(x) = (x − 3)2 4. h(x) = (x + 4)2
19. y 20. y
3 x = –3
5. g(x) = (x + 3)2 +5 6. y = (x − 7)2 −1 (2, 3)
(– 1, 1)
1
(1, 2) −6 −4 −2 x
7. y = −4(x − 2)2 + 4 8. g(x) = 2(x + 1)2 − 3
−1 1 3 5x (– 2, –2)
−2
(0, –1)
9. f(x) = −2(x − 1)2 − 5 10. h(x) = 4(x + 4)2 +6 x=2 (–3, –3)
−4
1 1
11. y = −—4(x + 2)2 + 1 12. y = —2 (x − 3)2 + 2
13. f(x) = 0.4(x − 1)2 14. g(x) = 0.75x 2 − 5 In Exercises 21–30, graph the function. Label the vertex
and axis of symmetry. (See Example 2.)
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 15–18, use the 21. y = x 2 + 2x + 1 22. y = 3x 2 − 6x + 4

axis of symmetry to match the equation with its graph.
23. y = −4x 2 + 8x + 2 24. f(x) = −x 2 − 6x + 3
15. y = 2(x − 3)2 + 1 16. y = (x + 4)2 − 2
25. g(x) = −x 2 − 1 26. f(x) = 6x 2 − 5
1
17. y = —2 (x + 1)2 + 3 18. y = (x − 2)2 − 1
27. g(x) = −1.5x 2 + 3x + 2
A. y B. y
6
28. f(x) = 0.5x 2 + x − 3
2 4
3 5
29. y = —2 x2 − 3x + 6 30. y = −—2 x 2 − 4x − 1
x = –1 2
4 6x
−2 x=2 31. WRITING Two quadratic functions have graphs with
−4 −2 2x
vertices (2, 4) and (2, −3). Explain why you can not
C. y D. y
use the axes of symmetry to distinguish between the
two functions.
4 2
2
32. WRITING A quadratic function is increasing to the left
x=3 −6 x of x = 2 and decreasing to the right of x = 2. Will the
−2 vertex be the highest or lowest point on the graph of
2 4 x x = −4
the parabola? Explain.

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 33 and 34, describe In Exercises 39–48, find the minimum or maximum
and correct the error in analyzing the graph of value of the function. Describe the domain and range of
y = 4x2 + 24x − 7. the function, and where the function is increasing and
decreasing. (See Example 3.)
✗
33.
The x-coordinate of the vertex is 39. y = 6x 2 − 1 40. y = 9x 2 + 7
b 24
x = — = — = 3.
2a 2(4) 41. y = −x2 − 4x − 2 42. g(x) = −3x 2 − 6x + 5
✗
34. 43. f(x) = −2x 2 + 8x + 7
The y-intercept of the graph is the
value of c, which is 7. 44. g(x) = 3x 2 + 18x − 5
45. h(x) = 2x2 − 12x 46. h(x) = x 2 − 4x
1 3
MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS In Exercises 35 and 36, 47. y = —4 x2 − 3x + 2 48. f(x) = —2 x2 + 6x + 4
x is the horizontal distance (in feet) and y is the vertical
distance (in feet). Find and interpret the coordinates of 49. PROBLEM SOLVING The path of a diver is modeled
the vertex. by the function f(x) = −9x2 + 9x + 1, where f(x) is
35. The path of a basketball thrown at an angle of 45° can the height of the diver (in meters) above the water and
be modeled by y = −0.02x 2 + x + 6. x is the horizontal distance (in meters) from the end of
the diving board.
36. The path of a shot put released at an angle of 35° can
be modeled by y = −0.01x 2 + 0.7x + 6. a. What is the height of the diving board?
y
b. What is the maximum height of the diver?
c. Describe where the diver is ascending and where
the diver is descending.
35°
x
37. ANALYZING EQUATIONS The graph of which

function has the same axis of symmetry as the graph
of y = x2 + 2x + 2?
A y = 2x 2 + 2x + 2
○ 50. PROBLEM SOLVING The engine torque
y (in foot-pounds) of one model of car is given by
B y = −3x 2 − 6x + 2
○ y = −3.75x2 + 23.2x + 38.8, where x is the speed
C y = x 2 − 2x + 2
○ (in thousands of revolutions per minute) of the engine.
D y = −5x2 + 10x + 2
○ a. Find the engine speed that maximizes torque.
What is the maximum torque?
38. USING STRUCTURE Which function represents
the widest parabola? Explain your reasoning. b. Explain what happens to the engine torque as the
speed of the engine increases.
A y = 2(x + 3)2
○
B y = x2 − 5
○ MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 51 and
52, write an equation for the area of the figure. Then
C y = 0.5(x − 1)2 + 1
○ determine the maximum possible area of the figure.
D y = −x 2 + 6
○ 51. 52.
20 – w b
w 6–b

In Exercises 53–60, graph the function. Label the In Exercises 69–72, use completing the square to find
x-intercept(s), vertex, and axis of symmetry. the vertex of the parabola or the center and radius of
(See Example 4.) the circle. Then graph the equation. (See Example 5.)
53. y = (x + 3)(x − 3) 54. y = (x + 1)(x − 3) 69. 3x2 + 6x − y − 2 = 0
55. y = 3(x + 2)(x + 6) 56. f(x) = 2(x − 5)(x − 1) 70. −2x2 + 6x − 2y − 1 = 0
57. g(x) = −x(x + 6) 58. y = −4x(x + 7) 71. x2 + y2 + 12y − 13 = 0
59. f(x) = −2(x − 3)2 60. y = 4(x − 7)2 72. 4x2 + 4y2 − 24x − 24y − 9 = 0
USING TOOLS In Exercises 61–64, identify the 73. USING STRUCTURE Recall that the standard equation
x-intercepts of the function and describe where the of a parabola that opens right or left with vertex at
1
graph is increasing and decreasing. Use a graphing (h, k) is x = —
4p
(y − k)2 + h. Use completing the
calculator to verify your answer. square to find the focus, directrix, and vertex of
1 y2 − 4x − 8y + 20 = 0. Then graph the equation.
61. f(x) = —2 (x − 2)(x + 6)
3 74. REASONING Consider an equation of the form

62. y = —4 (x + 1)(x − 3)
ax2 + by2 + cx + dy + e = 0. What must be true
about the coefficients a and b for the graph of the
63. g(x) = −4(x − 4)(x − 2)
equation to be a parabola? a circle? Explain your
reasoning.
64. h(x) = −5(x + 5)(x + 1)
75. PROBLEM SOLVING An online music store sells about
65. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A soccer player
4000 songs each day when it charges $1 per song. For
kicks a ball downfield. The height of the ball increases
each $0.05 increase in price, about 80 fewer songs
until it reaches a maximum
per day are sold. Use the verbal model and quadratic
height of 8 yards, 20 yards
function to determine how much the store should
away from the player. A
charge per song to maximize daily revenue.
second kick is modeled by
y = x(0.4 − 0.008x). Which
⋅
Revenue Price Sales
kick travels farther before =
(dollars) (dollars/song) (songs)
hitting the ground? Which
kick travels higher?
R(x) = (1 + 0.05x) ⋅ (4000 − 80x)
66. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Although a football
field appears to be flat, some are actually shaped 76. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Compare the graphs of
like a parabola so that rain runs off to both sides. the three quadratic functions. What do you notice?
The cross section of a field can be modeled by Rewrite the functions f and g in standard form to
y = −0.000234x(x − 160), where x and y are justify your answer.
measured in feet. What is the width of the field? What f(x) = (x + 3)(x + 1)
is the maximum height of the surface of the field?
g(x) = (x + 2)2 − 1
y h(x) = x 2 + 4x + 3
surface of
football field
77. PROBLEM SOLVING A woodland jumping
mouse hops along a parabolic path given by
x
y = −0.2x2 + 1.3x, where x is the mouse’s horizontal
Not drawn to scale
distance traveled (in feet) and y is the corresponding
height (in feet). Can the mouse jump over a fence that
67. OPEN-ENDED Write two different quadratic functions is 3 feet high? Justify your answer.
in intercept form whose graphs have the axis of
symmetry x = 3. y
68. USING STRUCTURE Write the quadratic function

f(x) = x2 + x − 12 in intercept form. Graph the
function. Label the x-intercepts, y-intercept, vertex,
x
and axis of symmetry. Not drawn to scale

78. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Consider the graph of the 81. MAKING AN ARGUMENT The point (1, 5) lies on the
function f(x) = a(x − p)(x − q). graph of a quadratic function with axis of symmetry
x = −1. Your friend says the vertex could be the point
y
(0, 5). Is your friend correct? Explain.
82. CRITICAL THINKING Find the y-intercept in

terms of a, p, and q for the quadratic function
f(x) = a(x − p)(x − q).
83. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A kernel of

x popcorn contains water that expands when the
kernel is heated, causing it to pop. The equations
below represent the “popping volume” y (in cubic
p+q
( )
a. What does f — represent in the graph?
2
centimeters per gram) of popcorn with moisture
content x (as a percent of the popcorn’s weight).
b. If a < 0, how does your answer in part (a)
Hot-air popping: y = −0.761(x − 5.52)(x − 22.6)
change? Explain.
Hot-oil popping: y = −0.652(x − 5.35)(x − 21.8)
79. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The Gateshead

Millennium Bridge spans the River Tyne. The arch
of the bridge can be modeled by a parabola. The arch
reaches a maximum height of 50 meters at a point
roughly 63 meters across the river. Graph the curve
of the arch. What are the domain and range? What do
they represent in this situation?
a. For hot-air popping, what moisture content

maximizes popping volume? What is the
maximum volume?
b. For hot-oil popping, what moisture content
maximizes popping volume? What is the
maximum volume?
c. Use a graphing calculator to graph both functions
in the same coordinate plane. What are the domain
and range of each function in this situation?
80. THOUGHT PROVOKING You have 100 feet of Explain.
fencing to enclose a rectangular garden. Draw three
possible designs for the garden. Of these, which 84. ABSTRACT REASONING A function is written in
has the greatest area? Make a conjecture about the intercept form with a > 0. What happens to the vertex
dimensions of the rectangular garden with the greatest of the graph as a increases? as a approaches 0?
possible area. Explain your reasoning.
Sketch the solid of revolution. Then identify and describe the solid. (Section 1.4)
85. a right triangle with legs of length 3 and 5 rotated around its shorter leg
86. a semicircle with radius 4 rotated around its diameter
Use a graphing calculator to find an equation for the line of best fit. (Section 2.3)
87. 88.
x 0 3 6 7 11 x 0 5 10 12 16
y 4 9 24 29 46 y 18 15 9 7 2

2.7 Modeling with Quadratic Functions
Essential Question How can you use a quadratic function to model
a real-life situation?
Modeling with a Quadratic Function

Work with a partner. The graph shows a P
quadratic function of the form
Yearly profit (dollars)

P(t) = at2 + bt + c
P(t) = at 2 + bt + c
which approximates the yearly profits for a
company, where P(t) is the profit in year t.
a. Is the value of a positive, negative,
or zero? Explain.
b. Write an expression in terms of a and b that
represents the year t when the company t
Year
made the least profit.
c. The company made the same yearly profits in 2004 and 2012. Estimate the year in
which the company made the least profit.
d. Assume that the model is still valid today. Are the yearly profits currently
increasing, decreasing, or constant? Explain.
Modeling with a Graphing Calculator

Work with a partner. The table shows the heights h (in feet) of a wrench t seconds
after it has been dropped from a building under construction.
Time, t 0 1 2 3 4
Height, h 400 384 336 256 144
a. Use a graphing calculator to create a scatter 400

plot of the data, as shown at the right. Explain
why the data appear to fit a quadratic model.
MODELING WITH
MATHEMATICS b. Use the quadratic regression feature to find
To be proficient in math, a quadratic model for the data.
0 5
you need to routinely 0
interpret your results in c. Graph the quadratic function on the same screen
the context of the as the scatter plot to verify that it fits the data.
situation.
d. When does the wrench hit the ground? Explain.

3. How can you use a quadratic function to model a real-life situation?
4. Use the Internet or some other reference to find examples of real-life situations
that can be modeled by quadratic functions.
Section 2.7 Modeling with Quadratic Functions 91

Write equations of quadratic functions using vertices, points,
and x-intercepts.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Write quadratic equations to model data sets.
Previous
average rate of change Writing Quadratic Equations
first differences
second differences
system of three linear
Core Concept
equations Writing Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Formula Given a point and the vertex (h, k) Use vertex form:
y = a(x − h)2 + k
Given a point and x-intercepts p and q Use intercept form:
y = a(x − p)(x − q)
Given three points Write and solve a system of three
equations in three variables.
Writing an Equation Using a Vertex and a Point
Human Cannonball The graph shows the parabolic path of a performer who is shot out of a cannon, where
y is the height (in feet) and x is the horizontal distance traveled (in feet). Write an
y
40 equation of the parabola. The performer lands in a net 90 feet from the cannon. What
(50, 35)
is the height of the net?
Height (feet)
30
SOLUTION
20
From the graph, you can see that the vertex (h, k) is (50, 35) and the parabola passes
10
(0,15)
through the point (0, 15). Use the vertex and the point to solve for a in vertex form.
0
0 20 40 60 80 x
y = a(x − h)2 + k Vertex form
Horizontal distance 15 = a(0 − 50)2 + 35 Substitute for h, k, x, and y.
(feet)
−20 = 2500a Simplify.
−0.008 = a Divide each side by 2500.
Because a = −0.008, h = 50, and k = 35, the path can be modeled by the equation
y = −0.008(x − 50)2 + 35, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 90. Find the height when x = 90.
y = −0.008(90 − 50)2 + 35 Substitute 90 for x.
= −0.008(1600) + 35 Simplify.
= 22.2 Simplify.
So, the height of the net is about 22 feet.
1. WHAT IF? The vertex of the parabola is (50, 37.5). What is the height of the net?
2. Write an equation of the parabola that passes through the point (−1, 2) and has
vertex (4, −9).

Writing an Equation Using a Point and x-Intercepts
Temperature Forecast
A meteorologist creates a parabola to predict the temperature tomorrow, where x
is the number of hours after midnight and y is the temperature (in degrees Celsius).
y
Temperature (°C)
(0, 9.6)
a. Write a function f that models the temperature over time. What is the coldest
10 temperature?
(4, 0) (24, 0)
0
3 9 15 x b. What is the average rate of change in temperature over the interval in which the
temperature is decreasing? increasing? Compare the average rates of change.
−10
SOLUTION
Hours after midnight
a. The x-intercepts are 4 and 24 and the parabola passes through (0, 9.6). Use the
x-intercepts and the point to solve for a in intercept form.
y = a(x − p)(x − q) Intercept form
9.6 = a(0 − 4)(0 − 24) Substitute for p, q, x, and y.
9.6 = 96a Simplify.
0.1 = a Divide each side by 96.
Because a = 0.1, p = 4, and q = 24, the temperature over time can be modeled
by f(x) = 0.1(x − 4)(x − 24), where 0 ≤ x ≤ 24. The coldest temperature is the
4 + 24
minimum value. So, find f(x) when x = — = 14.
2
f (14) = 0.1(14 − 4)(14 − 24) Substitute 14 for x.

REMEMBER = −10 Simplify.
The average rate of
change of a function f
So, the coldest temperature is −10°C at 14 hours after midnight, or 2 p.m.
from x1 to x2 is the slope b. The parabola opens up and the axis of symmetry is x = 14. So, the function is
of the line connecting decreasing over the interval 0 < x < 14 and increasing over the interval 14 < x < 24.
(x1, f(x1)) and (x2, f(x2)):
Average rate of change Average rate of change
f(x2) − f(x1) over 0 < x < 14: over 14 < x < 24:
—— .
x2 − x1
f(14) − f(0) −10 − 9.6 f (24) − f(14) 0 − (−10)
— = — = −1.4 —— = — = 1
14 − 0 14 24 − 14 10
(0, 9.6)
10
(24, 0)
0
3 15 x
−10
(14, −10)
Because ∣ −1.4 ∣ > ∣ 1 ∣, the average rate at which the temperature decreases
from midnight to 2 p.m. is greater than the average rate at which it increases
from 2 p.m. to midnight.
3. WHAT IF? The y-intercept is 4.8. How does this change your answers in
parts (a) and (b)?
4. Write an equation of the parabola that passes through the point (2, 5) and has
x-intercepts −2 and 4.

Writing Equations to Model Data
When data have equally-spaced inputs, you can analyze patterns in the differences of
the outputs to determine what type of function can be used to model the data. Linear
data have constant first differences. Quadratic data have constant second differences.
Writing a Quadratic Equation Using Three Points
NASA can create a weightless environment by flying a plane in parabolic paths.

Time, t Height, h
The table shows heights h (in feet) of a plane t seconds after starting the flight path.
10 26,900 Passengers experience a weightless environment above 30,800 feet. Write and solve
15 29,025 an equation to approximate the period of weightlessness.
20 30,600 SOLUTION
25 31,625
Step 1 The input values are equally spaced. So, analyze the differences in the outputs
30 32,100 to determine what type of function you can use to model the data.
35 32,025 h(10) h(15) h(20) h(25) h(30) h(35) h(40)
40 31,400 26,900 29,025 30,600 31,625 32,100 32,025 31,400
first differences: 2125 1575 1025 475 −75 −625
second differences: −550 −550 −550 −550 −550

Because the second differences are constant, you can model the data with a
quadratic function.
Step 2 Write a quadratic function of the form h(t) = at 2 + bt + c that models the
data. Use any three points (t, h) from the table to write a system of equations.
Use (10, 26,900): 100a + 10b + c = 26,900 Equation 1
Use (20, 30,600): 400a + 20b + c = 30,600 Equation 2
Use (30, 32,100): 900a + 30b + c = 32,100 Equation 3
Use the elimination method to solve the system.
Subtract Equation 1 from Equation 2. 300a + 10b = 3700 New Equation 1
Subtract Equation 1 from Equation 3. 800a + 20b = 5200 New Equation 2

Subtract 2 times new Equation 1
200a = −2200
from new Equation 2.
a = −11 Solve for a.
b = 700 Substitute into new Equation 1 to find b.
c = 21,000 Substitute into Equation 1 to find c.
The data can be modeled by the function h(t) = −11t2 + 700t + 21,000.
Step 3 To find the period of weightlessness, find the t-values for which h(t) = 30,800.
30,800 = −11t2 + 700t + 21,000 Substitute 30,800 for h(t).
0 = −11t + 700t − 9800
2
Write in standard form.
——— Substitute −11 for a, 700 for b,
−700 ± √ 7002 − 4(−11)(−9800)
t = ——— and −9800 for c in the
2(−11)
REMEMBER —
Quadratic Formula.
−700 ± √ 58,800
The Quadratic Formula, t = —— Simplify.
—
−22
−b ± √b − 4ac
2
x = ——, t ≈ 20.8, or t ≈ 42.8 Use a calculator.
2a
gives the solutions of The plane rises above 30,800 feet after 20.8 seconds and falls below 30,800 feet
ax2 + bx + c = 0. after 42.8 seconds. So, the period of weightlessness is 42.8 − 20.8 ≈ 22 seconds.

Real-life data that show a quadratic relationship usually do not have constant
second differences because the data are not exactly quadratic. Relationships that are
approximately quadratic have second differences that are relatively “close” in value.
Many technology tools have a quadratic regression feature that you can use to find a
quadratic function that best models a set of data.
Using Quadratic Regression
Miles per Miles per The table shows fuel efficiencies of a vehicle at different speeds. Write a function that
hour, x gallon, y models the data. Use the model to approximate the optimal driving speed.
20 14.5 SOLUTION
24 17.5
Because the x-values are not equally spaced, you cannot analyze the differences in the
30 21.2 outputs. Use a graphing calculator to find a function that models the data.
36 23.7 Step 1 Enter the data in a graphing Step 2 Use the quadratic regression
40 25.2 calculator using two lists and feature. A quadratic model
45 25.8 create a scatter plot. The data that represents the data is
show a quadratic relationship. y = −0.014x 2 + 1.37x − 7.1.
50 25.8 35
QuadReg
56 25.1 y=ax2+bx+c
a=-.014097349
60 24.0 b=1.366218867
c=-7.144052413
70 19.5 R2=.9992475882
0 75
0
STUDY TIP Step 3 Graph the regression equation with the scatter plot.
The coefficient of 35
In this context, the “optimal” driving speed is
determination R2 shows
the speed at which the mileage per gallon is
how well an equation fits
maximized. Using the maximum feature, you
a set of data. The closer R2
can see that the maximum mileage per gallon is
is to 1, the better the fit.
about 26.4 miles per gallon when driving about
Maximum
48.9 miles per hour. 0 X=48.928565 Y=26.416071 75
0
So, the optimal driving speed is about 49 miles per hour.
5. Write an equation of the parabola that passes through the points (−1, 4), (0, 1),
and (2, 7).
6. The table shows the estimated profits y (in dollars) for a concert when the
charge is x dollars per ticket. Write and solve an equation to determine what
ticket prices result in profits above $8000. What ticket price maximizes profit?
Ticket price, x 2 5 8 11 14 17
Profit, y 2600 6500 8600 8900 7400 4100
7. The table shows the results of an experiment testing the maximum weights
y (in tons) supported by ice x inches thick. Write a function that models the data.
How much weight can be supported by ice that is 22 inches thick?
Ice thickness, x 12 14 15 18 20 24 27
Maximum weight, y 3.4 7.6 10.0 18.3 25.0 40.6 54.3


1. WRITING Explain when it is appropriate to use a quadratic model for a set of data.
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

y f
What is the average rate of What is the distance 4
change over 0 ≤ x ≤ 2? from f(0) to f(2)?
2
What is the slope of the f(2) − f(0) 1
What is —?
line segment? 2−0 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x

In Exercises 3–8, write an equation of the parabola in 15. WRITING Explain when to use intercept form and
vertex form. (See Example 1.) when to use vertex form when writing an equation of
y y
a parabola.
3. 4.
(8, 3)
8 16. ANALYZING EQUATIONS Which of the following
(–2, 6)
(–1, 3) 8 x equations represent the parabola?
(4, −1)
−4
y
4 x (2, 0)
−8
−2 4x
(−1, 0)
5. passes through (13, 8) and has vertex (3, 2)
−4
6. passes through (−7, −15) and has vertex (−5, 9) (0.5, −4.5)
7. passes through (0, −24) and has vertex (−6, −12)

A y = 2(x − 2)(x + 1)
○
8. passes through (6, 35) and has vertex (−1, 14) B y = 2(x + 0.5)2 − 4.5
○
C y = 2(x − 0.5)2 − 4.5
○
In Exercises 9–14, write an equation of the parabola in
intercept form. (See Example 2.) D y = 2(x + 2)(x − 1)
○
9. y 10. y
In Exercises 17–20, write an equation of the parabola in
(3, 4) x
4 vertex form or intercept form.
−2 (2, 0)
(4, 0) (−1, 0)
17. 18.
−4 8x (1, −2)
−4 −4 Flare Signal New Ride
(2, 0)
y y (0, 180)
Height (feet)
Height (feet)
(3, 150) (1, 164)

160 160
11. x-intercepts of 12 and −6; passes through (14, 4)
80 80
(1, 86)
12. x-intercepts of 9 and 1; passes through (0, −18)
0 0
0 2 4 6 x 0 2 4 x
13. x-intercepts of −16 and −2; passes through (−18, 72) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
14. x-intercepts of −7 and −3; passes through (−2, 0.05)

19. Human Jump 20. Frog Jump 24. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A baseball is
thrown up in the air. The table shows the heights
y y
Height (feet)
Height (feet)
(3, 1) y (in feet) of the baseball after x seconds. Write and
4 1.00
(3, 2.25) solve an equation to determine how long the ball is
2 0.50 above 10 feet. How long is the ball in the air?
(0, 0) (4, 0) (1, 59 )
0 0.00
0 2 4 x 0 2 4 x Time, x 0 2 4 6
Distance (feet) Distance (feet)
Baseball height, y 6 22 22 6
21. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in 25. COMPARING METHODS You use a system with three
writing an equation of the parabola. variables to find the equation of a parabola that passes
through the points (−8, 0), (2, −20), and (1, 0). Your
✗ 4
2
y
(3, 4)
y = a(x − p)(x − q)
4 = a(3 − 1)(3 + 2)
friend uses intercept form to find the equation. Whose
method is easier? Justify your answer.
a = —25 26. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The table shows the

distances y a motorcyclist is from home after x hours.
−2 x
y = —25(x − 1)(x + 2)
(2, 0)
(−1, 0) Time (hours), x 0 1 2 3
Distance (miles), y 0 45 90 135
22. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The area of a a. Determine what type of function you can use to
rectangle is modeled by the graph where y is the model the data. Explain your reasoning.
area (in square meters) and x is the width (in meters).
Write an equation of the parabola. Find the b. Write and evaluate a function to determine the
dimensions and corresponding area of one possible distance the motorcyclist is from home after
rectangle. What dimensions result in the 6 hours.
maximum area?
27. USING TOOLS The table shows the heights
Rectangles h (in feet) of a sponge t seconds after it was dropped
by a window cleaner on top of a skyscraper.
y
(square meters)
12 (See Example 4.)
Time, t
Area
8 0 1 1.5 2.5 3
(1, 6) Height, h 280 264 244 180 136
4
(0, 0) (7, 0)
0
0 4 8 x a. Use a graphing calculator to create a scatter
Width (meters) plot. Which better represents the data, a line or a
parabola? Explain.
23. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Every rope has a b. Use the regression feature of your calculator to
safe working load. A rope should not be used to lift a find the model that best fits the data.
weight greater than its safe working load. The table c. Use the model in part (b) to predict when the
shows the safe working loads S (in pounds) for ropes sponge will hit the ground.
with circumference C (in inches). Write an equation
for the safe working load for a rope. Find the safe d. Identify and interpret the domain and range in
working load for a rope that has a circumference of this situation.
10 inches. (See Example 3.)
28. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend states that
Circumference, C 0 1 2 3 quadratic functions with the same x-intercepts have
the same equations, vertex, and axis of symmetry. Is
Safe working your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
0 180 720 1620
load, S

In Exercises 29–32, analyze the differences in the 34. THOUGHT PROVOKING Describe a real-life situation
outputs to determine whether the data are linear, that can be modeled by a quadratic equation. Justify
quadratic, or neither. Explain. If linear or quadratic, your answer.
write an equation that fits the data.
29. Price decrease 35. PROBLEM SOLVING The table shows the heights y of
0 5 10 15 20
(dollars), x a competitive water-skier x seconds after jumping off
Revenue
a ramp. Write a function that models the height of the
470 630 690 650 510 water-skier over time. When is the water-skier 5 feet
($1000s), y
above the water? How long is the skier in the air?
30.
Time (hours), x 0 1 2 3 4 Time (seconds), x 0 0.25 0.75 1 1.1
Height (feet), y 40 42 44 46 48 Height (feet), y 22 22.5 17.5 12 9.24
31.
Time (hours), x 1 2 3 4 5
Population 36. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to determine
2 4 8 16 32 whether the average rate of change over each interval
(hundreds), y
is positive, negative, or zero.
32.
Time (days), x 0 1 2 3 4 y
8
Height (feet), y 320 303 254 173 60
6
33. PROBLEM SOLVING The graph shows the number y of 4
students absent from school due to the flu each day x.
Flu Epidemic
−2 2 4 6x
y
Number of students
16
(6, 19)
a. 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 b. 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
12
c. 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 d. 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
8
4
37. REPEATED REASONING The table shows the number
(0, 1) of tiles in each figure. Verify that the data show a
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x quadratic relationship. Predict the number of tiles in
Days the 12th figure.
a. Interpret the meaning of the vertex in this

situation.
b. Write an equation for the parabola to predict the
number of students absent on day 10. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
c. Compare the average rates of change in the

students with the flu from 0 to 6 days and Figure 1 2 3 4
6 to 11 days. Number of Tiles 1 5 11 19
Factor the trinomial. (Skills Review Handbook)

38. x + 4x + 3
2
39. x2 − 3x + 2 40. 3x2 − 15x + 12 41. 5x2 + 5x − 30

2.5–2.7 What Did You Learn?
Core Vocabulary
quadratic function, p. 74 vertex form, p. 76 minimum value, p. 84
parabola, p. 74 axis of symmetry, p. 82 maximum value, p. 84
vertex of a parabola, p. 76 standard form, p. 82 intercept form, p. 85
Core Concepts
Section 2.5
Horizontal Translations, p. 74 Reflections in the y-Axis, p. 75
Vertical Translations, p. 74 Horizontal Stretches and Shrinks, p. 75
Reflections in the x-Axis, p. 75 Vertical Stretches and Shrinks, p. 75
Section 2.6
Properties of the Graph of f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, Properties of the Graph of f(x) = a(x − p)(x − q),
p. 83 p. 85
Minimum and Maximum Values, p. 84
Section 2.7
Writing Quadratic Equations, p. 92 Writing Quadratic Equations to Model Data, p. 94
Mathematical Practices
1. Why does the height you found in Exercise 44 on page 79 make sense in the context
of the situation?
2. How can you use technology to deepen your understanding of the concepts in
Exercise 83 on page 90?
3. Describe how you were able to construct a viable argument in Exercise 28 on page 97.
Performance Task:
Changing the Course

Designers of motocross races use mathematics
to create ramps and jumps for their courses.
How could you modify their models so that riders
will catch more air on your track?
To explore the answer to this question and

more, check out the Performance Task and
Real-Life STEM video at BigIdeasMath.com.
99
Int_Math3_PE_02.EC.indd 99 1/30/15 2:11 PM

2 Chapter Review Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com
2.1 Parent Functions and Transformations (pp. 39–46)
Graph g(x) = (x − 2)2 + 1 and its parent function. Then describe the transformation.
The function g is a quadratic function. y
f g
The graph of g is a translation 2 units right and 1 unit up 4
of the graph of the parent quadratic function.
2
−4 −2 2 4 x
2. g(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 1
1
1. f(x) = x + 3 3. h(x) = —2 x2
4. h(x) = 4 5. f(x) = −∣ x ∣ − 3 6. g(x) = −3(x + 3)2
2.2 Transformations of Linear and Absolute Value Functions (pp. 47–54)
Let the graph of g be a translation 2 units to the right followed by a reflection in the
y-axis of the graph of f(x) = ∣ x ∣. Write a rule for g.
Step 1 First write a function h that represents the translation of f.
h(x) = f(x − 2) Subtract 2 from the input.
= ∣x − 2∣ Replace x with x − 2 in f(x).
Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the reflection of h.
g(x) = h(−x) Multiply the input by −1.
= ∣ −x − 2 ∣ Replace x with −x in h(x).
= ∣ −(x + 2) ∣ Factor out −1.
⋅
= ∣ −1 ∣ ∣ x + 2 ∣ Product Property of Absolute Value
= ∣x + 2∣ Simplify.
The transformed function is g(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣.
Write a function g whose graph represents the indicated transformations of

the graph of f. Use a graphing calculator to check your answer.
7. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation 4 units to the left
8. f(x) = ∣ x ∣; vertical shrink by a factor of —2 followed by a translation 2 units up

1
9. f(x) = x; translation 3 units down followed by a reflection in the y-axis

2.3 Modeling with Linear Functions (pp. 55–62)
The table shows the numbers of ice cream cones sold for different outside
temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit). Do the data show a linear relationship?
If so, write an equation of a line of fit and use it to estimate how many ice cream
cones are sold when the temperature is 60°F.
Temperature, x 53 62 70 82 90
Number of cones, y 90 105 117 131 147
Step 1 Create a scatter plot of the data. The data show a Ice Cream Cones Sold
linear relationship.
y
Step 2 Sketch the line that appears to most closely fit the data.
Number of cones
One possibility is shown. 160
(90, 147)
Step 3 Choose two points on the line. For the line shown, 120
you might choose (70, 117) and (90, 147). (70, 117)
80
Step 4 Write an equation of the line. First, find the slope.
40
y2 − y1 147 − 117 30
m=— = — = — = 1.5
x2 − x1 90 − 70 20 0
0 20 40 60 80 x
Use point-slope form to write an equation. Temperature (°F)
Use (x1, y1) = (70, 117).
y − 117 = 1.5(x − 70) Substitute for m, x1, and y1.
y − 117 = 1.5x − 105 Distributive Property
y = 1.5x + 12 Add 117 to each side.
Use the equation to estimate the number of ice cream cones sold.
y = 1.5(60) + 12 Substitute 60 for x.
= 102 Simplify.
Approximately 102 ice cream cones are sold when the temperature is 60°F.
Write an equation of the line.

10. The table shows the total number y (in billions) of U.S. movie admissions each year for
x years. Use a graphing calculator to find an equation of the line of best fit for the data.
Year, x 0 2 4 6 8 10
Admissions, y 1.24 1.26 1.39 1.47 1.49 1.57
11. You ride your bike and measure how far you travel. After 10 minutes, you travel 3.5 miles.
After 30 minutes, you travel 10.5 miles. Write an equation to model your distance. How far
can you ride your bike in 45 minutes?
Chapter 2 Chapter Review 101

2.4 Solving Linear Systems (pp. 63–70)
Solve the system.

x − y + z = −3 Equation 1
2x − y + 5z = 4 Equation 2
4x + 2y − z = 2 Equation 3
x − y + z = −3 Add Equation 1 to
Equation 3 (to eliminate z).
4x + 2y − z = 2
5x + y = −1 New Equation 3
−5x + 5y − 5z = 15 Add −5 times Equation 1 to

Equation 2 (to eliminate z).
2x − y + 5z = 4
−3x + 4y = 19 New Equation 2
−20x − 4y = 4 Add −4 times new Equation 3
to new Equation 2.
−3x + 4y = 19
−23x = 23
x = −1 Solve for x.
y=4 Substitute into new Equation 2 or 3 to find y.
Step 3 Substitute x = −1 and y = 4 into an original equation and solve for z.
x − y + z = −3 Write original Equation 1.
(−1) − 4 + z = −3 Substitute −1 for x and 4 for y.
z=2 Solve for z.
The solution is x = −1, y = 4, and z = 2, or the ordered triple (−1, 4, 2).

12. x + y + z = 3 13. 2x − 5y − z = 17 14. x + y + z = 2
−x + 3y + 2z = −8 x + y + 3z = 19 2x − 3y + z = 11
x = 4z −4x + 6y + z = −20 −3x + 2y − 2z = −13
15. x + 4y − 2z = 3 16. x − y + 3z = 6 17. x + 2z = 4

x + 3y + 7z = 1 x − 2y = 5 x+y+z=6
2x + 9y − 13z = 2 2x − 2y + 5z = 9 3x + 3y + 4z = 28
18. A school band performs a spring concert for a crowd of

600 people. The revenue for the concert is $3150. There BAND CONCERT
are 150 more adults at the concert than students. How STUDENTS - $3 ADULTS - $7
CHILDREN UNDER 12 - $2
many of each type of ticket are sold?

2.5 Transformations of Quadratic Functions (pp. 73–80)
Let the graph of g be a translation 1 unit left and 2 units up of the graph of f(x) = x 2 + 1.
Write a rule for g.
g(x) = f(x − (−1)) + 2 Subtract −1 from the input. Add 2 to the output.
= (x + 1)2 +1+2 Replace x with x + 1 in f(x).
= x 2 + 2x + 4 Simplify.
The transformed function is g(x) = x 2 + 2x + 4.
Describe the transformation of f(x) = x 2 represented by g. Then graph each function.

19. g(x) = (x + 4)2 20. g(x) = (x − 7)2 + 2 21. g(x) = −3(x + 2)2 − 1
Write a rule for g.

2
22. Let the graph of g be a horizontal shrink by a factor of —3 , followed by a translation
5 units left and 2 units down of the graph of f(x) = x 2.
23. Let the graph of g be a translation 2 units left and 3 units up, followed by a reflection
in the y-axis of the graph of f (x) = x 2 − 2x.
2.6 Characteristics of Quadratic Functions (pp. 81–90)
Graph f(x) = 2x 2 − 8x + 1. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.

Step 1 Identify the coefficients a = 2, b = −8, and c = 1.
Because a > 0, the parabola opens up.
x=2
Step 2 Find the vertex. First calculate the x-coordinate. y
b −8
x = −— = −— = 2 −2 6x
2a 2(2)
−2
Then find the y-coordinate of the vertex.
−4
f(2) = 2(2)2 − 8(2) + 1 = −7
−6
So, the vertex is (2, −7). Plot this point.
(2,−7)
Step 3 Draw the axis of symmetry x = 2.
Step 4 Identify the y-intercept c, which is 1. Plot the point (0, 1) and its reflection
in the axis of symmetry, (4, 1).
Step 5 Evaluate the function for another value of x, such as x = 1.
f(1) = 2(1)2 − 8(1) + 1 = −5
Plot the point (1, −5) and its reflection in the axis of symmetry, (3, −5).
Step 6 Draw a parabola through the plotted points.
Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry. Find the minimum or
maximum value of f. Describe where the function is increasing and decreasing.
24. f(x) = 3(x − 1)2 − 4 25. g(x) = −2x 2 + 16x + 3 26. h(x) = (x − 3)(x + 7)
Chapter 2 Chapter Review 103

2.7 Modeling with Quadratic Functions (pp. 91–98)
The graph shows the parabolic path of a stunt motorcyclist jumping off a
ramp, where y is the height (in feet) and x is the horizontal distance traveled
(in feet). Write an equation of the parabola. The motorcyclist lands on another
ramp 160 feet from the first ramp. What is the height of the second ramp?
y
Height (feet)
(0, 20) (80, 30)

x
Horizontal distance (feet)
Step 1 First write an equation of the parabola.

From the graph, you can see that the vertex (h, k) is (80, 30) and the parabola passes
through the point (0, 20). Use the vertex and the point to solve for a in vertex form.
y = a(x − h)2 + k Vertex form
20 = a(0 − 80)2 + 30 Substitute for h, k, x, and y.
−10 = 6400a Simplify.
1
−— = a Divide each side by 6400.
640
1
Because a = −—, h = 80, and k = 30, the path can be modeled by
640
1
y = −—(x − 80)2 + 30, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 160.
640
Step 2 Then find the height of the second ramp.
1
y = −—(160 − 80)2 + 30 Substitute 160 for x.
640
= 20 Simplify.
So, the height of the second ramp is 20 feet.
Write an equation of the parabola with the given characteristics.

27. passes through (1, 12) and has vertex (10, −4)
28. passes through (4, 3) and has x-intercepts of −1 and 5
29. passes through (−2, 7), (1, 10), and (2, 27)
30. The table shows the heights y of a dropped object after x seconds. Verify
that the data show a quadratic relationship. Write a function that models
the data. How long is the object in the air?
Time (seconds), x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Height (feet), y 150 146 134 114 86 50

2 Chapter Test
1. f(x) = ∣ x − 1 ∣
1
2. f(x) = (3x)2 3. f(x) = −—2 x − 4
Match the transformation of f(x) = x with its graph. Then write a rule for g.
4. g(x) = 2f(x) + 3 5. g(x) = 3f(x) − 2 6. g(x) = −2f(x) − 3
A. y B. y C. y
4 4 4
2 2
−4 −2 2 4x −4 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x
−2 −2
−4 −4
7. Graph f(x) = 8x 2 − 4x + 3. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry. Describe where the
function is increasing and decreasing.
8. Let the graph of g be a translation 2 units left and 1 unit down, followed by a reflection in
the y-axis of the graph of f(x) = (2x + 1)2 − 4. Write a rule for g.
Write a linear function or a quadratic function that models the data.

9. x −2 −1 0 1 2 10. x 2 4 6 8 10
f (x) −1 3 7 11 15 f (x) 0 −13 −34 −63 −100

1
11. −2x + y + 4z = 5 12. y = —2 z 13. x − y + 5z = 3
x + 3y − z = 2 x + 2y + 5z = 2 2x + 3y − z = 2
4x + y − 6z = 11 3x + 6y − 3z = 9 −4x − y − 9z = −8
14. The graph of a quadratic function f has an axis of symmetry x = 3 and passes through the
point (0, 6). Find another point that lies on the parabola. Then write an equation of the
parabola when the minimum value of f is −4.
15. A passenger on a stranded lifeboat shoots a distress flare into the air. The (3.5, 196)
height (in feet) of the flare above the water is given by f(t) = −16t(t − 8), y
where t is time (in seconds) since the flare was shot. The passenger shoots a
second flare, whose path is modeled in the graph. Which flare travels higher?
Which remains in the air longer? Justify your answer.
16. A surfboard shop sells 40 surfboards per month when it charges $500 per
surfboard. Each time the shop decreases the price by $10, it sells 1 additional
surfboard per month. How much should the shop charge per surfboard to
maximize the amount of money earned? What is the maximum amount the (0, 0) (7, 0) x
shop can earn per month? Explain.
Chapter 2 Chapter Test 105

2 Cumulative Assessment
1. The function g(x) = —2 ∣ x − 4 ∣ + 4 is a combination of transformations of f(x) = ∣ x ∣.

1
Which combinations describe the transformation from the graph of f to the graph of g?
1
A translation 4 units right and vertical shrink by a factor of —2, followed by a translation 4 units up
○
1
B translation 4 units right and 4 units up, followed by a vertical shrink by a factor of —2
○
1
C vertical shrink by a factor of —2, followed by a translation 4 units up and 4 units right
○
1
D translation 4 units right and 8 units up, followed by a vertical shrink by a factor of —2
○
2. Two balls are thrown in the air. The path of the first ball is represented in the graph. The
second ball is released 1.5 feet higher than the first ball and after 3 seconds reaches its
maximum height 5 feet lower than the first ball.
Ball Toss
y
60 (3, 56.5)
Height (feet)
40
20
(0, 5)
0
0 2 4 6 x
Time (seconds)
a. Write an equation for the path of the second ball.

b. Do the balls hit the ground at the same time? If so, how long are the balls in the air?
If not, which ball hits the ground first? Explain your reasoning.
3. The paper clip is made from cylindrical metal wire with a diameter of 1 millimeter.
The density of the metal is about 7.8 grams per cubic centimeter. Approximate the
mass of the paper clip to the nearest gram. Explain your procedure.
41 mm
7 mm 24 mm 6 mm 8 mm
31 mm
31 mm
4. Gym A charges $10 per month plus an initiation fee of $100. Gym B charges
$30 per month, but due to a special promotion, is not currently charging an
initiation fee.
a. Write an equation for each gym modeling the total cost y for a membership
lasting x months.
b. When is it more economical for a person to choose Gym A over Gym B?
c. Gym A lowers its initiation fee to $25. Describe the transformation this change
represents and how it affects your decision in part (b).

5. Let the graph of g be a translation 3 units right of the graph of f. The points (−1, 6), (3, 14),
and (6, 41) lie on the graph of f. Which points lie on the graph of g?
○
A (2, 6) ○
B (2, 11) ○
C (6, 14)
○
D (6, 19) ○
E (9, 41) ○
F (9, 46)
6. Draw a two-dimensional figure and an axis that produce a cylinder with a volume of 48π
cubic feet when you rotate the figure around the axis.
7. You make DVDs of three types of shows: comedy, drama, and reality-based. An episode of
a comedy lasts 30 minutes, while a drama and a reality-based episode each last 60 minutes.
The DVDs can hold 360 minutes of programming.
a. You completely fill a DVD with seven episodes and include twice as many episodes of
a drama as a comedy. Create a system of equations that models the situation.
b. How many episodes of each type of show are on the DVD in part (a)?
c. You completely fill a second DVD with only six episodes. Do the two DVDs have a
different number of comedies? dramas? reality-based episodes? Explain.
8. The graphs of f and g intersect at (2, −2). Explain how you can use this point to find the
solution of the equation f(x) = g(x). Extend the tables to justify your answer.
x f(x) x g(x)
−5 −23 −2 −18
−4 −20 −1 −14
−3 −17 0 −10
−2 −14 1 −6
9. You are building a rectangular deck against a house. You want the deck to have an area
of 200 square feet. Draw a diagram of the deck including the location of the house that
minimizes the amount of railing that you need to build for the three sides of the deck not
against the house. Include a 4-foot-wide opening in the railing for stairs. How many feet
of railing do you need?
10. Order the cross sections of the planes intersecting the rectangular prism from least area to
greatest area. The length and width of the prism are equal.
A. B. C.
Chapter 2 Cumulative Assessment 107

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Linear and Quadratic

Meteorologist (p. 93)

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SEE the Big Idea

Prom (p. 57)

Int_Math3_PE_02.OP.indd 36 1/30/15 2:13 PM

4. 50 ÷ 52 2 ⋅ 5. —12 (22 + 22) 6. —16 (6 + 18) − 22

Move each vertex 5 units D C

Graph the transformation of the figure.

Int_Math3_PE_02.OP.indd 37 1/30/15 2:13 PM

Using a Graphing Calculator

To view a graph in its true perspective, you need to change to WINDOW

Using a Graphing Calculator

In the standard viewing window, notice that This is the graph

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Determine whether the viewing window is square. Explain.

38 Chapter 2 Linear and Quadratic Functions

Int_Math3_PE_02.OP.indd 38 1/30/15 2:14 PM

Identifying Basic Parent Functions

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Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

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40 Chapter 2 Linear and Quadratic Functions

Int_Math3_PE_02.01.indd 40 1/30/15 2:02 PM

through the point (0, −4) with a slope of 1.

So, the graph of g(x) = x − 4 is a vertical (0, −4)

Graphing and Describing Reflections

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

2. g(x) = x + 3 3. h(x) = (x − 2)2 4. n(x) = −∣ x ∣

Section 2.1 Parent Functions and Transformations 41

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Graphing and Describing Stretches and Shrinks

a. g(x) = 2 ∣ x ∣ b. h(x) = —12 x2

The y-coordinate of each point on h is one-half of the y-coordinate of the

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

42 Chapter 2 Linear and Quadratic Functions

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Describing Combinations of Transformations

The function g is an absolute value function. f

is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a g

Modeling with Mathematics

U a graphing calculator to graph the function and its parent function.

Section 2.1 Parent Functions and Transformations 43

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Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What are the vertices of the figure after a y

What are the vertices of the figure after a

What are the vertices of the figure after

reflection in the x-axis?

What are the vertices of the figure after a

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

17. f(x) = 3 18. f(x) = −2