6.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Unit 6.1 : To Find the distance between two points
A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y 2 ) : AB = ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 .
Eg. 1 Given two points A(2,3) and B(4,7) E1. P(4,5) and Q(3,2)

PQ =
Distance of AB = (4  2)2  (7  3) 2
= 4  16
= 20 unit.
[ 10 ]
E2. R(5,0) and S(5,2) E3. T(7,1) and U(2,5)

[2] [ 41 ]
E4. V(10,6) and W(4,2) E5. X(-4,-1) and Y(-2,1)

[ 52 ] [ 18 ]

More challenging Questions….

E1. The distance between two points A(1, 3) and E2. The distance between two points P(-1, 3) and
B(4, k) is 5. Find the possible vales of k. Q(k, 9) is 10. Find the possible values of k.

7, -1 7, -9

E3. The distance between two points R(-2, 5) and E4. The distance between two points K(-1, p) and
S(1, k) is 10 . Find the possible vales of k. L(p, 9) is 50 . Find p.

6, 4 p = 0, 6

E5. The distance between two points U(4, -5) and E6. If the distance between O(0, 0) and P(k, 2k) is the
V(2, t) is 20 . Find the possible vales of t. same as the distance between the points A(-4, 3) and B(1,
-7), find the possible values of k.

t =-9, -1 k = 5, -5
Unit 6.2 : Division of a Line Segment

6.2.1 To find the mid-point of Two Given Points.

 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 
Formula : Midpoint M =  , 
 2 2 
Eg. P(3, 2) and Q(5, 7) E1 P(-4, 6) and Q(8, 0)

35 27
Midpoint, M =  , 
 2 2 
9
= (4 , )
2
(2, 3)

E2 P(6, 3) and Q(2, -1) E3 P(0,-1), and Q(-1, -5)

(4, 1) (- ½ , -3)
6.2.2 Division of a Line Segment
Q divides the line segment PR in the ratio PQ : QR = m : n. P(x, y), R(x, y)

n R(x2, y2)
m n
P(x1, y1) Q(x, y) R(x2, y2)
m ●
Q(x, y)

P(x1, y1)

 nx  mx ny1  my2 
Q (x , y) =  m  n , 
1 2

 mn 

1. The point P internally divides the line segment joining 2. The point P internally divides the line segment joining
the point M(3,7) and N(6,2) in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the the point M (4,5) and N(-8,-5) in the ratio 1 : 3. Find
coordinates of point P. the coordinates of point P.

 5
 1, 
 2

3. R divides PQ in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the coordinates 4. P divides AB in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the coordinates
of R if of P if

(a) P(1, 2) and Q( -5, 11) (a) A(2, -3) and B( -8, 7)

(b) A(-7, 5) and B(8, -5)

(b) P(-4, 7) and Q(8, -5)

Ans: (a) (-3, 8) (b) (4 , -1) Ans: (a) (-4, -3) (b) (2 , -1)
 5. M is a point that lies on the straight line RS such that 6. P is a point that lies on the straight line TU such that
3RM = MS. If the coordinates of the points R and S are 3TP = 2PU. If the coordinates of the points T and U
(4, 5) and (−8, −5) respectively, find the coordinates of are (−9, 7) and (1, −3) respectively, find the
point M. coordinates of point P.

Ans : 1, 5 
 2
Ans: (-5, 3)
7. The points P(3, p), B(-1, 2) and C(9,7) lie on a 8. R(x, y) , divides the points P(2k, – k) and Q(2x, 4y)
straight line. If P divides BC internally in the ratio m : in the ratio 3 : 5. Express x in terms of y.
n , find (a) m : n , (b) the value of p.

Ans : x = 4y
Ans: (a) 2 : 3 (b) p = 4

6.3 Areas of Polygons

1 x1 x2 x3 ... x1
Area of a polygon =
2 y1 y2 y3 ... y1

Calculate the area of a triangle given:

1. P(0, 1), Q(1, 3) and R(2,7) 2. P(2,3), Q(5,6) and R(-4,4)

Area of ∆ PQR = Area of ∆ PQR =

17 unit2
2
3. The coordinates of the triangle ABC are (5, 10), (2,1) and 4. The coordinates of the triangle RST are (4, 3), (−1, 1) and
(8, k) respectively. Find the possible values of k, given (t, −3) respectively. Find the possible values of t, given that the
that the area of triangle ABC is 24 units2. area of triangle RST is 11 units2.

Ans: k = 3 , 35 Ans: t = 0 , -22

1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x1
Area of a quadrilateral =
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y1

If the area is zero, then the points are collinear.

1. P(1,5), Q(4,7), R(6,6) and S(3,1). 2. P(2, -1), Q(3,3), R(-1, 5) and S(-4, -1).

Area of PQRS =

[27]
[8]
3. Given that the points P(5, 7), Q(4, 3) and R(-5, k) are 4. Show that the points K(4, 8), L(2, 2) and M(1, -1) are
collinear, find the value of k. collinear.

[k= 33]
6.4: Equations of Straight Lines

The Equation of a Straight line may be expressed in the following forms:

(a) The general form : ax + by + c = 0

(b) The gradient form : y = mx + c ; m = gradient , c = y-intercept

x y
(c) The intercept form : + =1, a = x-intercept , b = y-intercept
a b

(a) If given the gradient and one point: 1. Find the equation of a straight line that passes through
1
the point (2,-3) and has a gradient of .
y  y1 = m( x  x1 ) 4

● P(x , y )
1 1

Gradient = m

2. E1. Find the equation of a straight line that passes 3. Find the equation of a straight line that passes through
through the point (5,2) and has a gradient of -2. 3
the point (-8,3) and has a gradient of .
4

y = -2x + 12 4y = 3x + 36
(b) If two points are given: 4. Find the equation of a straight line that passes through
Note: You may find the gradient first, then use either the points (-3, -4) and (-5,6)

(a) y = mx + c
Or
(b) y – y1 = m( x – x1)

Or
y  y1 y 2  y1
(c) =
x  x1 x2  x1
5. Find the equation of a straight line that passes 6. Find the equation of a straight line that passes through
through the points (2, -1) and (3,0) the points (-4,3) and (2,-5)

y=x-3
4x + 3y +7 = 0
(c) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are given: 7. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line PQ are
4 and −8 respectively. Find the gradient and the equation of
y  intercept PQ.
m
x  intercept

Equation of straight line is:

x y
+ =1
a b
Note : Sketch a diagram to help you !

At the x-axis, y = 0
At the y-axis, x = 0

8. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line PQ 9. The x-intercept of a straight line AB is −5 and its gradient is
are -6 and 3 respectively. Find the gradient and the −3. Find the y-intercept of the straight line AB and the
equation of PQ. equation of AB.

2y = x+6 3x + 5y +15 = 0
10. Find the gradient and the equation of AB. 11. The x-intercept of a straight line RS is – 2 and its gradient is
3. Find the y-intercept of the straight line RS and the
y equation of RS.
B
6
x
O
-2
A

x – 3y = 6 y = 3x + 6
 12. Find the equation of KL in the intercept form. 13. Find the equation of the line which connects the origin and
the point S (−2, 6).
K y
3

6
x
O
L

x y
 1
6 3 y = – 3x

6.5 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular lines

Parallel lines, m1 = m2
Perpendicular lines, m1 m2 = −1

Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines are parallel.

1. y = 3x – 2 and 3x – y = 4 2. y = 2x +5 and 4x + 2y = 5

3. 3x – 3y = 7 and 6x + 6y = – 5 4. 2x – 3y = 5 and 6y = 4x + 9

5. x – 3y = 12 and 6y = 3 + 2x x y
6.   4 and 8y = 6x - 3
3 2
Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular.

1. y = 3x – 2 and x + 3y = 4 2. y = 2x +5 and 4x + 2y = 9

3. 3y = 2x – 2 and 2x + 3y = 1 4. x – 3y = 2 and 6x + 2y = 5

x y x y
5. 6y = 2 − 3x and   4 6.   1 and 8y + 6x – 3 = 0
3 6 3 4

SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS

SPM 2004 2. Diagram 2 shows a straight line PQ with the equation

1. Diagram 1 shows a straight line PQ with the equation x y
x y   1 . Find the equation of the straight line
  1 . Find the equation of the straight line 6 2
2 4 perpendicular to PQ and passing through the point P.
perpendicular to PQ and passing through the point Q.
y
y

Q Q Diagram 2
Diagram 1
P
P O x
O x
Answer:
Answer:

y=½x+4 y = 3x – 18
3. Diagram 3 shows a straight line RS with the equation 4. Diagram 4 shows a straight line AB with the equation
x + 2y = 6. Find the equation of the straight line 2x – 3y = 6. Find the equation of the straight line
perpendicular to RS and passing through the point S. perpendicular to AB and passing through the point B.
y y

R O B
x
Diagram 3
A
S Diagram 4
O x

Answer: Answer:

y = 2x – 12 2y = 3x – 9
5. Diagram 5 shows a straight line PQ with the equation 6. Diagram 6 shows a straight line AB with the equation
4x + 3y = 12. Find the equation of the straight line x y
perpendicular to RS and passing through the midpoint   1 . Find the equation of the perpendicular
4 6
of RS. bisector of the line AB.
y
y
R
O B
Diagram 5 x

S Diagram 6
x A
O

Answer:
Answer:

2x + 3y = 6
4x+3y = 8
 Ex.7. Find the equation of the straight line that passes Ex.8 Find the equation of the straight line that passes
through the point ( 1, 2) and is perpendicular to the through the point (3, 0) and is perpendicular to the
straight line x + 3y +6 = 0. straight line 3x – 2y = 12.

y = 3x – 1 2x+3y = 6

Ex.9 Find the equation of the straight line that passes Ex. 10 Find the equation of the straight line that passes
through the origin O and is perpendicular to the straight through the point (-2,4) and is perpendicular to the
line that passes through the points straight line which passes through the origin O and the
P(1, – 1 ) and Q(-3,7). point (6, 2).

y=½x
y = -3x

Unit 6.6 Equation of a Locus

Note : Students MUST be able to find distance between two points [ using Pythagoras Theorem]

TASK : To Find the equation of the locus of the moving point P such that its distances of P from the points
Q and R are equal.
Eg 1. Q(6, -5) and R(1,9)
R(1, 9)
Let P = (x,y), then PQ = PR ●
( x  6)  ( y  (5) =
2 2
( x  1)  ( y  9)
2 2

Square both sides to eliminate the square roots. Q(6, -5)

●
x  6) 2 2

 ( y  5 = x  1) 2  ( y  9 2

x 2  12 x  36  y 2  10 y  25  x 2  2 x  1  y 2  18 y  81 ●P(x, y)
10 x  28 y  21  0 Locus of P

E1. Q(2,5) and R(4,2) E2. Q(-3, 0) and R(6, 4)

 4x – 6y+9 =0 18x + 8y = 43
E3. Q(2, -3) and R(-4, 5) E4. Q(6, -2) and R(0, 2)

3x – 4y + 3 = 0 3x – 2y – 9 = 0
More challenges…….
E5. Given two points A(3, 2) and B(7, -4). Find the E6. Given two points P(4, 10) and QB(-6, 0). Find
equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. the equation of the the perpendicular bisector of
PQ.

3y =2x - 13 x+y=4
TASK : To find the equation of the locus of the moving point P such that its distances from the points
A and B are in the ratio m : n
(Note : Sketch a diagram to help you using the distance formula correctly)
Eg 1. A(-2,3), B(4,8) and m : n = 1: 2
Let P = (x, y)
LP 1 B(4, 8)
=
PM 2
2LK = KM A(-2, 3) 2
2 ( x  (2))  ( y  3) =
2 2
( x  4)  ( y  8)
2 2

22  2

( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2 = x  4) 2  ( y  8 
2 1
● P(x, y)
 
4( x  2) 2  ( y  3 ) =  x  4  ( y  8) 2
2 2

4 x 2  16 x  16  4 y 2  24 y  36  x 2  8x  16  y 2  16 y  64
3x 2  3 y 2  24 x  8 y  28  0 is the equation of locus of P.

E1. A(1, 5), B(4, 2) and m : n = 2 : 1 E2. A(-3, 2), B(3, 2) and m : n = 2 : 1

x2+y2 – 10x – 2y + 19 = 0 x2+y2 – 10x – 6y + 13 = 0

E3. A(1, 3), B(-2, 6) and m : n = 1 : 2 E4. A(5, -2), B(-4, 1) and m : n = 1 : 2
 x2+ y2 – 3x – 3y = 0 x2+ y2 – 16x + 6y + 33 = 0
E5. P(-1, 3), Q( 4, -2) and m : n = 2 : 3 E6. A(1, 5), B(-4, -5) and m : n = 3 : 2

x2+y2+ 10x – 14y + 2 = 0 x2+y2 + 16x +26y + 53 = 0

SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS

1. (2003) The equations of two straight lines are 2. The equations of two straight lines are
y x x y
  1 and 5y = 3x + 24. Determine   4 and 3y = 2x + 6. Determine
5 3 3 2
whether the lines are perpendicular to each whether the lines are perpendicular to each other.
other.

[Y] [N]
3.(2004) Diagram 4 shows a straight line PQ with 4. Diagram 5 shows a straight line RS with the
x y x y
the equation   1 . Find the equation of the equation   1 . Find the equation of the
2 3 6 4
straight line perpendicular to PQ and passing straight line perpendicular to RS and passing
through the point Q. through the point S.

y y
Q R
Diagram 4 Diagram 5

P S
O x O x
 [ y  2 x  3]
3 [2y = 3x - 18]
5. (2005) The following information refers to the 6. The following information refers to the
equations of two straight lines, JK and RT, which equations of two straight lines, PQ and RS, which
are perpendicular to each other. are perpendicular to each other.

JK : y = px + k PQ : px + y = k
RT : y = (k – 2)x + p RS : y = (2k –1)x + p
where p and k are constants. where p and k are constants.
Express p in terms of k. Express p in terms of k.

1 1
p p
2k 2k  1

7. (2006) Diagram 5 shows the straight line AB 8.Diagram 6 shows the straight line PQ which is
which is perpendicular to the straight line CB at the perpendicular to the straight line RQ at the point Q.
point B.
y y

A(0, 4) P(0, 6)
● ●
Diagram 5 Diagram 6
●B ●Q

O x O x
●C ●R

The equation of CB is y = 2x – 1 . The equation of QR is x – y = 4 .

Find the coordinates of B. Find the coordinates of Q

(2, 3) Q(5, 1)
9.(2004) The point A is (-1, 2) and B is (4, 6). The 10. The point R is (3, -5) and S is (0, 1). The point
point P moves such that PA : PB = 2 : 3. Find the P moves such that PR : PS = 2 : 1. Find the
equation of locus of P. [3 marks] equation of locus of P. [3 marks]
 [5x2+5y2+50x+12y – 163=0] [x2+y2+2x – 6 y – 10 = 0]
11.The point A is (8, -2) and B is (4, 6). Find the 12. The point R is (2, -3) and S is (4, 5). The point
equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. P moves such that it is always the same distance
[3 marks] from R and from S. Find the equation of locus of P.
[3 marks]

2y = x – 2
x+4y = 7

SPM Questions (Coordinate Geometry) – Paper 2

Note : Solutions to this question by scale drawing will not be accepted.

1. (SPM 2006, P2, Q9)

Diagram 3 shows the triangle AOB where O is the origin. Point C lies on the straight line AB.

A(-3, 4) y
●
Diagram 3
●C

O x
●
B(6, -2)

(a) Calculate the area, in units2, of triangle AOB. [2 marks]

(b) Given that AC : CB = 3 : 2, find the coordinates of C. [2 marks]
(c) A point P moves such that its distance from point A is always twice its distance from point B.
(i) Find the equation of locus of P,
(ii) Hence, determine whether or not this locus intercepts the y-axis. [6 marks]

2. (SPM 2005, P2, Q9)

In Diagram 5,  ABC = 900 and the equation of the straight line BC is 2y + x + 6 = 0.

● A (-4, 9)

Diagram 5
B ●

O x
●
C
 (a) Find
(i) the equation of the straight line AB
(ii) the coordinates of B [5 marks]
(b) The straight line AB is extended to a point D such that AB : BD = 2 : 3.
Find the coordinates of D. [2 marks]
(c) A point P moves such that its distance from point A is always 5 units.
Find the equation of the locus of P. [3 marks]

3. (SPM 2004, P2, Q2)

Diagram 1 shows a straight line CD which meets a straight line AB at the point D.
The point C lies on the y- axis.

Diagram 1
●C

● x
O B(9, 0)

●
A(0, 6)

(a) Write down the equations of AB in the form of intercepts. [ 1 mark ]

(b) Given that 2AD = DB , find the coordinates of D. [ 2 marks ]
(c) Given that CD is perpendicular to AB, find the y-intercept of CD. [ 3 marks ]

4. (SPM 2003, P2, Q11)

A point P moves along the arc of a circle with centre A(2, 3). The arc passes through Q(-2, 0) and
R(5, k).
(a) Find
(i) the equation of the locus of P,
(ii) the values of k. [6 marks]
(b) The tangent to the circle at point Q intersects the y- xis at point T.
Find the area of triangle OQT. [4 marks]

5. (SPM 2002, P2, Q11)

Given that A(– 1 , – 2 ) and B(2, 1) are two fixed points. Point P moves such that the ratio of AP to PB is always 1
: 2.
 (a) Show that the locus of P is x2 + y2 +4x + 6y +5 = 0. [2 marks]
(b) Show that the point C(0, -5) lies on this locus. [2 marks]
(c) Find the equation of the line AC. [3 marks]
(d) Given that the line AC cuts the locus of P again at point D. Find the coordinates of D. [3 marks ]

SPM Questions (Coordinate Geometry) – Paper 1

y x
1. (2003) The equations of two straight lines are   1 and 5y = 3x + 24. Determine whether the lines are
5 3
perpendicular to each other. [Y]

x y
2 (2004) Diagram 4 shows a straight line PQ with the equation   1 . Find the equation of the straight line
2 3
perpendicular to PQ and passing through the point Q. [3 marks]
[ y  2 x  3]
y 3

Q
Diagram 4
P
O x

3.(2004) The point A is (-1, 2) and B is (4, 6). The point P moves such that PA : PB = 2 : 3. Find the equation of
locus of P. [3 marks]
[5x2+5y2+50x+12y+163=0]

4. (2005) The following information refers to the equations of two straight lines, JK and RT, which are
perpendicular to each other.

JK : y = px + k
RT : y = (k – 2)x + p
where p and k are constants.
1
p
2k
Express p in terms of k.
5. (2006) Diagram 5 shows the straight line AB which is perpendicular to the straight line CB at the point B.
y

A(0, 4)
●
Diagram 5
●B

O x
●C

The equation of CB is y = 2x – 1 .

Find the coordinates of B. (2, 3)