Chapter - 1 1.1 Overview: A Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Device Using Red Laser Light

A NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING DEVICE USING RED LASER LIGHT
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the common life threatening diseases in the world. Diabetes general
is known to increase blood glucose concentration which further introduces variations in the
individual’s metabolic pathways. The change in metabolism affects directly or indirectly the
electrochemistry of various body fluids such as saliva, urine and tears. According to the recent
report by Indian Diabetic Federation, 382 million people were found to be diabetic in the year
2013. Malaysia is ranked 10th in the world with the highest number of population with diabetes
(World Health Organization, (WHO), 2013). The main cause of diabetes mellitus is still
unrevealed, but it is closely related to body weight, gender, diet, genetic and physical activities.
The effects of diabetes can only be seen between six (6) to twelve (12) months after having
continuous high level of glucose in blood, which can further lead to other major health problems
such as kidney failure, heart disease, blindness, stroke and neuropathy.
Glucometer is working on the principle of electrochemical detection. The major
drawback associated with this kind of disease is blood dependency, which makes it an invasive
approach and also increases the risk of infection for the patient. In order to reduce the discomfort
to the patient various methods on non invasive approach is used such as reverse iontophoresis,
bioimpedance spectrocopy, absorption spectroscopy, flourescence spectroscopy, electromagnetic
sensing, polarimetry, raman spectroscopy and thermal emission spectrocopy to measure blood
glucose. Increase in signal to noise ratio is the major concern for all non-invasive monitoring.
This work is designed by determining the microprocessor based application of glucose
monitoring system. In those days, glucose levels can be monitored by GBP coated sensors such
as on-body CGM devices. CGM devices typically have glucose sensors including a needle or
probe that is inserted into the tissue of a user to measure the glucose levels in the surrounding
tissue fluid. This monitoring is also done by the designing of detection blood glucose levels in
non-invasive based Microcontroller. But the major drawback in testing blood glucose levels is
still using invasive technique shot with a patient's blood using a syringe. In addition, the result of
such testing requires a long time (± 2 hours).
Department of ECE,VBIT Page 1

1.2 Problem Description

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that threatens human at every age. It occurs not only among
adults and elderly, but also among children and infants. The most common and simple
measurement techniques used are invasive or minimally invasive techniques. These techniques
have high accuracy measurement but are painful and has a high risk of infections such as
thrombosis. Non-invasive techniques has are proposed as an alternative for pain free glucose
measurements. But this process is computationally complex and requires more number of data
samples.
1.3 Proposed system

The main objective of this project is to design a portable non-invasive blood glucose monitoring
device. The device should be able to detect glucose level in blood using red laser. In addition, it
can determine glucose level and displaying the glucose level on the LCD screen.
The continuous monitoring of this blood glucose level is done in non invasive technique
using red laser light transmittance and absorbance. Hence, analysis performed to detect and an
early checks aims to avoid blindness and mortality due to diabetes mellitus.
1.4 Experimental Setup
Fig -1: Experimental set up of the glucose monitoring

device.

CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Schichiri et al.(1985) were the first to introduce the minimally invasive technique by the
development of subcutaneously implantable needle-type electrodes. The used of subcutaneous
implantation technique able to avoid infection problems such as septicaemia, fouling with blood
clots, and embolism. They have designed a glucose sensor with a fine needle, or flexible wire
and the active sensing element is implemented on the tip of it and implanted in the subcutaneous
tissue. Nowadays, there are various types of continuous glucose monitoring systems which has
been commercialized. Example of such systems may be using electrochemical detection or and
optical detection of glucose oxidase to measure glucose in blood.
Medtronic MiniMed Inc has introduced a latest continuous glucose monitoring system, which
uses electrochemical detection of glucose in blood. To measure the glucose levels in a tissue
fluid, a glucose sensor in the form of a tiny electrode is inserted under the skin and connected to
the transmitter. The transmitter will send the signal through wireless radio frequency to a
monitoring and display device. Afterwards, the device will detect and notify the patient if their
glucose level is less or more than the normal range. The advantage of the system is it is able to
continuously measure glucose levels in real time throughout the day and night.
Another approach using electrochemical detection is proposed by Jui et al.(2011). The

application uses an electrochemical sensor which consists of a potentiostat with a glucose test
strip and an automatic test system. In 2006, Dachao Li et al.(2006) from has proposed a new
approach using ultrasonic. They have combined the interstitial fluid transdermal extraction with
the surface of plasma resonance detecting. Both results showed that the techniques used are able
to measure the glucose concentration in blood the blood accurately.

CHAPTER - 3
HARDWARE TOOLS
 ARDUINO UNO ATmega328 is electronic circuits that can be programmed to carry out
a vast range of tasks. They can be programmed to be timers or to control a production
line and much more.
 LCD MODULE (2X 16 CHARACTERS) Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
displays alphanumeric characters; modules are employed for display the parameters and
fault condition.16 characters two lines show is employed. It’s controller that interface of
data on LCD panel.
 PHOTO TRANSISTOR is a device that is able to sense light levels and alter the
current flowing between emitter and collector according to the level of light it receives.
Phototransistors and photodiodes can both be used for sensing light, but the
phototransistor is more sensitive in view of the gain provided by the transistor. This
makes phototransistors more suitable in a number of applications.
 LASER is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as
an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation"
 FINGER HOSE is used to hold the finger through which the laser beam is
passed.It is usually made up of plastic or fiber.

CHAPTER - 4
SOFTWARE TOOLS
 ARDUINO software IDE 1.0 is used. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark
the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The
Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards
 Proteus VSM is a digital simulation and circuit design tool. It provides the plat form for
circuit layout, circuit design and real time simulation.
 Arduino software is the tool to burn the .hex file on the chip.

CHAPTER - 4
HARDWARE MODULES
4.1. ARDUINO UNO (ATMEGA 328)
Fig 4.1. Physical component of ARDUINO UNO
4.1.1. Features
• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory
(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

Chapter - 1 1.1 Overview: A Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Device Using Red Laser Light

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter - 1 1.1 Overview: A Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Device Using Red Laser Light

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter - 1 1.1 Overview: A Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Device Using Red Laser Light

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING DEVICE USING RED LASER LIGHT

Department of ECE,VBIT Page 1

1.2 Problem Description

1.3 Proposed system

1.4 Experimental Setup

Fig -1: Experimental set up of the glucose monitoring

Department of ECE,VBIT Page 2

Another approach using electrochemical detection is proposed by Jui et al.(2011). The

Department of ECE,VBIT Page 3

Department of ECE,VBIT Page 4

Department of ECE,VBIT Page 5

4.1. ARDUINO UNO (ATMEGA 328)

Fig 4.1. Physical component of ARDUINO UNO

• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture

– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

Department of ECE,VBIT Page 6

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments

– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory

– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

Department of ECE,VBIT Page 7

You might also like