CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In the recent years, a large number of new registered Vehicles were reported compared to the
previous years, which Makes it a rough estimate of 54.5% increase in a span of 7 years (Malaysian
Ministry of Transportation, 2007).

Referring to the aforesaid statistics provided by the Malaysian Ministry of Transportation,

the current transportation Infrastructure and car park facilities are deemed insufficient in sustaining
the influx of vehicles on the road.

Therefore, problems such as traffic congestion and insufficient parking space inevitably
crops up. In Asia, the situation is made worse by the fact that the roads are significantly narrower.

Various measures have been taken in the attempt to overcome the traffic problems. Although,
the problem can be addressed via many methods, the paper focuses on the car park management
system introduced, which is the smart parking system.

This study will review the evolution of vehicle detection technologies as well as the
detection systems developed over the years. Smart Parking is one of the most adopted and fastest
growing Smart City Solutions across the world. Airports, universities, shopping centers and city
garages are just a few entities that have begun to realize the significant benefits of automated
parking technology. The ability to connect, analyze and automate data gathered from devices,
powered by and described as the Internet of Things, is what makes smart parking possible.

Smart Parking involves the use of low-cost sensors, real-time data and applications that allow users
to monitor available and unavailable parking spots. The goal is to automate and decrease time
spent manually searching for the optimal parking floor, spot and even lot. Some solutions will
encompass a complete suite of services such as online payments, parking time notifications and

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even car searching functionalities for very large lots. A parking solution can greatly benefit both
the user and the lot owner. Here are some of the top benefits:

1.1 MAIN BODY OF PROJECT

Nowadays in many
multiplex systems there is a severe problem for car parking systems. There are many lanes for car
parking, so to park a car one has to look for the all lanes. Moreover, there is a lot of man labor
involved for this process for which there is lot of investment. So, the need is to develop a system
which indicates directly which parking slot is vacant in any lane. The project involves a system
including infrared transmitter and receiver in every lane and a LED display outside the car parking
gate. So, the person entering parking area can view the LED display and can decide which lane to
enter so as to park the car.

Conventionally, car parking systems does not have any intelligent monitoring system.
Parking lots are monitored by human beings. All vehicles enter into the parking and waste time
for searching for parking slot. Sometimes it creates blockage. Condition become worse when there
are multiple parking lanes and each lane have multiple parking slots. Use of automated system for
car parking monitoring will reduce the human efforts. Display unit is installed on entrance of

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parking lot which will show LEDs for all Parking slot and for all parking lanes. Empty slot is
indicated by the respective glowing LED.

1.2 ADVANTAGES OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM:

1. Reduced traffic – Traffic flow increases as fewer cars are required to drive around in
search of an open parking space.
2. Reduced pollution – Searching for parking burns around one million barrels of oil a day.
An optimal parking solution will significantly decrease driving time, thus lowering the
amount of daily vehicle emissions and ultimately reducing the global environmental
footprint.
3. Enhanced User Experience – A smart parking solution will integrate the entire user
experience into a unified action. Driver’s payment, spot identification, location search and
time notifications all seamlessly become part of the destination arrival process.
4. New Revenue Streams – Many new revenue streams are possible with smart parking
technology. For example, lot owners can enable tiered payment options dependent on
parking space location. Also, reward programs can be integrated into existing models to
encourage repeat users.
5. Integrated Payments and POS – Returning users can replace daily, manual cash
payments with account invoicing and application payments from their phone. This could
also enable customer loyalty programs and valuable user feedback.
6. Increased Safety – Parking lot employees and security guards contain real-time lot data
that can help prevent parking violations and suspicious activity. License plate recognition
cameras can gather pertinent footage. Also, decreased spot-searching traffic on the streets
can reduce accidents caused by the distraction of searching for parking.
7. Real-Time Data and Trend Insight – Over time, a smart parking solution can produce
data that uncovers correlations and trends of users and lots. These trends can prove to be
invaluable to lot owners as to how to make adjustments and improvements to drivers.
8. Decreased Management Costs – More automation and less manual activity saves on labor
cost and resource exhaustion.

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 9. Increased Service and Brand Image – A seamless experience can really skyrocket a
corporate or commercial entities brand image to the user. Whether the destination is a retail
store, an airport or a corporate business office, visitors will surely be impressed with the
cutting-edge technology and convenience factors.

Optimized parking – Users find the best spot available, saving time, resources and effort.
The parking lot fills up efficiently and space can be utilized properly by commercial and
corporate entities.

1.3 DISDVANTAGES OF SMART PARKING SYSTEM:

1. There is a greater construction cost per space (but this may be offset by the chance for lesser
land costs per space and the system manufacturers say that the operating and maintenance
cost will be lower as compared to a conventional ramped parking structure).

2. Use of redundant systems will result in a greater cost.

3. It may be a bit confusing for unfamiliar users.

4. It requires a maintenance contract with the

supplier.

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1.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT:
1. This can be expanded in the sense of security. Using metal detectors and CCTV cameras security
of the parking area can be enhanced.

2. We can add pick and place facility to park the cars automatically.

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 CHAPTER TWO
BASIC CONCEPTS

2.1 Working of the circuit and image of the model

IR Sensors are placed inside the parking slot to detect the presence of the vehicle in slot. If the slot
is not vacant then a red led will glow under the specified slot number at the entrance of the parking
area or else no led will glow. The Arduino takes the data from the IR sensors and compares the
received value with the threshold value and accordingly supplies power to the desired led.

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2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

IR SENSOR 1

IR SENSOR 2

ARDUINO
IR SENSOR 3

IR SENSOR 4

SERVO MOTOR

LED DISPLAY

In the block diagram four IR sensors block are used each for four parking slots.
These IR sensors are connected to the Arduino pins of A0 A1 A2 A3 analog pins respectively. One
of the IR sensor block is used for Servo motor. Four LEDs are used for four parking slots. Cathode
terminal of LED is connected to the 2 3 4 5 PINS OF Arduino and anode pin is connected to
ground. When the slot1 will be vacant then IR receiver will not receive any signal. Hence no LED

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will glow. If any signal is received by the IR receiver then it will be compared to the threshold
value and if it is more than the threshold value then LED will glow. This process will be similar
to all other slots.

2.3 CONNECTION DIAGRAM

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 CHAPTER THREE
COMPONENTS REQUIRED

3.1 ARDUINO UNO:

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller. Along with
ATmega328P, it consists other components such as crystal oscillator, serial communication,
voltage regulator, etc. to support the microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins
(out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a USB connection, A Power
barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

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3.1.1 ARDUINO UNO BOARD DISCRIPTION:

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Power USB

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB
connection (1).

Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply
by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).

Voltage Regulator

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements.

Crystal Oscillator

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that
the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz

Arduino Reset

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the
beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the
reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset
button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

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  5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt

 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3
volt and 5 volts.

 GND (8) (Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino,
any of which can be used to ground your circuit.

 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from
an external power source, like AC mains power supply.

Analog pins

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These
pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the
microprocessor.

Main microcontroller

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as
the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is
slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of
the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has before
loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and
functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

ICSP pin

Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often
referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered

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as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device
to the master of the SPI bus.

Power LED indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source
to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn
on, then there is something wrong with the connection.

TX and RX LEDs

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication.
Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed
while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate
used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

Digital I/O

The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to
work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~”
can be used to generate PWM.

AREF

AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external

reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog
input pins.

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3.2 IR SENSORS

This Infrared obstacle/object detection sensor is super easy to use. It comes with on board
potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity. The output is digital signal so it is easy to interface with
any microcontroller such as Arduino/Genuino UNO, Mega, Leonardo, Zero, 101, even the
Raspberry Pi or Raspberry Pi Zero. And of course it is also compatible with all other controller
boards out there including CIKU, CT-UNO, CT-ARM, etc. This Infrared sensor offers simple,
user friendly and fast obstacle detection via infrared reflection, it is non-contact detection. As it is

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based on light reflection, the detection do vary with different surface. And any infrared source
might also interfere the detection.

It comes in a pair of Infrared emitter and receiver at the front of module, whenever there is object
blocking the infrared source, it reflects the infrared and the receiver get it and the signal go through
a comparator circuit on board. And depending on the threshold that being adjusted, it will output
logic LOW at output pin and the green LED will light up to indicate the detection. Turning the on-
board potentiometer clock wise will increase the sensitivity and further increase the detection
range. Compatible with 5V or 3.3V power input.

Features:

 Input Power: 3.3V or 5VDC.

 3 pin interface which are OUT, GND and VCC:

o OUT is digital output pin from sensor module, please connect to any digital
input on your microcontroller. Will output logic LOW when object is
detection.

o GND is where you connect to your controller ground, or 0V.

o VCC is the +ve supply, connect to either +3.3V or +5V.

 Two LED indicators, one (Red) as power indicator, another(green) as object detection
indicator.

 Obstacle detection range: 2cm to 10cm

 Adjustable sensitivity with on board potentiometer, this translate to adjustable

detection range.

 Detection angle: 35 degree

 Small size makes it easy to assembly.

 Single bit output.

 Compatible with all types of microcontrollers.

 Dimension: 3.1cm x 1.5cm

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3.3 SERVO MOTOR

3.3.1 What is a Servo Motor?

A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great precision. If
you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use servo motor. It is
just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism. If motor is used is DC
powered then it is called DC servo motor, and if it is AC powered motor then it is called AC servo
motor. We can get a very high torque servo motor in a small and light weight packages. Doe to
these features they are being used in many applications like toy car, RC helicopters and planes,
Robotics, Machine etc.

Servo motors are rated in kg/cm (kilogram per centimeter) most hobby servo motors are rated at
3kg/cm or 6kg/cm or 12kg/cm. This kg/cm tells you how much weight your servo motor can lift

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at a particular distance. For example: A 6kg/cm Servo motor should be able to lift 6kg if the load
is suspended 1cm away from the motors shaft, the greater the distance the lesser the weight
carrying capacity.

The position of a servo motor is decided by electrical pulse and its circuitry is placed beside the
motor.

Servo Mechanism

It consists of three parts:

1. Controlled device
2. Output sensor
3. Feedback system

It is a closed loop system where it uses positive feedback system to control motion and final
position of the shaft. Here the device is controlled by a feedback signal generated by comparing
output signal and reference input signal.

Here reference input signal is compared to reference output signal and the third signal is produces
by feedback system. And this third signal acts as input signal to control device. This signal is
present as long as feedback signal is generated or there is difference between reference input signal
and reference output signal. So, the main task of servomechanism is to maintain output of a system
at desired value at presence of noises.

3.3.2 Working principle of Servo Motors

A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly and a controlling circuit.
First of all, we use gear assembly to reduce RPM and to increase torque of motor. Say at initial
position of servo motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer knob is such that there is no
electrical signal generated at the output port of the potentiometer. Now an electrical signal is given
to another input terminal of the error detector amplifier. Now difference between these two signals,

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one comes from potentiometer and another comes from other source, will be processed in feedback
mechanism and output will be provided in term of error signal. This error signal acts as the input
for motor and motor starts rotating. Now motor shaft is connected with potentiometer and as motor
rotates so the potentiometer and it will generate a signal. So as the potentiometer’s angular position
changes, its output feedback signal changes. After sometime the position of potentiometer reaches
at a position that the output of potentiometer is same as external signal provided. At this condition,
there will be no output signal from the amplifier to the motor input as there is no difference between
external applied signal and the signal generated at potentiometer, and in this situation motor stops
rotating.

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3.4 LED

The LEDs that we need are through-hole parts; you can see some in the figure. They are named
through-hole parts because they are mounted to a circuit board through holes. That’s why they
usually have one or more long wires: first, you put the wires through holes in a printed circuit
board. Then you usually bend, solder, and cut them to attach the part to the board. Where available
you can also plug them into sockets as we have them on the Arduino or on breadboards.

The next figure shows how to attach an LED to an Arduino. Connect the short connector of the
LED to the ground pin (GND) and the longer one to pin 13.

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3.5 OTHER COMPONENTS

1. JUMPER WIRES

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2. SOLDERING IRON AND WIRES

3. ZERO PCB BOARD AND CONNECTING WIRES

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 CHAPTER FOUR SOURCE CODE

SOFTWARE USED: ARDUINO UNO 1.8.7

#include <Servo.h>

const int analogInPin1 = A0;

const int analogInPin2 = A1;

const int analogInPin3 = A2;

const int analogInPin4 = A3;

int led = 12;

int led1 = 11;

int led2 = 10;

int led3 = 9;

int led4 = 8;

Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo

int potpin = A0; // analog pin used to connect the potentiometer

int val; // variable to read the value from the analog pin

void setup() {

myservo.attach(7); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object

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pinMode (led,OUTPUT);

pinMode (led1,OUTPUT);

pinMode (led2,OUTPUT);

pinMode (led3,OUTPUT);

void loop(){

val = analogRead(potpin); // reads the value of the potentiometer (value between 0

and 1023)

val = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 120); // scale it to use it with the servo (value between 0 and 180)

myservo.write(val); // sets the servo position according to the scaled value

delay(15); // waits for the servo to get there

if (analogRead(A0)<500)

digitalWrite(led,HIGH);

else

digitalWrite(led,LOW);

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if (analogRead(A1)<500)

digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);

else

digitalWrite(led1,LOW);

if (analogRead(A2)<500)

digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);

else

digitalWrite(led2,LOW);

if (analogRead(A3)<500)

digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);

else

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 {

digitalWrite(led3,LOW);

if (analogRead(A4)<500)

digitalWrite(led4,HIGH);

else

digitalWrite(led4,LOW);

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 CONCLUSION
Smart car parking system aims to provide efficient way of parking for
drivers without hesitation. Our project ensures to find free parking places for public. As
soon as parking place is found to be empty it is detected using ultrasonic sensors which
report it further. We achieved these by programming the sensors and Arduino. LEDs are
used to detect which place is empty. On led indicates that the place is not empty and the off
LED indicates that the place is empty. As Arduino is the latest technology, using it gives
uniqueness to our project.

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 REFERANCES

How car parking system works.

Parking Syatems http://www.directpark.de

www.parkingimages.com

https://www.engineeringsgarage.com

http://www.ijntr.org

http://store.arduino.cc/arduino-uno-rev3

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