Omar Al-Bashir

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Omar al-Bashir
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ,
Field Marshal
pronounced [ba'ʃiːr];[1] born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese politician
Omar al-Bashir
who served as the seventh President of Sudan from 1989 to 2019 and
founder of the National Congress Party. He came to power in 1989 ‫را ر‬
when, as a brigadier in the Sudanese Army, he led a group of officers in
a military coup that ousted the democratically elected government of
prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi after it began negotiations with rebels in
the south.[2] Since then, he has been elected three times as President in
elections that have been under scrutiny for electoral fraud.[3] In March
2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting president to be indicted by the
International Criminal Court (ICC), for allegedly directing a campaign
of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur.[4]
In October 2005, al-Bashir's government negotiated an end to the

Second Sudanese Civil War,[5] leading to a referendum in the South,
resulting in the separation of the south as the country of South Sudan.
In the Darfur region, he oversaw the war in Darfur that has resulted in
death tolls that are about 10,000 according to the Sudanese
Government,[6] but most sources suggest between 200,000[7] and Al-Bashir in 2014
400,000.[8][9][10] During his presidency, there have been several 7th President of Sudan
violent struggles between the Janjaweed militia and rebel groups such
In office
as the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality
30 June 1989 – 11 April 2019
Movement (JEM) in the form of guerrilla warfare in the Darfur region.
Prime Minister Bakri Hassan
The civil war has displaced[11] over 2.5 million people out of a total
Saleh
population of 6.2 million in Darfur[12] and has created a crisis in the
Motazz Moussa
diplomatic relations between Sudan and Chad.[13] The rebels in Darfur
Mohamed Tahir
lost the support from Libya after the death of Muammar Gaddafi and
Ayala
the collapse of his regime in 2011.[14][15][16]
Vice President First Vice
In July 2008, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Presidents
Luis Moreno Ocampo, accused al-Bashir of genocide, crimes against
Zubair Mohamed
humanity, and war crimes in Darfur.[17] The court issued an arrest
Salih
warrant for al-Bashir on 4 March 2009 on counts of war crimes and
Ali Osman Taha
crimes against humanity, but ruled that there was insufficient evidence
to prosecute him for genocide.[18][19] However, on 12 July 2010, the John Garang
Court issued a second warrant containing three separate counts of Salva Kiir
genocide. The new warrant, like the first, was delivered to the Sudanese Mayardit
government, which did not recognize either the warrant or the ICC.[19] Ali Osman Taha
The indictments do not allege that Bashir personally took part in such Bakri Hassan
activities; instead, they say that he is "suspected of being criminally Saleh
responsible, as an indirect co-perpetrator".[20] Some international
Ahmed Awad Ibn
experts think it is unlikely that Ocampo has enough evidence to prove
Auf
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Omar al-Bashir - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir
the allegations.[21] The court's decision is opposed by the African Second Vice
Union, League of Arab States and Non-Aligned Movement as well as Presidents
the governments of Russia and China.[22][23]
George Kongor
From December 2018 onwards, Bashir faced large-scale protests which Arop
demanded his removal from power. On 11 April 2019, Bashir was Moses Kacoul
ousted in a military coup d'état. This was confirmed by the Sudanese Machar
Armed Forces in an "important announcement" on state television.[24] Ali Osman Taha
Alhaj Adam
Yousef
Contents Hassabu
Mohamed
Early and family life
Abdalrahman
Military career
Osman Mohamed
Presidency
Coup d'état Yousif Kibir
Elections Preceded by Ahmed al-
Tensions with Hassan Al-Turabi Mirghani
Engagement with the U.S. and European countries
Succeeded by Ahmed Awad Ibn
South Sudan
War in Darfur
Auf (Transitional
Indictment by the ICC Military council)
Military intervention in Yemen Chairman of the Revolutionary
Allegations of corruption Command Council for National
African space agency Salvation
Ousting from power In office
See also 30 June 1989 – 16 October 1993
References Deputy Zubair Mohamed
External links Salih
Succeeded by Himself as
President
Early and family life Personal details
Al-Bashir was born in Hosh Bannaga, just north of the capital, Born Omar Hassan
Khartoum, to a family of African-Arab descent. He belongs to Al- Ahmad al-Bashir
Bedairyya Al-Dahmashyya, a Bedouin tribe belonging to the larger 1 January 1944
Ja'alin coalition,[25] an Arab tribe in middle north of Sudan (once a part Hosh Bannaga,
of the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan). He received his primary Anglo-Egyptian
education there, and his family later moved to Khartoum where he Sudan
completed his secondary education. Al-Bashir is married to his cousin Political party National Congress
Fatima Khalid. He also has a second wife named Widad Babiker Omer,
Spouse(s) Fatima Khalid
who had a number of children with her first husband Ibrahim
Widad Babiker
Shamsaddin, a member of the Revolutionary Command Council for
Omer
National Salvation who had died in a helicopter crash. Al-Bashir does
Alma mater Egyptian Military
not have any children of his own.[26]
Academy
Military service
Military career
Allegiance Sudan
Al-Bashir joined the Sudanese Army in 1960. Al-Bashir studied at the
Egypt
2 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
Egyptian Military Academy in Cairo and also graduated from the Sudan Branch/service Sudanese
Military Academy in Khartoum in 1966.[27] He quickly rose through the Army
ranks and became a paratroop officer. Later, al-Bashir served in the
Years of 1960–present
Egyptian Army during the Yom Kippur War in 1973 against Israel.[28]
service
In 1975, al-Bashir was sent to the United Arab Emirates as the Rank Field
Sudanese military attaché. When he returned home, al-Bashir was
Marshal
made a garrison commander. In 1981, al-Bashir returned to his
Battles/wars First Sudanese
paratroop background when he became the commander of an
Civil War
armoured parachute brigade.[29]
Yom Kippur War
Second Sudanese
Presidency
Civil War
Coup d'état
When he returned to Sudan as a colonel in the Sudanese Army, al-Bashir led a group of army officers in ousting the
unstable coalition government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi in a bloodless military coup on 30 June 1989.[2]
Under al-Bashir's leadership, the new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic
legal code on the national level.[30] He then became Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for
National Salvation (a newly established body with legislative and executive powers for what was described as a
transitional period), and assumed the posts of chief of state, prime minister, chief of the armed forces, and
minister of defense.[31] Subsequent to al-Bashir's promotion to the Chairman of the Revolutionary Command
Council for National Salvation, he allied himself with Hassan al-Turabi, the leader of the National Islamic Front,
who along with al-Bashir began institutionalizing Sharia law in the northern part of Sudan. Further on, al-Bashir
issued purges and executions of people whom he alleged to be coup leaders in the upper ranks of the army, the
banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, as well as the imprisonment of leading
political figures and journalists.[32]
On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir's powers increased when he appointed

himself President of the country, after which he disbanded the
Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation and all other
rival political parties. The executive and legislative powers of the
council were later given to al-Bashir completely.[33] In the early 1990s,
al-Bashir's administration gave the green light to float a new currency
called Sudanese Dinar to replace the battered old Sudanese Pound that
had lost 90 percent of its worth during the turbulent 1980s, the
Bashir arrives in the Southern
currency was later changed back to Pounds but at a much higher rate.
capital Juba, 2011
He was later elected president (with a five-year term) in the 1996
national election, where he was the only candidate by law to run for
election.[34]
Elections
Al-Bashir was elected president (with a five-year term) in the 1996 national election[34] and Hassan al-Turabi was
elected to a seat in the National Assembly where he served as speaker of the National Assembly "during the
1990s".[35] In 1998, al-Bashir and the Presidential Committee put into effect a new constitution, allowing limited
political associations in opposition to al-Bashir's National Congress Party and his supporters to be formed. On
12 December 1999, al-Bashir sent troops and tanks against parliament and ousted Hassan al-Turabi, the speaker of
3 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
parliament, in a palace coup.[36]
He was reelected by popular vote for a five-year term in presidential elections held 13–23 December 2000.[37]
From 2005 to 2010, a transitional government was set up under a 2005 peace accord that ended more than two
decades of north–south civil war and saw the formation of a power-sharing agreement between Salva Kiir's SPLM
and Al Bashir's National Congress Party (NCP).[38]
In the first multi-party election, Al Bashir was reelected president in the 2010 presidential election;[39] while Salva
Kiir, the leader of the former rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), won re-election in the
presidential poll in what was Sudan's semi-autonomous southern region. These elections were agreed on earlier in
the 2005 peace accord that ended more than two decades of north-south civil war.[38]
Bashir won 68% of the popular vote in the 2010 election. However, the election was marked by corruption,
intimidation, and inequality. European observers, from the EU and the Carter Centre, criticised the polls as "not
meeting international standards". Candidates opposed to the SPLM said they were often detained, or stopped from
campaigning. Sudan Democracy First, an umbrella organisation in the north, put forward what it called strong
evidence of rigging by al-Bashir's National Congress Party. The Sudanese Network for Democracy and Elections
(Sunde) spoke of harassment and intimidation in the south, by the security forces of the SPLM.[3]
Al-Bashir has achieved economic growth in Sudan.[40] This was pushed further by the drilling and extraction of
oil.[41] However, economic growth has not been shared by all. Headline inflation in 2012 approached the threshold
of chronic inflation (period average 36%), about 11% up from the budget projection of 2012 reflecting the
combined effects of inflationary financing, the depreciation of the exchange rate, and the continued removal of
subsidies, as well as high food and energy prices. This economic downturn prompted cost of living riots that
erupted into Arab Spring-style anti-government demonstrations; also it aroused the discontent of the Sudanese
Workers' Trade Union Federation (SWTUF), which threatened to hold nationwide strikes in support of higher
wages. The continued deterioration in the value of the Sudanese pound (SDG) poses grave downside risks to
already soaring inflation. This, coupled with the economic slowdown, presents serious challenges to the
implementation of the approved Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP).[42]
Tensions with Hassan Al-Turabi

In the mid-1990s, a feud between al-Bashir and al-Turabi began, mostly due to al-Turabi's links to Islamic
fundamentalist groups, as well as allowing them to operate out of Sudan, even personally inviting Osama bin
Laden to the country.[43] The United States had listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism since 1993,[44] mostly
due to al-Bashir and Hassan al-Turabi taking complete power in the early 1990s.[45][46] U.S. firms have been
barred from doing business in Sudan since 1997.[47] In 1998, the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was
destroyed by a U.S. cruise missile strike because of its alleged production of chemical weapons and links to al-
Qaeda. However the U.S. State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research wrote a report in 1999
questioning the attack on the factory, suggesting that the connection to bin Laden was not accurate; James Risen
reported in The New York Times: "Now, the analysts renewed their doubts and told Assistant Secretary of State
Phyllis Oakley that the C.I.A.'s evidence on which the attack was based was inadequate. Ms. Oakley asked them to
double-check; perhaps there was some intelligence they had not yet seen. The answer came back quickly: There
was no additional evidence. Ms. Oakley called a meeting of key aides and a consensus emerged: Contrary to what
the Administration was saying, the case tying Al Shifa to Mr. bin Laden or to chemical weapons was weak."[48]
After being re-elected president of Sudan with a five-year-term in the 1996 election with 75.7% of the votes,[27] al-
Bashir issued the registration of legalised political parties in 1999 after being influenced by al-Turabi. Rival parties
such as the Liberal Democrats of Sudan and the Alliance of the Peoples' Working Forces, headed by former
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Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry, were established and were allowed to run for election against al-Bashir's
National Congress Party, however, they failed to achieve significant support, and al-Bashir was re-elected
President, receiving 86.5% of the vote in the 2000 presidential election. At the legislative elections that same year,
al-Bashir's National Congress Party won 355 out of 360 seats, with al-Turabi as its chairman. However, after al-
Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the president's powers, prompting al-Bashir to dissolve parliament and declare a
state of emergency, tensions began to rise between al-Bashir and al-Turabi. Reportedly, al-Turabi was suspended
as Chairman of National Congress Party, after he urged a boycott of the President's re-election campaign. Then, a
splinter-faction led by al-Turabi, the Popular National Congress Party (PNC) signed an agreement with Sudan
People's Liberation Army, which led al-Bashir to believe that they were plotting to overthrow him and the
government.[27]
Further on, al-Turabi's influence and that of his party's "'internationalist' and ideological wing" waned "in favor of
the 'nationalist' or more pragmatic leaders who focus on trying to recover from Sudan's disastrous international
isolation and economic damage that resulted from ideological adventurism".[49] At the same time Sudan worked to
appease the United States and other international critics by expelling members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and
encouraging bin Laden to leave.[50]
On al-Bashir's orders, al-Turabi was imprisoned based on allegations of conspiracy in 2000 before being released
in October 2003.[51] He was again imprisoned in the Kober (Cooper) prison in Khartoum in March 2004. He was
released on 28 June 2005, at the height of the peace agreement in the civil war.
Engagement with the U.S. and European countries

From the early 1990s after al-Bashir assumed power, his regime was at
odds with larger U.S. foreign policy in the region. Sudan backed Iraq in
its invasion of Kuwait and was accused of harboring and providing
sanctuary and assistance to Islamic terrorist groups. From the early
1990s, Carlos the Jackal, Osama bin Laden, Abu Nidal and other
United States' and allies labeled 'terrorist leaders' resided in Khartoum.
Sudan's role in the radical Pan-Arab Islamic Conference, spearheaded
Bashir and U.S. deputy secretary of
by Hassan al-Turabi, represented a matter of great concern to the
state Robert Zoellick, 2005
security of American officials and dependents in Khartoum, resulting in
several reductions and evacuations of U.S. personnel from Khartoum in
the early to mid 1990s.
Sudan's Islamist links with international terrorist organizations represented a special matter of concern for the
U.S. government, leading to Sudan's 1993 designation as a state sponsor of terrorism and a suspension of U.S.
Embassy operations in Khartoum in 1996. In late 1994, in an initial effort to reverse his nation's growing image
throughout the world as a country harboring terrorists, Bashir secretly cooperated with French special forces to
orchestrate the capture and arrest on Sudanese soil of Carlos the Jackal.[52]
In early 1996, al-Bashir authorized his Defense Minister at the time, El Fatih Erwa, to make a series of secret trips
to the United States[53] to hold talks with US officials, including officers of the CIA and United States Department
of State about US sanctions policy against Sudan and what measures might be taken by the Bashir regime to
remove the sanctions. Erwa was presented with a series of demands from the United States, including demands for
information about Osama bin Laden and other radical Islamic groups. The US demand list also encouraged
Bashir's regime to move away from activities, such as hosting the "PAIC" Islamic Conference, that impinged on
Sudanese efforts to reconcile with the West. Sudan's Mukhabarat (central intelligence agency) spent half a decade
amassing intelligence data on bin Laden and a wide array of Islamists through their periodic annual visits for the
5 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
PAIC conferences.[54] In May 1996, after the series of Erwa secret meetings on
US soil, the Clinton Administration demanded that Sudan expel bin Laden.
Bashir complied.[55]
Controversy erupted about whether Sudan had offered to extradite bin Laden in
return for rescinding US sanctions that were interfering with Sudan's plans to
develop oil fields in southern areas of the country. US officials insisted the
secret meetings were agreed only to pressure Sudan into compliance on a range
of anti-terrorism issues. The Sudanese insisted that an offer to extradite bin
Laden had been made in a secret one-on-one meeting at a Fairfax hotel between
Erwa and the then CIA Africa Bureau chief on condition that Washington end
sanctions against Bashir's regime. Amb. Timothy M. Carney attended one of the
Sudan's offer of and Fairfax hotel meetings. In a joint opinion piece in the Washington Post Outlook
request for counter- Section in 2003, Carney and Ijaz argued that in fact the Sudanese had offered to
terrorism assistance, April extradite bin Laden to a third country in exchange for sanctions relief.[56]
1997
In August 1996, American hedge-fund manager Mansoor Ijaz traveled to the
Sudan and met with senior officials including Turabi and al-Bashir. Ijaz asked
Sudanese officials to share intelligence data with US officials on bin Laden and other Islamists who had traveled to
and from the Sudan during the previous five years. Ijaz conveyed his findings to US officials upon his return,
including Sandy Berger, then Clinton's deputy national security adviser, and argued for the US to constructively
engage the Sudanese and other Islamic countries.[57] In April 1997, Ijaz persuaded al-Bashir to make an
unconditional offer of counterterrorism assistance in the form of a signed presidential letter that Ijaz delivered to
Congressman Lee H. Hamilton by hand.[58]
In October 1997, months after the Sudanese overture (made by Bashir in the letter to Hamilton), the U.S. State
Department, under Sec. of State Madeleine Albright's directive, first announced it would return US diplomats to
Khartoum to pursue counterterrorism data in the Mukhabarat's possession, and then within days, reversed that
decision and imposed harsher and more comprehensive economic, trade, and financial sanctions against the
Sudan. In August 1998, in the wake of the East Africa embassy bombings, the U.S. launched cruise missile strikes
against Khartoum. The last U.S. Ambassador to the Sudan, Ambassador Tim Carney, departed post prior to this
event and no new ambassador has been designated since. The U.S. Embassy is headed by a charge d'affaires.
Al-Bashir announced in August 2015 that he would travel to New York in September to speak at the United
Nations. It is unclear to date if al-Bashir will be allowed to travel, due to previous sanctions.[59]
South Sudan
Civil war had raged between the northern and southern halves of the
country for more than 19 years between the northern Arab tribes and
southern African tribes, but the war soon effectively developed into a
struggle between the Sudan People's Liberation Army and al-Bashir's
government. The war resulted in millions of southerners being
displaced, starved, and deprived of education and health care, with
almost two million casualties.[60] Because of these actions, various
international sanctions were placed on Sudan. International pressure
South Sudanese independence
intensified in 2001, however, and leaders from the United Nations referendum, 2011
called for al-Bashir to make efforts to end the conflict and allow
humanitarian and international workers to deliver relief to the
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southern regions of Sudan.[61] Much progress was made throughout 2003. The peace was consolidated with the
official signing by both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement 9 January 2005, granting Southern
Sudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum about independence. It created a co-vice president
position and allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally, but also left both the north's and south's
armies in place. John Garang, the south's peace agreement appointed co-vice president, died in a helicopter crash
on 1 August 2005, three weeks after being sworn in.[62] This resulted in riots, but the peace was eventually re-
established[63] and allowed the southerners to vote in a referendum of independence at the end of the six-year
period.[64] On 9 July 2011, following a referendum, the region of Southern Sudan separated into an independent
country known as South Sudan.
War in Darfur
Since 1968, Sudanese politicians had attempted to create separate factions of
"Africans" and "Arabs" in the western area of Darfur, a difficult task as the
population were substantially intermarried and could not be distinguished by skin
tone. This internal political instability was aggravated by cross-border conflicts with
Chad and Libya[65] and the 1984–85 Darfur famine[66] In 2003, the rebel Justice and
Equality Movement and the Sudanese Liberation Army, accusing the government of
neglecting Darfur and oppressing non-Arabs in favor of Arabs, began an armed
insurgency.
Estimates vary of the number of deaths resulting from attacks on the non-
Arab/Arabized population by the Janjaweed militia: the Sudanese government claim
that up to 10,000 have been killed in this conflict; the United Nations reported that
about 300,000 had died as of 2010,[7] and other reports place the figures at between
200,000 and 400,000.[6] During an interview with David Frost for the Al Jazeera
English programme Frost Over The World in June 2008, al-Bashir insisted that no Series of droughts in
more than 10,000 had died in Darfur.[67] Darfur led to disputes
over land between
The Sudanese government has been accused of suppressing information by jailing non-Arab sedentary
and killing witnesses since 2004, and tampering with evidence, such as covering up farmers and Arab
Janjaweed nomads.
mass graves.[68][69][70] The Sudanese government has also arrested and harassed
journalists, thus limiting the extent of press coverage of the situation in Darfur.
[71][72][73][74] While the United States government has described the conflict as genocide,[75] the UN has not
recognized the conflict as such.[76] (see List of declarations of genocide in Darfur).
The United States Government stated in September 2004 "that genocide has been committed in Darfur and that
the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility and that genocide may still be occurring".[77] On
29 June 2004, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell met with al-Bashir in Sudan and urged him to make peace with
the rebels, end the crisis, and lift restrictions on the delivery of humanitarian aid to Darfur.[78] Kofi Annan met
with al-Bashir three days later and demanded that he disarm the Janjaweed.[79]
In March 2007, the African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur accused Sudan's government of
taking part in "gross violations" in Darfur and called for urgent international action to protect civilians there. After
fighting stopped in July and August, on 31 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council approved Resolution
1706 which called for a new 20,600-troop UN peacekeeping force called UNAMID to supplant or supplement a
poorly funded and ill-equipped 7,000-troop African Union Mission in Sudan peacekeeping force. Sudan strongly
objected to the resolution and said that it would see the UN forces in the region as foreign invaders. The next day,
the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region. A high-level technical consultation was held in
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Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 11–12 June 2007, pursuant to the 4 June 2007 letters of the Secretary-General and the
Chairperson of the African Union Commission, which were addressed to al-Bashir.[80] The technical consultations
were attended by delegations from the Government of Sudan, the African Union, and the United Nations.[81][82]
In 2009, General Martin Luther Agwai, head of the joint African Union
– United Nations Operation, said the war was over in the region,
although low-level disputes remained. "Banditry, localised issues,
people trying to resolve issues over water and land at a local level. But
real war as such, I think we are over that," he said.[83] This perspective
is contradicted by reports which indicate that violence continues in
Darfur while peace efforts have been stalled repeatedly. Violence
between Sudan's military and rebel fighters has beset Southern
Kordofan and Blue Nile states since disputed state elections in May
Darfur refugee camp in Chad, 2005
2011, an ongoing humanitarian crisis that has prompted international
condemnation and U.S. congressional hearings. In 2012, tensions
between Sudan and South Sudan reached a boiling point when the Sudanese military bombed territory in South
Sudan, leading to hostilities over the disputed Heglig (or Panthou) oil fields located along the Sudan-South Sudan
border.[84] Omar al-Bashir sought the assistance of numerous non-western countries after the West, led by
America, imposed sanctions against him, he said: "From the first day, our policy was clear: To look eastward,
toward China, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and even Korea and Japan, even if the Western influence upon
some [of these] countries is strong. We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space
left by Western governments, the United States, and international funding agencies. The success of the Sudanese
experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to
look toward China."[85]
Chadian President Idriss Deby visited Khartoum in 2010 and Chad kicked out the Darfuri rebels it had previously
supported. Both Sudanese and Chadian sides together established a joint military border patrol.[86]
On 26 October 2011, Al Bashir said that Sudan gave military support to

the Libyan rebels, who overthrew Muammar Gaddafi. In a speech
broadcast live on state television, Bashir said the move was in response
to Col Gaddafi's support for Sudanese rebels three years ago. Sudan
and Libya have had a complicated and frequently antagonistic
relationship for many years. President Bashir said the Justice and
Equality Movement (JEM), a Darfuri rebel group, had attacked
Khartoum three years ago using Libyan trucks, equipment, arms,
JEM rebels in Darfur
ammunition and money. He said God had given Sudan a chance to
respond, by sending arms, ammunition and humanitarian support to
the Libyan revolutionaries. "Our God, high and exalted, from above the seven skies, gave us the opportunity to
reciprocate the visit," he said. "The forces which entered Tripoli, part of their arms and capabilities, were 100%
Sudanese," he told the crowd. His speech was well received by a large crowd in the eastern Sudanese town of
Kassala. But the easy availability of weapons in Libya, and that country's porous border with Darfur, are also of
great concern to the Sudanese authorities.[87]
Al Bashir in his speech said that his government's priority was to end the armed rebellion and tribal conflicts in
order to save blood and direct the energies of young people towards building Sudan instead of "killing and
destruction". He called upon youth of the rebel groups to lay down arms and join efforts to build the country.[88] Al
Bashir sees himself as a man wronged and misunderstood. He takes full responsibility for the conflict in Darfur, he
says, but says that his government did not start the fighting and has done everything in its power to end it.[20]
8 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
Al Bashir has signed two peace agreements for Darfur:
The 2006 Darfur Peace Agreement, also known as the "Abuja Agreement", was signed on 5 May 2006[89] by
the government of Sudan along with a faction of the SLA led by Minni Minnawi. However, the agreement was
rejected by two other, smaller groups, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and a rival faction of the SLA
led by Abdul Wahid al Nur.[90][91]
The 2011 Darfur Peace Agreement, also known as the "Doha Agreement", was signed in July 2011 between
the government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement. This agreement established a
compensation fund for victims of the Darfur conflict, allowed the President of Sudan to appoint a Vice-
President from Darfur, and established a new Darfur Regional Authority to oversee the region until a
referendum can determine its permanent status within the Republic of Sudan.[92]
The agreement also provided for power sharing at the national level: movements that sign the agreement will be
entitled to nominate two ministers and two four ministers of state at the federal level and will be able to nominate
20 members to the national legislature. The movements will be entitled to nominate two state governors in the
Darfur region.[93]
Indictment by the ICC

On 14 July 2008, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal
Court (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo, alleged that al-Bashir bore
individual criminal responsibility for genocide, crimes against
humanity, and war crimes committed since 2003 in Darfur.[17] The
prosecutor accused al-Bashir of having "masterminded and
implemented" a plan to destroy the three main ethnic groups—Fur,
Masalit, and Zaghawa—with a campaign of murder, rape, and
deportation. The arrest warrant is supported by NATO, the Genocide Al-Bashir is accused of directing
Intervention Network, and Amnesty International. attacks against civilians in Darfur.
An arrest warrant for al-Bashir was issued on 4 March 2009 by a Pre-

Trial chamber composed of judges Akua Kuenyehia of Ghana, Anita Usacka of Latvia, and Sylvia Steiner of
Brazil[94] indicting him on five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer,
torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (pillaging and intentionally directing attacks against civilians).
[18][95] The court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide.[19][96] However, one of
the three judges wrote a dissenting opinion arguing that there were "reasonable grounds to believe that Omar Al
Bashir has committed the crime of genocide".[96]
International Criminal Court Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo told U.S. State Department officials on 20 March
2009 that President Bashir 'needed to be isolated.' Ocampo suggested that if Bashir's stash of money were
disclosed (he put the figure at possibly $9 billion), it would change Sudanese public opinion from him being a
"crusader" to that of a thief.[97]
Sudan is not a state party to the Rome Statute establishing the ICC, and thus claims that it does not have to execute
the warrant. However, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005) referred Sudan to the ICC, which
gives the Court jurisdiction over international crimes committed in Sudan and obligates the State to cooperate with
the ICC,[98] and therefore the Court, Amnesty International and others insist that Sudan must comply with the
arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court.[19][99] Amnesty International stated that al-Bashir must turn
himself in to face the charges, and that the Sudanese authorities must detain him and turn him over to the ICC if
he refuses.[100]
Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC.[19] However, the Arab League[101] and the
African Union condemned the warrant. Al-Bashir has since visited China, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab
9 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
Emirates, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Qatar and several other countries, all of which refused to arrest him and
surrender him to the ICC upon arrival. ICC member state Chad also refused to arrest al-Bashir during a state visit
in July 2010.[102] Luis Moreno Ocampo and Amnesty International claimed that al-Bashir's plane could be
intercepted in International Airspace. Sudan announced that the presidential plane would always be escorted by
fighter jets of the Sudanese Air Force to prevent his arrest. In March 2009, just before Bashir's visit to Qatar, the
Sudanese government was reportedly considering sending fighter jets to accompany his plane to Qatar, possibly in
response to France expressing support for an operation to intercept his plane in international airspace, as France
has military bases in Djibouti and the United Arab Emirates.[103]
The charges against al-Bashir have been criticised and ignored by interests
in Sudan and abroad, particularly in Africa and the Muslim world. Former
president of the African Union Muammar al-Gaddafi characterized the
indictment as a form of terrorism. He also believed that the warrant is an
attempt "by (the west) to recolonise their former colonies".[104] Egypt said,
it was "greatly disturbed" by the ICC decision and called for an emergency
meeting of the UN security council to defer the arrest warrant.[105] The
Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa expressed that the
organization emphasizes its solidarity with Sudan. The ICC warrant was Al-Bashir in Beijing, China, 3
condemned for "undermining the unity and stability of Sudan".[106] The November 2006
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation denounced the warrant as
unwarranted and totally unacceptable. It argued that the warrant
demonstrated "selectivity and double standard applied in relation to issues of war crimes".[107] There have been
large demonstrations by Sudanese people supporting President Bashir and opposing the ICC charges.[108] Russian
presidential envoy for Sudan Mikhail Margelov argued in 2009 that the warrant "sets a dangerous precedent in
international relations" and "could hamper efforts to bring peace to Sudan".[109]
Al-Bashir has rejected the charges, saying "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their
ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies."[110] He described the charges as "not worth the
ink they are written in".[111] The warrant will be delivered to the Sudanese government, which has stated that it will
not carry it out.[19][98][99]
The Sudanese government retaliated against the warrant by expelling a number of international aid agencies,
including Oxfam and Mercy Corps.[112] President Bashir described the aid agencies as thieves who take "99 percent
of the budget for humanitarian work themselves, giving the people of Darfur 1 percent" and as spies in the work of
foreign regimes. Bashir promised that national agencies will provide aid to Darfur.[113]
During a visit to Egypt, al-Bashir was not arrested, leading to condemnation by Amnesty International. In October
2009, al-Bashir was invited to Uganda by President Yoweri Museveni for an African Union meeting in Kampala,
but did not attend after protest by several NGOs. On 23 October 2009, al-Bashir was invited to Nigeria by
President Umaru Yar'Adua for another AU meeting, and was not arrested. In November, he was invited to Turkey
for an OIC meeting.[114] Later, he was invited to Denmark to attend conferences on climate change in
Copenhagen.[115]
Al-Bashir was one of the candidates in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election, the first democratic election with
multiple political parties participating in decades.[116][117] It had been suggested that by holding and winning a
legitimate presidential elections in 2010, al-Bashir had hoped to evade the ICC's warrant for his arrest.[118] On 26
April, he was officially declared the winner after Sudan's election commission announced he had received 68% of
the votes cast in the election.[119] However, The New York Times noted the voting was "marred by boycotts and
reports of intimidation and widespread fraud".[120]
10 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
Al-Bashir visited Kenya on 27 August 2010 to witness the President

signing Kenya's new constitution into law.[121] In May 2011, al-Bashir
visited Djibouti to attend the inauguration of President Ismail Omar
Guelleh's third term.[122] In June of the same year, China's president
Hu received al-Bashir as "friend and brother" in Beijing, fostering
China's interests in Sudan's resources.[123] Al-Bashir was received in
Libya along with a high-level delegation in January 2012 in a bid to
restore friendly relations and offer support to the new Libyan
Al-Bashir in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
government after the fall of Gaddafi.[124][125]
31 January 2009
In July 2013, Omar al-Bashir arrived in Nigeria for an African Union
summit only to leave the country less than 24 hours later amid calls for
his arrest.[126] In August 2013, Bashir's plane was blocked from entering Saudi Arabian airspace when Bashir was
attempting to attend the inauguration of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani,[127] whose country is the main
supplier of weapons to Sudan.[128]
A second arrest warrant for President al-Bashir was later issued on 12 July 2010. The ICC issued an additional
warrant adding 3 counts of genocide for the ethnic cleansing of the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa tribes.[129] The new
warrant included the Court's conclusion that there were reasonable grounds to suspect that (Omar al-Bashir) acted
with specific intent to destroy in part the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups in the troubled Darfur
region.[130] The ICC released a further statement saying that al-Bashir's charges now include "genocide by killing,
genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm and genocide by deliberately inflicting on each target group
conditions of life calculated to bring about the group's physical destruction" in three separate counts. The new
warrant will act as a supplement to the first, whereby the charges initially brought against al-Bashir will all remain
in place, but will now include the crime of genocide which was ruled out initially, pending appeal.
On 28 August 2010 in Nairobi, the authorities in Kenya chose not to arrest al-Bashir on International Criminal
Court (ICC) charges of genocide when he arrived for a ceremony for the new Kenyan constitution. Al-Bashir was
escorted into Nairobi's Uhuru Park, where the signing ceremony was taking place, by Tourism minister Najib
Balala. On 28 November 2011, Kenya's High Court Judge Nicholas Ombija ordered the Minister of Internal
Security to arrest al-Bashir, "should he set foot in Kenya in the future".[131]
Additionally, Chad and Djibouti continue to allow Bashir to travel freely into their country despite being parties to
the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court[129]
Al Bashir said that Sudan is not a party to the ICC treaty and could not be expected to abide by its provisions just
like the United States, China and Russia. He said "It is a political issue and double standards, because there are
obvious crimes like Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan, but [they] did not find their way to the international criminal
court". He added "The same decision in which [the] Darfur case [was] being transferred to the court stated that the
American soldiers [in Iraq and Afghanistan] would not be questioned by the court, so it is not about justice, it is a
political issue." Al Bashir accused Luis Moreno Ocampo, the ICC's chief prosecutor since 2003, of repeatedly lying
in order to damage his reputation and standing. Al Bashir said "The behaviour of the prosecutor of the court, it was
clearly the behaviour of a political activist not a legal professional. He is now working on a big campaign to add
more lies." He added, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $9bn in one of the British banks, and thank God,
the British bank and the [British] finance minister … denied these allegations." He also said: "The clearest cases in
the world such as Palestine and Iraq and Afghanistan, clear crimes to the whole humanity – all were not
transferred to the court."[20]
In October 2013, several members of the African Union expressed anger at the ICC, calling it "racist" for failing to
file charges against Western leaders or Western allies while prosecuting only African suspects so far. The African
11 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
Union demanded that the ICC protect African heads of state from prosecution.[132]
In June 2015, while in South Africa for an African Union meeting, al-Bashir was prohibited from leaving that
country while a court decided whether he should be handed over to the ICC for war crimes.[133] He, nevertheless,
was allowed to leave South Africa soon afterward.[134]
In October 2015 he traveled to India to attend the India–Africa Summit

and there were calls for his arrest by Amnesty International, but since
India is not a signatory of the Rome Statute, the ICC does not have
jurisdiction in India.[135] During an interview, while in India, he stated
that nothing could prevent him from going to South Africa again in
December.[136]
Military intervention in Yemen

In 2015, Sudan participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in
Al Bashir meeting with Indian Prime
Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President
Minister Narendra Modi, New Delhi,
Ali Abdullah Saleh,[137] who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[138] India, 30 October 2015
Reuters reported, "The war in Yemen has given Omar Hassan al-
Bashir, a skilled political operator who has ruled Sudan for a quarter-
century, an opportunity to show wealthy Sunni powers that he can be an asset against Iranian influence – if the
price is right."[139]
Allegations of corruption
Al-Bashir's long career has been riddled with war. Despite his pledge to end the 21-year civil war that had been
carrying on when he took office in 1989, further conflict continued after that he prolonged. During the frequent
fighting, Al-Bashir allegedly looted the impoverished nation of much of its wealth. According to leaked US
diplomatic cables, $9 billion of his siphoned wealth was stashed in London banks. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the chief
prosecutor, stated that some of the funds were being held in the partially nationalized Lloyds Banking Group. He
also reportedly told US officials it was necessary to go public with the scale of Al-Bashir's extortion to turn public
opinion against him.[140]
"Ocampo suggested if Bashir's stash of money were disclosed (he put the figure at $9bn), it would change Sudanese
public opinion from him being a 'crusader' to that of a thief," one US official stated. "Ocampo reported Lloyds bank
in London may be holding or knowledgeable of the whereabouts of his money," the report says. "Ocampo
suggested exposing Bashir had illegal accounts would be enough to turn the Sudanese against him." [141] A leak
from WikiLeaks allegedly reveals that the Sudanese president had embezzled US$9 billion in state funds, but
Lloyds Bank of England "insisted it was not aware of any link with Bashir," while a Sudanese government
spokesman called the claim "ludicrous" and attacked the motives of the prosecutor.[142] In an interview with the
Guardian, al-Bashir said, referring to ICC Prosecutor Ocampo, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $9 billion
in one of the British banks, and thank God, the British bank and the [British] finance minister ... denied these
allegations."[20] The arrest warrant has actively increased public support for al-Bashir in Sudan.[143]
Darfur has been rife with conflict since 2003, when rebels took up arms against the Sudanese government,
accusing it of discriminating and neglecting the needs of the region, as well as extorting of state funds. The
government is accused of retaliating with ethnic Arab forces on the area, which the government ardently denies.
The U.N. estimates 300,000 people have been killed and roughly 2.7 million have been displaced in the war. Union
peacekeepers began occupying Darfur in 2005 and were later reinforced by additional UN troops in 2007. The
12 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
peacekeeping force has been frequently attacked although violence as a

whole has declined. The occupying force has limited Al-Bashir's ability
to extort funds.[144]
African space agency

The meeting of the Organisation of
In 2012, Bashir proposed setting up a continent wide space agency in
Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Sudan,
Africa. In a statement he said; "I'm calling for the biggest project, an January 2019
African space agency. Africa must have its space agency... [It] will
liberate Africa from technological domination".[145] This followed
previous calls in 2010 by the African Union (AU) to conduct a feasibility study that would draw up a "roadmap for
the creation of the African space agency". African astronomy received a massive boost when South Africa was
awarded the lion's share of the Square Kilometre Array, the world's biggest radio telescope. It will see dishes
erected in nine African countries. But skeptics have questioned whether a continental body in the style of NASA or
the European Space Agency would be affordable.[145]
Ousting from power

On 11 April 2019, al-Bashir was removed from his post by the Sudanese Armed Forces[146] after multiple months of
protests and civil uprisings.[147] He was immediately placed under house arrest pending the formation of a
transitional council.[148] At the time of his arrest, al-Bashir had ruled Sudan longer than any other leader since the
country gained independence in 1956, the longest-ruling president of the Arab League, as well as the longest Arab
leader bar three UAE emirs and Sultan Qaboos of Oman. The army also ordered the arrest of all ministers of al-
Bashir's cabinet, dissolved the National Legislature and formed a Transitional Military Council, led by his own
First Vice President and Defense Minister, Lieutenant General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf.[146]
On 13 April 2019 Sudanese police announced that in the past two days 16 people were killed and 20 injured in
demonstrations and rallies.[149]
See also
History of Sudan
List of current heads of state and government
Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV), 2008.
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149. Sudan activists: ‘Regime’ kills 16 after Al-Bashir’s ouster (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1481921/middle-
east)
External links
Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir (https://web.archive.org/web/20090307195202/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-
watch/profil/db/facts/omar-hassan-ahmad_al-bashir_779.html) at Trial Watch.
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (https://web.archive.org/web/20090213072259/http:
//www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/9/502.c2V0TGFuZz1FTiZMPUVO.html) at The Hague Justice
Portal.
"Sudanese President Threaten Wars" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101110221829/http://sudaninside.net
/2007/11/18/omar-el-bashir-order-re-opening-of-popular-defence-training-camps), Sudan Inside, 18 November
2007.
"A Cautious Welcome for Sudan's New Government" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080213210041/http:
//www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/EM245.cfm) by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Executive
Memorandum No. 245, 28 July 1989.
Arrest Warrant for Sudan's President Bashir: Arabs Are Leaving Themselves out of the International Justice
20 of 21 4/15/2019, 9:13 AM
System (http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-1121/i.html)
Playing it firm, fair and smart: the EU and the ICC's indictment of Bashir (https://web.archive.org
/web/20091223062352/http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/article/playing-it-firm-fair-and-smart-
the-eu-and-the-iccs-indictment-of-bashir/), opinion by Reed Brody, European Union Institute for Security
Studies, March 2009.
Political offices
Preceded by President of Sudan

Vacant
Ahmad al-Mirghani 1989–2019
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Omar al-Bashir - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

In October 2005, al-Bashir's government negotiated an end to the

On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir's powers increased when he appointed

parliament, in a palace coup.[36]

Tensions with Hassan Al-Turabi

Engagement with the U.S. and European countries

On 26 October 2011, Al Bashir said that Sudan gave military support to

Al Bashir has signed two peace agreements for Darfur:

Indictment by the ICC

An arrest warrant for al-Bashir was issued on 4 March 2009 by a Pre-

Al-Bashir visited Kenya on 27 August 2010 to witness the President

In October 2015 he traveled to India to attend the India–Africa Summit

Military intervention in Yemen

peacekeeping force has been frequently attacked although violence as a

African space agency

Ousting from power

7. "Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm). BBC News. 23 February

27. "Profile: Sudan's President Bashir" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3273569.stm). BBC News. 25 November

73. "World Press Freedom Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090207205755/http://www.freemedia.at

93. "Signing of Doha Agreement prompts mixed reactions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131102181852/https:

Preceded by President of Sudan

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omar_al-Bashir&oldid=892536462"

This page was last edited on 15 April 2019, at 06:05 (UTC).

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