Vol 1

CCIE Professional Development
Routing TCP/IP
Volume I
Second Edition
Jeff Doyle, CCIE No. 1919

Jennifer Carroll, CCIE No. 1402
Cisco Press
800 East 96th Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
ii
CCIE Professional Development Routing TCP/IP

Volume I
Second Edition
Jeff Doyle, CCIE No. 1919, Jennifer Carroll, CCIE No. 1402
Copyright © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Published by:
Cisco Press
800 East 96th Street
Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.
Printed in the United States of America 11 12 13 14 15
Eleventh Printing January 2012
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 2004104363
ISBN: 1-58705-202-4
Trademark Acknowledgments
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capital-
ized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book
should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
Warning and Disclaimer

This book is designed to provide information about routing TCP/IP. Every effort has been made to make this book
as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.
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The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc.
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iv
About the Authors

Jeff Doyle (CCIE No. 1919) specializes in IP routing protocols, MPLS, and IPv6. He has designed or assisted in the
design of large-scale IP service provider networks throughout North America, Europe, Japan, Korea, and the Peo-
ple’s Republic of China. Jeff has presented numerous corporate seminars, and has also spoken at NANOG, JANOG,
APRICOT, and at IPv6 Forum conferences. Jeff holds a BA from Memphis State University, and studied Electrical
Engineering at the University of New Mexico. Jeff lives in Denver, Colorado.
Jennifer Carroll (CCIE No. 1402) is an independent network consultant in Redmond, Washington. She has
designed, implemented, and optimized many TCP/IP networks, and has developed and taught a variety of network-
ing and internetworking courses on routing protocols and Cisco routers over the past 15 years. Jennifer can be
contacted at [email protected].
About the Technical Reviewers

Frank Knox, Chief Technical Officer, has been with Skyline Computer for a little over six years. He is a dual CCIE
(CCIE No. 3698: SNA/IP and Routing/Switching) as well as a CCSI. In addition to his CTO responsibilities, Frank
teaches several advanced Cisco-related courses, including a one-week CCIE Lab Preparation Workshop. He is con-
sidered to be an expert in mainframe attached router technologies and in the technologies and issues associated with
integrated networking (for example, SNA/IP and Voice/Data). He has more than 37 years of networking experience
with IBM, GTE (Verizon) Directories, and Skyline Computer Corp. This experience includes field service, field
support, product planning, management, and all facets of networking education. In addition, he developed and
taught several courses for the University of Dallas Telecommunications MBA program. Frank also has an MS
degree in Telecommunications from Pace University (4.0 GPA).
After working in various roles as an engineer within Cisco for the past 6.5 years, Steven Edward Moore transi-
tioned to the IP Routing Protocol Scalability Team. There, his focus encompasses all aspects of extending network
and protocol scalability: considering new features and optimizations to the protocol architecture, designing tests to
measure current protocol scalability, working with customers to implement scaling functionality in their network,
and participating in events such as Networkers to educate others on how to enhance their network’s performance
and scalability from the routing perspective.
Rena Yang is a software engineer at Cisco Systems. She has more than six years of experience implementing code
in Cisco IOS. She currently works on IS-IS. Before this, she focused on IPv4, UDP, access lists, policy routing, and
routing infrastructure. Rena holds a bachelor’s of science and masters of engineering in computer science from
MIT.
v
Dedications
I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, Sara, and my children, Anna, Carol, James, and Katherine.
—Jeff
I would like to dedicate this book to my husband, Mike, and sons, Mitchell and Jonathan. Their patience and
support helped me complete this book.
—Jennifer
vi
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Brett Bartow, Chris Cleveland, Andrew Cupp, San Dee Phillips, and all of the staff of Cisco Press
who made this book possible.
The technical editors, Steven Moore, Rena Yang and Frank Knox, did a fantastic job. We want to thank them for
their outstanding advice and recommendations.
We want to thank Frank Knox, Carl Pike, Chris Tonini, and the rest of the employees of Skylabs networks. Skylabs’
lab setup and access to the lab is easy to use and had everything we needed to complete all the configurations and
case studies in this book.
viii
Contents at a Glance
Foreword xxii
Introduction xxiii
Part I Routing Basics 3
Chapter 1 TCP/IP Review 5
Chapter 2 IPv6 Overview 49
Chapter 3 Static Routing 81
Chapter 4 Dynamic Routing Protocols 131
Part II Interior Routing Protocols 167
Chapter 5 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 169
Chapter 6 RIPv2, RIPng, and Classless Routing 201
Chapter 7 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) 251
Chapter 8 OSPFv2 335
Chapter 10 Integrated IS-IS 513
Part III Route Control and Interoperability 629
Chapter 11 Route Redistribution 631
Chapter 12 Default Routes and On-Demand Routing 677
Chapter 13 Route Filtering 701
Chapter 14 Route Maps 731
Part IV Appendixes 767
Appendix A Tutorial: Working with Binary and Hex 769
Appendix B Tutorial: Access Lists 775
Appendix C CCIE Preparation Tips 803
Appendix D Answers to Review Questions 809
Appendix E Solutions to Configuration Exercises 827
Appendix F Solutions to Troubleshooting Exercises 881
Index 887
ix
Table of Contents
Foreword xxii
Introduction xxiii
Part I Routing Basics 3
Chapter 1 TCP/IP Review 5
TCP/IP Protocol Layers 5
IP Packet Header 7
IPv4 Addresses 16
First Octet Rule 18
Address Masks 20
Subnets and Subnet Masks 22
Designing Subnets 24
Breaking the Octet Boundary 25
Troubleshooting a Subnet Mask 29
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 30
Proxy ARP 35
Gratuitous ARP 36
Reverse ARP 36
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 37
Host-to-Host Layer 41
TCP 41
UDP 44
Looking Ahead 45
Summary Table: Chapter 1 Command Review 45
Recommended Reading 46
Review Questions 46
Configuration Exercises 47
Troubleshooting Exercises 47
Chapter 2 IPv6 Overview 49
IPv6 Addresses 50
Address Representation 50
IPv6 Address Types 52
Global Unicast Addresses 53
x
Identifying IPv6 Address Types 54

Local Unicast Addresses 55
Anycast Addresses 55
Multicast Addresses 56
Embedded IPv4 Addresses 58
IPv6 Packet Header Format 58
Extension Headers 60
ICMPv6 63
Neighbor Discovery Protocol 64
NDP Messages 65
Router Discovery 70
Address Autoconfiguration 71
Duplicate Address Detection 73
Neighbor Address Resolution 74
Privacy Addresses 75
Neighbor Unreachability Detection 76
Looking Ahead 77
Review Questions 77
Chapter 3 Static Routing 81
Route Table 81
Configuring Static Routes 84
Case Study: Simple IPv4 Static Routes 85
Case Study: Simple IPv6 Static Routes 90
Case Study: Summary Routes 94
Case Study: Alternative Routes 96
Case Study: Floating Static Routes 97
Case Study: IPv6 Floating Static Routes 100
Case Study: Load Sharing 102
Load Sharing and Cisco Express Forwarding 103
Per Destination Load Sharing and Fast Switching 105
Per Packet Load Sharing and Process Switching 105
Which Switching Method Will Be Used? 106
Case Study: Recursive Table Lookups 107
Troubleshooting Static Routes 109
Case Study: Tracing a Failed Route 109
Case Study: A Protocol Conflict 112
Case Study: A Replaced Router 116
Case Study: Tracing An IPv6 Failed Route 120
Looking Ahead 122
xi

Review Questions 124
Chapter 4 Dynamic Routing Protocols 131
Routing Protocol Basics 131
Path Determination 132
Metrics 133
Hop Count 134
Bandwidth 134
Load 135
Delay 135
Reliability 135
Cost 135
Convergence 135
Load Balancing 137
Distance Vector Routing Protocols 137
Common Characteristics 138
Periodic Updates 138
Neighbors 138
Broadcast Updates 138
Full Routing Table Updates 139
Routing by Rumor 139
Route Invalidation Timers 140
Split Horizon 141
Counting to Infinity 143
Triggered Updates 144
Holddown Timers 144
Asynchronous Updates 145
Link State Routing Protocols 146
Neighbors 147
Link State Flooding 147
Sequence Numbers 148
Aging 153
Link State Database 154
SPF Algorithm 156
Areas 160
Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols 160
Static or Dynamic Routing? 162
xii
Looking Ahead 164

Part II Interior Routing Protocols 167

Chapter 5 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 169
Operation of RIP 170
RIP Timers and Stability Features 170
RIP Message Format 172
Request Message Types 174
Classful Routing 175
Classful Routing: Directly Connected Subnets 176
Classful Routing: Summarization at Boundary Routers 176
Classful Routing: Summary 178
Configuring RIP 178
Case Study: A Basic RIP Configuration 178
Case Study: Passive Interfaces 181
Case Study: Configuring Unicast Updates 182
Case Study: Discontiguous Subnets 184
Case Study: Manipulating RIP Metrics 187
Case Study: Minimizing the Impact of Updates 190
Troubleshooting RIP 193
Looking Ahead 193
Chapter 6 RIPv2, RIPng, and Classless Routing 201
Operation of RIPv2 201
RIPv2 Message Format 202
Compatibility with RIPv1 205
Classless Route Lookups 205
Classless Routing Protocols 206
Variable-Length Subnet Masking 206
Authentication 210
xiii
Operation of RIPng 212

Configuring RIPv2 214
Case Study: A Basic RIPv2 Configuration 215
Case Study: Compatibility with RIPv1 215
Case Study: Using VLSM 218
Case Study: Discontiguous Subnets and Classless Routing 220
Case Study: Authentication 222
Configuring RIPng 224
Case Study: Basic RIPng Configuration 224
Case Study: RIPng Process Customization 232
Case Study: Metric Manipulation 233
Case Study: Route Summarization 235
Troubleshooting RIPv2 and RIPng 236
Case Study: Misconfigured VLSM 236
Looking Ahead 242
Chapter 7 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) 251
The Roots of EIGRP: An Overview of IGRP 251
Process Domains 252
IGRP Timers and Stability Features 254
IGRP Metrics 255
From IGRP to EIGRP 261
Operation of EIGRP 263
Protocol-Dependent Modules 263
Reliable Transport Protocol 264
Neighbor Discovery/Recovery 265
Diffusing Update Algorithm 266
DUAL: Preliminary Concepts 267
DUAL Finite State Machine 273
Diffusing Computation: Example 1 276
Diffusing Computation: Example 2 280
xiv
EIGRP Packet Formats 287

EIGRP Packet Header 288
General TLV Fields 289
IP-Specific TLV Fields 290
Address Aggregation 293
EIGRP and IPv6 297
Configuring EIGRP 297
Case Study: A Basic EIGRP Configuration 297
Case Study: Unequal-Cost Load Balancing 299
Case Study: Setting Maximum Paths 302
Case Study: Multiple EIGRP Processes 305
Case Study: Disabling Automatic Summarization 307
Case Study: Stub Routing 309
Case Study: Address Summarization 315
Authentication 316
Troubleshooting EIGRP 317
Case Study: A Missing Neighbor 318
Stuck-in-Active Neighbors 323
Looking Ahead 328
Operation of OSPF 336
Neighbors and Adjacencies 337
Hello Protocol 338
Network Types 339
Designated Routers and Backup Designated Routers 340
OSPF Interfaces 344
OSPF Neighbors 350
Flooding 363
Areas 367
Router Types 369
Partitioned Areas 371
Virtual Links 373
Link-State Database 374
LSA Types 377
Stub Areas 386
xv
Route Table 389

Destination Types 390
Path Types 391
Route Table Lookups 393
Authentication 393
OSPF over Demand Circuits 393
OSPF Packet Formats 395
Packet Header 396
Hello Packet 398
Database Description Packet 399
Link State Request Packet 400
Link State Update Packet 401
Link State Acknowledgment Packet 402
OSPF LSA Formats 402
LSA Header 403
Router LSA 403
Network LSA 406
Network and ASBR Summary LSAs 407
Autonomous System External LSA 408
NSSA External LSA 409
Options Field 410
Configuring OSPF 411
Case Study: A Basic OSPF Configuration 411
Case Study: Setting Router IDs with Loopback Interfaces 414
Case Study: Domain Name Service Lookups 417
Case Study: OSPF and Secondary Addresses 418
Case Study: Stub Areas 423
Case Study: Totally Stubby Areas 426
Case Study: Not-So-Stubby Areas 428
Case Study: Address Summarization 435
Case Study: Filtering Between Areas 441
Case Study: Virtual Links 444
Case Study: OSPF on NBMA Networks 446
Case Study: OSPF over Demand Circuits 454
Troubleshooting OSPF 455
Case Study: An Isolated Area 460
Case Study: Misconfigured Summarization 463
Looking Ahead 466
xvi

Operation of OSPFv3 477
OSPFv3 Differences from OSPFv2 478
OSPFv3 Messages 479
An Overview of OSPFv3 LSAs 481
OSPFv3 LSA Formats 484
The Router LSA 484
Network LSA 486
Inter-Area Prefix LSA 486
Inter-Area Router LSA 487
AS-External LSA 488
Link LSA 489
Intra-Area Prefix LSA 491
Options Field 493
Configuring OSPFv3 494
Case Study: A Basic OSPFv3 Configuration 494
Case Study: Stub Areas 497
Case Study: Multiple Instances on a Link 499
Case Study: OSPFv3 on NBMA Networks 500
Troubleshooting OSPFv3 506
Case Study: Frame-Relay Mapping 506
Looking Ahead 509
Chapter 10 Integrated IS-IS 513
Operation of Integrated IS-IS 515
IS-IS Areas 516
Network Entity Titles 519
IS-IS Functional Organization 521
Subnetwork Dependent Functions 521
Subnetwork Independent Functions 526
xvii
IS-IS PDU Formats 534

TLV Fields 536
IS-IS Hello PDU Format 539
IS-IS Link State PDU Format 546
IS-IS Sequence Numbers PDU Format 552
Extensions to IS-IS 554
3-Way Handshaking 555
Domain-Wide Prefix Distribution 556
Wide Metrics 558
Routing IPv6 with IS-IS 560
Dynamic Hostname Exchange 562
Multiple Topologies 562
Mesh Groups 566
Flooding Delays 571
Improving SPF Efficiency 573
Configuring Integrated IS-IS 574
Case Study: A Basic IPv4 Integrated IS-IS Configuration 574
Case Study: Changing the Router Types 579
Case Study: An Area Migration 581
Case Study: Route Summarization 585
Case Study: A Basic Integrated IS-IS Configuration for IPv6 591
Case Study: Transition to Multiple Topology Mode 596
Case Study: Route Leaking Between Levels 598
Case Study: Multiple L1 Areas Active on A Router 604
Troubleshooting Integrated IS-IS 606
Troubleshooting IS-IS Adjacencies 607
Troubleshooting the IS-IS Link-State Database 610
Case Study: Integrated IS-IS on NBMA Networks 615
Looking Ahead 619
Part III Route Control and Interoperability 629

Chapter 11 Route Redistribution 631
Principles of Redistribution 632
Metrics 633
xviii
Administrative Distances 633

Redistributing from Classless to Classful Protocols 639
Configuring Redistribution 642
Case Study: Redistributing IGRP and RIP 645
Case Study: Redistributing EIGRP and OSPF 646
Case Study: Redistribution and Route Summarization 651
Case Study: Redistributing OSPFv3 and RIPng 657
Case Study: Redistributing IS-IS and RIP/RIPng 663
Case Study: Redistributing Static Routes 669
Looking Ahead 672
Chapter 12 Default Routes and On-Demand Routing 677
Fundamentals of Default Routes 677
Fundamentals of On-Demand Routing 680
Configuring Default Routes and ODR 681
Case Study: Static Default Routes 682
Case Study: The Default-Network Command 687
Case Study: The Default-Information Originate Command 691
Case Study: Configuring On-Demand Routing 697
Looking Ahead 698
Chapter 13 Route Filtering 701
Configuring Route Filters 702
Case Study: Filtering Specific Routes 703
Case Study: Route Filtering and Redistribution 708
Case Study: A Protocol Migration 711
Case Study: Multiple Redistribution Points 716
Case Study: Using Administrative Distances to Set Router Preferences 722
Looking Ahead 724
xix

Chapter 14 Route Maps 731
Basic Uses of Route Maps 731
Configuring Route Maps 734
Case Study: Policy Routing 737
Case Study: Policy Routing and Quality of Service Routing 744
Case Study: Route Maps and Redistribution 747
Case Study: Route Tagging 752
Case Study: Filtering Tagged Routes Out of OSPF Route Table 757
Case Study: IPv6 Redistribution with Route Maps 759
Looking Ahead 761
Troubleshooting Exercise 764
Part IV Appendixes 767

Appendix A Tutorial: Working with Binary and Hex 769
Appendix B Tutorial: Access Lists 775
Appendix C CCIE Preparation Tips 803
Appendix D Answers to Review Questions 809
Appendix E Solutions to Configuration Exercises 827
Appendix F Solutions to Troubleshooting Exercises 881
Index 887
xx
Icons Used in This Book
Communication PC PC with Sun Macintosh Branch

Server Software Workstation Office
Terminal File Web Cisco Works

Server Server Workstation House, Regular
Headquarters
Printer Laptop IBM Label Switch Cluster

Mainframe Router Controller
Gateway Cisco
Router Bridge Hub ATM router MDS 9500
Catalyst Multilayer ATM LAN2LAN

Switch Switch Switch Route/Switch Switch
Processor
Optical
Cisco Services Enterprise Fibre ONS 15540
MDS 9500 Router Fibre Channel disk Channel
JBOD
Network Cloud Line: Ethernet Line: Serial Line: Switched Serial

xxi
Command Syntax Conventions

The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions used in the IOS
Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventions as follows:
• Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In actual con-
figuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface indicates commands
that are manually input by the user (such as a show command).
• Italics indicate arguments for which you supply actual values.
• Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements.
• Square brackets [ ] indicate optional elements.
• Braces { } indicate a required choice.
• Braces within brackets [{ }] indicate a required choice within an optional element.
xxii
Foreword
In 1976, when I saw my first Arpanet IMP at Digital Equipment Corporation, networks as we know
them today were in their infancy. SNA, XNS, and DECnet were under early development, and packet
switching versus circuit switching was the hot topic of the day. Those of us involved in the design of the
switching and routing algorithms were dealing with routers (although we didn’t call them that) that had
64 kilobytes of memory, data link of 56 kilobits were considered blindingly fast, and networks with 256
nodes were big enough that if you were the salesman who sold those 256 computers, you would retire
fabulously wealthy.
Thirty years is a long time, and today the individual networks that make up the Internet contain thou-
sands or tens of thousands of nodes, while the Internet as a whole contains hundreds of millions of com-
puters. Most striking in the evolution over this human generation is that the foundations of the Internet
laid down in the TCP/IP protocol suite have survived mostly intact through four or more generations of
computing architectures, three complete generations of operating system technology, and an increase of
five orders of magnitude in transmission speeds.
Yet, we still treat routing in packet-switched networks as a black art. Why is that?
First, designing robust, scalable distributed algorithms is hard. Despite our best intentions to make them
simple, complexity creeps in to deal with the inevitable special cases, optimizations, peculiar topolo-
gies, and link technologies one encounters. Because a “fork lift upgrade” of an entire network is rarely
feasible, we have multiple generations of technology present simultaneously, and we must maintain
backward-compatibility with essentially no disruption to deployed services. As policies governing the
routing of packets become more sophisticated, our ability to devise automated discovery and configura-
tion procedures gets overwhelmed, and we fall back on manual configuration and performance tuning
techniques. Finally, as the environment in which these networks are operated has evolved from a coop-
erative one where trust was implicit to one in which the network is subject to both inside and outside
attack, designing and deploying routing systems that can be made secure has become an urgent priority.
Routing TCP/IP tackles this black art comprehensively. The present Volume 1 covers all the needed fun-
damentals of TCP/IP networks and gives you all the tools needed to understand how routing is accom-
plished within a single administrative region of the Internet. Straightforward ideas of packet-switched
routing are presented first in the chapters on addressing and static routing. The most popular IGPs—RIP,
EGRP, OSPF, and ISIS—are covered in depth. Advanced topics in route redistribution, route filtering,
and policy routing round out Volume 1.
This second edition also adds essential material on IPv6 as well as bringing all the material up to date
with examples and configurations for the latest releases of Cisco IOS.
For anyone wanting a comprehensive understanding of how routing in TCP/IP networks really works,
from the design principles of routing algorithms, to the evolution of addressing schemes, to the practical
aspects of designing and configuring the routing of large autonomous systems, this is the book for you.
David Oran
Cisco Fellow
xxiii
Introduction
Routing is an essential element of all but the smallest data communications networks. At one level, rout-
ing and the configuration of routers are quite simple. But as networks grow in size and complexity, rout-
ing issues can become at once both large and subtle. Perversely, perhaps, we are grateful for the difficult
problems large-scale routing can present—as network systems consultants, these problems are our
bread and butter. Without them, the phrase “You want fries with that?” could be an unfortunate part of
our daily vocabulary.
Cisco Certified Internetwork Experts are widely recognized for their ability to design, troubleshoot, and
manage large networks. This recognition comes from the fact that you cannot become a CCIE by attend-
ing a few classes and then regurgitating some memorized facts onto a written test. A CCIE has proven
expertise in an intense, famously difficult hands-on lab exam.
Objectives
This book is the first of two volumes that focuses on TCP/IP routing issues. Early in the writing of the
first edition, Kim Lew, former Cisco Systems program manager, said, “Our objective is to make CCIEs,
not to make people who can pass the CCIE lab.” We entirely agree with that statement and have used
it as a guiding principle throughout the writing of this book. Although the book includes many case
studies and exercises to help you prepare for the CCIE lab, my primary objective is to increase your
understanding of IP routing—both on a generic level and as it is implemented on Cisco routers.
Audience
The audience for this book is any network designer, administrator, or engineer who needs a full under-
standing of the interior routing protocols of TCP/IP. Although the practical aspects of the book focus on
the Cisco IOS, the information is applicable to any routing platform.
The book is not only for readers who plan to become CCIEs, but for people who wish to advance their
knowledge of TCP/IP routing. These readers will fall into one of three categories:
• The “beginners” who have some basic networking knowledge and wish to begin a deep study
of networking.
• The intermediate-level networking professionals who have experience with routers, Cisco or
otherwise, and plan to advance that experience to the expert level.
• The highly experienced networking experts. These individuals have extensive hands-on exper-
tise with Cisco routers and are ready to take the CCIE lab; however, they want a structured
review and series of exercises for verification and validation.
CCIE Professional Development: Routing TCP/IP, Volume I focuses primarily on intermediate-level
networking professionals while offering to beginners a structured outline of fundamental information
and to experts the required challenges to hone their skills.
Changes from First Edition

There are several factors influencing the changes contained in this second edition. The first factor
is the CCIE itself. When I (Jeff) wrote the first edition of this book, the CCIE—specifically what is now
xxiv
called the Routing and Switching specialty of the CCIE—was the only certification Cisco Systems
offered. Now, there is a series of certifications creating a path to the CCIE at the pinnacle. Moreover,
the typical networking professional is more knowledgeable than in 1997. Given this, we have elimi-
nated the first chapter of the original book, which covered such very basic concepts as the definition
of bridges and routers and network addresses. (When was the last time you even saw a bridge in a
network?)
The second factor influencing the changes in this edition is the changes in the Cisco Systems IOS.
IGRP, which was frequently used when the first edition was written, is now a legacy protocol whose
main significance is as the ancestor of EIGRP. Therefore the IGRP chapter of the first edition has been
eliminated and IGRP is covered for historical perspective early in the EIGRP chapter. The IOS com-
mand suite itself has expanded to accommodate new functions and options; we have made every
effort to include the commands and protocol extensions that did not exist in the late 1990s.
Lastly, a protocol that existed mostly only in proposal form in 1997—IPv6—is now in the early stages
of worldwide deployment. You can expect to need a detailed knowledge of this protocol and the exten-
sions to IP routing protocols that support it in the near future, if not already, so this second edition
delves deeply into routing IPv6.
Other changes in this edition are semantic. For example, in the first edition, I (Jeff) made a point of
differentiating between a “network” as a data link and an “internetwork” as a set of networks connected
by routers. Although that terminology is certainly accurate, it is clumsy, and “internetwork” is seldom used
these days. Instead, “network” usually refers to everything from a local link to worldwide autonomous
systems operated by the likes of Level 3, NTT, and Sprint. We have attempted to bring the terminology
in this edition up to modern, common usage.
Organization
The 14 chapters of the book are divided into three parts.
Part I, “Routing Basics,” examines the basics of IPv4 and IPv6, and the basics of routing. Although
more advanced readers may wish to skip the first chapter, we recommend that they at least skim Chapter 3,
“Static Routing,” and Chapter 4, “Dynamic Routing Protocols.” And, of course, if you are not yet famil-
iar with IPv6, Chapter 2, “IPv6 Overview,” is a must-read.
Part II, “Interior Routing Protocols,” covers the IP Interior Gateway Protocols. Each protocol-specific
chapter begins with a discussion of the theory, mechanics, and parameters of the protocol. This general
overview is followed by case studies on configuring and troubleshooting the protocol using Cisco
Systems’ IOS in various network topologies.
The Exterior Gateway Protocol, BGP, and topics such as multicast routing, Quality of Service, router secu-
rity and management, and Network Address Translation, are covered in “Routing TCP/IP, Volume II.”
Part III, “Route Control and Interoperability,” examines the tools available for creating and managing
interoperability with multiple IP routing protocols, and also such tools as default routes and route filter-
ing. As such, the chapters of this last part provide an introduction to the tools necessary for building the
complex routing policies introduced in Volume II. These chapters, like the ones in Part II, begin with
concepts and conclude with case studies.
xxv
Book Features
Most chapters conclude with a set of review questions, configuration exercises, and troubleshooting
exercises. The review questions focus on the theoretical aspects of the chapter topic, whereas the config-
uration and troubleshooting exercises address Cisco-specific aspects of the chapter topic.
Also at the end of each chapter is a table with a brief description of all important Cisco IOS commands
used in that chapter. The conventions used to present these commands are the same conventions used in
the IOS Command Reference and presented earlier in this introduction.
This chapter covers the following subjects:
• Basic Uses of Route Maps
• Configuring Route Maps
CHAPTER
14
Route Maps
Route maps are similar to access lists; they both have criteria for matching the details of
certain packets and an action of permitting or denying those packets. Unlike access lists,
though, route maps can add to each “match” criterion a “set” criterion that actually changes
the packet in a specified manner, or changes route information in a specified manner. Route
maps also allow you more options for matching a given packet. Altogether, route maps are
a powerful tool for creating customized routing policies in your network.
Basic Uses of Route Maps

Route maps can be used for both redistribution and for policy routing. Although
redistribution has been covered extensively in previous chapters, this chapter introduces the
topic of policy routing. And most commonly, they are an essential tool in large-scale Border
Gateway Protocol (BGP) implementations. The use of route maps to implement BGP
routing policies is outside the scope of this volume, and is covered in “Routing TCP/IP,”
Volume II (CCIE Professional Development) (1-57870-089-2).
Policy routes are nothing more than sophisticated static routes. Whereas static routes
forward a packet to a specified next hop based on the destination address of the packet,
policy routes can forward a packet to a specified next hop based on the source of the packet
or other fields in the packet header. Policy routes can also be linked to extended IP access
lists so that routing might be based on such things as protocol types and port numbers. Like
a static route, a policy route influences the routing only of the router on which it is
configured.
Figure 14-1 shows an example of a typical policy routing application. AbnerNet is
connected to two Internet service providers via router Dogpatch. AbnerNet’s corporate
policy dictates that some users’ Internet traffic should be sent via ISP 1 and other users’
Internet traffic should be sent via ISP 2. If either ISP should become unavailable, the traffic
normally using that provider would be sent to the other provider. A policy route at Dogpatch
can distribute Internet traffic in accordance with local policy. The distribution of traffic
might be based on subnet, specific user, or even user applications.
732 Chapter 14: Route Maps
Figure 14-1 Policy routing allows traffic from AbnerNet to be routed to one of its two Internet service providers
based on parameters such as source address, source/destination address combinations, packet size,
or application-level ports.
ISP 1
AbnerNet
Internet
Dogpatch
ISP 2
Figure 14-2 shows another use for policy routing. One of the systems on the right watches
for invasion forces from the planet Mongo, while the other stores back copies of Dilbert
comic strips. Policy routes can be configured to route the critical traffic from the Mongo
System to Flash_G over the FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) link and to route the
lower-priority Dilbert traffic over the 56K links—or vice versa.
Figure 14-2 Policy routing allows high-priority traffic from the Mongo System to be routed over the FDDI link
while low-priority traffic from the Dilbert System is routed over the 56K links.
Flash_G
FDDI FDDI
Mongo
System
56k 56k
56k Dilbert
System
Tables 14-1 and 14-2 show the match and set commands that can be used with
redistribution, and Tables 14-3 and 14-4 show the match and set commands that can
be used with policy routing.
Basic Uses of Route Maps 733
Table 14-1 match commands that can be used with redistribution.

Command Description
match interface type number Matches routes that have their next hop out
[...type number] one of the interfaces specified
match ip address {access-list-number | Matches routes that have a destination address
name} [...access-list-number | name] specified by one of the access lists
match ip next-hop {access-list-number | Matches routes that have a next-hop router
name} [...access-list-number | name] address specified by one of the access lists
match ip route-source {access-list-number | Matches routes that have been advertised by
name} [...access-list-number | name] routers at the addresses specified in the
access lists
match metric metric-value Matches routes with the specified metric
match route-type {internal | external Matches OSPF, EIGRP, or IS-IS routes of the
[type-1 | type-2] | level-1 | level-2} specified type
match tag tag-value [...tag-value] Matches routes with the specified tags
Table 14-2 set commands that can be used with redistribution.

Command Description
set level {level-1 | level-2 | level-1-2 | Sets the IS-IS level or the OSPF area into
stub-area | backbone} which a matched route is to be redistributed
set metric {metric-value | bandwidth delay Sets the metric value for a matched route
reliability loading mtu}
set metric-type {internal | external | Sets the metric type for a matched route being
type-1 | type-2} redistributed into IS-IS or OSPF
set next-hop next-hop Sets the next-hop router address for a matched
route
set tag tag-value Sets a tag value for a matched route
Table 14-3 match commands that can be used with policy routing.
Command Description
match ip address {access-list-number | Matches a packet with the characteristics
name} [...access-list-number | name] specified in the standard or extended access lists
match length min max Matches the Layer 3 length of a packet
Table 14-4 set commands that can be used with policy routing.
Command Description
set default interface type number Sets the outgoing interface for matched packets
[...type number] when there is no explicit route to the destination
set interface type number Sets the outgoing interface for matched packets
[...type number] when there is an explicit route to the destination
set ip default next-hop ip-address Sets the next-hop router address for matched
[...ip-address] packets when there is no explicit route to the
destination
set ip next-hop ip-address Sets the next-hop router address for matched
[...ip-address] packets when there is an explicit route to the
destination
set ip precedence precedence Sets the precedence bits in the Type of Service
field of matched IP packets
set ip tos type-of-service Sets the TOS bits in the Type of Service field of
matched packets
Configuring Route Maps

Like access lists (see Appendix B, “Tutorial: Access Lists”), route maps by themselves
affect nothing; they must be “called” by some command. The command will most likely be
either a policy routing command or a redistribution command. Policy routing will send
packets to the route map, whereas redistribution will send routes to the route map. The case
studies in this section demonstrate the use of route maps for both redistribution and policy
routing.
Route maps are identified by a name. For example, the route map in Example 14-1 is named
Hagar.
Example 14-1 A route map named Hagar is defined in this configuration.
route-map Hagar permit 10
match ip address 110
set metric 100
Each route map statement has a “permit” or “deny” action and a sequence number. This
route map shows a permit action and a sequence number of 10. These settings are the
defaults—that is, if no action or sequence number is specified when the route map is
configured, the route map will default to a permit and a sequence number of 10.
The sequence number allows the identification and editing of multiple statements. Consider
the configuration steps in Example 14-2.
Configuring Route Maps 735
Example 14-2 Route map Hagar is modified in this configuration.

route-map Hagar 20
set metric 50
route-map Hagar 15
set metric 80
Here, a second and third set of route map statements, each with their own match and set
statements, have been added to route map Hagar. Notice that a sequence number of 20 was
configured first and then a sequence number of 15. In the final configuration, the IOS has
placed statement 15 before 20 even though it was entered later, as shown in Example 14-3.1
Example 14-3 IOS places the commands in sequential order.
set metric 100
!
set metric 80
!
set metric 50
The sequence numbers also allow for the elimination of individual statements. For example,
the statement
Linus(config)#no route-map Hagar 15
deletes statement 15 and leaves the other statements intact, as shown in Example 14-4.
Example 14-4 Route-map Hagar after the match/set statements associated with sequence 15 have been removed.
set metric 100
!
set metric 50
Be careful when editing route maps. In this example, if no route-map Hagar had been
typed, without specifying a sequence number, the entire route map would have been
deleted. Likewise, if no sequence numbers had been specified when the additional match
and set statements were added, they would have simply changed statement 10.2
1 Notice also that no action was specified in the configuration steps, so the default permit
appears in the final configuration.
2 Depending upon your IOS version, trying to change a match or set route-map statement
without specifying a sequence number might result in an IOS message “% Please specify the
entry by its sequence,” rather than assuming that sequence number 10 is to be changed.
A packet or route is passed sequentially through route map statements. If a match is made,
any set statements are executed and the permit or deny action is executed. As with access
lists, processing stops when a match is made and the specified action is executed; the route
or packet is not passed to subsequent statements. Consider the route map in Example 14-5.
Example 14-5 Route-map Sluggo.
route-map Sluggo permit 10
match ip route-source 1
set next-hop 192.168.1.5
!
!
If a route does not match statement 10, it will be passed to statement 20. If a match is made
at statement 20, the set command will be executed and the route will be permitted. The
matched route will not be passed on to statement 30.
The behavior of a “deny” action depends on whether the route map is being used for policy
routing or for redistribution. If a route map is being used for redistribution and a route
matches a statement with a deny action, the route will not be redistributed. If the route map
is being used for policy routing and a packet matches a statement with a deny action, the
packet is not policy routed but is passed back to the normal routing process for forwarding.
Again as with access lists, there must be a default action for the route map to take in the
event that a route or packet passes through every statement without a match. An implicit
deny exists at the end of every route map. Routes that pass through a redistribution route
map without a match are not redistributed, and packets that pass through a policy route map
without a match are sent to the normal routing process.
If no match statement is configured under a route map statement, the default action is to
match everything.
Each map statement might have multiple match and set statements, as shown in Example 14-6.
Example 14-6 Route map Garfield contains multiple match and set statements for the map statement with sequence
number 10.
route-map Garfield permit 10
match interface Serial0
set metric-type type-1
In a case such as this, every match statement must be matched for the set statements to be
executed.
Case Study: Policy Routing

Policy routing is defined with the command ip policy route-map. The command is
configured on an interface and affects incoming packets only.
Suppose a policy were to be implemented on Linus in Figure 14-3 such that traffic from
subnet 172.16.6.0/24 would be forwarded to Lucy and traffic from subnet 172.16.7.0/24
would be forwarded to Pigpen. Linus’s configuration is displayed in Example 14-7.
Figure 14-3 Policy routes can be configured at Linus to route some packets through Lucy and other packets
through Pigpen.
Lucy
172.16.4.2
172.16.2.1
Linus
Schroeder
172.16.4.1
S0
E0
172.16.4.3 172.16.3.1
Pigpen
Charlie
172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2
172.16.6.1 172.16.7.1 172.16.8.1
Example 14-7 Linus’s policy routing configuration.

interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.5.1 255.255.255.0
ip policy route-map Sally
!
access-list 1 permit 172.16.6.0 0.0.0.255
!
route-map Sally permit 10
match ip address 1
set ip next-hop 172.16.4.2
!
match ip address 2
The policy routing command on S0 sends incoming packets to route map Sally. Statement 10
of route map Sally uses access list 1 to identify source addresses from subnet 172.16.6.0/24.
If a match is made, the packet is forwarded to Lucy, whose next-hop interface address is
172.16.4.2. If no match is made, the packet is sent to statement 15. That statement uses
access list 2 to match source addresses from subnet 172.16.7.0/24. If a match is made at
that statement, the packet is forwarded to Pigpen (172.16.4.3). Any packets that do not
match statement 15, such as packets sourced from subnet 172.16.8.0/24, are routed normally.
Example 14-8 shows the results of the policy route.3
Example 14-8 The policy route configured on Linus’s S0 interface routes packets from subnet 172.16.6.0/24 to Lucy
(172.16.4.2) and routes packets from subnet 172.16.7.0/24 to Pigpen (172.16.4.3). Packets from
subnet 172.16.8.0/24, which do not match the policy route, are routed normally (load balancing
between Lucy and Pigpen).
Linus#debug ip packet 5
IP packet debugging is on for access list 5
Linus#
IP: s=172.16.7.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.1.1 (Ethernet0), g=172.16.4.3, len 60, forward
Suppose Lucy’s Ethernet interface fails. Linus would still attempt to forward packets from
172.16.6.0 to Lucy’s IP address. Because a match is made in the route map, even if the
specified next-hop interface were down, no other matches would be attempted nor would the
packet be routed normally. To force Linus to verify the availability of the next-hop address
before attempting to forward the packet, use the command set ip next-hop verify-availability.
Linus will search its CDP neighbors table to verify that the next-hop address is listed. If it is
not, the policy is rejected and the packet is forwarded normally. Example 14-9 shows the
output of the commands debug ip policy and debug arp while Lucy’s Ethernet interface is
down. Packets are matched and policy routed, even while the router is attempting to ARP for
the next-hop address, without receiving an ARP reply. The packets are dropped.
Example 14-10 shows the output of the debug ip policy command with the addition of the
set ip next-hop verify-availability command in the IP policy configuration. The example
shows Linus’s operation with Lucy’s Ethernet interface still down. The packets are matched
by the policy, but the policy is rejected because the next-hop address is no longer in Linus’s
CDP table. Since the policy is rejected, the packets are routed using the normal method.
3 Note that the debug ip packet command references an access list 5. This access list permits
only the subnets connected to router Charlie so that uninteresting traffic is not displayed by
the debug function.
Example 14-9 debug ip policy and debug arp on Linus shows packets are attempting to be routed according to the
configured policy, even if the next hop specified by the policy is unavailable.
Linus#debug arp
ARP packet debugging is on
Linus#debug ip policy
Policy routing debugging is on
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, len 100, FIB policy match
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, len 100, policy match
IP: route map Sally, item 10, permit
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1 (Ethernet0), len 100, policy routed
IP: Serial0 to Ethernet0 172.16.4.2
IP ARP: sent req src 172.16.4.1 0004.c150.e700,
dst 172.16.4.2 0000.0000.0000 Ethernet0
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, len 100, policy match
IP: route map Sally, item 10, permit
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1 (Ethernet0), len 100, policy routed
IP: Serial0 to Ethernet0 172.16.4.2
dst 172.16.4.2 0000.0000.0000 Ethernet0
IP ARP: creating incomplete entry for IP address: 172.16.4.2 interface Ethernet0
dst 172.16.4.2 0000.0000.0000 Ethernet0
IP ARP throttled out the ARP Request for 172.16.4.2
Example 14-10 debug ip policy on Linus with set ip next-hop verify-availability configured, shows the policy is
rejected (the next hop is not in Linus’s CDP neighbor table) and packets are routed normally (not
policy routed).
Linus#debug ip policy
Policy routing debugging is on

IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, len 100, FIB policy rejected - normal
forwarding
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, len 100, FIB policy rejected - normal
forwarding
Example 14-11 shows the output of the same debug command, debug ip policy, after
Lucy’s Ethernet interface is backed up. The output shows that the packets are successfully
policy routed.
Example 14-11 debug ip policy on Linus with set ip next-hop verify-availability configured. The packets are
policy routed when the next hop is verified.
Linus#
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, g=172.16.4.2, len 100, FIB policy routed
IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, g=172.16.4.2, len 100, FIB policy routed
Standard IP access lists are used when policy routing by source address only. To route by
both source and destination, an extended IP access list is used. The configuration in
Example 14-12 causes packets from any subnet to host 172.16.1.1 to be forwarded to Lucy,
whereas packets from host 172.16.7.1 to host 172.16.1.2 are forwarded to Pigpen. All other
packets are routed normally.
Example 14-12 Policy route maps can reference extended IP access-lists to specify a source and destination address
pair to match, as shown in this configuration.
interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.5.1 255.255.255.0
ip policy route-map Sally
!
access-list 101 permit ip any host 172.16.1.1
access-list 102 permit ip host 172.16.7.1 host 172.16.1.2
!
!
Route map Sally is again used, except the match statements now reference access lists 101
and 102. Example 14-13 shows the results.
Example 14-13 Packets from any host to host 172.16.1.1 match statement 10 of route map Sally and are forwarded to
Lucy. Packets from host 172.16.7.1 to host 172.16.1.2 are forwarded to Pigpen. Packets from another
address on subnet 172.16.7.0/24 to host 172.16.1.2 are not matched by Sally and are routed normally.
Linus#debug ip packet 5
IP packet debugging is on for access list 5
Linus#
Next, suppose your policy states that FTP traffic from the servers on subnet 172.16.1.0/24
should be forwarded to Lucy and that Telnet traffic from the same servers should be
forwarded to Pigpen. This plan allows the bulk FTP traffic and the bursty, interactive Telnet
traffic to be segregated on the two serial links from Schroeder. Schroeder will have the
configuration in Example 14-14.
Example 14-14 Schroeder’s policy route configuration forwarding FTP and Telnet traffic.
interface Ethernet0
ip address 172.16.1.4 255.255.255.0
ip policy route-map Rerun
!
access-list 105 permit tcp 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 eq ftp any
access-list 105 permit tcp 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 eq ftp-data any
access-list 106 permit tcp 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 eq telnet any
!
route-map Rerun permit 10
!
route-map Rerun permit 20
Access lists 105 and 106 are examining not only the source and destination addresses, but
also the source port. In Example 14-15, the detail option is used with debug ip packet to
allow observation of the packet types being forwarded by Schroeder. An access list 10
limits the displayed packets to those from 172.16.1.1 to 172.16.6.1.
Example 14-15 FTP packets (TCP ports 20 and 21) are being forwarded to Lucy, whereas Telnet packets (TCP port
23) with the same source and destination addresses are forwarded to Pigpen. Echo Reply packets
(ICMP type 0), which do not find a match in the policy route, are routed normally.
Schroeder#debug ip packet detail 10
IP packet debugging is on (detailed) for access list 10
Schroeder#
IP: s=172.16.1.2 (Ethernet0), d=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), g=172.16.2.1, len 1064, forward
TCP src=20, dst=1047, seq=3702770065, ack=591246297, win=14335 ACK PSH
TCP src=23, dst=1048, seq=3734385279, ack=591277873, win=14332 ACK
ICMP type=0, code=0
ICMP type=0, code=0
ICMP type=0, code=0
ICMP type=0, code=0
The purpose of segregating bulk and interactive traffic, as demonstrated in the last example,
is so that the small packets characteristic of interactive traffic do not become delayed by the
large packets characteristic of bulk traffic. The problem with the approach in this example
is that if many types of traffic must be segregated, the access lists identifying the traffic by
destination port might become prohibitively large.
If the objective is to segregate small packets from large packets, the length of the packet can
be matched, as shown in Example 14-16.
Example 14-16 Schroeder’s policy route configuration forwards traffic based on packet length.
interface Ethernet0
ip address 172.16.1.4 255.255.255.0 ip policy route-map Woodstock !
route-map Woodstock permit 20
match length 1000 1600
!
match length 0 400
Here the match length statement specifies a minimum and a maximum packet size.
Statement 20 of the route map causes all packets between 1000 and 1600 octets in length
to be routed across the serial link to Lucy. Statement 30 causes all packets up to 400 octets
in length to be routed across the serial link to Pigpen. Packets between 400 and 1000 octets
are routed normally.
Example 14-17 shows the results of the new route map. Again there are FTP, Telnet, and
Echo Reply packets from 172.16.1.2 to 172.16.6.1, but now the packets are routed
according to their size instead of their addresses and ports.
Example 14-17 Packets of 1000 octets or larger are routed to Lucy, whereas packets of 400 octets or less are routed
to Pigpen. Any packets between 400 and 1000 octets are routed normally.
Schroeder#debug ip packet detail 10
IP packet debugging is on (detailed) for access list 10
Schroeder#
TCP src=21, dst=1062, seq=1469372918, ack=601897901, win=14335 ACK FIN
TCP src=23, dst=1064, seq=1712116521, ack=602140570, win=14335 ACK SYN
Example 14-17 Packets of 1000 octets or larger are routed to Lucy, whereas packets of 400 octets or less are routed
to Pigpen. Any packets between 400 and 1000 octets are routed normally. (Continued)
ICMP type=0, code=0
ICMP type=0, code=0
ICMP type=0, code=0
ICMP type=0, code=0
The policy routes demonstrated so far affect packets entering the router from a particular
interface. But what about packets generated by the router itself? These can also be policy routed,
with the command ip local policy route-map. Unlike the ip policy route-map command,
which is configured on an interface, this command is configured globally on the router.
To apply the previously demonstrated policy to packets generated by Schroeder, the
configuration is as displayed in Example 14-18.
Example 14-18 Route policy configuration for packets generated by Schroeder.
interface Ethernet0
ip address 172.16.1.4 255.255.255.0
ip policy route-map Woodstock
!
ip local policy route-map Woodstock
!
access-list 120 permit ip any 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 120 permit ospf any any
!
!
match length 1000 1600
!
match length 0 400
Of particular interest is statement 10. This statement does not have a set statement, but merely
permits packets that match access list 120. Access list 120, in turn, permits all packets
destined for subnet 172.16.1.0/24 and all OSPF packets. Without the first line of the access
list, some packets originated by Schroeder and destined for subnet 172.16.1.0/24 would be
forwarded to the wrong interface by statement 20 or 30. Figure 14-4 shows why the second
line of the access list is necessary. The length of Schroeder’s OSPF Hellos is 44 octets. If
statement 10 were not included, the OSPF Hellos would all match statement 30 and be
forwarded to Pigpen, breaking the adjacency between Lucy and Schroeder. By matching
statement 10, the OSPF packets are permitted with no changes and are forwarded normally.
Figure 14-4 The length of the OSPF Hello packets is seen in this analyzer capture.
Case Study: Policy Routing and Quality of Service Routing

Although quality of service (QoS) routing is outside the scope of this volume, it must be
noted here that policy routing can be an integral part of QoS. Policy routing in conjunction
with QoS is done by setting the Precedence or the Type of Service (TOS) bits of the TOS
field in the IP headers of packets as they enter a router’s interface. Figure 14-5 shows the
bits of the TOS field. Although the TOS bits are seldom used in modern networks, the
Precedence bits have found new life in QoS applications. The TOS bits are used to influence
the path a router selects for a packet, whereas the Precedence bits are used to prioritize
packets within a router.
Figure 14-5 The Precedence and TOS bits of the Type of Service field of the IP header.
BIT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P P P D T R C O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = No TOS
Reserved,
always set to zero.
Precedence Delay Throughput Reliability Monetary

000 Routing 0 Normal 0 Normal 0 Normal Cost
001 Priority 1 Minimize 1 Maximize 1 Maximize 0 Normal
010 Immediate 1 Minimize
011 Flash
100 Flash Override
101 CRITIC/ECP
110 Internetwork Control
111 Network Control 1111 = Maximize Security
The Precedence bits are set by using the set ip Precedence statement within a route map.
The Precedence might be set by specifying the decimal equivalent of the three Precedence
bits or by using keywords. Table 14-5 shows the decimal numbers and the keywords that
can be used.
Table 14-5 Precedence values and keywords used with the set ip precedence command.
Bits Number Keyword
000 0 routine
001 1 priority
010 2 immediate
011 3 flash
100 4 flash-override
101 5 critical
110 6 internet
111 7 network
The TOS bits are set by using the set ip tos statement. Like the Precedence statement,
the argument of the statement might be a number or a keyword, as shown in Table 14-6.
Unlike Precedence, you might use a combination of TOS values. For example, specifying
a TOS value of 12 (1100b) means minimum delay and maximum throughput. Only a
single keyword can be used, so to set a combination of TOS values, a number must be
specified.
Table 14-6 TOS values and keywords used with the set ip tos command.
Bits Number (0–15) Keyword
0000 0 normal
0001 1 min-monetary-cost
0010 2 max-reliability
0100 4 max-throughput
1000 8 min-delay
Figure 14-6 shows an example of how policy routes can be used for QoS routing.
Here, router Pogo is at the “edge” of the Internet OkefenokeeNet. By configuring policy
routes on Pogo’s serial links, the Precedence or TOS bits of incoming packets can be
changed so that IP traffic is divided into several traffic classes. See Example 14-19 for
instance.
Figure 14-6 Policy routes can be used to set the Precedence or TOS bits of packets entering a network. The routers
within the network can then make QoS decisions based on the setting of these bits.
Pkt A: Critical
Pkt B:
Priority,
max-reliability,
min-delay Packet A:
S0 Src: 172.16.1.1
Type: WWW
OkefenokeeNet
S1
Pogo Packet B:
Src: 192.168.4.1
Type: Telnet
Example 14-19 Pogo’s configuration sets Precedence and TOS bits.

interface Serial0
ip address 10.1.18.67 255.255.255.252
ip policy route-map Albert
!
interface Serial1
ip address 10.34.16.83 255.255.255.252
ip policy route-map Albert
!
access-list 110 permit tcp any eq www any
!
route-map Albert permit 10
match ip address 1 110
set ip precedence critical
!
route-map Albert permit 20
set ip tos 10
set ip precedence priority
Statement 10 says that if packets match both access lists 1 and 110, the Precedence will be set
to critical. Notice that statement 20 has no match statement. This statement will match any
packets that haven’t been matched by statement 10. There are also two set statements under
statement 20. These statements will set the TOS bits to minimum delay and maximum
reliability and will set the Precedence bits to priority. Figure 14-7 shows a capture of a packet
from somewhere inside OkefenokeeNet, which has been modified by the route map at Pogo.
After the Precedence or TOS bits have been set in packets entering the network, the routers
within the Internet can make QoS decisions based in part or wholly on the class of service
these bits define. For example, priority, custom, or weighted fair queuing might be configured
to prioritize traffic according to the Precedence or TOS bits. In some implementations,

Precedence can be used with congestion avoidance mechanisms such as Weighted Random
Early Detection (WRED). Or a crude Class-of-Service routing can be implemented by
configuring access lists that permit or deny packets across certain links based on the setting
of their Precedence or TOS bits.
Figure 14-7 Pogo’s policy route has set the Precedence bits of this packet to priority (001b) and the TOS bits to
minimum delay and maximum reliability (1010b).
Case Study: Route Maps and Redistribution

A route map can be used with redistribution for both IPv4 and IPv6 by adding a call to the
route map in the redistribute command. Figure 14-8 shows a network in which IPv4 IS-IS
and OSPF routes are being mutually redistributed at router Zippy. Of the network and
subnet addresses listed in the illustration, only the ones whose third octet is odd-numbered
are to be redistributed.
Figure 14-8 The OSPF and IS-IS routes are being mutually redistributed. Route maps can be used with the
redistribute command as simple route filters, or they can be used to modify characteristics of the
redistributed routes.
IS-IS OSPF
192.168.1.0 172.16.1.0
192.168.2.0 172.16.2.0
192.168.3.0 172.16.3.0
192.168.4.0 172.16.4.0
192.168.5.0 172.16.5.0
192.168.6.0 172.16.6.0
192.168.7.0 Zerbina Zippy Shelflife 172.16.7.0
192.168.9.0 172.16.9.0
Zippy’s configuration is displayed in Example 14-20.

Example 14-20 Zippy is configured to redistribute only addresses with an odd numbered third octet.
router ospf 1
redistribute isis level-1 metric 20 subnets route-map Griffy
network 172.16.10.2 0.0.0.0 area 5
!
router isis
redistribute ospf 1 metric 25 route-map Toad metric-type internal level-2
net 47.0001.1234.5678.9056.00
!
access-list 1 permit 192.168.2.0
!
route-map Griffy deny 10
match ip address 1
!
route-map Griffy permit 20
!
route-map Toad permit 10
match ip address 2
Route maps Griffy and Toad perform the same functions, but with different logic. Griffy
uses negative logic, identifying the routes that should not be redistributed, and Toad uses
positive logic, identifying the routes that should be redistributed.
Statement 10 of Griffy denies any routes that are permitted by access list 1 (the addresses
with an even third octet). Because the addresses with odd-numbered third octets do not find
a match at statement 10, they are passed to statement 20. Statement 20 has no match
statement, so the default is to match everything. Statement 20 has a permit action, so the
odd routes are permitted. The result is shown in Example 14-21.
Example 14-21 The only destinations within the IS-IS domain that are contained in Shelflife’s route table are those
with an odd-numbered third octet.
Shelflife#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
Gateway of last resort is not set
O E2 192.168.9.0 [110/20] via 172.16.10.2, 00:24:46, Ethernet0
O E2 192.168.1.0 [110/20] via 172.16.10.2, 00:24:46, Ethernet0
O E2 192.168.3.0 [110/20] via 172.16.10.2, 00:24:46, Ethernet0
Example 14-21 The only destinations within the IS-IS domain that are contained in Shelflife’s route table are those
with an odd-numbered third octet. (Continued)
O E2 192.168.5.0 [110/20] via 172.16.10.2, 00:24:47, Ethernet0
O E2 192.168.7.0 [110/20] via 172.16.10.2, 00:24:47, Ethernet0
172.16.0.0 255.255.255.0 is subnetted, 9 subnets
C 172.16.9.0 is directly connected, Serial0
C 172.16.10.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
O 172.16.4.0 [110/159] via 172.16.9.2, 14:05:33, Serial0
O 172.16.5.0 [110/159] via 172.16.9.2, 14:05:33, Serial0
O 172.16.6.0 [110/159] via 172.16.9.2, 14:05:33, Serial0
O 172.16.7.0 [110/159] via 172.16.9.2, 14:05:33, Serial0
O 172.16.1.0 [110/159] via 172.16.9.2, 14:05:33, Serial0
O 172.16.2.0 [110/159] via 172.16.9.2, 14:05:33, Serial0
O 172.16.3.0 [110/159] via 172.16.9.2, 14:05:33, Serial0
Shelflife#
Route map Toad has a single statement that permits routes that have been permitted by
access list 2 (addresses with an odd third octet). The addresses with an even third octet do
not find a match at access list 2. The default route map statement when redistributing is to
deny all routes, so the addresses that are not matched by access list 2 are not redistributed.
Example 14-22 shows the results of route map Toad.
Example 14-22 The only destinations within the OSPF domain that are contained in Zerbina’s route table are those
with an odd-numbered third octet.
Zerbina#show ip route
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
C 192.168.9.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
i L1 192.168.1.0/24 [115/15] via 192.168.9.2, Serial0
i L1 192.168.2.0/24 [115/15] via 192.168.9.2, Serial0
i L1 192.168.3.0/24 [115/15] via 192.168.9.2, Serial0
i L1 192.168.4.0/24 [115/15] via 192.168.9.2, Serial0
i L1 192.168.5.0/24 [115/15] via 192.168.9.2, Serial0
i L1 192.168.6.0/24 [115/15] via 192.168.9.2, Serial0
i L1 192.168.7.0/24 [115/15] via 192.168.9.2, Serial0
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 5 subnets
i L2 172.16.9.0 [115/35] via 192.168.10.2, Ethernet0
i L2 172.16.5.0 [115/35] via 192.168.10.2, Ethernet0
i L2 172.16.7.0 [115/35] via 192.168.10.2, Ethernet0
i L2 172.16.1.0 [115/35] via 192.168.10.2, Ethernet0
i L2 172.16.3.0 [115/35] via 192.168.10.2, Ethernet0
Zerbina#
Other configurations will achieve the same ends. For instance, route map Toad will have the
same effect with the access list in Example 14-23.
Example 14-23 An alternate configuration for route-map Toad on Zippy.
access-list 2 deny 172.16.2.0
access-list 2 permit any
Although route maps work fine as simple route filters, their strength lies in their ability to
change the routes in various ways. Consider the configuration in Example 14-24 of Zippy
in Figure 14-8.
Example 14-24 Zippy’s route-map configuration sets the metric type, metric and level of certain redistributed
routes.
router ospf 1
redistribute isis level-1 metric 20 subnets route-map Griffy
network 172.16.10.2 0.0.0.0 area 5
!
router isis
redistribute ospf 1 metric 25 route-map Toad metric-type internal level-2
net 47.0001.1234.5678.9056.00
!
ip classless
!
match ip address 1
set metric-type type-1
!
!
match ip address 2
set metric 15
set level level-1
!
Statement 10 of route map Griffy permits routes to the addresses in access list 1 and
redistributes them into OSPF as type 1 external routes. Statement 20 permits all other
routes, which will be redistributed with the default external type 2. Example 14-25 shows
the results.
Example 14-25 The routes to destinations in the IS-IS domain are E1 if the third octet of the address is even and E2
if the third octet is odd.
Shelflife#show ip route
Codes:C -connected,S -static,I -IGRP,R -RIP,M -mobile,B -BGP
D -EIGRP,EX -EIGRP external,O -OSPF,IA -OSPF inter area
E1 -OSPF external type 1,E2 -OSPF external type 2,E -EGP
i -IS-IS,L1 -IS-IS level-1,L2 -IS-IS level-2,*-candidate default
O E2 192.168.9.0 [110/20 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:43,Ethernet0
O E2 192.168.1.0 [110/20 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:43,Ethernet0
O E1 192.168.2.0 [110/30 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:43,Ethernet0
O E2 192.168.3.0 [110/20 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:44,Ethernet0
O E1 192.168.4.0 [110/30 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:44,Ethernet0
O E2 192.168.5.0 [110/20 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:44,Ethernet0
O E1 192.168.6.0 [110/30 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:44,Ethernet0
O E2 192.168.7.0 [110/20 ] via 172.16.10.2,,00:13:44,Ethernet0
172.16.0.0 255.255.255.0 is subnetted,9 subnets
C 172.16.9.0 is directly connected,Serial0
C 172.16.10.0 is directly connected,Ethernet0
O 172.16.4.0 [110/159 ] via 172.16.9.2,,15:49:29,Serial0
O 172.16.5.0 [110/159 ] via 172.16.9.2,,15:49:30,Serial0
O 172.16.6.0 [110/159 ] via 172.16.9.2,,15:49:30,Serial0
O 172.16.7.0 [110/159 ] via 172.16.9.2,,15:49:30,Serial0
O 172.16.1.0 [110/159 ] via 172.16.9.2,,15:49:30,Serial0
O 172.16.2.0 [110/159 ] via 172.16.9.2,,15:49:30,Serial0
O 172.16.3.0 [110/159 ] via 172.16.9.2,,15:49:30,Serial0
Shelflife#
Statement 10 of route map Toad permits routes to addresses in access list 2 and
redistributes them into IS-IS as level 1 routes. Their metric is set to 15. Statement 20
permits all other routes, which will be redistributed as level 2 and with a metric of 25,
as specified by the redistribute command under the IS-IS configuration (see
Example 14-26).
Example 14-26 The routes to destinations in the OSPF domain are L2 if the third octet of the address is even and
L1 if the third octet is odd. The “odds” are redistributed with a metric of 15, and the “evens” are
redistributed with a metric of 25 (10 is added for the hop from Zippy to Zerbina).
Zerbina#show ip route
Codes:C -connected,S -static,I -IGRP,R -RIP,M -mobile,B -BGP
D -EIGRP,EX -EIGRP external,O -OSPF,IA -OSPF inter area
N1 -OSPF NSSA external type 1,N2 -OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 -OSPF external type 1,E2 -OSPF external type 2,E -EGP
i -IS-IS,L1 -IS-IS level-1,L2 -IS-IS level-2,*-candidate default
U -per-user static route,o -ODR
C 192.168.9.0/24 is directly connected,Serial0
C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected,Ethernet0
i L1 192.168.1.0/24 [115/15 ] via 192.168.9.2,,Serial0
i L1 192.168.2.0/24 [115/15 ] via 192.168.9.2,,Serial0
i L1 192.168.3.0/24 [115/15 ] via 192.168.9.2,,Serial0
continues
Example 14-26 The routes to destinations in the OSPF domain are L2 if the third octet of the address is even and
L1 if the third octet is odd. The “odds” are redistributed with a metric of 15, and the “evens” are
redistributed with a metric of 25 (10 is added for the hop from Zippy to Zerbina). (Continued)
i L1
192.168.4.0/24 [115/15 ] via 192.168.9.2,,Serial0
i L1
192.168.5.0/24 [115/15 ] via 192.168.9.2,,Serial0
i L1
192.168.6.0/24 [115/15 ] via 192.168.9.2,,Serial0
i L1
192.168.7.0/24 [115/15 ] via 192.168.9.2,,Serial0
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted,8 subnets
i L1 172.16.9.0 [115/25 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
i L2 172.16.4.0 [115/35 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
i L1 172.16.5.0 [115/25 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
i L2 172.16.6.0 [115/35 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
i L1 172.16.7.0 [115/25 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
i L1 172.16.1.0 [115/25 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
i L2 172.16.2.0 [115/35 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
i L1 172.16.3.0 [115/25 ] via 192.168.10.2,,Ethernet0
Zerbina#
Case Study: Route Tagging

Figure 14-9 shows a situation in which routes from several routing domains, each running
a separate routing protocol, are being redistributed into a single transit domain running
OSPF. On the other side of the OSPF cloud, the routes must be redistributed back into their
respective domains. Route filters can be used at the egress points from the OSPF cloud into
each domain to permit only the routes that belong to that domain. However, if each domain
has many routes or if the routes within the domain change frequently, the route filters can
become difficult to manage.
Figure 14-9 Routes from each of the three domains on the left are redistributed into a transit network running
OSPF. On the right, the routes for each domain must be redistributed back into their original
domains.
Domain 1
Domain 1 (RIP)
(RIP)
Domain 2 Domain 2
(IS-IS) OSPF (IS-IS)
Domain 3
(EIGRP) Domain 3
(EIGRP)
Another way of handling this problem is to tag the routes at their ingress points to the OSPF
transit domain with a tag that is unique to each domain. At the egress points, the routes can
be redistributed by their tags instead of by specific addresses. The routing protocol of the
transit network does not necessarily use the tag, but merely conveys it to and from its
external networks. RIPv2, EIGRP, Integrated IS-IS, and OSPF all support route tags. BGP
also supports route tags. Tags are not supported by RIPv1. A case study in this section
shows how a transit network running OSPF can use the route tags.
A re-examination of the packet formats in Chapter 6, “RIPv2, RIPng, and Classless
Routing,” Chapter 7, “Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP),”
Chapter 8, “OSPFv2,” and Chapter 10, “Integrated IS-IS” show that RIPv2 messages
support 16-bit tags, IS-IS Inter-Domain Routing Protocol Information TLVs support
16-bit tags, and EIGRP external route TLVs and OSPF type 5 LSAs support 32-bit tags.
These tags are expressed as decimal numbers, so tags carried by RIPv2 and IS-IS will be
between 0 and 65,535, and tags carried by EIGRP and OSPF will be between 0 and
4,294,967,295.
In Figure 14-10, router Dagwood is accepting routes from three different routing
domains and redistributing them into a domain running OSPF. The objective here is
to tag the routes from each domain so that their source domain might be identified
within the OSPF cloud. Routes from domain 1 will have a tag of 1, domain 2 will have
a tag of 2, and so on.
Figure 14-10 Dagwood is configured to tag the routes from each of the three routing domains as they are
redistributed into OSPF.
Domain 1
(EIGRP) 10.1.2.2/24
10.15.75.0/24
192.168.1.0/24 OSPF
Pickles
10.1.2.1/24
Dagwood Sally
Domain 2
(RIP) 10.1.2.3/24
10.16.76.0/24
192.168.2.0/24 Funky Blondie
Domain 3
(RIP) 10.1.2.4/24
10.17.77.0/24
192.168.3.0/24 Beetle
Dagwood’s configuration is displayed in Example 14-27.

Example 14-27 Dagwood is configured to tag routes as they are redistributed into OSPF from RIP and EIGRP.
router ospf 1
redistribute eigrp 1 metric 10 subnets tag 1
redistribute rip metric 10 subnets route-map Dithers
network 10.100.200.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
!
router rip
network 10.0.0.0
!
router eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.0
!
!
route-map Dithers permit 10
set tag 2
!
route-map Dithers permit 20
set tag 3
First, notice the redistribute eigrp command under OSPF. Dagwood is accepting routes
from only one EIGRP domain, so the tag can be set to 1 directly on the redistribute
command. However, routes are being learned from two RIP domains. Here a route map is
needed. Route map Dithers sets the tag of the RIP routes to either 2 or 3, depending on
whether the route was learned from Funky (10.1.2.3) or Beetle (10.1.2.4). Figure 14-11
shows an LSA advertising one of the RIP-learned routes, with the route tag set to 2.
Figure 14-11 This type 5 LSA is advertising network 192.168.2.0, which is in domain 2, within the OSPF domain.
The route tag is shown on the last line.
The route tags can also be observed in the OSPF link state database (see Example 14-28).
Example 14-28 The OSPF link state database indicates the tags that were set for each of the external routes by
Dagwood’s redistribution processes.
Blondie#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (10.100.200.2)(Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
10.100.200.3 10.100.200.3 671 0x80000003 0x00A137 4
10.100.200.2 10.100.200.2 39 0x80000002 0x6FF5 3
10.100.200.1 10.100.200.1 40 0x80000033 0x33E1 3
Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
10.100.200.1 10.100.200.1 40 0x80000001 0xB0A7
AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
192.168.2.0 10.100.200.1 641 0x80000028 0x904D 2
10.17.77.0 10.100.200.1 642 0x80000028 0xC817 3
192.168.3.0 10.100.200.1 642 0x80000028 0x9744 3
10.15.75.0 10.100.200.1 642 0x80000028 0xD213 1
10.1.2.0 10.100.200.1 642 0x80000028 0xA19B 1
10.16.76.0 10.100.200.1 642 0x80000028 0xCD15 2
192.168.1.0 10.100.200.1 644 0x80000028 0x8956 1
10.100.200.0 10.100.200.1 644 0x80000028 0x6EA4 1
Blondie#
In Figure 14-12, Blondie must redistribute only domain 2 routes to Alley and only domain 1
routes to Oop. Because the routes were tagged as they entered the OSPF transit domain, this
is easily done. Blondie’s configuration is shown in Example 14-29.
Figure 14-12 Blondie is using route maps to redistribute routes according to their route tag.
Domain 2
OSPF (RIP)
Alley
Sally Blondie Domain 1

(EIGRP)
Oop
Dagwood
Example 14-29 Blondie is configured to use route maps to redistribute routes with tag 1 to EIGRP and tag 2
to RIP.
router ospf 1
network 10.100.200.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
!
router rip
redistribute ospf 1 match external 2 route-map Daisy
passive-interface Ethernet0
passive-interface Serial1
continues
Example 14-29 Blondie is configured to use route maps to redistribute routes with tag 1 to EIGRP and tag 2
to RIP. (Continued)
network 10.0.0.0
default-metric 5
!
router eigrp 1
redistribute ospf 1 match external 2 route-map Herb
passive-interface Ethernet0
passive-interface Serial0
network 10.0.0.0
default-metric 10000 1000 255 1 1500
!
route-map Daisy permit 10
match tag 2
!
route-map Herb permit 10
match tag 1
Example 14-30 shows the resulting routes at Alley and Oop. One drawback to the use of route
tags to filter routes is that there is no way to filter routes by interface. For example, if Blondie
had to send routes to both domain 2 and domain 3, which both run RIP, route maps could not
be configured to send some routes to one RIP process and other routes to another RIP process.
The routes would have to be filtered by address with distribute-list commands.
Example 14-30 The route tables of Alley and Oop in Figure 14-12 show the results of the redistribution
configuration at Blondie.
Alley#show ip route
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 3 masks

R 10.1.5.4/30 [120/1] via 10.1.3.1, 00:00:25, Serial0
R 10.1.4.0/24 [120/1] via 10.1.3.1, 00:00:25, Serial0
R 10.16.76.0/24 [120/5] via 10.1.3.1, 00:00:25, Serial0
R 10.100.200.2/32 [120/1] via 10.1.3.1, 00:00:25, Serial0
R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/5] via 10.1.3.1, 00:00:25, Serial0
Alley#
Oop#show ip route
Example 14-30 The route tables of Alley and Oop in Figure 14-12 show the results of the redistribution
configuration at Blondie. (Continued)
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route

D 10.1.3.0/24 [90/2681856] via 10.1.4.1, 00:21:36, Serial0
D EX 10.1.2.0/24 [170/2425856] via 10.1.4.1, 00:08:22, Serial0
D 10.1.5.4/30 [90/2681856] via 10.1.4.1, 00:22:40, Serial0
D EX 10.15.75.0/24 [170/2425856] via 10.1.4.1, 00:04:56, Serial0
D 10.100.200.2/32 [90/2297856] via 10.1.4.1, 00:22:40, Serial0
D EX 192.168.1.0/24 [170/2425856] via 10.1.4.1, 00:04:56, Serial0
Oop#
Case Study: Filtering Tagged Routes Out of OSPF Route Table

The network running OSPF in Figure 14-10 and Figure 14-12 is a transit network. If
devices within that transit area do not need to send packets to any of the other domains,
there is no need to maintain the addresses of those domains in the OSPF route tables. The
tags that were added to the routes, along with distribute lists and route maps, can be applied
to the OSPF routers to prevent the addresses from being added to the route tables, while not
affecting the entries in the link-state database.
Sally, a router wholly within the OSPF domain, has been modified with the configuration
in Example 14-31.
Example 14-31 Sally’s configuration uses tags to filter routes from the OSPF route table.
router ospf 1
network 10.100.200.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
network 10.1.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
distribute-list route-map Charlie in
!
route-map Charlie deny 10
match tag 1 2 3
!
route-map Charlie permit 20
The route map Charlie denies addresses that are marked with tags 1, 2 or 3. These addresses
are omitted from the IP route table by the distribute-list in command. Any other address
is added to the route table, permitted by the route map sequence 20. The distribute list is
not applied to Blondie and Dagwood, the edge routers that are performing redistribution. If
an address is not in the route table, even if it is in the OSPF LSA database, it will not be
redistributed into another routing protocol. Example 14-32 shows Sally’s IP route table and
OSPF LSA database.
Example 14-32 The OSPF addresses marked with tags are filtered out of the IP route table. The addresses still exist
in the OSPF LSA database.
Sally#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

C 10.1.5.4/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0.2
C 10.1.5.0/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0.1
O 10.100.200.2/32 [110/65] via 10.1.5.6, 00:17:24, Serial0/0.2
C 10.100.200.3/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
O 10.100.200.1/32 [110/65] via 10.1.5.1, 00:17:24, Serial0/0.1
Sally#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (10.100.200.3) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count

10.100.200.1 10.100.200.1 1183 0x80000004 0x003756 3
10.100.200.2 10.100.200.2 1181 0x80000004 0x00E1A1 3
10.100.200.3 10.100.200.3 1177 0x8000000A 0x00933E 4
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag

10.1.2.0 10.100.200.1 94 0x80000003 0x00EB76 1
10.15.75.0 10.100.200.1 603 0x80000002 0x001FEC 1
10.16.76.0 10.100.200.1 346 0x80000002 0x001AEE 2
10.16.77.0 10.100.200.1 353 0x80000002 0x001FEE 2
192.168.1.0 10.100.200.1 603 0x80000002 0x00D530 1
192.168.2.0 10.100.200.1 346 0x80000002 0x00DC27 2
192.168.3.0 10.100.200.1 353 0x80000002 0x00E427 2
Sally#
None of the tagged routes, tag 1, 2, or 3, exist in Sally’s IP route table.

Case Study: IPv6 Redistribution with Route Maps

IPv6 routing protocols also support redistribution of routes using route maps. The
configuration is almost identical to IPv4.
Figure 14-13 shows the addition of IPv6 addresses and routing protocols to the network
shown in Figure 14-10. Funky and Beetle are each running RIPng. Dagwood is
redistributing IPv6 prefixes between RIPng and IS-IS. Only IPv6 prefixes from Beetle are
redistributed into IS-IS, and prefix 2001:db8:0:77::/64 is set with a metric of 10 while prefix
2001:db8:0:200::/64 has a metric of 100.
Figure 14-13 IPv6 has been added to the network in Figure 14-10. IPv6 prefixes are redistributed between RIPng
and IS-IS.
RIPng
2001:db8:0:76::/64
2001:db8:0:100::/64
Funky
IS-IS for
2001:db8:0:2::1/64 IPv6
Dagwood
RIPng
2001:db8:0:77::/64
2001:db8:0:2::4/64
2001:db8:0:200::/64 Sally
Beetle
Dagwood’s configuration is displayed in Example 14-33.

Example 14-33 Dagwood’s IPv6 configuration.
Interface ethernet 0/0
ipv6 address 2001:db8:0:2::1/64
ipv6 rip domain3 enable
!
interface serial 0/0.1 point-to-point
ipv6 address 2001:db8:0:5::1/64
ipv6 router isis
!
ipv6 router rip domain3
!
router isis
net 00.0001.0000.5678.ef01.00
Address-family ipv6
Redistribute rip domain3 route-map Beetlefilter
!
route-map Beetlefilter permit 10
match ipv6 route-source prefix-list 1
continues
Example 14-33 Dagwood’s IPv6 configuration. (Continued)

match ipv6 address prefix-list 3
set metric 10
!
route-map Beetlefilter permit 20
match ipv6 route-source prefix-list 1
match ipv6 address prefix-list 2
set metric 100
!
ipv6 prefix-list 1 permit 2001:db8:0:2::4/128
ipv6 prefix-list 2 permit 2001:db8:0:200::/64
ipv6 prefix-list 3 permit 2001:db8:0:77::/64
IPv6 prefix-lists are used to match the source of route information or to match specific
addresses for redistribution. Statement 10 of Beetlefilter specifies that the route source
must equal Beetle’s IPv6 address and the prefix must equal 2001:db8:0:77::/64 for the
metric to be set to 10. If the route source or the prefix does not match, statement 20 is
executed. If the source is Beetle and the prefix is 2001:db8:0:200::/64, the metric is set
to 100. If the source is not Beetle, or the prefix is not one of the ones specified, the route
is not redistributed.
Sally’s IS-IS database (Example 14-34) shows the redistributed prefixes.
Example 14-34 The redistributed routes are seen in Sally’s IS-IS database.
Sally#show isis database detail Dagwood-00.00
IS-IS Level-1 LSP Dagwood.00-00

LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
Dagwood.00-00 0x00000004 0xCA8B 938 0/0/0
Area Address: 00.0001
NLPID: 0x8E
Hostname: Dagwood
IPv6 Address: 2001:DB8:0:5::1
Metric: 10 IPv6 2001:DB8:0:5::/64
Metric: 10 IS Sally.00
IS-IS Level-2 LSP Dagwood.00-00

LSPID LSP Seq Num LSP Checksum LSP Holdtime ATT/P/OL
Dagwood.00-00 0x00000008 0x28D7 1089 0/0/0
Area Address: 00.0001
NLPID: 0x8E
Hostname: Dagwood
IPv6 Address: 2001:DB8:0:5::1
Metric: 10 IS Sally.00
Metric: 10 IPv6 2001:DB8:0:5::/64
Metric: 10 IPv6 2001:DB8:0:77::/64
Metric: 100 IPv6 2001:DB8:0:200::/64
Sally#
Looking Ahead
This chapter concludes this book’s in-depth look at routing TCP/IP with respect to interior
gateway protocols. If you are preparing to become a CCIE, you certainly will want to know
this book’s topics thoroughly before taking the exam. Use the end-of-chapter questions and
exercises to test your level of understanding and preparedness. And if you haven’t studied
routing TCP/IP with respect to Exterior Gateway Protocols, doing so is a next logical step
in your preparation.
Summary Table: Chapter 14 Command Review

Command Description
access-list access-list-number {deny | Defines a line of a standard IP access list
permit} source [source-wildcard]
access-list access-list-number {deny | Defines a line of an extended IP access list
permit} protocol source source-wildcard
destination destination-wildcard
[precedence precedence] [tos tos] [log]
ip local policy route-map map-tag Defines a policy route for packets originated
by the router itself
ip policy route-map map-tag Defines a policy route for packets transiting
the router
match interface type number Matches routes that have their next hop out
[...type number] one of the interfaces specified
match ip address {access-list-number | Matches routes that have a destination address
name} [...access-list-number | name] specified by one of the access lists
match ip next-hop {access-list-number | Matches routes that have a next-hop router
name} [...access-list-number | name] address specified by one of the access lists
match ip route-source {access-list-number | Matches routes that have been advertised by
name} [...access-list-number | name] routers at the addresses specified in the
access lists
match ipv6 address prefix-list {name} Matches routes that have a destination address
specified by the prefix-list
match ipv6 next-hop prefix-list {name} Matches routes that have a next-hop router
address specified by the prefix-lists
match ipv6 route-source prefix-list Matches routes that have been advertised by
{name} routers at the addresses specified in the
prefix-list
match length min max Matches the level 3 length of a packet
continues
(Continued)
Command Description
match metric metric-value Matches routes with the specified metric
match route-type {internal | external Matches OSPF, EIGRP, or IS-IS routes of the
[type-1 | type-2] | level-1 | level-2} specified type
match tag tag-value [...tag-value] Matches routes with the specified tags
ipv6 prefix-list list-name [seq seq-number] Defines an IPv6 prefix list
{deny ipv6-prefix/prefix-length | permit
ipv6-prefix/prefix-length | description text}
[ge ge-value] [le le-value]
redistribute protocol [process-id] Configures redistribution into a routing
{level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2} [metric protocol and specifies the source of the
metric-value] [metric-type type-value] redistributed routes
[match {internal | external 1| external 2}]
[tag tag-value] [route-map map-tag]
[weight weight] [subnets]
set level {level-1 | level-2 | level-1-2 | Sets the IS-IS level or the OSPF area into
stub-area | backbone} which a matched route is to be redistributed
set default interface type number Sets the outgoing interface for matched packets
[...type number] when there is no explicit route to the destination
set interface type number Sets the outgoing interface for matched packets
[...type number] when there is an explicit route to the destination
set ip default next-hop ip-address Sets the next-hop router address for matched
[...ip-address] packets when there is no explicit route to the
destination
set ip next-hop ip-address Sets the next-hop router address for matched
[...ip-address] packets when there is an explicit route to the
destination
set ip precedence precedence Sets the precedence bits in the Type of Service
field of matched IP packets
set ip tos type-of-service Sets the TOS bits in the Type of Service field
of matched packets
set metric {metric-value | bandwidth Sets the metric value for a matched route
delay reliability loading mtu}
set metric-type {internal | external | Sets the metric type for a matched route being
type-1 | type-2} redistributed into IS-IS or OSPF
set next-hop next-hop Sets the next-hop router address for a matched
route
set tag tag-value Sets a tag value for a matched route
Configuration Exercises 763
Review Questions
1 How are route maps similar to access lists? How are they different?
2 What are policy routes?
3 What are route tags?
4 In what way do route tags affect routing protocols?
Configuration Exercises
1 Configure policy routes for Router A in Figure 14-14 that forward packets from subnets
172.16.1.0/28 through 172.16.1.112/28 to Router D and forward packets from subnets
172.16.1.128/28 through 172.16.1.240/28 to Router E.
Figure 14-14 The network for Configuration Exercises 1 through 3.
172.16.1.0/28
172.16.1.16/28
172.16.1.32/28
172.16.1.48/28
172.16.1.64/28 172.16.14.5/30 172.16.14.17/30
172.16.1.80/28 S0 S2
172.16.1.96/28 B D
172.16.1.112/28
172.16.1.128/28 S1
S3
172.16.1.144/28 A
172.16.14.13/30
172.16.14.9/30
172.16.1.160/28
172.16.1.176/28 C E
172.16.1.192/28
172.16.1.208/28
172.16.1.224/28
172.16.1.240/28
2 Configure policy routes for Router A in Figure 14-14 so that packets from subnets 172.16.1.64/28
through 172.16.1.112/28 are forwarded to Router D if they are received from Router C. If
packets from the same subnets are received from Router B, forward them to Router E. All other
packets should be forwarded normally.
3 Configure policy routes for Router A in Figure 14-14 that will forward any packets destined for
subnets 172.16.1.0/28 through 172.16.1.240/28, sourced from an SMTP port, to Router C. Route
any other UDP packets destined for the same subnets to Router B. No other packets should be
forwarded to Routers C or B by either the policy routes or the normal routing protocol.
4 The OSPF and EIGRP configuration for the router in Figure 14-15 is
router eigrp 1
network 192.168.100.0
!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 16
Figure 14-15 The router for Configuration Exercises 4 and 5.
OSPF 1 EIGRP 1
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.100.0/24
192.168.2.0/24 192.168.101.0/24
192.168.3.0/24 192.168.102.0/24
10.100.100.0/24 10.200.100.0/24
10.101.100.0/24 10.201.100.0/24
10.102.100.0/24 10.202.100.0/24
Configure the router to redistribute internal EIGRP routes into OSPF as E1 routes with a metric
of 10 and to redistribute external EIGRP routes into OSPF as E2 routes with a metric of 50. Of
the networks and subnets shown in the EIGRP domain, all should be redistributed except
10.201.100.0/24.
5 Configure the router in Figure 14-15 to redistribute internal OSPF routes into EIGRP with a
lower delay than external OSPF routes. Allow only the three Class C networks shown in the
OSPF domain to be redistributed.
Troubleshooting Exercise
1 Given the following configuration:
interface TokenRingl
ip address 192.168.15.254 255.255.255.0
ip policy route-map Ex1
!
access-list 101 permit host 192.168.10.5 any eq telnet
!
route-map Ex1 permit 5
match ip address 1
Troubleshooting Exercise 765
!
route-map Ex1 permit 10
The intention is to policy route all packets whose source address prefix is 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.255. The exception is that packets originating from the Telnet port of host
192.168.10.5 should be forwarded to 192.168.17.254. There are two errors in this
configuration that are preventing the policy route from working correctly. What are they?
INDEX
Numerics sequence number, 781

sequentiality, 778
standard IP, 782–784
3-way handshaking, 555
Boolean AND/OR functions, 784
90-second timer (IGRP), 254
inverse masks, 785
TCP, 790
Turbo ACLs, 789
A UDP, 791
acquiring hands-on experience, 805
active state, 273
A class IP addresses, 18–19 SIA, 274
address masks, 20 adding comments to ACLs, 783–784
subnetting, 24 address aggregation, 293–296
ABRs (Area Border Routers), 369, 516 CIDR, 296–297
access-class command, 794 Address Family Identifier field (RIP), 173
access-list compiled command, 789 Address Family Identifier field (RIPv2), 202
Aceves, J.J. Garcia Luna, 137 address masks, 20–21. See also subnet masks
Acknowledgment Number field (TCP), 43 Address Resolution Protocol. See ARP
acknowledgments, 364 address spaces, designing lollipop-shaped, 152
delayed, 365 address summarization
direct, 365 EIGRP, configuring, 315–316
ACLs (access control lists) OSPF
calling, 792–793 configuring, 435–440
access-class command, 794 troubleshooting, 464–466
categories of, 775 addresses, IP, 16
comments, adding, 783–784 internetworks, 18
dynamic, 786 masks, 20–21
editing, 780 reverse ARP, 36
effect on switching, 800 RIP, 173
effect on system performance, 799 subnet mask, 24
extended IP, 785, 789 subnets, 24
effect on system performance, 788 secondary RIP, 187
example of, 787–788 adjacencies, 147, 267, 336–337
features, 786–787 building process, 358–362
sequence numbers, 786 formation of, 351
filter layers, numbering, 778, 780 IS-IS, 517, 522–523
fragments, handling, 787 troubleshooting, 607–610
ICMP, 791–792 troubleshooting, 456–458
implicit deny any filter, 777 adjusting RIPng metrics, 233–235
keywords, 796–797 administrative distance, 98, 175
named, 780, 797 effect on redistribution, 633–639
placement of, 799 setting route preferences, 722–723
reflexive, 794 advertising default networks, 690
example, 795–796 aging process (LSAs), 153–154
parameters, 794
888 alternative routes, creating for static routes
alternative routes, creating for static routes, authentication

96–97 OSPF, 393
always keyword (default-information originate configuring, 441–444
command), 694 IS-IS, configuring, 587–591
AND operator, 21 RIPng, 213
Boolean AND function, 784–785 RIPv2, 210–212
anycast addresses, 55–56 configuring, 222–224
application layer (TCP/IP), 6 Authentication Information TLV, 544
Area ID, 368 auto-cost reference-bandwidth command, 345
areas, 160, 367 automatic summarization, disabling on
Area ID, 368 EIGRP, 307–309
autonomous systems, 160–162 Autonomous System External LSAs, 383,
backbone, 369 408–409
IS-IS, 516–517 autonomous systems, 160–162
L1 routers, 517
maximum size of, 369
multiple L1 areas, IS-IS configuration, 604–606
NSSAs, 387–389
B
configuring, 428–434 B class IP addresses, 18–19
partitioned areas, 371 address masks, 20
path types, 391 subnetting, 24
stub areas, 386 backbone, 369
configuring, 423–426 virtual links, 373–374
totally stubby areas, 387 backbone routers, 370
configuring, 426–428 bandwidth, 134–135, 255–256
traffic types, 369 IGRP metric, modifying, 257
troubleshooting, 460–463 reference bandwidth, 345
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 32–34, 40 BDRs (Backup Designated Routers),
gratuitous ARP, 36 election process, 342–344
packets best path determination, convergence, 135–137
Hardware Address Length field, 33 binary numbering system, 769–770
Hardware Type field, 33 converting to hex, 772–773
Operation field, 33–34 converting to decimal, 771
Protocol Address Length field, 33 bitcount format, 24
proxy ARP, 35–36 bits, IP packet flags, 11
reverse ARP, 36 Boolean operators
arp command, 45, 123 AND, 784–785
arp timeout command, 45 OR, 784
ASBR Summary LSAs, 382 boundaries, 174
ASBRs (Autonomous System Border Routers), boundary routers, 177–178
370 bounded updates, 262
AS-External LSAs, 488–489 broadcast networks, 339
assigning metrics to redistributed routes, 644 IPv6 static routes, configuring, 94
asynchronous updates, 145–146 broadcast updates, 138
ATT (Attached bit), 518 building process for OSPF adjacencies, 358–362
Attempt state (OSPF neighbors), 354 bytes, 770
commands 889
C Checksum field
LSAs, 366
TCP, 44
C class IP addresses, 18–19
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 296–297
address masks, 20
circular sequence number space, 150–151
octet boundaries, 26
Cisco IOS Software, switching method
subnetting, 24–25
determination, 106
calculating
classes of IP addresses, 18
host addresses for subnets, 27–28
classful routing, 23
hosts per subnet requirements, 25
RIP, 169, 175–178
IGRP default metric, 260–261
replies, 170
place values, 769
requests, 170
calling ACLs, 792–793
subnetting, 176
access-class command, 794
summarization, 177
case studies
classless route lookups, 205–206, 682
IPv6 redistribution with route maps, 759–760
classless routing, 24, 206
policy routing, 737–740
redistribution into classful domains, 639–640
and QoS, 744–747
unmatching masks, 641–642
and redistribution, 747–751
clear arp-cache command, 34, 45
router configuration, 743
clear ip accounting command, 801
standard IP access lists, 740–742
CLNP (Connectionless Network Protocol), 513
protocol migration, 711, 714–716
columns in route tables, 82
routing loops, 712–714
command field (RIPv2), 202
RIP configuration, 178–180
commands, 46, 123
route filtering, 708–709
access class, 794
filtering by routing process, 710
access-list compiled, 789
route tagging, 752–758
arp, 45, 123
categories of ACLs, 775
arp timeout, 45
CCIE exam, preparing for, 803–804
auto-cost reference-bandwidth, 345
certification path, 805
cdp enable, 698
exam day, 807
cdp run, 698
hands-on experience, 805
clear arp-cache, 34, 45
study materials, 805–807
clear ip accounting, 801
training classes, 804
config-router, 179
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), 90, 680–681
debug arp, 32
enabling, 697
debug iegpr neighbors, 321
cdp enable command, 698
debug ip icmp, 45
cdp run command, 698
debug ip packet, 123
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 104
debug ip policy, 739
per destination load sharing, 103
debug ip rip, 180, 193
Cerf, Vint, 5, 49
debug ipv6 packet, 123
certification path for CCIE exam, 805
default metric, 644
characteristics of distance vector protocols, 138
default-information originate, 691–693
broadcast updates, 138
always keyword, 694
full routing table updates, 139
for IPv6 addresses, 695–697
neighbors, 138
distance, 711–712, 715, 719–722
distribute-list, 703, 706, 717–718
890 commands
eigrp stub, 310 show clns is-neighbors, 608

ip access-group, 792–793 show clns is-neighbors detail, 597
ip accounting access-violations, 801 show interface, 256
ip address, 45, 193 show ip access list, 800
ip cef, 123 show ip accounting access-violations, 801
ip classless, 682, 698 show ip cef, 123
ip default network, 687–690 show ip eigrp topology, 268
ip default-network, 698 show ip ospf database, 374
ip load-sharing per packet, 104 show ip ospf database nssa-external, 409
ip netmask-format, 24, 46 show ip ospf interface, 344
ip ospf cost, 389 show ip ospf neighbor, 351–352
ip ospf dead-interval, 338 show ip route, 83, 123
ip ospf priority, 346 show ipv6 cef, 123
ip ospf transmit-delay, 346 show ipv6 detail, 123
ip policy route-map, 743 show ipv6 interface, 123
ip policy-route map, 737 show ipv6 rip, 228
ip proxy-arp, 46, 123 show ipv6 route, 123
ip rip triggered, 190 show isis database, 529
ip route, 123 summary address, 652
ip route cache, 123 timers active time, 275
ip router isis, 574 timers basic, 194
ipv6 cef, 123 trace, 12
ipv6 nd prefix, 71 variance, 300
ipv6 route command, 123 which route, 534
ipv6 unicast-routing, 123 comparing
isis isp-interval, 572 OSPFv2 and OSPFv3, 478–479
lsp-gen-interval, 572 RIPng and RIPv2, 213
maximum-paths, 393 compatibility of RIPv2 and RIPv1, 205
metric weights, 268 compatibility switches, 205, 215–217
metric-style wide, 560 config-router command, 179
neighbor, 193 configuring, 187–190
network, 178, 194 ACLs, keywords, 796–797
network area, 412–413 default routes, 681–682
no ip proxy-arp, 36 in IPv6, 695–697
no ip redirects, 40 ip default-network command, 687–690
offset-list, 187, 194 dual-protocol routing, 711–716
output-delay, 193–194 EIGRP, 297–299
passive-interface, 182, 194 address summarization, 315–316
redistribute connected, 665 authentication, 316–317
redistribute eigrp, 754 maximum paths for load sharing, 302–304
router, 179 multiple processes, 305–306
router odr, 697–698 stub routing, 309–315
router rip, 178, 194 unequal-cost load balancing, 299–302
set ip next-hop verify-availability, 738 extended IP ACLs, 785–789
show arp, 34 sequence number, 786
show cdp, 90 floating static routes, 97–100
show cdp neighbor detail, 123 ICMP ACLs, 791–792
data structure of OSPF neighbors 891
IPv6 floating static routes, 100–101 RIP, 178–180

IS-IS discontiguous subnets, 184–187
authentication, 587–591 metrics, 187–190
IPv4, 574–579 passive interfaces, 181–182
IPv6, 591–595 unicast updates, 182–184
multiple area addresses, 581–584 RIPng, 224–232
multiple L1 areas, 604–606 global parameters, 232–233
multiple topology mode, 596–598 RIPv2, 214
route leaking, 598–603 authentication, 222–224
route summarization, 585, 587 route maps, 734–736
routers, 579–581 route tagging, 754–758
load sharing, 102 standard IP ACLs, 782–784
CEF, 103–104 Boolean AND/OR functions, 784
named ACLs, 797 inverse masks, 785
ODR, 697 static routes, 84
OSPF, 411–413 IPv4, 85–89
address summarization, 435–440 IPv6, 90–94
authentication, 441–444 TCP ACLs, 790
Domain Name Service lookups, 417–418 UDP ACLs, 791
LSA filtering, 441 virtual links, 374
network area command, 412–413 connection-oriented services, TCP, 41–42
NSSAs, 428–434 control protocols, ICMPv6 header format, 63–64
on NBMA networks, 446–454 convergence, 135–137
over demand circuits, 454–455 after router reboot in redistributed protocol
Router IDs, 415–417 environment, 635–637
secondary addresses, 418–422 converting
stub areas, 423–426 binary to hex, 772–773
totally stubby areas, 426–428 decimal to binary, 771
virtual links, 444–445 routing protocols, 711–716
OSPFv3, 494–497 CoS (Class of Service), 9
multiple instances on a link, 499 cost metric, 135, 155, 345, 389
on NBMA networks, 500–505 counting to infinity, 142–144
stub area, 497–498 cryptographic checksum, MD5, 211
policy routing, 737–740 CSNPs (Complete SNPs), 527, 552
and QoS, 744–747
and redistribution, 747–751
global router configuration, 743
standard IP access lists, 740–742
redistribution, 642
D
EIGRP into OSPF, 646–651 data links
IGRP into RIP, 645–646 address masks, 21
metrics, 643–644 IP addresses
reflexive ACLs, 794 masks, 20–21
example, 795–796 subnets, 24
parameters, 794 TCP/IP, 6
data structure of OSPF neighbors, 351
components, 345–348, 352–353
892 data structure of OSPF neighbors
Database Description packets (OSPF), 399–400 delayed acknowledgments, 365

data-link identifiers, ARP, 30 demand circuits, 393
DC-bit, 395 OSPF, configuring, 454–455
DD (Database Description) packets, 358 presumption of reachability, 394
debug arp command, 32 depletion of IPv4 addresses, 49
debug eigrp neighbors command, 321 designated routers (IS-IS), 523–526
debug ip icmp command, 45 designing
debug ip packet command, 123 lollipop-shaped address spaces, 152
debug ip policy command, 739 subnets, 24–25
debug ip rip command, 180, 193 Destination Address field (IPv6 packets), 60
debug ipv6 packet command, 123 destination ports, TCP, 43
debugging route table entries, 96 devices, boundary routers, 177–178
decimal numbering system, 769 DF bit, 10
converting to binary, 771 DiffServ (Differentiated Services framework), 9
converting to hexadecimal, 772–773 diffusing computations, 262
IP addresses, 17 feasible successor selection process, 273–287
decision points for OSPF adjacency formation, digits, 769
357 Dijkstra, E.W., 266
decision process (IS-IS), 531–534 Dijkstra’s algorithm, 156–159
default metrics, IGRP direct acknowledgments, 366
calculating, 260–261 directly connected subnets, 176
modifying, 257 disabling
default networks, 253 automatic summarization on EIGRP,
advertising, 690 307–309
default routes, 677–679, 683 split horizon, 722
classless route lookups, 682 summarization on RIPv2, 221
configuring, 681–682 discontiguous subnets, 85, 178
IPv4, 695–697 configuring, 184–187
in IPv6, 695 RI, 185
ip default-network command, 687–690 summarizing RIPv2 routes across, 220–222
filtering, 706 displaying
flapping, 694 IGRP delay, 256
gateway of last resort, 683 IPv6 addresses, 90
in hub-and-spoke topologies, 678 IS-IS link state database, 529–530
large-scale use of, 678 IS-IS neighbor table, 523
redistribution, 693 RIPng processes, 228
risk of suboptimal routing, 679 distance command, 711–712, 715, 719–722
static, 682 distance vector routing protocols, 137, 261
“don’t care” bits, 683 asynchronous updates, 145–146
redistribution, 684–686 characteristics of, 138
default IGRP timers, modifying, 255 broadcast updates, 138
default-information originate command, 691–693 full routing table updates, 139
always keyword, 694 neighbors, 138
for IPv6 addresses, 695–697 periodic updates, 138
default-metric command, 644
delay metric, 135, 255–257
modifying, 257
eigrp stub command 893
counting to infinity, 143–144 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

holddown timers, 144–145 Protocol), 263
RIP address aggregation, 293–296
configuring, 178–180 CIDR, 296–297
metrics, configuring, 187–190 address summarization, configuring, 315–316
route filtering, 702 adjacencies, 267
route invalidation timers, 140–141 authentication, configuring, 316–317
routing by rumor, 139–140 automatic summarization, disabling, 307–309
split horizon, 141 configuring, 297–299
triggered updates, 144 diffusing computations, 262
distributed database protocols. See link-state DUAL, 266–267
protocols feasible successors, selection process, 270–284, 287
distribute-list command, 703, 706, 717–718 input events, 273
domain authentication, IS-IS configuration, load sharing, configuring maximum paths,
590–591 302–304
Domain Name Service lookups, OSPF metrics, 270
configuration, 417–418 delay, 268
domains FC, 267
OSPF, areas, 368 FD, 267
IS-IS, domain-wide prefix distribution feasible successors, 267
extension, 556–557 variance, 300
Don’t Fragment (DF) bit, 10 missing neighbors, troubleshooting, 318–323
dotted-decimal format, 17, 24 multiple processes, configuring, 305–306
Down state (OSPF neighbors), 353 neighbor discovery/recovery, 265–266
DRs (Designated Routers), 341 neighbor table, 266
DRothers, 344 packets, 264
election process, 342–344 header format, 288–289
DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point), 9 Hello, 265
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 266–267 sequence numbers, 264
feasible successors, selection process, 270–287 TLVs, 289–293
input events, 273 protocol-dependent modules, 264
dual-protocol routing, configuring, 711–716 Q Count, 266
Duplicate Address Detection, 73–74 redistribution into OSPF, 656
dynamic ACLs, 786 configuring, 646–651
Dynamic Hostname Exchange, 562 RTO, 265–266
dynamic routing protocols, RIP. See RIP RTP, 264
(Routing Information Protocol) SRTT, 265
stub routing, configuring, 309–315
stuck-in-active neighbors, troubleshooting, 323,
E 325–327
summarization, 654–655
echo packets, tracing, 112 timers, mulicast flow timer, 265
Echo Request/Reply messages (ICMP), 39–40 topological table, contents of, 268
ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification), 10 troubleshooting, 317
editing unequal-cost load balancing, configuring,
ACLs, 780 299–302
route maps, 735 updates, 262
EGPs (Exterior Gateway Protocols), 162 eigrp stub command, 310
894 election process for DRs/BDRs
election process for DRs/BDRs, 342–344

electrical protocols, 6
embedded IPv4 addresses, 58 Multi Topology routing, 562–564
enabling wide metrics, 558
CDP, 697 exterior routes, 253
classless route lookups, 206 External Attributes LSAs, 383–385
per packet load sharing, 104 external routes, 532
process switching, 105 summarization, 435
encapsulation (SNAP), ARP, 34 external traffic, 369
environments, 24
EPHOS (European Procurement Handbook for
Open Systems), 513
equal-cost load balancing, 102, 175
F
error correction in IP packets, 13 failed routes, tracing, 109–112
ES (End System), 515 IPv6, 120–122
establishing adjacencies fast switching, per destination load sharing, 105
decision points, 357 FC (feasible condition), 267
OSPF, 351 FD (feasible distance), 267, 270
Ethernet, 184 feasible successors, 267
examples diffusing computations, 273–284, 287
of diffusing computations, 276–284, 287 selection process, 270–276
of extended IP ACLs, 787–788 features
of reflexive ACLs, 795–796 of extended IP ACLs, 786–787
exams, CCIE of OSPF, 335
certification path, 805 of TCP ACLs, 790
preparing for, 803–807 fields
training classes, 804 of IS-IS Hello PDUs, 541
Exchange state (OSPF neighbors), 354 of IS-IS LSPs, 546–547
expiration timer, RIP, 171 of RIPng messages, 214
explicit acknowledgments, 359, 364 of TCP header, 42–44
ExStart state (OSPF neighbors), 354 filter layers, numbering, 778, 780
extended IP ACLs, 785, 789 filtering
effect on system performance, 788 implicit deny any, 777
example of, 787–788 IPv6 routes, 704–705
features, 786–787 prefix lists, 798
placement of, 799 sequentiality, 778
sequence numbers, 786 first octet rule, 18–20
extended metrics, 596 Flags field (TCP), 43
Extended Ping utility, 10 flapping routes, 694
extension headers, 61–63 flash updates. See triggered updates
functions performed, 62 Fletcher algorithm, 366
extensions to IS-IS floating static routes, 97–100
3-way handshaking, 555 IPv6, 100–101
domain-wide prefix distribution, 556–557 flooding, 147
Dynamic Hostname Exchange, 562 LSAs, 363
IPv6 routing, 560 acknowledgments, 364–366
mesh groups, 566–571 checksum, 366
HelloInterval 895
sequence numbers, 148–149, 366 gratuitous ARP, 36

circular sequence number space, 150–151 Group Membership LSAs, 385
linear sequence number space, 149–150 group pacing, 377
lollipop-shaped sequence number space,
152–153
flooding delays (IS-IS), 571–573
Flow Label field (IPv6 packets), 59
H
Floyd, Sally, 145 Hardware Address Length field (ARP packets),
flush timer (RIP), 171 33
format Hardware Type field (ARP packets), 33
of IPv6 multicast addresses, 57 Header Checksum field (IP packets), 13
of OSPFv3 LSAs, 484 Header Length field
AS-External LSAs, 488–489 IP packets, 8
Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 486–487 TCP packets, 43
Inter-Area Router LSAs, 487 headers
Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 491–493 EIGRP packet format, 288–289
Link LSAs, 489–491 IP packets, 7–8
Network LSAs, 486 flags, 10
Router LSAs, 484–486 Fragment Offset field, 11
of RA messages, 66 Header Checksum field, 13
of Redirect messages, 69 identifiers, 10
of RIPng messages, 213–214 Options field, 14–16
of RIPv2 messages, 201–204 options field, 14
formation of OSPF adjacencies, 351 size, 8
decision points, 357 TOS, 8
Fragment Offset field (IP packets), 11 total length, 10
fragmenting IP packets, 10 TTL field, 12–13
fragments, processing through ACLs, 787 IS-IS PDU fields, 535–536
Frame-Relay mapping, OSPFv3, 506–509 TCP, 42–43
full routing table updates, 139 UDP, 44–45
Full state (OSPF neighbors), 354 Hedrick, Charles, 169
functional protocols (TCP/IP), 6 Hello packets
EIGRP, 264
hold time, 265
G OSFP, 338–339, 398–399
Hello PDUs, 539
garbage collection (RIP), 171 Area Addresses TLV, 542–543
gateway of last resort, 683 Authentication Information TLV, 544
general TLV fields, 289 fields, 541
global parameters for RIPng configuration, Intermediate System Neighbors TLV, 543
232–233 IP Interface Address TLV, 545
global unicast addresses, 53 Padding TLV, 543
GOSIP (Government Open Systems Protocols Supported TLV, 545
Interconnection Profile), 513 Hello protocol, 147, 338
HelloInterval, 338
896 hexadecimal numbering system
hexadecimal numbering system, process domains, 252

769–772 redistribution into RIP, configuring, 645–646
converting to decimal, 772–773 reliability, 258–259
IP address format, 24 similarities to RIP, 251
hexadecimal IPv6 representation, 51 timers
hippity bit, 528 90-second, 254
sleeptime, 255
holddown Implicit Acknowledgments, 359
RIP, 172 implicit acknowledgments, 364
IGRP, 255 implicit deny any filter, 777
holddown timers, 144–145 improving SPF efficiency on IS-IS networks,
hop count metric, 134, 170–173 573–574
Hop Limit field (IPv6 packets), 60 InfTransDelay, 366
host addresses, subnet mask octet boundaries, 26 Init state (OSPF neighbors), 354
hosts input events, 273
IP addresses, 16–17 for OSPF interface state machine, 350
quantity per subnet requirement, calculating, 25 for OSPF neighbors, 356–357
host-to-host layer (TCP/IP) inter-area paths, 391
TCP, 41–44 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 486–487
UDP, 44–45 Inter-Area Router LSAs, 487
Host-to-Host Layer Protocol, 13 inter-area summarization, 435
“hot potato” routing, 392 inter-area traffic, 369
hub-and-spoke topologies Inter-Domain Routing Protocol
ODR, 680 Information TLV, 551
stub routers, 678 Interface ID, 53
Huitema, Christian, 514 interface state machine (OSPF), 348–349
input events, 350
interfaces, OSPF, 344
I data structure, 344–348
input events, 350
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), states, 348–349
37–38 interface-specific summarization, 653
ACLs, 791–792 interior routes, 252
echo packets, tracing, 112 Intermediate System Neighbors TLV, 549
Echo Request/Reply messages, 39–40 internal routers, 369
redirect packets, 40 internal routes, 532
Router Advertisement packets, 40 Internet layer (TCP/IP), 6
Router Selection packets, 40 internetwork IP addresses, 17–18
ICMPv6 header format, 63–64 intra-area paths, 391
identifying IPv6 address types, 54 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 491–493
IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 161 intra-area traffic, 369
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 253 Intradomain Routing Protocol Discriminator, 535
default timers, modifying, 255 invalid timers
delay, 256–257 IGRP, 254
holddown, 255 RIP, 171
load, 259 invalid updates, sources of, 210
metrics, 255
modifying, 256–257
IPv6 897
inverse masks, 784–785 ip load-sharing per-packet command, 104

ip access-group command, 792–793 ip netmask-format, 24
ip accounting access-violations command, 801 ip netmask-format command, 24, 46
ip address command, 45, 193 ip ospf cost command, 389
IP Address field ip ospf dead-interval command, 338
RIP, 173 ip ospf priority command, 346
RIPv2, 203 ip ospf transmit-delay command, 346
IP addresses, 16–17 ip policy route-map command, 737, 743
bitcount format, 24 ip proxy-arp command, 46, 123
dotted decimal format, 24 ip redirects command, 46
dotted-decimal format, 17 ip rip triggered command, 190
first octet rule, 18–20 ip route command, 123
hexadecimal format, 24 ip route-cache command, 123
internetworks, 17 ip router isis command, 574
masks, 20–21 IP-specific TLV fields, 290
prefix lists, 798 IPv4, 8
reverse ARP, 36 configuring on IS-IS, 574–579
RIP, 173 depletion of, 49
subnet masks, troubleshooting, 29 static routes, configuring, 85–89
subnets, 22–24, 27–28 IPv6, 8
designing, 24–26 address representation, 50–51
summary routes, 94 anycast addresses, 55–56
IP packets, 7 configuring on IS-IS, 591–595
flags, 10 default-information originate command, default
Fragment Offset field, 11 route configuration, 695–697
Header Checksum field, 13 double colon representation, 51
header length, 8 embedded IPv4 addresses, 58
identifiers, 10 extension headers, 61–63
Options field, 14–16 failed routes, tracing, 120–122
Protocol field, 13 floating static routes, 100–101
TOS (Type of Service), 8 global unicast addresses, 53
total length, 10 identifying address types, 54
TTL (Time to Live) field, 12 local unicast addresses, 55
versions of, 8 modifying static entries on replaced routers,
ip cef command, 123 116–120
ip classless command, 682, 698 multicast addresses, 56–57
ip default-network command, 687–690, 698 NDP, 64–65
IP External Reachability TLV, 551 address autoconfiguration, 71–73
U/D bit, 556 Duplicate Address Detection, 73–74
IP External Routes TLV, 291–293 messages, 65
IP Interface Address TLV, 545 Neighbor Address Resolution, 74–75
IP Internal Reachability TLV, 550–551 Neighbor Unreachability Detection,
U/D bit, 556 76–77
IP Internal Routes TLV, 290–291 privacy addresses, 75–76
ip load-sharing, 123 router discovery, 70–71
ip load-sharing command, 123 need for, 50
packet header format, 58–60
898 IPv6
prefixes, 52 Intermediate System Neighbors TLV, 549

redistribution with route tags, 759–760 IP External Reachability TLV, 551
RIPng, 212 IP Internal Reachability TLV, 550–551
configuring, 224–232 TLVs, 547–548
next-hop route entries, 214 multiple area addresses, configuring, 581–584
route summarization, 235 multiple L1 areas, configuring, 604–606
route filtering, 704–705 multiple topology mode, configuring, 596–598
routing with IS-IS, 560 neighbor table, displaying, 523
static routes, configuring, 90–94 NETs, 519
unspecified addresses, 52 format, 519–520
ipv6 cef command, 123 selecting, 520
ipv6 nd prefix command, 71 on NBMA networks, troubleshooting, 615–619
IPv6 Prefix field (RIPng messages), 214 PDUs
ipv6 route command, 123 format, 534
ipv6 unicast-routing command, 123 header fields, 535–536
IS (intermediate system), 515 Hello PDU format, 539
IS-IS (intermediate System-to-Intermediate Hello PDUs, 541–545
System), 513 IS-IS LSPs, 546–551
adjacencies, 517 IS-IS Sequence Number PDU format,
troubleshooting, 607–610 552–553
areas, 516 TLV fields, 536–539
authentication, configuring, 587–591 redistribution into RIP/RIPng, 663–669
extensions route leaking, configuring, 598–603
3-way handshaking, 555 route summarization, configuring, 585–587
domain-wide prefix distribution, router types, configuring, 579–581
556–557 similarities with OSPF, 514
Dynamic Hostname Exchange, 562 SNPs, 527
IPv6 routing, 560 SPF efficiency, improving, 573–574
mesh groups, 566–571 System ID, 519
Multi Topology routing, 562–564 troubleshooting, 606
wide metrics, 558 virtual link support, 518
flooding delay, 571–572 isis lsp-interval command, 572
controlling, 572–573 IS-IS Sequence Number PDUs, 552
IPv4, configuring, 574–579 LSP Entries TLV, 553
IPv6, configuring, 591–595
layered network architecture, 521
subnetwork dependent functions,
521–526
J–K
subnetwork independent functions, Jacobson, Van, 145
526–534
link-state database Kahn, Bob, 5, 49
displaying, 529–530 key chains, configuring for RIPv2
troubleshooting, 607, 610–614 authentication, 223
LSPs, 546 keywords for ACL configuration, 796–797
fields, 546–547
Inter-Domain Routing Protocol
Information TLV, 551
LSPs 899
L per packet
enabling, 104
process switching, 105–106
L1 LSPs, TLVs, 547
Loading state (OSPF neighbors), 354
L1 routers, 517
local computations, 273
L1/L2 routers, 517
local unicast addresses, 55
L2 LSPs, TLVs, 548
lollipop-shaped sequence number space, 152–153
L2 routers, 517
lookups
LAN Hellos, 540
classless, 682
layered network architecture, IS-IS, 521–534
recursive, 107–109
Level 3 Routing, 162
loopback interfaces, 337, 340
linear sequence number space, 149–150
LSAs (link-state advertisements), 146–147, 336,
link costs, 155
402, 702
Link LSAs, 489, 491
acknowledgments, 359
Link State Acknowledgment packets (OSPF), 402
during flooding process, 364–366
link state refresh process, 376
aging process, 153–154
Link State Request packets (OSPF), 400 ASBR Summary LSAs, 382
Link State Update packets (OSPF), 401 Autonomous System External LSAs, 408–409
link-local unicast addresses, 55 External Attributes LSAs, 385
links, OSPF, 344 filtering, OSPF configuration, 441
link-state advertisements, see LSAs flooding, 147, 363, 366
link-state database, 147, 154–156, 336, 363, 374 checksum, 366
IS-IS sequence numbers, 148–150, 152–153
displaying, 529–530 Group Membership LSAs, 385
troubleshooting, 607, 610–614 group pacing, 377
LSA group pacing, 377 header format, 403
link-state routing protocols, 146, 262 Network LSAs, 379–381, 406
areas, 160–162 Network Summary LSAs, 381–382, 407–408
Dijkstra’s algorithm, 156–157 NSSA External LSAs, 385, 409
router adaptation, 157–159 Opaque LSAs, 385
flooding, 147 Options field, 410
sequence numbers, 148–153 OSPFv3, 481–483
IS-IS. See IS-IS format, 484
LSAs, 146–147 Inter-Area AS-External LSAs, 488–489
aging process, 153–154 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 486–487
OSPF. See OSPF Inter-Area Router LSAs, 487
neighbor discovery, 147 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 491–493
route filtering, 702 Link LSAs, 489–491
LIRs (Local Internet Registries), 54 Network LSAs, 486
Router LSAs, 484–486
load (IGRP), 259
Router LSAs, 378–379, 403–406
load balancing, 137, 175
sequence numbers, 367
unequal-cost, EIGRP configuration, 299–302
types of, 377
load sharing
LSP Entries TLV, 553
CEF, 103–104
lsp-gen-interval command, 572
configuring, 102
LSPs
maximum paths, EIGRP configuration, 302–304
ATT, 518
per destination, 103–105, 301
flooding delays, 571–573
controlling, 572–573
900 MAC addresses, ARP
M metric-style wide command, 560

MF bit (More Fragments), 11
microflows, 59
MAC addresses, ARP, 31
migrating to new routing protocols, 711–716
MAC-to-EUI64 conversion, 72–73
minimizing impact of updates on RIP, 190–193
masks, 176. See also subnet masks
minimumLSPTransmissionInterval, 528
octet boundaries, 25–27
misconfigured OSPF summarization,
troubleshooting, 463–466
MaxAge timer, link state refresh, 376
missing EIGRP neighbors, troubleshooting,
maximum-paths command, 393
318–323
MD5, 211
missing route table entries, 83
mechanical protocols (TCP/IP), 6
modifying
medium internetworks, 18
cost metric, 345
medium networks, 18
IGRP default metrics, 256–257
mesh groups, 566–571
IGRP default timers, 255
messages
RouterDeadInterval, 338
ICMP, Echo Request/Reply, 39–40
More Fragments (MF) bit, 11
NDP, 65
MOSPF (Multicast OSPF), 385
OSPFv3, 479–480
MT (Multi Topology) routing, 562–564
RIP, 172–175
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit), 10
RIPng, 213–214
IP packets, 10
RIPv2, 201–204
multiaccess, 446
Metric field
multicast addresses, 56–57
RIP, 173
multicast flow timer, 265
RIPng, 214
multiple area addresses, configuring on IS-IS,
metric weights command, 268
581–584
metrics, 84, 133. See also administrative distance
multiple EIGRP processes, configuring, 305–306
and redistribution, 633
multiple L1 areas, IS-IS configuration, 604–606
bandwidth, 134–135
multiple topology mode, IS-IS configuration,
cost, 135, 155, 345, 389
596–598
delay, 135
mutual redistribution, 657, 701
EIGRP, 270
at multiple redistribution points, 716–722
delay, 268
FC, 267
FD, 267, 270
feasible successors, 267 N
variance, 300
hop-count, 134 NA (Neighbor Advertisement) messages, 65
IGRP, 255 format, 68
default metric, calculating, 260–261 named ACLs, 780, 797
load, 259 NAT (Network Address Translation), 49
modifying, 256 NBMA networks, 340
reliability, 259 IS-IS, troubleshooting, 615–619
redistribution, configuring, 643–644 OSPF, configuring, 446–454, 500–505
reliability, 135 NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol), 64–65
RIP, 170, 187–190 address autoconfiguration, MAC-to-EUI64
RIPng, adjusting, 233–235 conversion, 71–73
triggered updates, 144 Duplicate Address Detection, 73–74
messages, 65–66
OSPF 901
Neighbor Address Resolution, 74–75 numbering ACL filter layers, 778–780

neighbor discovery, 70–71 numbering systems
Neighbor Unreachability Detection, 76–77 binary, 769–770
privacy addresses, 75–76 hexadecimal, 769–773
Neighbor Address Resolution, 74–75 place values, 769
neighbor command, 193
neighbor state machine (OSPF), 353–357

O
neighbor table, 337 octets, 770–773
EIGRP, 266 binary, 770
Neighbor Unreachability Detection, 76–77 boundary subnet masks, 25–27
neighbors, 138 hexadecimal, 771–772
adjacencies subnetting, 26
formation of, 351 ODR (On-Demand Routing)
troubleshooting, 456–458 CDP, 680–681
discovery/recovery configuring, 697
adjacencies, 147 redistribution, 697
EIGRP, 265–266 offset lists, RIP, 189
EIGRP, adjacencies, 267 offset-list command, 187, 194
IS-IS, 522–523 OL (Overload) bit, 528
OSPF, 350 opaque LSAs, 385
adjacency building process, 358–362 operation of OSPFv3, 477
data structure, 351–353 Operation field (ARP packets), 33–34
input events, 356–357 operators
NETs (Network Entity Titles) Boolean AND function, 21, 784–785
format, 519 Boolean OR function, 784
selecting, 520 optical protocols, 6
network area command, 412–413 Options field
network command, 178, 194 IP packets, 14–16
Network LSAs, 379, 406, 486 LSAs, 410
Network Summary LSAs, 382, 407–408 TCP, 44
Next Header field (IPv6 packets), 60 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). See also
Next Hop field (RIPv2), 203 OSPFv3
next-hop addresses on replaced routers, ABRs, 369
troubleshooting, 116–120 address summarization, configuring, 435–440
next-hop route entries (RIPng), 214 adjacencies, 336–337
NLA (Next-Level Aggregator), 53 formation of, decision points, 357
no ip proxy-arp command, 36 troubleshooting, 456–458
no ip redirects command, 40 areas, 367
nonperiodic updates, 262 Area ID, 368
not-so-stubby areas, 387–389 backbone, 369
NPDUs (Network Protocol Data Units), 515 maximum size of, 369
NS (Neighbor Solicitation) messages, 65 not-so-stubby areas, 387–389
NS messages, format, 67 partitioned areas, 371
NSSA External LSAs, 385, 409 path types, 391
NSSAs (not-so-stubby areas), 388–389 stub areas, 386
configuring, 428–434 totally stubby areas, 387
null interface, 656 traffic types, 369
902 OSPF
area-wide problems, troubleshooting, 459 Router LSAs, 378–379, 403–406

ASBRs, 370 sequence numbers, 367
authentication, 393 types of, 377
configuring, 441–444 metrics, cost, 345, 389
backbone routers, 370 misconfigured summarization, troubleshooting,
BDRs, 342 463–466
election process, 342–344 MOSPF, 385
broadcast networks, 339 NBMA networks, 340
configuring, 411–413 neighbor table, 337
on NBMA networks, 446–454 neighbors, 350
over demand circuits, 454–455 data structure, 351–353
cost metric, modifying, 345 input events, 356–357
DD packets, 358 state machine, 353–357
Domain Name Service lookups, configuring, NSSAs, 388–389
417–418 configuring, 428–434
DRs, 341 over demand circuits, 393
election process, 342–344 oversubscription, 394
features of, 335 packets, 395–396
Hello packets, 338–339 Database Description packets, 399–400
Hello protocol, 338 header format, 396–398
interface state machine, 348–349 Hello packets, 398–399
input events, 350 Link State Acknowledgment packets, 402
interfaces, data structure, 344–348 Link State Request packets, 400
internal routers, 369 Link State Update packets, 401
isolated areas, troubleshooting, 460–463 point-to-multipoint networks, 340
link state database, 374 point-to-point networks, 339
LSA group pacing, 377 PollInterval, 351
link state refresh process, 376 presumption of reachability, 394
link-state database, 336, 363 pseudonodes, 341
links, 344 redistribution into EIGRP, configuring,
loopback interfaces, 337 646–651
LSAs, 402 reference bandwidth, 345
ASBR Summary LSAs, 382 refresh process versus IS-IS Update
Autonomous System External LSAs, process, 526
408–409 route table entries, lookups, 393
External Attributes LSAs, 385 Router IDs, 337
filtering, 441 configuring, 415–417
flooding process, 363 RouterDeadInterval, 338
Group Membership LSAs, 385 routing table entries
group pacing, 377 destination types, 390–391
header format, 403 path types, 391–392
Network LSAs, 379–381, 406 secondary addresses, configuring, 418–422
Network Summary LSAs, 381–382, similarities with IS-IS, 514
407–408 stub areas, configuring, 423–426
NSSA External LSAs, 385, 409 stub networks, 340
Opaque LSAs, 385 totally stubby areas, configuring, 426, 428
Options field, 410 transit networks, 340
packets 903
troubleshooting, 455–456 redirect, 40

virtual links, 340, 373 Router Advertisement, 40
configuring, 374, 444–445 Router Selection, 40
OSPFv3, 477 IP, 7
configuring, 494–497 flags, 10
Frame-Relay mapping, 506–509 Fragment Offset field, 11
LSAs, 481–483 Header Checksum field, 13
AS-External LSAs, 488–489 header length, 8
format, 484 identifiers, 10
Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 486–487 Options field, 14–16
Inter-Area Router LSAs, 487 Protocol field, 13
Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 491–493 TOS (Type of Service), 8
Link LSAs, 489–491 total length, 10
Network LSAs, 486 TTL field, 12
Router LSAs, 484, 486 IPv6, 58
messages, 479–480 Destination Address field, 60
multiple instances on a link, configuring, 499 Flow Label field, 59
on NBMA networks, configuring, 500–505 Hop Limit field, 60
operation, 477 Next Header field, 60
redistribution into RIPng, 657–663 Payload Length field, 60
stub areas configuring, 497–498 Source Address field, 60
troubleshooting, 506 Traffic Class field, 59
versus OSPFv2, 478–479 LSAs, 402
out keyword, 706 acknowledgment during flooding process,
output-delay command, 193–194 364–366
oversubscription, 394 ASBR Summary LSAs, 382
AS-External LSAs, 488–489
Autonomous System External LSAs,
P 408–409
External Attributes LSAs, 385
packet filtering routers, 800 Group Membership LSAs, 385
packets, 34 header format, 403
ARP, 30–34 Inter-Area Prefix LSAs, 486–487
Hardware Address Length field, 33 Inter-Area Router LSAs, 487
Hardware Type field, 33 Intra-Area Prefix LSAs, 491–493
Operation field, 33–34 Link LSAs, 489–491
Protocol Address Length field, 33 Network LSAs, 379–381, 406, 486
EIGRP Network Summary LSAs, 381–382,
header format, 288–289 407–408
Hello, 265 NSSA External LSAs, 385, 409
sequence numbers, 264 Opaque LSAs, 385
TLVs, 289–293 Options field, 410
fragments, processing through ACLs, 787 OSPFv3, 481–484
Hello (OSPF), 338–339 Router LSAs, 378–379, 403–406,
ICMP, 37–39 484–486
Echo Reply, 39 sequence numbers, 367
Echo Request, 39 types of, 377
904 packets
OSPF, 395–396 per packet load sharing

Database Description, 358 enabling, 104
Database Description packets, 399–400 process switching, 105–106
header format, 396–398 periodic updates, 138
Hello packets, 398–399 Perlman, Radia, 152, 514
Link State Acknowledgment packets, 402 PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), 9
Link State Request packets, 400 physical layer (TCP/IP), 6
Link State Update packets, 401 place values of numbering systems, 769
PDUs. See PDUs (Protocol Data Units) placement of ACLs, 799
Padding TLV, 543 point-to-multipoint networks, 340
parameters point-to-point connections, TCP, 41
of extended IP ACLs, 786–787 point-to-point Hellos, 540
of reflexive ACLs, 794 point-to-point networks, 339
Partial Route Calculation, 573 policy routing, 731
partial updates, 262 and QoS, 744–747
partitioned areas, 371 and redistribution, 747–751
passive interfaces, configuring, 181–182 case study, 737–40
passive state, 273 match commands, 733
passive-interface command, 182, 194 set commands, 734
path types (OSPF), 391–392 standard IP access lists, case study, 740–743
Payload Length field (IPv6 packets), 60 PollInterval, 351
P-bit, 388 port numbers, 42
PDUs (Protocol Data Units), 515 ports
format, 534 sockets, 43
header fields, 535–536 TCP, 43
Hello PDUs Prefix Length field (RIPng messages), 214
Area Addresses TLV, 542–543 prefix lists, 798
Authentication Information TLV, 544 preparing for CCIE exam, 803–804
fields, 541 certification path, 805
format, 539 exam day, 807
Intermediate System Neighbors TLV, 543 hands-on experience, 805
IP Interface Address TLV, 545 study materials, 805–807
Padding TLV, 543 training classes, 804
Protocols Supported TLV, 545 presumption of reachability, 394
IS-IS LSPs, 546 privacy addresses, 75–76
fields, 546–547 procedural protocols, 6
Inter-Domain Routing Protocol process domains, 252
Information TLV, 551 process switching, 105–106
Intermediate System Neighbors TLV, 549 promiscuous ARP, 35–36
IP External Reachability TLV, 551 Protocol Address Length field (ARP packets), 33
IP Internal Reachability TLV, 550–551 protocol conflicts, troubleshooting, 112, 115–116
TLVs, 547–548 Protocol field, 13
IS-IS Sequence Number PDU format, 552 protocol migration, case study, 711–716
LSP Entries TLV, 553 protocol-dependent modules, 264
TLV fields, 536–539 Protocols Supported TLV, 545
per destination load sharing, 105, 301 proxy ARP, 35–36
CEF, 103–104 resolving protocol conflicts, 115
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) 905
pseudonodes, 341 route feedback, 701

PSNPs (Partial SNPs), 527 552 route tagging, 752–758
tagged routes, filtering, 757
routing loops, 636–639
set commands, 733
Q-R SIN routing, 632
reference bandwidth, 345
Q Count, 266 reflexive ACLs, 794
QoS and policy routing, 744–747 example, 795–796
queries, EIGRP, 264 parameters, 794
query origin flags, 275 reliability as IGRP metric, 135, 258–259
reliable multicast, 264
RA (Router Advertisement) messages, 65–66 remarks, adding to ACLs, 783–784
RARP (Reverse ARP), 36 replaced routers, troubleshooting next-hop
recursive table lookups, 107–109 addresses, 116–120
Redirect messages, 65 replies
format, 69 EIGRP, 264
redirects (ICMP), 40 gratuitous ARP, 36
redistribute connected command, 665 ICMP, 39
redistribute eigrp command, 754 RIP, 170
redistribution representation of IPv6 addresses, 50
administrative distances, 633–639 double colon, 51
and policy routing, 747–751 prefixes, 52
and summarization, 652–657 Request messages (RIP), 170, 174–175
case study, 708–710 requests
classless to classful protocols, 639–640 ARP, 30
unmatching masks, 641–642 EIGRP, 264
configuring, 642 gratuitous ARP, 36
conflicting metrics, 633 ICMP, 39
convergence after router reboot, 635–637 RIP, 170
EIGRP into OSPF, 656 Reserved field, TCP, 43
configuring, 646–651 Response messages, RIP, 170
IGRP into RIP, configuring, 645–646 reverse ARP, 36
IPv6 addresses with route maps, 759–760 reverse routes, 141
IS-IS into RIP/RIPng, 663–669 RFCs, ICMP-related, 37
match commands, 733 RIB (routing information base). See route tables
metrics, configuring, 643–644 RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 169, 172.
mutual redistribution, 701 See also RIPng; RIPv1; RIPv2
at multiple redistribution points, 716–722 classful routing, 175–178
of default routes, 693 subnetting, 176
of default static routes, 684–686 summarization, 177
of ODR-discovered routes, 697 configuring, 178–180
of static routes, 669–671 discontiguous subnets, 184–187
into dynamic routing metrics, 187
protocols, 632 equal-cost load balancing, 175
of static routes into OSPF, 631
OSPFv3 into RIPng, 657–663
906 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
hop counts, 170 RIRs (Regional Internet Registries), 54

messages, 172–173 route feedback, 701
metrics, configuring, 187–190 route filtering, 701
offset lists, 189 case study, 708–709
passive interfaces, configuring, 181–182 filtering by routing process, case study, 710
redistribution into IGRP, configuring, 645–646 specific routes, filtering, 703–708
redistribution into IS-IS, 663–669 tagged routes, filtering, 757
replies, 170 route flapping, 135
Request messages, 174–175 route invalidation timers, 140–141
requests, 170 route leaking, 556, 601
silent hosts, 172 IS-IS configuration, 598–603
similarities to IGRP, 251 route lookups, classless, 205–206
timers, 170–172 route maps, 731
triggered updates, 172 configuring, 734, 736
troubleshooting, 193 editing, 735
updates redistribution of IPv6 addresses, 759–760
minimizing impact of, 190–193 sequence number, configuring, 734–735
unicast, configuring, 182–184 route redistribution. See redistribution
RIP_JITTER variable, 170 route summarization. See summarization
RIPng (Routing Information Protocol next route tables, 81
generation), 212 administrative distance, 98
authentication, 213 columns, 82
configuring, 224–232 entries
global parameters, configuring, 232–233 debugging, 96
message format, 213–214 of static routes, 89
metrics, adjusting, 233–235 floating static routes, IPv6, 100–101
misconfigured VLSM, troubleshooting, metrics, 84
236–242 missing entries, 83
next-hop route entries, 214 static routes
processes, displaying, 228 configuring, 84–94
redistribution creating alternative routes, 96–97
into IS-IS, 663–669 floating static routes, 97–100
into OSPFv3, 657–663 load sharing, configuring, 102–104
route summarization, 235 recursive table lookups, 107–109
RIPv1, compatibility with RIPv2, 205 summarizing, 95
RIPv2, 201 troubleshooting, 109–112
authentication, 210–212 Route Tag field (RIPng messages), 214
configuring, 222–224 Route Tag field (RIPv2), 202
compability switches, 215–217 route tagging, 722, 752–758
compatibility with RIPv1, 205 Router Advertisement packets (ICMP), 40
configuring, 214 router command, 179
messages, 202–204 Router IDs, 337
misconfigured VLSM, troubleshooting, configuring, 415–417
236–242 Router LSAs, 378, 403–406, 484–486
similarity to RIPng, 213 router odr command, 697–698
summarization, 220–222 router preferences, setting with administrative
VLSM, 218–220 distance, 722–723
show ip eigrp topology command 907
router rip command, 178, 194 routing table entries (OSPF)

Router Selection packets (ICMP), 40 destination types, 390–391
RouterDeadInterval, 338 lookups, 393
routers path types, 391–392
boundary routers, 177–178 RS (Router Solicitation) messages, 65–67
configuring on IS-IS, 579–581 RTO (retransmission timeout), 265–266
IS-IS RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 264
designated routers, 523–524, 526
hold time, 522
System ID, 519
“routing by rumor,” 137–140
S
routing domains versus process domains, 252 Scholten, C.S., 266
Routing Information Protocol. See RIP secondary addresses
routing loops OSPF configuration, 418–422
counting to infinity, 143–144 RIP, 187
in redistributed protocol environments, 636–639 security, authentication
troubleshooting, 114 configuring on EIGRP, 316–317
routing policies, 701 configuring on IS-IS, 587–591
routing protocols OSPF configuration, 393, 441–444
classless, 206 RIPv2, 210–212, 222–224
redistribution into classful domains, selecting
639–642 NETs, 520
distance vector, 137 routing protocols, 162–164
asynchronous updates, 145–146 Sequence Number field (TCP), 43
characteristics of, 138–139 sequence numbers, 148–149, 366–367, 734–735,
counting to infinity, 143–144 781, 786
holddown timers, 144–145 circular sequence number space, 150
route invalidation timers, 140–141 EIGRP, 264
routing by rumor, 139–140 linear sequence number space, 149–150
split horizon, 141 lollipop-shaped sequence number space,
triggered updates, 144 152–153
link state, 146 TCP, 43
areas, 160 sequentiality of access list filters, importance of,
autonomous systems, 160–162 778
Dijkstra’s algorithm, 156–159 set ip next-hop verify-availability command, 738
flooding, 147–153 shortest path first protocols. See link-state
LSAs, 146–147 routing protocols
neighbor discovery, 147 show arp command, 34
metrics, 133 show cdp command, 90
bandwidth, 134–135 show cdp neighbor detail command, 123
cost, 135 show clns is-neighbors command, 608
delay, 135 show clns is-neighbors detail command, 597
hop count, 134 show interface command, 256
reliability, 135 show ip access-list command, 800
selecting, 162–164 show ip accounting access-violations
command, 801
show ip cef command, 123
show ip eigrp topology command, 268
908 show ip osfp interface command
show ip osfp interface command, 344 failed routes, tracing, 109–112

show ip ospf database command, 374 floating static routes, creating, 97–100
show ip ospf database nssa-external command, IPv4, configuring, 85–89
409 IPv6
show ip ospf neighbor command, 351–352 configuring, 90–94
show ip route command, 83, 123 floating static routes, 100–101
show ipv6 cef command, 123 troubleshooting on replaced routers,
show ipv6 cef detail command, 123 116–120
show ipv6 interface command, 123 load sharing
show ipv6 rip command, 228 CEF, 103–104
show ipv6 route command, 123 configuring, 102
show isis database command, 529 per destination, 103
SIA (stuck-in-active), 274 per packet, 105–106
troubleshooting, 324–327 policy routes, 731
silent hosts, 172 policy routing
Simple Internet Protocol (SIP), 8 match commands, 733
SIN (ships in the night) routing, 632 set commands, 734
SIP (Simple Internet Protocol), 8 protocol conflicts, resolving, 112, 115–116
site-local unicast addresses, 55 recursive table lookups, 107–109
sizing IP packet headers, 8 redistribution, 669–671
sleeptime, IGRP, 255 redistribution into dynamic routing
small internetworks, 18 protocols, 632
SNAP (subnetwork access protocol), 681 redistribution into OSPF, 631
ARP encapsulation, 34 summarizing, 95
SNPA (Subnetwork Point of Attachment), 515 troubleshooting, 109
sockets, 43 static routing
solicited-node multicast addresses, 73 creating alternative routes, 96–97
Source Address field (IPv6 packets), 60 per destination load sharing, 105
source ports, TCP, 43 stub areas, 386, 497–498
sources of invalid updates, 210 configuring, 423–426
SPF efficiency, improving on IS-IS networks, stub networks, 340
573–574 stub routers, 678
split horizon, 141 configuring on EIGRP, 309–315
disabling, 722 ODR, 680
resolving routing loops in redistributed unreachable destinations, 678
environments, 637–639 stuck-in-active EIGRP neighbors,
with poisoned reverse, 142, 172 troubleshooting, 323–327
spoofing attacks, 799 study materials for CCIE exam, 805–807
SRTT (smooth round-trip time), 265 subinterfaces, 208
standard IP ACLs, 782–784 subnet, 177
Boolean AND/OR functions, 784 subnet hiding, 177
inverse masks, 785 Subnet ID field, 53
placement of, 799 Subnet Mask field (RIPv2), 203
policy routing configuration, 740–742 subnet masks, 22–24
static default routes, 682 octect boundaries, 25–27
“don’t care” bits, 683 troubleshooting, 29
static routes unmatching, advertising, 641–642
administrative distance, 98 VLSM, 206–209
configuring, 84
TLV (Type/Length/Value) fields 909
subnets, 22–24, 27–28, 180

bitcount format, 24
T
classful routing protocols, 23
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 41–44
designing, 24–25
ACLs, 790
discontiguous, 85, 178
header information, 42
summarizing RIPv2 routes across,
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
220–222
Protocol), 5
dotted decimal format, 24
application layer, 6
hexadecimal format, 24
ARP, 33–34
IP addresses, 24
proxy ARP, 36
number of required hosts, calculating, 25
data link layer, 6
RIP, classful routing, 176
host-to-host layer, 6, 41
subnetting, VLSM
TCP, 41–42, 44
and RIPv2 routing, 218–220
UDP, 44–45
ICMP Echo Requests/Replies, 39
subnetwork dependent functions of IS-IS layered
Internet layer, 6
network architecture, 521
physical layer, 6
Decision process, 531–534
three-way handshaking, 555
designated routers, 523–524, 526
timers
neighbors, 522–523
EIGRP, multicast flow timer, 265
Update process, 526–530
holddown timers, 144–145
Subnetwork Independent sublayer (IS-IS), 521
IGRP, 254–255
sub-subnetting, 208
OSPF, group pacing timer, 377
summarization, 677
RIP, 170–172
address aggregation, 293–296
expiration timer, 171
CIDR, 296–297
route invalidation, 140–141
EIGRP, 655
timers active time command, 275
in redistributed environments, 652–657
timers basic command, 194
interface-specific, 653
timing jitter, 145
null interfaces, 657
TLA (Top Level Aggregator), 53
of RIPv2 routes, disabling, 221
TLV (Type/Length/Value) fields, 70
OSPF
general fields, 289
configuring, 435–440
IP External Routes TLV, 291–293
IP Internal Reachability, U/D bit, 556
RIP, 177
IP Internal Routes TLV, 290–291
RIPng, 235
IP-specific fields, 290
summary addresses, 677
of IS-IS PDUs, 536–539
summary routes, 94
Area Addresses TLVs, 542–543
summary-address command, 652
Authentication Information TLV, 544
supernetting, 95
Intermediate System Neighbors TLVs, 543
System ID (IS-IS), 519
IP Interface Address TLV, 545
system routes, 252
Padding TLV, 543
Protocols Supported TLV, 545
910 TLV (Type/Length/Value) fields
of IS-IS LSPs, 547–548 Network Summary LSAs, 381–382

Inter-Domain Routing Protocol NSSA External LSAs, 385
Information, 551 Opaque LSAs, 385
Intermediate System Neighbors, 549 Router LSAs, 378–379
IP External Reachability, 551 types of traffic in OSPF areas, 369
IP Internal Reachability, 550–551
topological table, contents of, 268
totally stubby areas, 387
configuring, 426, 428
U
trace command, 12 U/D (Up/Down) bit, 556
tracing failed routes, 109–112 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
IPv6, 120–122 ACLs, 791
traffic, load balancing, 137 header information, 44–45
Traffic Class field (IPv6 packets), 59 unequal-cost load balancing, EIGRP
training classes for CCIE exam, 804 configuration, 299–302
transit networks, 340 unequal-cost load sharing, 102
transition technologies, 58 unicast addresses, 174
triggered updates, 144 global addresses, 53
RIP, 172 updates, configuring, 182–184
troubleshooting unreachable networks, 144
EIGRP, 317 unspecified addresses, 52
missing neighbors, 318–323 Update process (IS-IS), 526–530
stuck-in-active neighbors, 323–327 update timers, RIP, 172
IS-IS, 606 updates
adjacencies, 607–610 EIGRP, 264
link-state database, 607, 610–614 invalid, sources of, 210
on NBMA networks, 615–619 minimizing impact of, 190–193
OSPF, 455–456 nonperiodic, 262
adjacencies, 456–458 RIP, 172
area-wide problems, 459 uptime, 266
isolated areas, 460–463 Urgent Pointer field, TCP, 44
misconfigured summarization, 463–466 User Datagram Protocol. See UDP
OSPFv3, Frame-Relay mapping, 506–509
RIP, 193
RIPng, misconfigured VLSM, 236–242
RIPv2, misconfigured VLSM, 236–242
V
static routes, 109 variables, RIP_JITTER, 170
failed routes, 109–112 variance command, 300
protocol conflicts, 112, 115–116 verifying EIGRP stub router configuration, 311
subnet masks, 29 Version field
TTL (Time to Live) field, 12 RIP, 173
Type 1 external paths, 392 RIPv2, 202
Type 2 external paths, 392 versions of IP, 8
types of LSAs, 377 viewing
ASBR Summary LSAs, 382 IS-IS link-state database, 529–530
External Attributes LSAs, 385 IS-IS neighbor table, 523
Group Membership LSAs, 385
Network LSAs, 379–381 virtual links, 340, 373
windowing, TCP 911
configuring, 374
IS-IS support, 518
OSPF, configuring, 444–445
VLSM (variable-length subnet masking),
206–209
and RIPv2 routing, 218–220
W-X-Y-Z
which-route command, 534
wide metrics, 558
Window Size field, TCP header, 43
windowing, TCP, 42

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CCIE Professional Development

Jeff Doyle, CCIE No. 1919

CCIE Professional Development Routing TCP/IP

Warning and Disclaimer

Corporate and Government Sales

About the Authors

About the Technical Reviewers

Identifying IPv6 Address Types 54

Summary Table: Chapter 3 Command Review 123

Looking Ahead 164

Part II Interior Routing Protocols 167

Operation of RIPng 212

EIGRP Packet Formats 287

Route Table 389

Recommended Reading 469

IS-IS PDU Formats 534

Part III Route Control and Interoperability 629

Administrative Distances 633

Configuration Exercises 724

Part IV Appendixes 767

Icons Used in This Book

Communication PC PC with Sun Macintosh Branch

Terminal File Web Cisco Works

Printer Laptop IBM Label Switch Cluster

Catalyst Multilayer ATM LAN2LAN

Network Cloud Line: Ethernet Line: Serial Line: Switched Serial

Command Syntax Conventions

Changes from First Edition

Basic Uses of Route Maps

Table 14-1 match commands that can be used with redistribution.

Table 14-2 set commands that can be used with redistribution.

Conﬁguring Route Maps

Example 14-2 Route map Hagar is modiﬁed in this conﬁguration.

Case Study: Policy Routing

172.16.6.1 172.16.7.1 172.16.8.1

Example 14-7 Linus’s policy routing conﬁguration.

IP: s=172.16.6.1 (Serial0), d=172.16.2.1, len 100, FIB policy match

Case Study: Policy Routing and Quality of Service Routing

Precedence Delay Throughput Reliability Monetary

Example 14-19 Pogo’s conﬁguration sets Precedence and TOS bits.

to prioritize trafﬁc according to the Precedence or TOS bits. In some implementations,

Case Study: Route Maps and Redistribution

Zippy’s conﬁguration is displayed in Example 14-20.

Case Study: Route Tagging

Dagwood’s conﬁguration is displayed in Example 14-27.

Sally Blondie Domain 1

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 3 masks

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 3 masks

Case Study: Filtering Tagged Routes Out of OSPF Route Table

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masks

OSPF Router with ID (10.100.200.3) (Process ID 1)

Router Link States (Area 0)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count

Type-5 AS External Link States

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag

None of the tagged routes, tag 1, 2, or 3, exist in Sally’s IP route table.