A Comparison of The Emotional Indicators On The House-Tree-Person PDF
A Comparison of The Emotional Indicators On The House-Tree-Person PDF
A Comparison of The Emotional Indicators On The House-Tree-Person PDF
2003
Recommended Citation
Stoddard, Denise Ann, "A Comparison of the Emotional Indicators on the House-Tree-Person Drawings and the Kinetic-House-Tree-
Person Drawing" (2003). Dissertations. Paper 718.
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted
for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact
[email protected].
Thank you for your interest in the
School of Education
A Dissertation
Doctor of Philosophy
by
Denise Ann Stoddard
August 2003
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
UMI Number: 3098164
UMI
UMI Microform 3098164
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A COMPARISON OF THE EMOTIONAL INDICATORS ON
THE HOUSE-TREE-PERSON DRAWINGS AND THE
KINETIC-HOUSE-TREE-PERSON DRAWING
A dissertation
presented in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
Doctor of Philosophy
by
Membe
_ ^ . .1 (?- .
Member: Dennis E. Waite Date approved
External Examiner:^Candice
TTv’^TTri nor* * ( / Hollingsead
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ABSTRACT
by
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH
Dissertation
Andrews University
School of Education
Problem
information.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Method
Results
indicators for both tests was the house, with 56% of the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Conclusions
test has been shown to have merit, and they could both be
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF A B B R E V I A T I O N S . ............................ vi
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION................................... 1
The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Purpose of the S t u d y ....................... 5
Significance of the Study ................ 5
Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . 6
Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Research Hypothesis ....................... 12
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Delineation of the Research Problem . . . 13
Delimitations .............................. 14
Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Organization of the Study . . . . . . . . 17
III. METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
iii
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Instrumentation . ....................... 70
H-T-P Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
K-H-T-P Reliability ....................... 72
Pilot Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Pro ced ur es 75
Collection of the D a t a . . . . . . . . . . 77
Data E n t r y .................................. 78
Null Hypothesis and A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . 79
Chapter Summary .................. 80
S u m m a r y .................................... 115
Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . 115
Overview of Related Li ter atu re......... 117
Purpose of the S t u d y ............... 120
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
S a m p l i n g ................................ 120
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Research Question . . . . . 121
Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Results of the Hypothesis Testing . . . 122
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
The Test C o m p a r i s o n .................... 123
Findings on the H-T-P . . . . . . . . . 126
Findings on the K - H - T - P ................ 128
Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Recommendations ........................... 136
Appendixes
VITA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
iv
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
LIST OF TABLES
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
D-A-F Draw-A-Family
D-A-P Draw-A-Person
H-F-D Human-Figure-Drawing
H-T-P House-Tree-Person
K-F-D Kinetic-Family-Drawing
K-H-T-P Kinetic-House-Tree-Person
K-S-D Kinetic-School-Drawing
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
research.
and love.
vii
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
study.
The Problem
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Their response was mostly emotional, telling us how they
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
interpersonal relations (Burns & Kaufman, 1972), and
that the examinee draw the house, tree, and the person on
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4
1949) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
eliciting information and providing insight (Neale &
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
6
for the H-T-P what he did for the D-A-F, but until
Theoretical Framework
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
threatening to the individual and which reduced the
making one unaware of their use and how much they are
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
these symbols were likely to emerge through dreams or art
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
order to understand the scope and limitations of these
personality at work.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
10
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
11
confl ic ts.
therapeutic in terventions.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
12
Research Question
K-H-T-P drawing?
Research Hypothesis
Definition of Terms
lines.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13
are the term used for all things looked for on a drawing
segments.
each other.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
14
the H-T-P drawings has been revised over the years (Buck,
in his book.
manuals for the H-T-P, the K-H-T-P, and the K-F-D. The
Delimitations
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
15
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
16
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
17
the H-T-P and the K-H-T-P and find which drawing would
Limitations
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
18
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER II
summary.
Draw-A-Family Drawing
19
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
20
drawing.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
21
way to recovery.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
22
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
23
correct except for the Puerto Rican group, which did not
role differences in f e m a l e s .
The K-F-D
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
24
stated that his work with children found styles with the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
25
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
26
and K-F-D were all drawn on the same day, by the same
the K-F-D self reflected how the person felt about other
mental age was derived from a D-A-P and a K-F-D self, the
mental age than the D-A-P self score, suggesting that the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
27
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
28
the child.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
29
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
30
r e la ti ons .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
31
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
32
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
33
comparison group.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
34
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
35
the K-F-D and the S-D-R-S existed. The K-F-D was found
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
36
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
37
of children.
content in their d r a w i n g s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
38
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
39
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
40
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
41
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
42
ch il d r e n .
mean age of the victims of the rapists was 30.0 and the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
43
Rorschach and the TAT. The H-T-P's assets are its ease
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
44
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
45
using the H-T-P and the D-A-P for screening children for
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
46
subjective interpretation.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
47
college students; 306 were men and 454 were women. The
predictive purposes.
administering an H-T-P.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
48
of intelligence.
and the Full Scale IQ but not the Verbal IQ. Buck's
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
49
it was designed.
indicator of self-esteem.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
50
group than the other was the shading of the mouth. This
drawing.
there was clear evidence that the ear was not drawn
reconsidered.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
51
were also many trees that were cut off by the edge of the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
52
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
53
The K-H-T-P
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
54
H-T-P drawings.
a story about the drawer that goes beyond what the H-T-P
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
55
same drawer that does not reflect the clinical data that
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
56
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
57
1948.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
58
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
59
(Burns, 1987).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
60
Emotional Indicators
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
61
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
62
or necessarily correct.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
63
(Machover, 1949).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
64
diagn osi s.
(1949, 1953).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
65
combined his findings from his work on the K-F-D with the
Chapter Summary
While Burns (1987) claims that the K-H-T-P can add to the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
clinical results of the H-T-P, there is no research
substantiate t h i s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
chapter summary.
Population
67
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
68
Variables
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
69
not actually come from the drawings but from what the
the tree; the elapsed time since the death of the tree;
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
70
Instrumentation
H-T-P Reliability
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
71
and dependency.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
72
and .53 for both the tree and house drawing. There was
K-H-T-P Reliability
Pilot Study
any problems with the way the research was carried out,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
73
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
74
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
lb
Procedures
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
76
any kind of house you wish, and do the best you can.
a tree. You may draw any kind of tree you wish, and do
the best you can. You may erase as much as you like.
b e s t ."
kind of person you wish, and do the best you can. You
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
77
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
78
Table 1
Emotional
Indicator H-T-P K-H-T-P
Chin omitted X X
Chimney, prominent X
Chimney, at an angle X
Data Entry
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
79
"395," the ninth had "396" to "448," and the 10th had
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
80
.05.
Chapter Summary
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER IV
students drew the H-T-P first, while the other half drew
age ranges.
81
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
82
Table 2
Males 45 42 87
Females 57 60 117
Table 3
18 - 24 95 46.6 4 6.6
25 - 29 48 23.5 70.1
30 - 35 20 09.8 79.9
36 - 60 41 20.1 100. 0
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
83
as a p r o t o c o l ) .
Table 4
H-T-P K-H-T-P
Drawn First Drawn First
Smallest No.
Of Emotional
Indicators 25 25
Largest No.
of Emotional
Indicators 65 61
Mean of
Emotional
Indicators 37 .1 40.6
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
84
students draw the H-T-P first and the other half of the
K-H-T-P drawings.
rejected.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
85
Table 5
H-T-P K-H-T-P
Drawings Drawing
Smallest No.
of E.I.s when
H-T-P drawn
first 17 10
Smallest No.
of E.I.s when
K-H-T-P drawn
first 16 13
Largest No.
of E.I.s when
H-T-P drawn
first 48 44
Largest No.
of E.I.s when
K-H-T-P drawn
first 42 49
Mean of E.I.s
when H-T-P
drawn first 27. 63 21. 15
Mean of E.I.s
when K-H-T-P
drawn first 26. 93 23. 30
Mean of E.I.s
on total sample 27.28 22.24
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
86
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
87
signif ic anc e.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Table 6
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
PAPER-BASING--Feelings of oo
insecurity; low self-assurance Buck, 1950 00
PAPER-TURNING--Aggression
and/or negativistic tendencies Jolles, 1971 29 1 1 .000
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
House
DOUBLEDOOR--Frequently seen in
Adults who want a mate or want
to keep their mate Burns, 1987 23 6 9 .003
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
HOUSE, LARGE--Frustration,
Possibly due to limiting <x>
environment Buck, 1950 (->
Use of fantasy and/or
compensatory defenses Buck, 1950 35 4 1 .000
SHRUBS,DRAWN HAPHAZARDLY OR
ALONG WALKWAY— Implies mild
anxiety at reality level and
conscious attempt to channel
and control anxiety Jolles, 1971 17 6 8 .035
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Tree
BARK, INCONSISTENTLY OR
HEAVILY DRAWN--Anxiety Jolles, 1971
Anxiety and hostility Buck, 1966 28 17 .000
Table 6— Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Person
Table 6— Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
BREASTS, EMPHASIZED--
Psychosexual and emotional
immaturity in males Levy, 1958
Probable strong oral and
maternal dependency in males Urban, 1963
Identification with a dominant
and productive mother in
females Machover, 1951
Possible exhibition or
narcissism in females McElhaney, 1969 13 0 2 .000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
BUTTONS, EMPHASIZED OR
NUMEROUS— Immaturity Schildkrout, Shenker, &
Sonnenblick, 1972
When drawn compulsively,
cn
regression Wolk, 1969
When midline is emphasized,
preoccupation with self and/or
somatic disorders is suspected Urban, 1963 31 4 4 .000
Table 6— Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
EARS, EMPHASIZED--Possible
Auditory handicap with
Associated concern Levy, 1958
accented sensitivity to
criticism Machover, 1951
Ideas of reference Landisberg, 1969
Auditory hallucinations Deabler, 1969 15 1 6 .001
EYEBROWS, ELABORATE
—j
TREATMENT OF-Indication that
uninhibited behavior is
distasteful; possibility of
over-grooming Machover, 1949 29 4 8 .000
EYELASHES, IN DETAIL— If
drawn by males, possible
homosexual tendencies DiLeo, 1973 15 0 7 .000
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
100
MOUTH, OVEREMPHASIS UPON-
Psychosexual deviations,
fixations, immaturity. Often
expressive of guilt feelings
and/or anxiety occasioned by
oral-erotic or oral-aggressive
impulses Jolles, 1971 17 3 4 .003
Table 6--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
101
POSTURE, RIGID— Possible
anxiety, may result from
attempt at careful impulse
and fantasy control Gilbert, 1969 21 3 7 .000
SHOULDERS, EMPHASIZED-By
females, possible masculine
protest Urban, 1963 15 2 1 .002
SHOULDERS, OMITTED-Possible
schizophrenia Burton & Sjoberg, 1964
Brain damaged conditions Holzberg & Wexler, 1950 15 4 1 .019
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Table ^--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
102
acting-out tendencies
spawned by defiance of
authority and/or insecurity Hammer, 1969
When in the middle of the page,
possible assertive potential Shneidman, 1958 26 2 3 .000
Table 6— Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
TRUNK, OMITTED-Organicity or
mental retardation Mundy, 1972
Adjustment to school is poor Koppitz, 1968
Denial of body drives Jolles, 1971 15 0 0 .000
103
104
category.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Table 7
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
105
the number of people in the
family or love triangle Burns, 1987 17 000
House
CHIMNEY, OMITTED-Lack of
interpersonal warmth in the
home Mursell,1969
Difficulty with male sexuality,
but less serious than
prominence of chimney Buck, 1950 22 46 66 .005
Table 1--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
HOUSE, SMALL-Tendency to
withdraw Hammer, 1958
Feelings of inadequacy Buck, 1950 6 25 14 .001
106
people in the subject's
family Buck, 1948 0 178 26 .000
Tree
Table 7--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Person
107
undiscerning personality Gurvitz, 1951
Possible visual hallucinations Buck, 1950
Schizophrenia Deabler, 1969
Possible voyeurism Levy, 1950 0 12 1 .000
HAND, MITTEN-LIKE—Aggression,
currently repressed or
suppressed Buck, 1950
Possible regressive tendencies McElhaney, 1969 1 18 4 .000
Table 7--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
MOVEMENT, NON-VIOLENT-Possible
flexibility and normality; often
associated with bright, normal,
individuals Jacks, 1969 185 .000
108
NOSE, OMITTED— Possible feelings
of castration Schildkrout, Shenker,
& Sonnenblick, 1972 24 000
Table 1--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Actions
109
KITE FLYING— Desire to be free
and break out of a restrictive
environment Burns & Kaufman, 1972 .008
MOWING—Associated with a
"cutting" and controlling
personality Burns & Kaufman, 1972 10 ,002
Table 7— Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
Styles
ATTACHMENT OF 2 FIGURES-Suggests
some inability of the individual
to untangle and separate the
different dimensions of their Burns & Kaufman, 1972 6 44 0 .000
lives
110
ENCAPSULATION— Suggests a need to
isolate or remove a threatening
person Reynolds, 1978 0 23 1 .000
Symbols
1 Table 7--Continued.
Emotional Indicator Research Author No. of Times No. of times No. of times p
and Definition and Year Found Only Found Only Found on Both
on H-T-P on K-H-T-P Tests
111
SWING IN TREE— In women,
anxiety-free state; liberal
attitude with willingness to
experiment Marzolf & Kirchner, 1972
A form of encapsulation if a
person is sitting in the swing Burns & Kaufman, 1972 19 ,003
112
found more often on one test than the other. The H-T-P
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
113
Table 8
General
Drawing
Characteristic 11 2
House 7 3
Tree 14 3
Person 42 11
Actions 0 8
Styles 0 2
Symbols 0 5
Total E. I.s 74 34
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
114
Chapter Summary
fi ndings.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER V
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
testing.
Summary
115
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
116
drawer.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
117
Kirchner (1970).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
118
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
119
the family.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
120
Methodology
Sampling
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
121
Instrumentation
listed in Appendix B.
Research Question
research question:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
122
Hypothesis
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
123
K-H-T-P drawings.
these categories.
Discussion
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
124
the K-H-T-P.
results.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
125
data, but they also found that they lost the larger and
being done, who is doing it, and with whom they are
in te rac tin g.
the action. The tree could sway or tip over, and the
person can interact with the house and tree, but there
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
126
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
127
than 75% of the indicators for the H-T-P came from the
drawing.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
128
e m bel lishments.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
129
c o mp l e t e ."
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
130
the H-T-P.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
131
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
132
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
133
H-T-P drawings to add clouds, but this was not the case,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
134
house and tree did not have much detail, and was small,
t r a i t s . The one trait that was found the most often was
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
135
Implications
the K-H-T-P.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
136
Recommendations
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
137
H-T-P.
findings.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A P P E N D IC E S
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX A
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ANDREWS UNIVERSITY
Department of Educational and
Counseling Psychology
Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104
Signature________________________________________ Date
Witness Date
140
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX B
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
142
Clouds 17 180 .0 0 0 *
Details,
Atypical 202 .500
Details,
Basic
Omission 200 .250
Details,
Labeled 199 .000
Details,
Non-essential 201 . 000
Details,
Numerous and
Painstakingly
Drawn 18S .065
Distortions,
Moderate 0 1 2 201 1 .000
Ground-line,
Arc-like hill 201 .000
Ground-line,
Darkly drawn 198 .000
Ground-line,
Drawn
Spontaneously 40 26 23 115 .775
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
143
Ground-line,
sloping
Downward and
Away from
drawn whole
On either
Side 0 3 3 198 1. 000
Ground-line,
Sloping
Downward to
Right 0 0 3 201 .250
Inclusion of
Extra figures 3 1 22 178 .000*
Lines,
Circular and
Uninterrupted 1 0 0 203 1. 000
L i n e s , heavy
For specific
Detail 1 0 0 203 1. 000
Lines, jagged
And not joined 2 1 1 200 1.000
Lines,
Scribbled 1 0 0 203 1.000
Lines,
Sketchy 53 19 4 128 .003*
Mountains, in
Background 2 1 7 194 .070
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
144
M ou nta in s,
Spontaneously
Drawn 0 1 0 203 1 . 000
Paper-
chopping,
Bottom of page 3 20 0 181 .00 0 *
Paper-
chopping, left
Side of page 6 22 17 159 .522
Paper-
Chopping,
Right side
Of page 9 20 12 163 .216
Paper-
chopping,
Top of page 10 16 9 169 .230
Perspective,
Close view 1 5 0 198 .063
Perspective,
Distant view 2 24 3 175 .0 0 0 *
Perspective,
Drawing without
Profile 64 23 27 90 .671
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
145
Placement of
Whole, at left 5 23 4 172 .001*
Placement of
Whole, at
Right 0 3 1 200 .625
Placement of
Whole, central 25 77 4 98 .000*
Placement of
Whole, high 4 17 4 179 .007*
Placement of
Whole, low 6 25 2 171 .000*
Placement of
Whole, top
Left corner 0 6 1 197 .125
Pressure,
Constant 37 3 1 163 .625
Pressure,
Unusually
Heavy 0 3 0 201 .250
Pressure,
Unusually
Inconsistent 14 6 2 182 .289
Pressure,
Unusually
Light .3 0 1 200 1.000
Redrawing of
Original 0 1 1 202 1. 000
Reinforcement,
General 4 1 1 198 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
146
Reinforcement,
Specific 194 1.000
Shading,
Absence of 203 1.000
Shading,
Excessive 191 344
Shading,
Pathoformic
Use of 0 202 500
Shading,
Specific 16 19 160 .089
Size, unusually
Large 0 22 179 000’
Size, unusually
Small 5 48 148 000^
Space,
Constriction
By page 16 181 004'
Transparent
Drawings 1 1 200 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
147
HOUSE
Chimney, at
An angle 0 5 0 199 .063
Chimney,
Emphasis
Upon 4 7 4 18 9 .549
Chimney,
Easily drawn 22 20 15 147 .499
Chimney,
More than
One 0 6 1 197 .125
Chimney,
Mostly
Hidden 1 0 0 203 1 .000
Chimney,
Omitted 66 22 46 70 .005*
Chimney,
Prominent 12 16 18 158 .864
Chimney, two-
Dimensional 5 3 2 194 1 . 000
Chimney, seen
Through
Transparent
Wall or
Ceiling 2 3 3 196 1 .000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
EMOTIONAL PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT ABSENT P
INDICATOR ON BOTH ONLY-HTP ONLY KHTP ON BOTFI
Details,
Irrelevant,
Horizontal line
Separating
First and second
Stories 10 1 0 193 1. 000
Dimension,
over
emphasized
horizontal 1 2 1 200 1. 000
Dimension,
Over-
Emphasized
Vertical 1 3 4 196 1. 000
Door, above
Baseline and
Without steps 1 1 0 202 1. 000
Door, back
Or side 8 6 4 186 .754
Door,
Double door 9 23 6 166 .003*
Door,
Recessed or
Hidden 2 5 0 197 .063
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
149
Door, with
Heavy hinges
And/or lock 201 1.000
Doorknob,
with peephole 200 .500
Doorknob,
Emphasis upon 58 27 17 102 175
Doorknob,
Omitted 10 18 171 .186
Eaves,
Emphasized 36 16 16 136 1.000
Endwall, lines
Heavy for this
Detail specif
ically 203 1.000
Fence around
House 193 453
Flowers, tulip
Or daisy-like 9 35 151 .000*
House,
Anthropo-
Morphic 0 2 202 .500
House, rear
View drawn 203 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
150
Pillars,
Unusually
High 0 1 0 203 1.000
Roof, poor
Relation to
Ground floor 0 1 0 203 1.000
Roof,
Shading of 4 18 6 176 .023*
Roof,
Single line
Connecting
Two walls 0 3 3 198 1.000
Roof,
Outline
Darkly drawn 4 10 7 183 .629
Roof,
Outline
Lightly drawn 0 2 0 202 .500
Roof,
Unusually
Large 0 3 1 200 .625
Roof, with
Incomplete
Closure of
Apex 0 1 3 200 .625
Shades,
Extension
Beyond
Windows 0 1 0 203 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
151
Sh ru bs, drawn
Haphazardly
Or along
Walkway 8 17 6 173 .035*
Shrubs,
Protectively
Around
House and in
Profusion 1 3 3 197 1 .000
Shutters,
Closed 0 2 0 202 .500
Shutters,
Open 6 11 3 184 .057
Sidewalk,
Broad 3 4 3 194 1 .000
Sidewalk,
Easily and
Appropriately
Drawn 10 25 19 150 .451
Sidewalk,
Very long 1 5 4 194 1 .000
Sidewalk, wide
At end,
Becoming
Progressively
Narrow toward
House 3 7 4 190 .549
Smoke, blowing
From right to
Left 0 2 0 202 .500
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
152
Smoke, in
Abundance 5 5 4 190 1.000
Smoke,
Narrow line 3 6 6 189 1.000
Trees, drawn
With house 26 0 178 0 .000*
Vent stack
Protruding
From roof 0 2 1 201 1.000
Walls, baseline
To wall
Heavily drawn 0 2 0 202 .500
Walls, emphasis
On outline 2 9 5 188 .424
Walls,
Incomplete
Connection of 0 0 1 203 1.000
Walls, double
Perspective,
Thin endwalls 0 3 0 201 .250
Walls, outline
Faintly drawn 0 1 0 203 1.000
Walls,
Transparent 0 2 0 202 .500
Windows, absent
From ground
Floor 7 3 5 189 .727
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
153
Windows,
Appropriate
Number and
size of 55 17 18 114 1. 000
Windows,
Curtained 27 29 12 136 .012
Wi n d o w s , heavy
Reinforcement of 4 7 3 190 .344
Windows, many
Panes 9 13 5 177 .096
W i n d o w s , pane
Indicated by
Single,
Dissecting,
Vertical line 2 2 2 198 1. 000
Windows,
Paneless 3 6 5 190 1.000
Windows,
Placement
Lacking
Conformity 1 2 6 195 .289
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
154
Windows, round
Or semi-circle 13 11 8 172 .648
W in do ws ,
Triangular 0 0 1 203 1 . 000
Windows,
Unusually
Small 1 0 0 203 1.000
Windows, with
Barred
Appearance 1 0 0 203 1.000
Wi n d o w s , with
Locks
Emphasized 1 2 0 201 .500
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
155
TREE
Animal
Peeking from
hole in tree 198 . 688
Apple tree 10 184 815
Apples, falling
Or fallen 198 063
Bark,
Carefully
Drawn 13 183 04 9’
Bark, depicted
By evenly
Spaced vine-
Like vertical
Lines 10 193 012 ’
Bark, easily
Drawn 12 187 035’
Bark,
Inconsistently
Or heavily
Drawn 17 28 157 000’
Branches,
Broken, bent,
Or dead 0 4 1 199 .375
Branches,
Extending
Beyond top
Of paper 3 19 3 179 .001*
Branches,
Falling 0 2 1 201 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
156
Branches, in
Perfect symmetry 1 3 0 200 .250
Branches,
Large in
Proportion
To trunk 0 0 1 203 1.000
Branches, long,
Thin, and
Pointing upward,
Not outward 0 1 0 203 1.000
Branches,
Lower part
On trunk 2 6 1 195 .125
Branches,
Negligent
Treatment of 3 9 8 184 1.000
Branches, new
Growth
Extending
From barren
Trunk 0 2 0 202 .500
Branches,
Numerous on
Small trunk 0 2 0 202 .500
Branches,
One-dimensional,
Non-systematic
And separated
From a one
dimensional
trunk 0 1 0 203 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
157
Branches,
Overemphasis
To left 202 1.000
Branches,
Shaded 13 182 049’
Branches,
Small on
Large trunk 200 500
Branches,
Spike-like 201 500
Branches, two-
Dimensional,
Club-like
With
Inadequate
Organization 203 1.000
Branches, two-
Dimensional,
Partially-
Drawn with
Implied
Foliage 202 1.000
Branches, two-
Dimensional,
With open
Distal end 15 12 4 173 .077
Branches,
Unshaded 0 1 1 202 1.000
Branches,
"wrapped"
In cotton" 2 3 2 197 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
158
Branches,
Wide, short,
And appearing
"cutoff" 200 1.000
Crown,
Cloud-like 59 34 97 .006*
Crown,
Curlicue 186 549
Crown, jumble
Of scribbled
Lines 15 10 173 454
Crown,
Shaded 198 1.000
Ground,
T ra nsp ar ent ,
Roots visible
Below surface 201 250
Leaves,
Falling 10 188 302
Leaves,
Hand-like 202 1.000
Leaves, not
Connected to
Branches 203 1.000
Leaves,
Numerous 11 189 006*
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
159
Le a ve s,
Numerous and in
Great detail 0 1 0 203 1.000
Le a ve s,
Omitted 4 7 4 189 .549
Leaves,
Pointed
Sharply 2 1 0 201 1.000
Leaves, two-
Dimensional,
And overly
Large in
Proportion
To branches 1 2 1 200 1.000
Branches, two-
Dimensional
And drawn with
Excessive care 1 5 0 198 .063
Roots,
Inadequate
Organization
Of 8 6 7 183 1.000
Roots, omitted,
Without
Baseline 32 14 29 129 .033*
Roots,
Overemphasized
As they enter
Ground 0 5 1 198 .219
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
160
Roots,
Tapering
Smoothly
Into ground 12 15 9 168 .307
Roots, thin
And poor
Contact with
Ground 0 3 0 201 .250
Roots,
Transparent from
Underground 0 5 1 198 .219
Tree,
Horizontal
Movement 0 2 0 202 .500
Tree,
"keyhole" 1 0 2 201 .500
Tree, large
But contained
Within page 0 56 0 148 .000*
Tree, leaning
To left 2 1 1 200 1.000
Tree, leaning
To right 0 1 4 199 .375
Tree,
Sheltering 1 1 0 202 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
161
Tree, very
Large 19 185 000 ’
Trunk, broadly
Based with
Diminishing
Breadth 33 29 17 125 .105
Trunk, broad
With broad
Base 21 13 164 230
Trunk, broad
With
Diminutive
Branch
Structure 195 031’
Trunk,
Diminutive
With broad
Branch
Structure 203 1.000’
Trunk, huge
Though not
Necessarily
Broad-based 203 1.000
Trunk, long
And narrow 203 1.000
Trunk, long
With small
Crown 193 754
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
162
Trunk,
Narrower at
Base than at
Higher points 202 1.000
Trunk, one-
Dimensional,
With
Disorganized
One-dimensional
Branches 203 1.000
Trunk, outer
Edges darkly
Drawn 18 177 043’
Trunk, outline
Not continuous 20 21 15 148 .405
Trunk, shaded,
Especially
If deep 12 187 003’
Trunk, short
With large
Crown 190 1.000
Trunk, very
Lightly drawn 203 1.000
Trunk, very
Small and
Slender 202 1.000
Trunk, with
Thickened or
Constricted
Areas 199 1.000
Weeping
Willow tree 201 .500
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
163
PERSON
Arms, extended
Mechanically
And
Perpendicular
To body 1 4 3 196 1 .000
Arms, folded
Across chest 0 5 1 198 .219
Arms, held
Behind back 1 11 0 192 .0 0 1 *
Arms, held
Limp at sides 1 11 0 192 .0 0 1 *
Arms, one
Longer than
Other 0 1 2 201 1 .000
Arms,
Outstretched 3 13 19 169 .377
Arms,
Reinforcement
Of 0 7 1 196 .070
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
164
Arms, rigidly
Held to body 0 2 1 201 1. 000
Arms, thin
And frail 1 8 4 191 .388
Arms,
Unusually
Long 1 5 4 194 1.000
Belt buckle,
Emphasis of 4 40 7 153 .000*
Belt, darkly
Shaded 0 4 0 200 .125
Breasts,
Emphasized 2 13 0 189 .000*
Breasts,
Omission of 22 24 10 148 .026*
Bu tt oc ks ,
Overemphasis
Upon 1 1 1 201 1.000
Buttons,
Emphasized or
Numerous 4 31 4 165 .000*
Chin,
Prominent 0 4 3 197 1.000
Chin,
Overemphasis
Upon 0 4 3 197 1. 000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
165
Chinline,
Omitted 0 1 0 203 1.000
Clowns, witches,
And soldiers 1 0 0 203 1.000
Earrings,
Emphasis upon 1 8 0 195 .008*
Ears, as
Question marks 3 18 2 181 .000*
Ears,
Emphasized 6 15 1 182 .001*
Ears, with
Dark dots
In area 0 5 0 199 .063
Eyebrows,
Elaborate
Treatment of 8 29 4 163 .000*
Eyebrows, thick
And heavy 1 3 1 199 .625
Eyelashes, in
Detail 7 15 0 182 .000*
Eyes, drawn as
Closed or
Concealed by
Hat brim 3 2 2 197 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
166
Eyes, periphery
Reinforced 3 10 189 039’
Eyes,
"Picasso eye' 203 1.000
Eyes, pupils
Omitted 190 146
Eyes, two
Drawn on
Profile 203 1.000
Eyes,
Unusually
Large or
Reinforced 22 41 134 000 ’
Eyes,
Unusually
Small 199 125
Eyes, with
Wide-eyed
Stare 199 063
Face,
Shaded 199 375
Facial
Features,
Omitted
When rest
Adequately
Drawn 202 1.000
Facial
Features,
Overemphasized 0 4 1 199 .375
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
167
Feet, bare on
Clothed figure 0 1 4 199 .375
Feet,
Emphasized 0 2 2 200 1.000
Feet, pointed
Downward in
"V" shape 1 3 2 198 1.000
Feet, pointing
In opposite
Directions 22 27 14 141 .061
Feet, sharply
Pointed 0 0 1 203 1.000
Feet,
Unusually long 0 1 1 202 1.000
Feet, very
Small 1 13 6 184 .167
Female figure,
Lacking
Feminine
Contours 6 11 3 184 .057
Fingernails,
Pointed or
Reinforced 0 9 3 192 .146
Fingers, long
A nd spike-like 1 7 0 196 .016*
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
168
Fingers, one-
Dimensional and
Enclosed by
Circle 0 1 0 203 1.000
Fingers,
Reinforced or
Darkly shaded 1 10 3 190 .092
Fingers,
Scribbled 0 2 1 201 1.000
Fingers, short
And rounded 7 13 17 167 .584
Fingers,
Too few 1 0 0 203 1.000
Fingers,
Too many 0 1 0 203 1.000
Fingers,
Unusually
Large 1 0 0 203 1.000
Fingers,
Without hands 0 1 0 203 1.000
Hair,
Emphasis upon 44 53 15 92 .000’
Hair, heavily
Shaded 19 24 27 134 .779
Hair, in
Disarray 1 1 4 198 .375
Hair, long
And unshaded 0 0 4 200 .125
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
169
Hair, omitted
Or sparse 13 5 14 172 .064
Hair, unshaded,
And enclosing
Face in vise-
Like fashion 2 1 1 200 1.000
Hands,
Concealed
In pockets 0 8 0 196 .008’
Hands,
Covering
Pelvic region 0 11 1 192 .006’
Hands,
Mitten-like 4 1 18 181 .000’
Hands,
Omitted 5 32 13 164 .176
Hands,
Shaded 0 2 0 202 .500
Hands,
Swollen 0 0 1 203 1.000
Hands,
Unusually
Large 0 0 3 201 .250
Hands,
Unusually
Small 2 10 2 190 .039"
Hat on
Figure 4 8 17 175 .108
Head, back
View 0 2 8 194 .109
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
170
Head,
Omitted 0 1 0 203 1.000
Head,
Unusually
Large 2 10 0 192 .002’
Head,
Unusually
Small 0 3 0 201 .250
Head, with
Irregular
Contour 0 0 2 202 .500
Head,
Without
Body 0 13 0 191 .000’
Hips,
Emphasized 0 2 0 202 .500
Knees,
Emphasis upon 0 3 1 200 .625
Legs, cut
Off by
Bottom
Of paper 2 23 2 177 .000’
Legs, of
Unequal
Size 0 1 0 203 1.000
Legs,
Omitted 0 17 2 185 .001’'
Legs,
Reinforcement
Of 2 5 8 189 .581
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
171
Legs,
Rigidly held
Together 3 11 3 187 .057
Legs,
Unusually
Long 0 0 1 203 1 .000
Legs,
Unusually
Short 0 1 0 203 1 .000
Lips, full on
Male figure 0 15 2 187 .0 0 2 *
Lips,
Protrusion
Of 0 0 2 202 .500
Male figure, •f
Male figure,
With heavy
Shading 0 3 0 201 .250
Midline,
Emphasized 70 56 30 48 .007*
Mouth, cupid
Bow in female
Figure 9 12 18 165 .361
Mouth,
Grinning
Depicted by
Wide
Upturned
Line 8 9 23 164 .022*
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
172
Mouth,
Omitted 12 191 000 ’
Mouth,
Overemphasis
Upon 4 17 180 .003’
Mouth, short,
Dark line 194 .344
Mouth,
Single line,
Unsmiling 192 .227
Mouth,
Slash line 195 .453
Mouth,
Unusually
Large 201 1.000
Mouth,
Very small 196 .289
Mouth, with
Sneer 202 .500
Movement,
Non-violent 185 10 .0 0 0 ’
Movement,
Violent 0 198 .219
Muscles, overly
Emphasized 0 202 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
173
Neck, long
And thin 14 25 158 .109
Neck, one-
Dimensional 199 1.000
Neck,
Shading of 197 1.000
Neck, short
And thick 198 219
Neck, very
Long 199 375
Nose,
Button 187 .267
Nose,
Emphasized 15 19 164 607
Nose, faint,
Shaded, or
Truncated 14 28 156 .000’
Nose,
Phallic
And long 198 688
Nose,
Pointed
Sharply 14 11 173 690
Nose,
Triangular 193 754
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
174
Person,
Appearing
older than
Subject 203 1.000
Person,
Appearing
Younger
Than subject 200 1.000
Person,
Clothing
Striped 190 1.000
Person,
Dehumanized 0 203 1.000
Person, facing
Forward 82 82 13 27 000 ’
Person,
Running in
Controlled
Situation 0 201 1.000
Person, under-
Dressed or nude 0 199 .063
Pockets,
Emphasized 22 173 .002*
Pockets, placed
At breasts 1 196 .125
Posture,
Leaning 201 1.000
Posture,
Relaxed and
Standing 45 73 13 73 000’
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
175
Profile,
Complete 57 135 000 ’
Shoes,
Emphasized 10 33 153 .000*
Shoulders,
Emphasized 15 186 002*
Shoulders,
Omitted 15 184 019’
Shoulders,
Reinforced
Or
Hesitantly
Drawn 197 688
Shoulders,
Squared 12 179 .503
Shoulders,
Unusually
Large 193 065
Shoulders,
Unusually
Small 203 1.000
Shoulders,
Very broad 197 .016*
Snowman and
Peanut man 203 1.000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
176
Stance,
Broad 3 26 2 173 .000*
Stance,
On tiptoe 0 1 1 202 1.000
Teeth,
Prominently
Presented 0 15 1 188 .001*
Tie,
Overemphasis
Upon 1 4 0 199 .125
Toes, on
Clothed
Figure 0 4 0 200 .125
Trouser fly,
Emphasized 2 23 7 172 .006*
Trunk,
Incompletely
Closed at
Bottom 1 1 0 202 1.000
Trunk,
Reversed 0 5 7 192 .774
Trunk,
Shaded in
Female figure 0 1 3 200 .625
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
177
Trunk, small
And tightened 0 0 1 203 1 .000
Waistline,
Shaded
Heavily 0 0 2 202 .500
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
178
ACTIONS
Ball
Bouncing 0 0 4 200 .125
Ball
Playing 0 0 1 203 1 .000
Falling
In love 0 0 1 203 1 .000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
179
Kite
Flying 0 0 8 196 .008*
Playing
Alone 0 0 13 191 .000*
Playing
Music 0 0 1 203 1.000
Playing with
Someone 0 0 2 202 .500
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
180
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
181
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
182
STYLES
Attachment
Of two
Figures 0 6 44 154 .00 0 *
Compartmental-
Ization 0 0 2 202 .500
Lining at
The top 0 0 1 203 1 . 000
Lining at the
Bottom 0 3 0 201 .250
Underlining
Individual
Figures 0 0 1 203 1 .000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
183
SYMBOLS
Lawn
Mowers 0 0 9 195 .004*
Light
Bulbs 0 2 6 196 .289
Motor
cycle 0 0 2 202 .500
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
184
Refrig
erator 203 1.000
Snow and
Other "cold'
Symbols 0 1 201 1.000
Swing in
The tree 19 180 003’
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
REFERENCE L IS T
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
REFERENCE LIST
186
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
187
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
188
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
189
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
190
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
191
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
192
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
193
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
194
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
195
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
196
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
197
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
198
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
199
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
V I T A
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT:
1972-1976,
1985-2001: Nineteen years in the computer field as a
computer programmer/analyst, working in
Michigan and Indiana
200
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.