Cylinder pressure based

closed loop control

3.5.2010
Jenny Jansson

1 © Wärtsilä 27 October 2010 MFI compensation Lab W6L34SG / Jenny Hellén

 Engine control system (UNIC)

Engine control and cylinder load balancing based on

cylinder pressure sensors
– Features:
• Monitoring of peak cylinder pressures
• Increased safety
– More reliable knock detection and control
– Peak cylinder pressure control and cylinder output
balancing
• Improved fault detection/ diagnostics for preventive maintenance
• Possibility to run closer to maximum cylinder pressure and knock
limits
• Improved starting and loading

2 © Wärtsilä 27 October 2010 MFI compensation Lab W6L34SG / Jenny Hellén

 Cylinder pressure related control strategies
THE HIGH PMAX CONTROL STRATEGY

• Based on adjusting the duration of the gas admission (cylinder wise)

• The actions are determined by two values:
1. The peak pressure for the cylinder
2. The average peak pressure for all cylinders

KNOCK MEASUREMENT

• Two different types of knock measurements:

– electrical signal from piezo-element accelerometers
– extracted knock frequencies from cylinder pressure sensors

• Both sensors measuring knock simultaneously

– the accelerometers are used as backup if a cylinder pressure sensor fails

THE KNOCK CONTROL STRATEGY

• The knock control acts similar to the high peak pressure control, observing two values:
1. The knock intensity in the cylinder
2. The average peak pressure in all cylinders

THE CYLINDER OUTPUT BALANCING

• The cylinder output balancing is based on keeping the cylinder wise Pmax within x bar of the engine Pmax average. The
allowed deviation is load dependent and in case of high deviation the gas admission duration is adjusted.
• In case of cylinder pressure sensor failure we switch over to exhaust temperature balancing on low load and adaptive
light knock balancing on higher loads (based on the accelerometer readings).
• Advantages have also been seen during start and loading with having a cylinder pressure based balancing

3 © Wärtsilä 27 October 2010 MFI compensation Lab W6L34SG / Jenny Hellén

 Cylinder pressure related measurements in UNIC
180
Cylinder peak pressure
(Filtered value) Knock from cylinder pressure
Window for checking drift and correcting zero offset
160

140

120
Cylinder pressure [bar]

Also used for 1st sensor check

100
2nd sensor check:
Pressure A – Pressure B
is within a charge air
80 pressure based window

Knock detection window

60

Pmax detection window

1°CA sized window
40 to measure Pressure A

1°CA sized window

20 to measure Pressure B

0
-210 -200 -190 -180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Crank angle [deg]

Cyl.peak press. Angle

4 © Wärtsilä 27 October 2010 MFI compensation Lab W6L34SG / Jenny Hellén

 Knock measurement
Comparsion of knock values

2000 900
1900 800
LK limit

Knock measured with

1800 700
1700 600

knock sensors
1600 500
1500 400
1400 300
1300 200
1200 100
1100 0
1000 -100
cylinder pressure sensors
Knock measured with

900 -200
800 -300
700 -400
LK limit
600 -500
500 -600
400 -700
300 -800
200 -900
100 -1000
0 -1100
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180

SE5011A - Knock from cyl.press, cyl 01A SE5021A - Knock from cyl.press, cyl 02A SE5031A - Knock from cyl.press, cyl 03A
SE5041A - Knock from cyl.press, cyl 04A SE5051A - Knock from cyl.press, cyl 05A SE5061A - Knock from cyl.press, cyl 06A
Knock, cyl. A1 Knock, cyl. A2 Knock, cyl. A3
Knock, cyl. A4 Knock, cyl. A5 Knock, cyl. A6

5 © Wärtsilä 27 October 2010 MFI compensation Lab W6L34SG / Jenny Hellén

 Pmax measurement
• Based on adjusting the duration of the gas admission (cylinder wise)
• The actions are determined by two values:
1. The peak pressure for the cylinder
2. The average peak pressure for all cylinders

1 © Wärtsilä 4 August 2010

 Knock measurement
THE KNOCK CONTROL STRATEGY
• The heavy knock control acts similar to the high peak pressure control, observing two values:
1. The knock intensity in the cylinder
2. The average peak pressure in all cylinders

1 © Wärtsilä 4 August 2010

 Cylinder output balancing

• While running with cylinder pressure based closed loop control the exhaust temperature balancing and the adaptive light
knock balancing is replaced by a Pmax based balancing.
• If a cylinder pressure sensor fails the exhaust temperature balancing is taken into use at loads below 70%. At higher
loads the adaptive LK balancing is activated. The safety precautions from high Pmax are however always active (e.g
GT/LR limit and SHD limit).
• The cylinder output balancing is based on keeping the cylinderwise Pmax (average of 10cycles) within x bar of the
engine Pmax average (all cylinders 10 cycle average). The allowed deviation is load dependent and is divided into
“small cylinder balancing” and “large cylinder balancing”. The “small cylinder balancing” adjusts the MFI duration offsets
for small deviations. The “large cylinder balancing” adjusts for more than 40bar deviations, e.g. acts as a wake-up
function.
• No balancing is made for a certain cylinder if the cylinder is close to knocking (average knock value for 10 latest cycles
above the “Limit for setting engine into no-knock state”).

1 © Wärtsilä 4 August 2010

 HIGH PEAK PRESSURE AND KNOCK CONTROL

Peak cylinder pressure

Heavy knock control Knock value
Knock limit
7150 Knock status
Main fuel injection duration offset [%]
6150
Peak cylinder pressure [bar]

5150
(measured value x 10)
Knock value,

4150

3150

2150

1150

150
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Time [s]

1 © Wärtsilä 4 August 2010

 HIGH PEAK PRESSURE AND KNOCK CONTROL

High peak pressure control

180
Cylinder peak pressure
160
Cylinder peak pressure [bar]

140

120

100

80
Pmax status
60

40

20 Main fuel injection demand offset

0
0 50 100 150 200
Time [s]

1 © Wärtsilä 4 August 2010

 All controls activated

1 © Wärtsilä 4 August 2010