EUROCODE 8

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon, 10-11 February 2011 1

Ground conditions and seismic action

Eduardo C Carvalho
GAPRES SA
Ch i
Chairman TC250/SC8
 Ground conditions
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 2

Earthquake vibration at the surface is strongly influenced

b the
by th underlying
d l i ground d conditions
diti
EN 1998-1 requires that appropriate investigations (in situ
or in
i the
th laboratory)
l b t ) mustt be
b carried
i d outt in
i order
d tot
identify the ground conditions, with two main objectives:

• allow the classification of the soil profile, in view of

definingg the ground
g motion appropriate to the site ((i.e.
allowing the selection of the relevant spectral shape)

• identify the possible occurrence of soil behaviour

during an earthquake detrimental to the response of
th structure
the t t
 Ground conditions
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 3

Five ground types:

A - Rock
B - Very dense sand or gravel or very stiff clay
C - Dense sand or gravel or stiff clay
D - Loose to medium cohesionless soil or soft to
firm cohesive soil
E - Surface alluvium layer C or D, 5 to 20 m thick,
over a much stiffer material
2 special ground types S1 and S2 requiring special studies
Ground conditions defined by shear wave velocities in the top
30 m and also by indicative values for NSPT and cu
 Ground conditions
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 4

Table 3.1: Ground types

Ground Description of stratigraphic profile Parameters

type
vs,30 (m/s) NSPT cu (kPa)
(blows/30cm)

A Rock or other rock-like

rock like geological  800 _ _
formation, including at most 5 m of
weaker material at the surface.
B Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or 360 – 800  50  250
very stiff clay, at least several tens of
metres in thickness,, characterised byy a
gradual increase of mechanical
properties with depth.
 Ground conditions
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 5

Table 3.1: Ground types

Ground Description of stratigraphic profile Parameters

type
vs,30 (m/s) NSPT cu (kPa)
(blows/30cm)

C Deep deposits of dense or medium

medium- 180 – 360 15 - 50 70 - 250
dense sand, gravel or stiff clay with
thickness from several tens to many
hundreds of metres.
metres
D Deposits of loose-to-medium  180  15  70
cohesionless soil ((with or without some
soft cohesive layers), or of
predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive
soil.
 Ground conditions
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 6

Table 3.1: Ground types

Ground Description of stratigraphic profile Parameters

type
vs,30 (m/s) NSPT cu (kPa)
(blows/30cm)

E A soil profile consisting of a surface

alluvium layer with vs values of type C
or D and thickness varying between
about 5 m and 20 m, underlain by
stiffer material with vs > 800 m/s.
m/s
S1 Deposits consisting, or containing a  100 _ 10 - 20
layer at least 10 m thick, of soft
((indicative)
d c ve)
clays/silts
l / ilt with ith a high
hi h plasticity
l ti it index
i d
(PI  40) and high water content
S2 Deposits
p of liquefiable
q soils,, of
sensitive clays, or any other soil profile
not included in types A – E or S1
 Seismic zonation
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 7

Competence of National Authorities

Described by agR (reference peak ground

acceleration
l ti on type
t A ground)
d)

Corresponds to the reference return period TNCR

agR modified by the Importance Factor  I to

become the design ground acceleration (on type
A ground) ag = agR . I
Objective for the future updating of EN1998-1:
p
European zonation map p with spectral
p values for different
hazard levels (e.g. 100, 500 and 2.500 years)
 Seismic zonation
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 8

Seismic Hazard Analysis

Attenuation relationships
Sample law: Ambraseys et al. [1996]
valid for:

ation
320

e peak ground accelera

• Intraplate seismicity
seismicit (Europe)
(E rope) Mag=5.0
M 50
280
• Rock sites Mag=6.0
240 Mag=6.5
• 4.0 < M < 7.3
200 M 70
Mag=7.0
•3 km < R < 200 km
Spectral law: 160
log SA [g] = c1 + c2M + c4 logR 120
agR - reference
T (s) C'1 C2 C4 h0 
80
PGA -1.48 0.27 -0.92 3.50 0.25
0.10 -0.84 0.22 -0.95 4.50 0.27 40
0.20 -1.21 0.28 -0.92 4.20 0.27
0.30 -1.55 0.34 -0.93 4.20 0.30 0
0.40 -1.94 0.38 -0.89 3.60 0.31
0.50 -2.25 0.42 -0.91 3.30 0.32 10 100 1000
1.00 -3.17 0.51 -0.89 4.30 0.32
1 50
1.50 -3 61
-3.61 0 52
0.52 -0 82
-0.82 3 00
3.00 0 31
0.31 Distância [km]
2.00 -3.79 0.50 -0.73 3.20 0.32
 Spectral shape
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 9

Effect of Magnitude on Response Spectra (Rock, 5% damping)

0.35
Se ((g)

0.30
R = 30 km
0.25

0.20 Magnitude
5
0.15
6
0.10 6,5
7
0.05

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Period T (s)
 Spectral shape
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 10

Effect of Magnitude on normalised shape (Rock, 5% damping)

3.00
Se //ag

2.50
R = 30 km Magnitude
2.00
5
1.50 6

1.00 6,5
7
0.50

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Period T (s)
 Spectral shape
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 11

Effect of Epicentral Distance on Response Spectra

(Rock, 5% damping)
0.30
Se (g)

0 25
0.25
M=6
0.20
Distance (km)
0.15 15
30
0.10 50
100
0.05

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Period T (s)
 Spectral shape
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 12

Effect of Epicentral Distance on normalised shape

(Rock, 5% damping)
2.50
ag
Se /a

2.00
M=6 Distance (km)
1.50 15
30
1.00
50

0.50 100

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Period T (s)
 Basic representation of the seismic action in Eurocode 8
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 13

Elastic response
p spectrum
p

Common shape
p for the ULS and DLS verifications
2 orthogonal independent horizontal components
Vertical spectrum shape different from the
horizontal spectrum (common for all ground types)
Possible use of more than one spectral shape (to
seismo genetic mechanisms)
model different seismo-genetic

Account of topographical effects (EN 1998-5) and spatial

variation of motion (EN1998-2) required in some special cases
 Definition of the horizontal elastic response spectrum
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 14

Four branches

0  T  TB Se (T) = ag . S . (1+T/TB . ( . 2,5 -1))

TB  T  TC Se (T) = ag . S .  . 2,5
TC  T  TD Se ((T)) = ag . S .  . 2,5 ((TC /T))
TD  T  4 s Se (T) = ag . S .  . 2,5 (TC . TD /T 2)
Se (T) elastic
l ti response spectrumt
ag design ground acceleration on type A ground
TB TC TD corner pperiods in the spectrum
p ((NDPs))
S soil factor (NDP)
 damping correction factor ( = 1 for 5% damping)

Additional information for T > 4 s in Informative Annex

 Normalised elastic response spectrum
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 15

Standard shape
Control variables
• S, TB, TC, TD (NDPs)
( )
• ( 0,55) damping
correction for   5 %

Fixed variables
• Constant acceleration,
acceleration
velocity & displacement
spectral branches
• acceleration spectral
amplification: 2,5
 Normalised elastic response spectrum
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 16

Correction for damping   10 / 5     0,55

1.6
or η
ection facto
14
1.4

1.2

1
Corre

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Viscous damping ξ (%)

To be applied only to elastic spectra

 Elastic response spectrum
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 17

Two types of (recommended) spectral shapes

Depending on the characteristics of the most

significant earthquake contributing to the
local hazard:

• Type
yp 1 - Highg and moderate seismicity
y regions
g
(Ms > 5,5 )
ype 2 - Low
• Type o seismicity eg o s (Ms  5,5 );
se s c ty regions
near field earthquakes
Optional account of deep geology effects (NDP) for the definition
of the seismic action
 Recommended elastic response spectra
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 18

Normalised shape for Type 1 and Type 2 seismic action (rock)

3.00
R = 30 km
M
Magnitude
it d
Se /ag

2.50
5
2.00
6

1.50 6,5

7
1.00
EN1998 1 type 1
EN1998-1
0.50
EN1998-1 type 2

0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Period T (s)
 Recommended elastic response spectra
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 19

Recommended parameters for the definition of

th response spectra
the t for
f various
i groundd types
t

Seismic action Type 1 Seismic action Type 2

Ground
S TB (s) TC (s) TD (s) S TB (s) TC (s) TD (s)
Type
yp
A 1,0 0,15 0,4 2,0 1,0 0,05 0,25 1,2
B ,
1,2 0,15
, 0,5
, 2,0
, 1,35
, 0,05
, 0,25
, 1,2
,
C 1,15 0,2 0,6 2,0 1,5 0,1 0,25 1,2
D 1,35 0,2 0,8 2,0 1,8 0,1 0,3 1,2
E 1,4 0,15 0,5 2,0 1,6 0,05 0,25 1,2
 Recommended elastic response spectra
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 20

5 D

Se/ag
E
4 4 C
Se/ag

E D B
C
3 3
B A
A
2 2

1 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4
T(s) 4 T(s)

Type 1 - Ms > 5,5 Type 2 - Ms  5,5

 Recommended elastic response spectra
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 21

4
E D
Se/ag

C
3
B
A
2

0
0 1 2 3 4
T (s)

Type 1 - Ms > 5,5

 Recommended elastic response spectra
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 22

5
D
Se/ag

E
4 C
B

3
A

0
0 1 2 3 4
T (s)

Type 2 - Ms  5,5
 Definition of the vertical elastic response spectrum
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 23

Four branches

0  T  TB Sve (T) = avg . (1+T/TB . ( . 3,0 -1))

TB  T  TC Sve (T) = avg .  . 3,0
TC  T  TD Sve ((T)) = avgg .  . 3,0 ((TC /T))
TD  T  4 s Sve (T) = avg .  . 3,0 (TC . TD /T 2)

Sve (T) vertical elastic response spectrum

avg vertical design ground acceleration on type A ground
TB TC TD corner periods
i d iin th
the spectrum
t (NDP
(NDPs))
 damping correction factor ( = 1 for 5% damping)

Soil factor not influencing the vertical response spectrum

 Definition of the vertical elastic response spectrum
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 24

Recommended parameters
3
Seismic
avg/ag TB (s) TC (s) TD (s)
action
ag
Sve/a

2.5
EN1998-1 Type 1 0,90 0,05 0,15 1,0
Vertical Elastic
2
Type 2 0,45 0,05 0,15 1,0
1.5

1
Type 1
Type 2
0.5

0
0 1 2 3
Period T (s)
 Displacements
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 25

dg

ag
S
TC
TD
0
,
0
2
5
Design ground displacement     

Elastic displacement response spectrum in Informative

Annex A of EN 1998-1
1998 1

Soil TE TF
(s) (s)

A 4,5 10,0
B 50
5,0 10 0
10,0
C 6,0 10,0
D 6,0 10,0
E 6,0 10,0
 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 26

Derived from the elastic spectrum

0  T  TB Sd (T) = ag . S . (2/3+T/TB . (2,5/q -2/3))

TB  T  TC Sd (T) = ag . S . 2,5/q
TC  T  TD Sd ((T)) = ag . S . 2,5/q
, q . ((TC /T))
  . ag
TD  T  4 s Sd ((T)) = ag . S . 2,5/q
, q . ((TC . TD /T 2 )
  . ag
Sd ((T)) design
g spectrum
p
q behaviour factor
 lower bound factor (NDP recommended value: 0,2)
Specific rules for vertical action: q  1,5
 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 27

Derived from the elastic spectrum but:

Correction factor for damping η not included

Values of the behaviour factor q already account for
the influence of the viscous damping being different
from 5%

The behaviour factor q is an approximation of the ratio of

the seismic forces that the structure would experience if its
response was completely elastic with 5% viscous
damping to the seismic forces that may be used in the
damping,
design, with a conventional elastic analysis model, still
ensuring a satisfactory response of the structure.
 Design spectra for elastic analysis
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 28

2.5
Sd
(cm/s2)

2.0

EN1998-1
EN1998 1
Soil C
1.5
Behaviour factor
1,5
2
1.0
3
4,5

0.5

0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
T (s)
 Alternative representations of the seismic action
Dissemination of information for training – Lisbon 10-11 February 2011 29

Time history representation (essentially for NL

analysis purposes)

Three simultaneously acting accelerograms

• Artificial accelerograms
Match the elastic response spectrum for 5% damping
Duration compatible with Magnitude (Ts  10 s)
Minimum number of accelerograms: 3

• Recorded or simulated accelerograms

Scaled to ag . S
Match the elastic response spectrum for 5% damping