Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V.

Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in

Technology.

ISSN: 2454-132X
Impact factor: 4.295
(Volume3, Issue5)
Available online at www.ijariit.com
Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS in Concrete
Chalamcharla Venu Gopal Suresh .A V. Gokul Nath
Student Student Assistant Professor
Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha
University, Chennai Saveetha University, Chennai University, Chennai
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: In this present construction era concrete is the most used construction material in the world. Concrete is consumed
widely that it is second most consumed material after the water in terms of per-capita consumption. As the pollution is increasing
and the environmental sustainability is affected, researchers are seeking for other materials to reduce the consumption of
cement. GGBS is one of these supplementary materials used to replace with cement to reduce the consumption of the cement.

Keywords: GGBS, High-Performance Concrete.

INTRODUCTION
The blast furnace slag is a by-product of the iron manufacturing industry. Iron ore, coke, and limestone are fed into the furnace and
the resulting molten slag floats above the molten iron at a temperature of about 1500 oC to 1600oC. The molten slag has a composition
of about 30% to 40% SiO2 and about 40% CaO, which is close to the chemical composition of Portland cement.

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Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

Advantages
Durable concrete structures can be made with the combination of GGBS and ordinary Portland cement.
Portland Blast furnace cement (PBFC) and high-slag blast-furnace cement (HSBFC) are produced from the GGBS.

LITERATURE REVIEW

 Er. Kimmi Garg, Er. Kshipra Kapoor studied and experimented, it is proved that GGBS can be used as an alternative material
for cement, reducing cement consumption and reducing the cost of construction. Use of industrial waste products saves the
environment and conserves natural resources.
 Vinayak Awasare, Prof. M. V. Nagendra made a study work to analyse strength properties of partially replaced GGBS
concrete. The flexural strengths achieved are 3.01Mpa, 3.45Mpa, 3.58Mpa, 3.44Mpa and 3.12Mpa at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and
50% for GGBS concrete respectively for M20 grade concrete of OPC cement and crushed sand. This report shows that tensile
strength also gives good performance for 20%, 30 % and 40% replacement which is more than normal plain concrete.
 Yasutaka SAGAWA, Daisuke Yamamoto and Yoshikazu HENZAN in a study concluded that the specimens which include
normal-strength concrete and high-strength concrete by changing W/B from 65% to 35% were examined. The effectiveness of
GGBS on chloride ion diffusion coefficient was investigated by migration test. Moreover, the application of GGBS which has
the surface area of 6000 cm2/g for bridge superstructures was presented.
 D. Suresh and K. Nagaraju in a review concluded that the movement of moisture of GGBS mixes, probably due to the dense
and strong microstructure of the interfacial aggregate/binder transition zone is probably responsible for the high resistance of
GGBS mix to attack in aggressive environments such as silage pits. GGBS is a good replacement for cement in some cases and
serves effectively but it can’t replace cement completely. But even though it replaces partially it gives very good results and a
greener approach to construction and sustainable development which we are engineers are keen about today.
METHODOLOGY

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Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

Materials Used
 Cement
 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate
 GGBS
 Water
 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of 53 grade was used in which the composition and properties are in compliance with the Indian
standard organization.

Cement Chemical Composition of Cement

Chemical
S.No Limits (%)
Composition
1 CaO 61-67

2 SiO2 19-23

3 Al2O 2.5-6

4 Fe2O3 0-6

5 SO3 1.5-4.5

Physical Properties of Cement

S.No Property Result
53 grade
1 Brand of cement
OPC
2 Standard consistency 35%
Initial setting time
3 30
(in mins)
Final setting time
4 600
(in mins)
5 Specific gravity 3.15

Fine Aggregate
The aggregate which passes through 4.75 mm IS sieve and retain on 75 microns IS sieve are known as fine aggregates. Fine
aggregate is basically sands won from the land or the marine environment. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or
crushed stone with most particles passing through a 9.5mm sieve. As with coarse aggregates, these can be from Primary, Secondary
or Recycled sources.

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Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

Sand (Fine Aggregate)

Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate

Property Result

Fineness modulus 2.72

Specific gravity 2.613

Bulk density Loose 1585
(Kg/m3)
Compact 1690

Coarse Aggregate
The aggregates which pass through 75mm IS sieve and retain on 4.75mm IS sieve are known as coarse aggregates.

Coarse Aggregate
Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Property Result

Fineness modulus 6.15

Specific gravity 2.625

Bulk density Loose 1475

(Kg/m3)
Compact 1532

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 Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

GGBS

Chemical Composition of GGBS

Constituent
Chemical GGBS
Portland

CaO 65% 40%

SiO2 20% 35%

AI2O3 5% 10%

MgO 2% 8%

Physical Properties of GGBS

Colour Off White powder

Bulk density (loose) 1.0–1.1 tonnes/m3

Bulk density (vibrated) 1.2–1.3 tonnes/m3

Relative density 2.85–2.95

Surface area 400–600 m2/kg

Water
Water plays an important role in concrete production (mix) in that it starts the reaction between the cement, pozzolanic and the
aggregates. It helps in the hydration of the mix. In this research, the water used was distilled water.

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Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

Water

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Mixing of Concrete
Mixing of concrete was carried out by machine. Machine mixing is not only efficient but also economical. Before the materials
are loaded in to drum about 25 percent of the total quantity of water required for mixing is poured into the mixer drum and to
prevent any sticking of cement on the bodies or at the bottom of the drum.

Mixing of Concrete
Moulds
The concrete is cast into cube molds of size 150mm×150mm.

Mould

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 Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

Curing of specimen
After casting the molded specimens are stored in the laboratory at a room temperature for 24 hours. After this period the specimens
are removed from the molds and immediately submerged in clean, fresh water of curing water tank. The specimens are cured for 28
days in present investigation work.

Curing

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The compressive strength of the cubes at different days with different GGBS combination and the slump value and compaction
factor is given.
Slump Cone Test
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly
made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch.

Slump Cone Test

Slump test

Slump Value
Mix
(mm)

Normal Concrete 61

20 % GGBS 63

40 % GGBS 57

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 Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

Compaction Factor Test

Compacting factor of fresh concrete is done to determine the workability of fresh concrete by compacting factor test as per IS: 1199
– 1959. The apparatus used is Compacting factor apparatus. Procedure to determine the workability of fresh concrete by compacting
factor test.

Compaction Factor test

Compaction Factor
Compaction
Mix
Factor

Normal Concrete 0.92

20 % GGBS 0.93

40 % GGBS 0.91

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compression Testing Machine
A Compression testing machine (CTM), is used to test the compressive strength of materials. The set-up and usage are detailed in
a test method, often published by a standards organization. This specifies the sample preparation, fixturing, gauge length (the length
which is under study or observation), analysis, etc.

Compression-Testing Machine

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 Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS

Compressive Strength Results

% Replacement Compressive Compressive

of Cement with Strength at 7 Strength at 28
GGBS days days
0% (Normal
17.94 30.8
concrete)
20% 24.74 39.25
40% 20.07 36.4

The above Table 5.1 gives the compressive strength of the concrete when the cement is replaced with GGBS at the proportions of
0%, 20%, 40% with cement after the curing period of 7 Days and 28 Days.

Graph for Comparison of Strength Acquired

50

40 39.25
36.4
30 30.8 0% GGBS
24.74
20 20.07 20 % GGBS
17.94
10 40% GGBS

0
7 Days 28 Days

Bar Graph for Comparison of Strength Acquired

50
39.25
40 36.4
30.8
30 24.74 0% GGBS
17.94 20.07 20% GGBS
20
40% GGBS
10

0
7 Days 28 Days

CONCLUSIONS
1. Durability and service life are improved by preparing High-Performance Concrete.
2. With the addition of 40% of GGBS as a replacement of Cement for an M25 grade of concrete, there is an increase in the
strength compared to the normal concrete.
3. As GGBS is partially replaced with the cement, the consumption of the cement is reduced and also the cost of construction
is reduced.
4. Thus the workability is improved by the partial replacement of the GGBS with cement.

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Gopal Chalamcharla Venu, A. Suresh, Nath V. Gokul, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology.

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