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    Programming in Haskell: Chapter 2 - First Steps

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    Mark
    The document introduces the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) and its interactive interpreter GHCi. Key points include: 1) GHCi can be used like a calculator to evaluate expressions and includes standard library functions for working with lists. 2) User-defined functions can be loaded into GHCi from text files with a .hs extension through commands like :load and :reload. 3) Functions are defined through a layout rule where each definition begins in the same column. This avoids needing explicit syntax to group definitions.

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    Programming in Haskell: Chapter 2 - First Steps

    Uploaded by

    Mark
    31 views23 pages
    The document introduces the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) and its interactive interpreter GHCi. Key points include: 1) GHCi can be used like a calculator to evaluate expressions and includes standard library functions for working with lists. 2) User-defined functions can be loaded into GHCi from text files with a .hs extension through commands like :load and :reload. 3) Functions are defined through a layout rule where each definition begins in the same column. This avoids needing explicit syntax to group definitions.

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    Haskell

    Original Title

    Haskell - ch2

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    The document introduces the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) and its interactive interpreter GHCi. Key points include: 1) GHCi can be used like a calculator to evaluate expressions and includes standard library functions for working with lists. 2) User-defined functions can be loaded into GHCi from text files with a .hs extension through commands like :load and :reload. 3) Functions are defined through a layout rule where each definition begins in the same column. This avoids needing explicit syntax to group definitions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    31 views23 pages

    Programming in Haskell: Chapter 2 - First Steps

    Uploaded by

    Mark
    The document introduces the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) and its interactive interpreter GHCi. Key points include: 1) GHCi can be used like a calculator to evaluate expressions and includes standard library functions for working with lists. 2) User-defined functions can be loaded into GHCi from text files with a .hs extension through commands like :load and :reload. 3) Functions are defined through a layout rule where each definition begins in the same column. This avoids needing explicit syntax to group definitions.

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    of 23

    PROGRAMMING IN HASKELL

    Chapter 2 - First Steps

    0
    Glasgow Haskell Compiler

    ❚  GHC is the leading implementation of Haskell,


    and comprises a compiler and interpreter;

    ❚  The interactive nature of the interpreter makes


    it well suited for teaching and prototyping;

    ❚  GHC is freely available from:

    www.haskell.org/platform

    1
    Starting GHCi

    The interpreter can be started from the terminal


    command prompt $ by simply typing ghci:

    $ ghci

    GHCi, version X: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/ :? for help

    Prelude>

    The GHCi prompt > means that the interpreter is


    now ready to evaluate an expression.
    2
    For example, it can be used as a desktop calculator
    to evaluate simple numeric expresions:

    > 2+3*4
    14

    > (2+3)*4
    20

    > sqrt (3^2 + 4^2)


    5.0

    3
    The Standard Prelude

    Haskell comes with a large number of standard


    library functions. In addition to the familiar
    numeric functions such as + and *, the library
    also provides many useful functions on lists.

    ❚  Select the first element of a list:

    > head [1,2,3,4,5]


    1

    4
    ❚  Remove the first element from a list:

    > tail [1,2,3,4,5]


    [2,3,4,5]

    ❚  Select the nth element of a list:

    > [1,2,3,4,5] !! 2
    3

    ❚  Select the first n elements of a list:

    > take 3 [1,2,3,4,5]


    [1,2,3]
    5
    ❚  Remove the first n elements from a list:

    > drop 3 [1,2,3,4,5]


    [4,5]

    ❚  Calculate the length of a list:

    > length [1,2,3,4,5]


    5

    ❚  Calculate the sum of a list of numbers:

    > sum [1,2,3,4,5]


    15
    6
    ❚  Calculate the product of a list of numbers:

    > product [1,2,3,4,5]


    120

    ❚  Append two lists:

    > [1,2,3] ++ [4,5]


    [1,2,3,4,5]

    ❚  Reverse a list:

    > reverse [1,2,3,4,5]


    [5,4,3,2,1]
    7
    Function Application

    In mathematics, function application is denoted


    using parentheses, and multiplication is often
    denoted using juxtaposition or space.

    f(a,b) + c d

    Apply the function f to a and b, and add


    the result to the product of c and d.
    8
    In Haskell, function application is denoted using
    space, and multiplication is denoted using *.

    f a b + c*d

    As previously, but in Haskell syntax.

    9
    Moreover, function application is assumed to have
    higher priority than all other operators.

    f a + b

    Means (f a) + b, rather than f (a + b).

    10
    Examples

    Mathematics Haskell

    f(x) f x

    f(x,y) f x y

    f(g(x)) f (g x)

    f(x,g(y)) f x (g y)

    f(x)g(y) f x * g y
    11
    Haskell Scripts

    ❚  As well as the functions in the standard library,


    you can also define your own functions;

    ❚  New functions are defined within a script, a text


    file comprising a sequence of definitions;

    ❚  By convention, Haskell scripts usually have a .hs


    suffix on their filename. This is not mandatory,
    but is useful for identification purposes.

    12
    My First Script

    When developing a Haskell script, it is useful to


    keep two windows open, one running an editor
    for the script, and the other running GHCi.

    Start an editor, type in the following two function


    definitions, and save the script as test.hs:

    double x = x + x

    quadruple x = double (double x)


    13
    Leaving the editor open, in another window start
    up GHCi with the new script:

    $ ghci test.hs

    Now both the standard library and the file test.hs


    are loaded, and functions from both can be used:

    > quadruple 10
    40

    > take (double 2) [1,2,3,4,5,6]


    [1,2,3,4]
    14
    Leaving GHCi open, return to the editor, add the
    following two definitions, and resave:

    factorial n = product [1..n]

    average ns = sum ns `div` length ns

    Note:

    ❚  div is enclosed in back quotes, not forward;

    ❚  x `f` y is just syntactic sugar for f x y.


    15
    GHCi does not automatically detect that the script
    has been changed, so a reload command must be
    executed before the new definitions can be used:

    > :reload
    Reading file "test.hs"

    > factorial 10
    3628800

    > average [1,2,3,4,5]


    3

    16
    Useful GHCi Commands

    Command Meaning

    :load name load script name


    :reload reload current script
    :set editor name set editor to name
    :edit name edit script name
    :edit edit current script
    :type expr show type of expr
    :? show all commands
    :quit quit GHCi
    17
    Naming Requirements

    ❚  Function and argument names must begin with


    a lower-case letter. For example:

    myFun fun1 arg_2 x’

    ❚  By convention, list arguments usually have an s


    suffix on their name. For example:

    xs ns nss

    18
    The Layout Rule

    In a sequence of definitions, each definition must


    begin in precisely the same column:

    a = 10 a = 10 a = 10

    b = 20 b = 20 b = 20

    c = 30 c = 30 c = 30

    19
    The layout rule avoids the need for explicit syntax
    to indicate the grouping of definitions.

    a = b + c a = b + c
    where where
    b = 1 means {b = 1;
    c = 2 c = 2}
    d = a * 2 d = a * 2

    implicit grouping explicit grouping


    20
    Exercises

    (1) Try out slides 2-7 and 13-16 using GHCi.

    (2) Fix the syntax errors in the program below,


    and test your solution using GHCi.

    N = a ’div’ length xs
    where
    a = 10
    xs = [1,2,3,4,5]

    21
    (3) Show how the library function last that selects
    the last element of a list can be defined using
    the functions introduced in this lecture.

    (4) Can you think of another possible definition?

    (5) Similarly, show how the library function init


    that removes the last element from a list can
    be defined in two different ways.

    22

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