CHE2164 /MEC2405

Thermodynamics
CHE2164 /MEC2405 Thermodynamics , Lecture slides courtesy of Dr. Meng Woo Wei , Dr. Daniel
Edgington-Mitchell and Dr. Chong Meng Nan. Numerous Examples and Images used from two books “
Thermodynamics an Engineering approach ” 7th edition by Cengel & Boles and “Principles of
Engineering Thermodynamics” 8th edition by Moran , Shapiro, et.al

Dr. Syed Tauqir Haider

Thermodynamics:
Lecture Outline:
Important information
Study Resources
Online Resources
Applications of Thermodynamics
Communication and Feedback
Assessment Tasks
Learning outcomes
 Important information :
Course Coordinator : Dr. Syed Tauqir Haider
Office: 5-5-32
Phone: 5515 9643
E-mail: [email protected]

• Office Hours: Thursday, 1400-1600hrs

• Lectures: Monday 1100 – 1300 hrs AT-LT5001

Tuesday 0900 – 1000 hrs AT-LT-6003
Important information :
Check
Unit-Guide
CHE2164 /MEC2405 Moodle page, and
forum for news/announcement frequently
Please read lecture notes before coming
to the lecture.
Study Resources:
Online Resources
 Important information : Tutorials (2nd week)
Tutorials are not assessed but I strongly recommend
and encourage you to attend tutorials. It will increase
your understanding of the subject and help you to secure
good marks.

 Wednesday 0900-1100 hrs, and 1200 -1300 hrs

Tutorial Room 6-3-06 Bldg 6
 Friday 8.00-10.00 hrs,
Tutorial Room 6-3-05 Bldg 6
 Friday 10.00 -11.00 hrs
Tutorial Room 6-3-06 Bldg 6
 Labs
 There are 3 labs for this unit. You have to do any 2. They run in
the same time slot as the tutorial.

 These are worth 08 % of your overall assessment

 Lab group signup will become available on Moodle next week.

I’ve left it up to you to sign up, so you can organize to be with
your friends if you like.
5 people per group. If you do not sign up for a lab group you
automatically fail the labs. Check your time slots and table before
choosing group.

 Labs will commence in week 5

MEC2405/CHE2164 – Thermodynamics
CHE2164 /MEC2405 Schedule …
Week Monday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Friday
starting 11– 12 am 12 –1 pm 9 – 10 am 9 am-11am , and 8 -10am, Tutorial
AT-LT5001 AT-LT5001 AT-LT-6003 12am - Room 6-3-05 Bldg 6
1pm Tutorial Room Friday
6-3-06 Bldg 6 10-11am Tutorial
Room 6-3-06 Bldg 6

1 LECTURE 1: LECTURE 2: LECTURE 3: NO LAB OR NO LAB OR

27 Feb Introduction & Topics: 1-5 to 1-8, Topics: 2-1 to 2-4 TUTORIAL TUTORIAL
Topics: 1-1 to 1-4 1-11,12.
2 LECTURE 4: LECTURE 5: LECTURE 6: TUTORIAL #1 TUTORIAL #1
Mar 6 Topics: 2-5 to 2-7 Topics: Ch2 Topics: 3-1 to 3-4
Revision
3 LECTURE 7: LECTURE 8: LECTURE 9: TUTORIAL #2 TUTORIAL #2
Mar 13 Topics: 3-5 to 3-6 Topics: 4-1 to 4-3 Topics: 4-4 to 4-5
4 LECTURE 10: LECTURE 11: LECTURE 12: TUTORIAL #3 TUTORIAL #3
Mar 20 Topics: 5-1 to 5-3 Topics: 5-4 Topics: 5-5 and
Revision
5 LECTURE 13: LECTURE 14: LECTURE 15: TUTORIAL #4 TUTORIAL #4
Mar 27 TEST 1 (Ch1 - 5) Topics: 6-1 to 6-3 Topics: 6-4 to 6-7 & LABORATORY & LABORATORY
6 LECTURE 16: LECTURE 17: LECTURE 18: TUTORIAL #5 TUTORIAL #5
Apr 3 Topics: 6-8, 6-11 Chap 6 revision Topics : 7-1 to 7-3 & LABORATORY & LABORATORY
7 LECTURE 19: LECTURE 20: LECTURE 21: TUTORIAL #6 Good Friday
Apr 10 Topics: 7-4 to 7-8 Topics: 7-9 to 7-12 Topics: 7-13 & LABORATORY (no lab or tutorial)
MSB Mid Semester Break Mid Semester Mid Semester Break Mid Semester Mid Semester Break
CHE2164 /MEC2405 Schedule.
MSB Mid Semester Break Mid Semester Mid Semester Break Mid Semester Mid Semester Break
Break Break
8 LECTURE 22: LECTURE 23: LECTURE 24: TUTORIAL #7 TUTORIAL #7
Apr 24 Review TEST 1 Topics: 11-1 to 11-3 Topics: 11-4 to 11-8 & LABORATORY & LABORATORY

9 LECTURE 25: LECTURE 26: LECTURE 27: TUTORIAL #8 TUTORIAL #8

May 1 Topics: Ch11 Topics: 9-1 to 9-4 Topics: 9-5,9-6,9-8
Revision

10 LECTURE 28: LECTURE 29: LECTURE 30: TUTORIAL #9 TUTORIAL #9

May 8 Topics: TEST 2 Topics: Ch9 Topics: 10-1 to 10-2
(Ch6,7) Revision

11 LECTURE 31: LECTURE 32: LECTURE 33: TUTORIAL #10 TUTORIAL #10
May 15 Topics: Revise Test 2 Topics: 10-3 to 10-5 Topics: Ch10 Revision

12 LECTURE 34: LECTURE 35: LECTURE 36: OPEN TUTORIAL OPEN TUTORIAL
May 22 Topics: Revise Topics: Revision Topics: Revision
Ch9,10,11
Communication and Feedback
 Contents Covered During Semester
 Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts
 Chapter 2: Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis
 Chapter 3: Properties of Pure Substance
 Chapter 4: Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
 Chapter 5: Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
 Chapter 6:The Second Law of Thermodynamics
 Chapter 7: Entropy
 Chapter 9: Gas Power Cycles
 Chapter 10: Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
 Chapter 11: Refrigeration Cycles
 Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts

• Thermodynamics and energy; dimensions and units;

closed and open systems (1-1 to 1-3).

• Properties of system; state and equilibrium; processes

and cycles (1-4 to 1-7).
• Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics (1-
8).
• Pressure, manometer and barometric (atmospheric)
pressure (1-9 to 1-11).

• Problem solving techniques (1-12).

 Thermodynamics
 The name thermodynamics stems from the
Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power).

 Conservation of energy principle: During an

interaction, energy can change from one
form to another but the total amount of
energy remains constant.

 Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

• The First Law of Thermodynamics is simply

an expression of the conservation of energy
principle i.e. energy cannot be created or
destroyed. Hence, during an interaction,
energy can change from one form to another
but the total amount remains constant.

MEC2405/CHE2164 – Thermodynamics
 Thermodynamics
• Classical thermodynamics: A macroscopic
approach to the study of thermodynamics that
does not require a knowledge of the behavior
of individual particles.

• It provides a direct and easy way to the

solution of engineering problems and it is used
in this text.

• Statistical thermodynamics: A microscopic

approach, based on the average behavior of
large groups of individual particles. Heat flows in the
direction of decreasing
• It is used in this text only in the supporting role. temperature

MEC2405/CHE2164 – Thermodynamics
 Dimensions and Units
 Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
 The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
 Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t, and
temperature T are selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions, while others such as velocity V, energy E, and
volume V are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions
and are called secondary dimensions, or derived
dimensions.

MEC2405/CHE2164 – Thermodynamics
Dimensions and Units

A body weighing
60 kgf on earth
will weigh only 10
kgf on the moon.

MEC2405/CHE2164 – Thermodynamics
Dimensions and Units

To be dimensionally homogeneous, all the terms in an

equation must have the same unit

+ =
MEC2405/CHE2164 – Thermodynamics
Example 1

An object at sea level has a mass of 400 kg.

a) Find the weight of this object on earth.
b) Find the weight of this object on the moon where the local gravitational
acceleration is one-sixth that of earth.

(a)

Note the use of the conversion factor to convert mass-acceleration units

into force units.
(b)

Example 2

An object has a mass of 180 lbm. Find the weight of this object at a location
where the local gravitational acceleration is 30 ft/s2.

Wt  mg
ft 1 lbf
 (180 lbm)(30 2
)( )
s 32.2 lbm ft
s2
 167.7 lbf
 Temperature (T)
►If two blocks (one warmer than the other) are
brought into contact and isolated from their
surroundings, they would interact thermally with
changes in observable properties.
►When all changes in observable properties cease,
the two blocks are in thermal equilibrium.
►Temperature is a physical property that
determines whether the two objects are in thermal
equilibrium.
 Thermometers
►Any object with at least one measurable property
that changes as its temperature changes can be
used as a thermometer.
►Such a property is called a thermometric
property.
►The substance that exhibits changes in the
thermometric property is known as a thermometric
substance.
 Thermometers
►Example: Liquid-in-glass thermometer
►Consists of glass capillary tube connected to a bulb filled
with liquid and sealed at the other end. Space above liquid
is occupied by vapor of liquid or an inert gas.
►As temperature increases, liquid expands in volume and
rises in the capillary. The length (L) of the liquid in the
capillary depends on the temperature.
►The liquid is the thermometric substance.
►L is the thermometric property.
►Other types of thermometers:
►Thermocouples
►Thermistors
►Radiation thermometers and optical pyrometers
 Temperature Scales
►Kelvin scale: An absolute thermodynamic temperature
scale whose unit of temperature is the kelvin (K); an SI base
unit for temperature.

►Celsius scale (oC):

T(oC) = T(K) – 273.15

• The reference temperature in the original Kelvin

scale was the ice point, 273.15 K, which is the
temperature at which water freezes (or ice melts).
• The reference point was changed to a much
more precisely reproducible point, the triple
point of water (the state at which all three phases
of water coexist in equilibrium), which is assigned
the value 273.16 K.
 Temperature Scales
 Thermodynamic temperature scale: A
temperature scale that is independent of the
properties of any substance.
 Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
 A temperature scale nearly identical to the
Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas temperature
scale. The temperatures on this scale are
measured using a constant-volume gas
thermometer.

P versus T plots of the experimental data

obtained from a constant-volume gas
thermometer using four different gases at
different (but low) pressures.

A constant-volume gas thermometer would

read 273.15°C at absolute zero pressure.
 Example 3

Water boils at 212 F at one atmosphere pressure. At what temperature

does water boil in C.
5 5 C
T = (T  F  32)  (212  32)  F  100 C
9 9 F
Like pressure, the temperature used in thermodynamic calculations must
be in absolute units. The absolute scale in the SI system is the Kelvin
scale, which is related to the Celsius scale by

T K = T C + 273.15
In the English system, the absolute temperature scale is the Rankine scale,
which is related to the Fahrenheit scale by

T R = T  F+ 459.67
Also, note that
T R = 1.8 T K
 THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
 By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be
restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the
same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

Two bodies reaching

thermal equilibrium
after being brought
into contact in an
isolated enclosure.
 PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Problem Statement
Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws
Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and
Discussion