Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.

In a
general business sense, logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin
and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or corporations. The
resources managed in logistics can include physical items such as food, materials, animals,
equipment, and liquids; as well as abstract items, such as time and information. The logistics of
physical items usually involves the integration of information flow, materials
handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security.
In military science, logistics is concerned with maintaining army supply lines while disrupting those of
the enemy, since an armed force without resources and transportation is defenseless. Military
logistics was already practiced in the ancient world and as modern military have a significant need
for logistics solutions, advanced implementations have been developed. In military logistics, logistics
officers manage how and when to move resources to the places they are needed.
Logistics management is the part of supply chain management that plans, implements,
and controls the efficient, effective forward, and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and
related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet
customer's requirements. The complexity of logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized, and
optimized by dedicated simulation software. The minimization of the use of resources is a common
motivation in all logistics fields. A professional working in the field of logistics management is called
a logistician.

Configuring and managing warehouses is a central concern for both business logistics and military logistics.
 Logistics Specialist inventories supplies in a storeroom aboard the aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush,
where inventorying means making a report on stock availability. Every stock keeping unit has an individual
code and a code corresponding to a specific subclass from a given drawer.

Contents
[hide]

 1Origins and definition

 2Logistics activities and fields
 3Military logistics
 4Business logistics
o 4.1Nodes of a distribution network
o 4.2Logistic families and metrics
o 4.3Handling and order processing
o 4.4Transportation
o 4.5Configuration and management
o 4.6Warehouse management and control
o 4.7Logistics outsourcing
o 4.8Horizontal alliances between logistics service providers
 5Logistics automation
 6Logistics: profession and organizations
o 6.1Logistics museums
 7See also
 8References
 9Further reading

Origins and definition[edit]

The prevalent view is that the term logistics comes from the late 19th century: from
French logistique (loger means to lodge) and was first used by Baron de Jomini. Others attribute
a Greekorigin to the word: λόγος, meaning reason or speech; λογιστικός, meaning accountant or
responsible for counting.[1]
The Oxford English Dictionary defines logistics as "the branch of military science relating to
procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities". However, the New Oxford
American Dictionary defines logistics as "the detailed coordination of a complex operation involving
many people, facilities, or supplies," and the Oxford Dictionary on-line defines it as "the detailed
organization and implementation of a complex operation".,[2] As such, logistics is commonly seen as
a branch of engineering that creates "people systems" rather than "machine systems."
According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (previously the Council of
Logistics Management)[3] logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling
procedures for the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods including services and
related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming
to customer requirements and includes inbound, outbound, internal and external movements. [4]
Academics and practitioners traditionally refer to the terms operations or production management
when referring to physical transformations taking place in a single business location (factory,
restaurant or even bank clerking) and reserve the term logistics for activities related to distribution,
that is, moving products on the territory. Managing a distribution center is seen, therefore, as
pertaining to the realm of logistics since, while in theory the products made by a factory are ready for
consumption they still need to be moved along the distribution network according to some logic, and
the distribution center aggregates and processes orders coming from different areas of the territory.
That being said, from a modeling perspective, there are similarities between operations
management and logistics, and companies sometimes use hybrid professionals, with for ex.
"Director of Operations" or "Logistics Officer" working on similar problems. Furthermore, the
term supply chain management originally refers to, among other issues, having an integrated vision
in of both production and logistics from point of origin to point of production.[5] All these terms may
suffer from semantic change as a side effect of advertising.

Logistics activities and fields[edit]

Inbound logistics is one of the primary processes of logistics concentrating on purchasing and
arranging the inbound movement of materials, parts, or unfinished inventory from suppliers to
manufacturing or assembly plants, warehouses, or retail stores.
Outbound logistics is the process related to the storage and movement of the final product and the
related information flows from the end of the production line to the end user.
Given the services performed by logisticians, the main fields of logistics can be broken down as
follows:

 Procurement logistics
 Distribution logistics
 After-sales logistics
 Disposal logistics
 Reverse logistics
 Green logistics
 Global logistics
 Domestics logistics
 Concierge Service
 RAM logistics
 Asset Control Logistics
 POS Material Logistics
 Emergency Logistics
 Production Logistics
 Construction Logistics
 Capital Project Logistics
 Digital Logistics

Loading of a thermal oxidizer at the point of origin en route to a manufacturing plant

Procurement logistics consists of activities such as market research, requirements planning,

make-or-buy decisions, supplier management, ordering, and order controlling. The targets in
procurement logistics might be contradictory: maximizing efficiency by concentrating on core
competences, outsourcing while maintaining the autonomy of the company, or minimizing
procurement costs while maximizing security within the supply process.
Advance Logistics consists of the activities required to set up or establish a plan for logistics
activities to occur.
Distribution logistics has, as main tasks, the delivery of the finished products to the customer. It
consists of order processing, warehousing, and transportation. Distribution logistics is necessary
because the time, place, and quantity of production differs with the time, place, and quantity of
consumption.
Disposal logistics has as its main function to reduce logistics cost(s) and enhance service(s)
related to the disposal of waste produced during the operation of a business.
Reverse logistics denotes all those operations related to the reuse of products and materials. The
reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surpluses, as well as products
being returned to vendors from buyers. Reverse logistics stands for all operations related to the
reuse of products and materials. It is "the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the
efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related
information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value
or proper disposal. More precisely, reverse logistics is the process of moving goods from their typical
final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal. The opposite of reverse
logistics is forward logistics."
Green Logistics describes all attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics
activities. This includes all activities of the forward and reverse flows. This can be achieved
through intermodal freight transport, path optimization, vehicle saturation and city logistics.
RAM Logistics (see also Logistic engineering) combines both business logistics and military
logistics since it is concerned with highly complicated technological systems for
which Reliability, Availability and Maintainability are essential, ex: weapon systems and military
supercomputers.
Asset Control Logistics: companies in the retail channels, both organized retailers and suppliers,
often deploy assets required for the display, preservation, promotion of their products. Some
examples are refrigerators, stands, display monitors, seasonal equipment, poster stands & frames.
A forklift truck loads a pallet of humanitarian aid to Pakistan on board a C-17 aircraft, following devastating
floods in the country in 2010.

Emergency logistics (or Humanitarian Logistics) is a term used by the logistics, supply chain,
and manufacturing industries to denote specific time-critical modes of transport used to move goods
or objects rapidly in the event of an emergency.[6] The reason for enlisting emergency logistics
services could be a production delay or anticipated production delay, or an urgent need for
specialized equipment to prevent events such as aircraft being grounded (also known as "aircraft on
ground"—AOG), ships being delayed, or telecommunications failure. Humanitarian logistics involves
governments, the military, aid agencies, donors, non-governmental organizations and emergency
logistics services are typically sourced from a specialist provider.[6][7]
The term production logistics describes logistic processes within a value adding system
(ex: factory or a mine). Production logistics aims to ensure that each machine and workstation
receives the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right time. The concern is with
production, testing, transportation, storage and supply. Production logistics can operate in existing
as well as new plants: since manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing process,
machines are exchanged and new ones added, which gives the opportunity to improve the
production logistics system accordingly.[8]Production logistics provides the means to achieve
customer response and capital efficiency. Production logistics becomes more important with
decreasing batch sizes. In many industries (e.g. mobile phones), the short-term goal is a batch size
of one, allowing even a single customer's demand to be fulfilled efficiently. Track and tracing, which
is an essential part of production logistics due to product safety and reliability issues, is also gaining
importance, especially in the automotive and medicalindustries.
Construction Logistics is known to mankind since ancient times. As the various human civilizations
tried to build the best possible works of construction for living and protection. Now the construction
logistics emerged as vital part of construction. In the past few years construction logistics has
emerged as a different field of knowledge and study within the subject of supply chain management
and logistics.
Digital logistics is driven by a new generation of web-based, enterprise logistics applications that
enable collaboration and optimization, leveraging a central logistics information backbone that
provides visibility across the enterprise and extended supply chain.

Military logistics[edit]
Main article: Military logistics

Punjab Regiment uses mules for carrying cargo in Burma during WWII. Animals have been used for logistic
purposes by different people throughout history; the Roman army in particular preferred mules over donkeys for
their moving capacity.[9]

In military science, maintaining one's supply lines while disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial—
some would say the most crucial—element of military strategy, since an armed force without
resources and transportation is defenseless. The historical leaders Hannibal, Alexander the Great,
and the Duke of Wellington are considered to have been logistical geniuses: Alexander's expedition,
the longest military campaign ever undertaken, benefited consiberably from his meticulous attention
to the provisioning of his army,[10] Hannibal is credited to have "taught logistics" to the Romans during
the Punic Wars [11] and the success of the Anglo-Portuguese army in the Peninsula War was the due
to the effectiveness of Wellington's supply system, despite the numerical disadvantage.[12] The defeat
of the British in the American War of Independence and the defeat of the Axis in the African
theater of World War II are attributed by some scholars to logistical failures.[13]
Military have a significant need for logistics solutions and so have developed advanced
implementations. Integrated Logistics Support (ILS) is a discipline used in military industries to
ensure an easily supportable system with a robust customer service (logistic) concept at the lowest
cost and in line with (often high) reliability, availability, maintainability, and other requirements, as
defined for the project.
In military logistics, logistics officers manage how and when to move resources to the places they
are needed.
Supply chain management in military logistics often deals with a number of variables in predicting
cost, deterioration, consumption, and future demand. The United States Armed Forces'
categorical supply classification was developed in such a way that categories of supply with similar
consumption variables are grouped together for planning purposes. For instance, peacetime
consumption of ammunition and fuel will be considerably lower than wartime consumption of these
items, whereas other classes of supply such as subsistence and clothing have a relatively consistent
consumption rate regardless of war or peace.
Some classes of supply have a linear demand relationship: as more troops are added, more supply
items are needed; or as more equipment is used, more fuel and ammunition are consumed. Other
classes of supply must consider a third variable besides usage and quantity: time. As equipment
ages, more and more repair partsare needed over time, even when usage and quantity stays
consistent. By recording and analyzing these trends over time and applying them to future scenarios,
the US Armed Forces can accurately supply troops with the items necessary at the precise moment
they are needed.[14] History has shown that good logistical planning creates a lean and efficient
fighting force. The lack thereof can lead to a clunky, slow, and ill-equipped force with too much or too
little supply.

Business logistics[edit]
A forklift stacking a logistics provider's warehouse of goods on pallets

One definition of business logistics speaks of "having the right item in the right quantity at the right
time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer".[15] Business
logistics incorporates all industry sectors and aims to manage the fruition of project life
cycles, supply chains, and resultant efficiencies.
The term "business logistics" has evolved since the 1960s[16] due to the increasing complexity of
supplying businesses with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply
chain, leading to a call for professionals called "supply chain logisticians".
In business, logistics may have either an internal focus (inbound logistics) or an external focus
(outbound logistics), covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of
consumption (see supply-chain management). The main functions of a qualified logistician
include inventory management, purchasing, transportation, warehousing, consultation, and the
organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each
of these functions to coordinate resources in an organization.
There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics: one optimizes a steady flow of material
through a network of transport links and storage nodes, while the other coordinates a sequence of
resources to carry out some project (e.g., restructuring a warehouse).

Nodes of a distribution network[edit]

The nodes of a distribution network include:

 Factories where products are manufactured or assembled

 A depot or deposit is a standard type of warehouse thought for storing merchandise (high level
of inventory).
 Distribution centers are for order processing and order fulfillment (lower level of inventory) and
also for receiving returning items from clients.
 Transit points are built for cross docking activities, which consist in reassembling cargo units
based on deliveries scheduled (only moving merchandise).
 Traditional retail stores of the Mom and Pop variety,
modern supermarkets, hypermarkets, discount stores or also voluntary chains, consumers' co-
operative, groups of consumer with collective buying power. Note that subsidiaries will be mostly
owned by another company and franchisers, although using other company brands, actually
own the point of sale.
There may be some intermediaries operating for representative matters between nodes such
as sales agents or brokers.

Logistic families and metrics[edit]

A logistic family is a set of products which share a common characteristic: weight and volumetric
characteristics, physical storing needs (temperature, radiation,...), handling needs, order frequency,
package size, etc. The following metrics may be used by the company to organize its products in
different families:[17]

 Physical metrics used to evaluate inventory systems include stocking capacity, selectivity,
superficial utilization, volumetric utilization, transport capacity, transport capacity utilization.
 Monetary metrics used include space holding costs (building, shelving and services) and
handling costs (people, handling machinery, energy and maintenance).
Other metrics may present themselves in both physical or monetary form, such as the
standard Inventory turnover.
Handling and order processing[edit]

Unit loads for transportation of luggage at the airport. In this case the unit load has protective function.

Unit loads are combinations of individual items which are moved by handling systems, usually
employing a pallet of normed dimensions.[18]
Handling systems include: trans-pallet handlers, counterweight handler, retractable mast handler,
bilateral handlers, trilateral handlers, AGV and stacker handlers. Storage systems include: pile
stocking, cell racks (either static or movable), cantilever racks and gravity racks.[19]
Order processing is a sequential process involving: processing withdrawal list, picking (selective
removal of items from loading units), sorting (assembling items based on destination), package
formation (weighting, labeling and packing), order consolidation (gathering packages into loading
units for transportation, control and bill of lading).[20]
Picking can be both manual or automated. Manual picking can be both man to goods, i.e. operator
using a cart or conveyor belt, or goods to man, i.e. the operator benefiting from the presence of a
mini-load ASRS, vertical or horizontal carousel or from an Automatic Vertical Storage System
(AVSS). Automatic picking is done either with dispensers or depalletizing robots.
Sorting can be done manually through carts or conveyor belts, or automatically through sorters.

Transportation[edit]
Main article: Cargo
Cargo, i.e. merchandise being transported, can be moved through a variety of transportation means
and is organized in different shipment categories. Unit loads are usually assembled into higher
standardized units such as: ISO containers, swap bodies or semi-trailers. Especially for very long
distances, product transportation will likely benefit from using different transportation
means: multimodal transport, intermodal transport (no handling) and combined transport (minimal
road transport). When moving cargo, typical constraints are maximum weight and volume.
Operators involved in transportation include: all train, road vehicles, boats, airplanes
companies, couriers, freight forwarders and multi-modal transport operators.
Merchandise being transported internationally is usually subject to the Incoterms standards issued
by the International Chamber of Commerce.

Configuration and management[edit]

Push-back rack for motorcycles, a LIFO rack system for storage

Similarly to production systems, logistic systems need to be properly configured and managed.
Actually a number of methodologies have been directly borrowed from operations management such
as using Economic Order Quantity models for managing inventory in the nodes of the
network.[21] Distribution resource planning (DRP) is similar to MRP, except that it doesn't concern
activities inside the nodes of the network but planning distribution when moving goods through the
links of the network.
Traditionally in logistics configuration may be at the level of the warehouse (node) or at level of the
distribution system (network).
Regarding a single warehouse, besides the issue of designing and building the warehouse,
configuration means solving a number of interrelated technical-economic problems:
dimensioning rack cells, choosing a palletizing method (manual or through robots), rack
dimensioning and design, number of racks, number and typology of retrieval systems (e.g. stacker
cranes). Some important constraints have to be satisfied: fork and load beams resistance
to bending and proper placement of sprinklers. Although picking is more of a tactical planning
decision than a configuration problem, it is important to take it into account when deciding the racks
layout inside the warehouse and buying tools such as handlers and motorized carts since once
those decisions are taken they will work as constraints when managing the warehouse, same
reasoning for sorting when designing the conveyor system or installing automatic dispensers.
Configuration at the level of the distribution system concerns primarily the problem of location of the
nodes in a geographic space and distribution of capacity among the nodes. The first may be referred
to as facility location (with the special case of site selection) while the latter to as capacity allocation.
The problem of outsourcingtypically arises at this level: the nodes of a supply chain are very rarely
owned by a single enterprise. Distribution networks can be characterized by numbers of levels,
namely the number of intermediary nodes between supplier and consumer:

 Direct store delivery, i.e. zero levels

 One level network: central warehouse
 Two level network: central and peripheral warehouses
This distinction is more useful for modeling purposes, but it relates also to a tactical decision
regarding safety stocks: considering a two level network, if safety inventory is kept only in peripheral
warehouses then it is called a dependent system (from suppliers), if safety inventory is distributed
among central and peripheral warehouses it is called an independent system (from
suppliers).[17] Transportation from producer to the second level is called primary transportation, from
the second level to consumer is called secondary transportation.
Although configuring a distribution network from zero is possible, logisticians usually have to deal
with restructuring existing networks due to presence of an array of factors: changing demand,
product or process innovation, opportunities for outsourcing, change of government policy
toward trade barriers, innovation in transportation means (both vehicles or thoroughfares),
introduction of regulations (notably those regarding pollution) and availability of ICT supporting
systems (e.g. ERP or e-commerce).
Once a logistic system is configured, management, meaning tactical decisions, takes place, once
again, at the level of the warehouse and of the distribution network. Decisions have to be made
under a set of constraints: internal, such as using the available infrastructure, or external, such as
complying with given product shelf lifesand expiration dates.
At the warehouse level, the logistician must decide how to distribute merchandise over the racks.
Three basic situations are traditionally considered: shared storage, dedicated storage (rack space
reserved for specific merchandise) and class based storage (class meaning merchandise organized
in different areas according to their access index).

Airline logistic network. Denver works as a hub in the network.

Picking efficiency varies greatly depending on the situation.[20] For man to goods situation, a
distinction is carried out between high level picking (vertical component significant) and low level
picking (vertical component insignificant). A number of tactical decisions regarding picking must be
made:

 Routing path: standard alternatives include transversal routing, return routing, midpoint routing
and largest gap return routing
 Replenishment method: standard alternatives include equal space supply for each product class
and equal time supply for each product class.
 Picking logic: order picking vs batch picking
At the level of the distribution network, tactical decisions involve mainly inventory
control and delivery path optimization. Note that the logistician may be required to manage
the reverse flow along with the forward flow.

Warehouse management and control[edit]

Although there is some overlap in functionality, warehouse management systems (WMS) can differ
significantly from warehouse control systems (WCS). Simply put, a WMS plans a weekly activity
forecast based on such factors as statistics and trends, whereas a WCS acts like a floor supervisor,
working in real time to get the job done by the most effective means. For instance, a WMS can tell
the system that it is going to need five of stock-keeping unit (SKU) A and five of SKU B hours in
advance, but by the time it acts, other considerations may have come into play or there could be a
logjam on a conveyor. A WCS can prevent that problem by working in real time and adapting to the
situation by making a last-minute decision based on current activity and operational status.
Working synergistically, WMS and WCS can resolve these issues and maximize efficiency for
companies that rely on the effective operation of their warehouse or distribution center.[22]

Logistics outsourcing[edit]
Logistics outsourcing involves a relationship between a company and an LSP (logistic service
provider), which, compared with basic logistics services, has more customized offerings,
encompasses a broad number of service activities, is characterized by a long-term orientation, and
thus has a strategic nature.[23]
Outsourcing does not have to be complete externalization to an LSP, but can also be partial:

 A single contract for supplying a specific service on occasion

 Creation of a spin-off
 Creation of a joint venture
Third-party logistics (3PL) involves using external organizations to execute logistics activities that
have traditionally been performed within an organization itself.[24]According to this definition, third-
party logistics includes any form of outsourcing of logistics activities previously performed in house.
For example, if a company with its own warehousing facilities decides to employ external
transportation, this would be an example of third-party logistics. Logistics is an emerging business
area in many countries.
The concept of a fourth-party logistics (4PL) provider was first defined by Andersen Consulting
(now Accenture) as an integrator that assembles the resources, planning capabilities, and
technology of its own organization and other organizations to design, build, and run comprehensive
supply chain solutions. Whereas a third-party logistics (3PL) service provider targets a single
function, a 4PL targets management of the entire process. Some have described a 4PL as a general
contractor that manages other 3PLs, truckers, forwarders, custom house agents, and others,
essentially taking responsibility of a complete process for the customer.

Horizontal alliances between logistics service providers[edit]

Horizontal business alliances often occur between logistics service providers, i.e., the cooperation
between two or more logistics companies that are potentially competing.[25] In a horizontal alliance,
these partners can benefit twofold. On one hand, they can " resources which are directly
exploitable." In this example extending common transportation networks, their warehouse
infrastructure and the ability to provide more complex service packages can be achieved by
combining resources. On the other hand, partners can "access intangible resources, which are not
directly exploitable." This typically includes know-how and information and, in turn, innovation.[25]

Logistics automation[edit]
Main article: Logistics automation

Automated storage and retrieval system used by the U.S. military, also used by business in conjunction with
manual picking.

Logistics automation is the application of computer software or automated machinery to improve the
efficiency of logistics operations. Typically this refers to operations within a warehouse or distribution
center with broader tasks undertaken by supply chain management systems and enterprise resource
planning systems.
Industrial machinery can typically identify products through either Bar Code or RFID technologies.
Information in traditional bar codes is stored as a sequence of black and white bars varying in width,
which when read by laser is translated into a digital sequence, which according to fixed rules can be
converted into a decimal number or other data. Sometimes information in a bar code can be
transmitted through radio frequency, more typically radio transmission is used in RFID tags. An RFID
tag is card containing a memory chip and an antenna which transmits signals to a reader. RFID may
be found on merchandise, animals, vehicles and people as well.

Logistics: profession and organizations[edit]

A logistician is a professional logistics practitioner. Professional logisticians are often certified by
professional associations. One can either work in a pure logistics company, such as
a shipping line, airport, or freight forwarder, or within the logistics department of a company.
However, as mentioned above, logistics is a broad field, encompassing procurement, production,
distribution, and disposal activities. Hence, career perspectives are broad as well. A new trend in the
industry are the 4PL, or fourth-party logistics, firms, consulting companies offering logistics services.
Some universities and academic institutions train students as logisticians,
offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs. A university with a primary focus on logistics
is Kühne Logistics University in Hamburg, Germany. It is non profit and supported by Kühne-
Foundation of the logistics entrepreneur Klaus Michael Kühne.
The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT), established in the United Kingdom in
1919, received a Royal Charter in 1926. The Chartered Institute is one of the professional bodies or
institutions for the logistics and transport sectors that offers professional qualifications or degrees in
logistics management. CILT programs can be studied at centers around UK, some of which also
offer distance learning options.[26] The institute also have overseas branches namely The Chartered
Institute of Logistics & Transport Australia (CILTA)[27] in Australia and Chartered Institute of Logistics
and Transport in Hong Kong (CILTHK)[28] in Hong Kong. In the UK, Logistics Management programs
are conducted by many universities and professional bodies such as CILT. These programs are
generally offered at the postgraduate level.
The Global Institute of Logistics established in New York in 2003 is a Think Tank for the profession
and is primarily concerned with intercontinental maritime logistics. It is particularly concerned
with container logistics and the role of the seaport authority in the maritime logistics chain.The
Institute has developed a community of over 8,500 logisticians who act a global knowledge network
committed to supporting the Institute's mission of contributing to the resolution of legacy challenges
in global logistics. Challenges associated with the traditional approach of managing single transport
modes, modal systems as stand-alone operations. The key to overcoming these legacy challenges
is for the individual stakeholder groups within the logistics chain to actively engage with each other.
The promotion of this agenda is the Institute's work.
The International Association of Public Health Logisticians (IAPHL) is a professional network that
promotes the professional development of supply chain managers and others working in the field of
public health logistics and commodity security, with particular focus on developing countries. The
association supports logisticians worldwide by providing a community of practice, where members
can network, exchange ideas, and improve their professional skills.[29]

Logistics museums[edit]
There are many museums in the world which cover various aspects of practical logistics. These
include museums of transportation, customs, packing, and industry-based logistics. However, only
the following museums are fully dedicated to logistics:
General logistics:

 Logistics Museum (Saint Petersburg, Russia)

 Museum of Logistics (Tokyo, Japan)
 Beijing Wuzi University Logistics Museum (Beijing, China)
Military logistics:

 Royal Logistic Corps Museum (Surrey, England, United Kingdom)

 The Canadian Forces Logistics Museum (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
 Museum of the Army Logistics (Hanoi, Vietnam)
See also[edit]
 Physical inventory 
 Document automation in supply chain management and logistics 
 Automated identification and data capture 
 Storage management system 
 Inventory management software 

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19. Jump up^ Lambert D., Stock J., Ellsram L., Fundamentals of Logistics, McGraw-Hill 1998
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2003
22. Jump up^ John T. Phelan, Jr. P.E. "Guest Column: Knowing When a WMS or WCS Is Right for Your
Company". Supply & Demand Chain Executive. Enom, Inc. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
23. Jump up^ Wallenburg, C., Cahill, D., Michael Knemeyer, A., and Goldsby, T. (2011): Commitment
and Trust as Drivers of Loyalty in Logistics Outsourcing Relationships: Cultural Differences Between
the United States and Germany. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 83-98, DOI
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Manufacturing Sector". PhD thesis.
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horizontal cooperations: a view on logistics service providers. The International Journal of Logistics
Management, Vol. 26, No. 2.
26. Jump up^ Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport UK
27. Jump up^ Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport Australia
28. Jump up^ Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport Hong Kong
29. Jump up^ "International Association of Public Health Logisticians".