CBSE Grade XII Maths Supplementary Material 2017-18

REVIEW TEAM: 2017-18
MATHEMATICS: CLASS XII
S. No. Name Designation School
(GROUP LEADER)
SH. SANJEEV KUMAR VICE PRINCIPAL R.P.V.V. KISHAN GANJ,

DELHI-110007
TEAM MEMBERS
1. MAMTA SINGH TANWAR LECT. MATHS S.K.V. No 1 SHAKTI NAGAR,

DELHI-110007
2. UDAI BIR SINGH LECT. MATHS RPVV B-1 VASANT KUNJ

NEW DELHI - 110070
3. PAWAN KUMAR LECT. MATHS RPVV KISHAN GANJ,

DELHI-110007
1 [Class XII : Maths]

MATHEMATICS CLASS 12
SYLLABUS
Course Structure
Unit Topic Marks
I. Relations and Functions 10
II. Algebra 13
III. Calculus 44
IV. Vectors and 3-D Geometry 17
V. Linear Programming 06
VI. Probability 10
Total : 100
Unit I: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Relations and Functions
Types of Relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence

relations. One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a
function. Binary operations.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse
trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric
functions.
Unit II: ALGEBRA
1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity

matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.
Operation on Matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a

scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar
multiplication. Non commutativity of multiplication of matrices and
existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to
square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column
operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it
exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).
2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3 matrices), properties of

determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding
the area of a triangle. adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables
(having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
Unit III : CALCULUS
1. Continuity and Differentiability
Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain

rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit
function. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic

differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms.
Second order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s mean Value Theorems
(without proof) and their geometric interpretations.
2. Applications of Derivatives
Applications of Derivatives : Rate of change of bodies, increasing/

decreasing functions, tangents and normal’s, use of derivatives in
approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated
geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple
problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject
as well as real-life situations).
3. Integrals
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of

functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts. Evaluation of
simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.
, , , ,
± ±
+ +
, , ± , − ,
+ + √ + +
+ + , ( + ) + +
(Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental theorem of Calculus

(without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of
definite integrals.
4. Applications of the Integrals
Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines,

circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), area between any of the
two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).
5. Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a

differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general
solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation
of variables, Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order
and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:
dy/dx + py= q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.
dx/dy + px= q, where p and q are functions of y or constants

Unit IV: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction

cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero,
parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a
vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a
vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and
applications of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of
vectors, scalar triple product of vectors.
2. Three-Dimensional Geometry
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian
and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance
between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle
between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a
point from a plane.
Unit V: LINEAR PROGRAMMING
1. Linear Programming: Introduction, related terminology such as

constraints, objective function, optimization. Different types of linear
programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems,
graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and
infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded) feasible and infeasible
solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).
Unit VI : PROBABILITY
1. Probability
Conditional probability, Multiplication theorem on probability, independent

events, total probability, Baye’s theorem, Random variable and its
probability distribution, mean and variance of a random variable. Repeated
independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

The following will be applicable in the subject Mathematics (041) for class XII for
the academic session 2017-18 and Board examination 2018.
Question Paper Design
S. Typology of VSA SA LA- I LA -II Marks Weightage

Questions
NO (1) (2) (4) (6)
. marks
mark marks marks
1 Remembering 2 2 2 1 20 20%
2 Understanding 1 3 4 2 35 35%
3 Application 1 – 3 2 25 25%
4 HOTS – 3 1 – 10 10%
5 Evaluation – – 1(VBQ) 1 10 10%
Total 1× 4 = 2×8= 4 ×11 = 6 ×6 = 100 100%

4 36
16 44

QUESTION WISE BREAK UP FOR 2017-18
Type of Marks per Total Number Total
Questions Question of Questions Marks
VSA 1 4 04
SA 2 8 16
LA - I 4 11 44
LA - II 6 6 36
Total 29 100
1. No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters.
2. The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be

made for generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to
different form of questions and typology of questions same.

CHAPTER 1
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

 Relation R from a set A to a set B is subset of A × B and Relation R in set
A is a subset of A × A.
 If n (A) = r, n (B) = s from set A to set B then n (A × B) = rs. and number of
relations =2
 ∅ is also a relation defined on set A, called the void (empty) relation.
 R = A × A is called universal relation.
 Reflexive Relation: Relation R defined on set A is said to be reflexive if

(a, a) ∈ R ∀ a∈ A.
 Symmetric Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be symmetric

iff (a, b) ∈ R ⇨ (b, a) ∈ R ∀ a, b, ∈ A
 Transitive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be transitive if

(a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R ⇨(a, c) ∈ R ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
 Equivalence Relation: A relation defined on set A is said to be

equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
 Equivalence class of an element: Let R be an equivalence relation of set
A, then equivalence class of a ∈ A is [a] = { b∈ A : (b, a) ∈ R}.
 One-One Function :f : A → B is said to be one-one if distinct elements in

A have distinct images in B. i.e. ∀ x1, x2 ∈ A such that x1 ≠ x2 ⇨f (x1) ≠ f
(x2).
OR
∀ x1, x2 ∈ A such that f (x1) = f(x2)
⇨x 1 = x 2
One-one function is also called injective function.

 Onto function (surjective): A function f :A→B is said to be onto iff
Rf = B i.e. ∀ b ∈ B, there exists a ∈ A such that f (a) = b
 Bijective Function : A function which is both injective and surjective is

called bijective function.
 Composition of Two Functions : If f : A→B, g : B→C are two functions,
then composition of f and g denoted by gof is a function from A to C given
by, (gof) (x) = g (f (x)) ∀ ∈ A
Clearly gof is defined if Range of f is a subset of domain of g. Similarly fog

can be defined.
 Invertible Function: A function f :X→Y is invertible iff it is bijective.
If f :X→Y is bijective function, then function g : Y→X is said to be inverse of
f iff fog =Iy and gof = Ix
when Ix, Iyare identity functions.
 Inverse of f is denoted by f –1. [ f does not mean ]
 Let A and B are two nom empty set that ( ) = p and ( ) =

Then
a) Number of functions from A to B =
 q P , p  q
b) Number of one-one functions from A to B =  p
 o , p>q
∑ (− ) , ≥
c)
, < .
!, =
d) Number of bijective functions from A to B =
, ≠ .
 Binary Operation: A binary operation ‘*’ defined on set A is a function
from A × A→A.
*(a, b) is denoted by a * b.
( )
 Number. of binary operation on set having n elements =
 Binary operation * defined on set A is said to be commutative iff
a * b = b *a ∀ a, b ∈ A.
 Binary operation*defined on set A is called associative iff
a*(b * c) = (a * b) * c ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
 If * is Binary operation on A, then an element e ∈ A (if exists) is said to

be the identity element iff a*e = e*a = a ∀a ∈ A
 Identity element is unique.
 If * is Binary operation on set A, then an element b ∈ A(if exists)is said

to be inverse of a ∈ A iff a *b = b * a = e
 Inverse of an element, if it exists, is unique.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. If A is the set of students of a school then write, which of following

relations are Universal, Empty or neither of the two.
R1 = {(a, b) :a, b are ages of students and |a – b| > 0}

R2 = {(a, b) :a, b are weights of students, and |a – b| < 0}
R3 = {(a, b) :a, b are students studying in same class}
2. Is the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined as
R= {(a, b) :b = a + 1} reflexive?
3. If R, is a relation in set N given by
R = {(a, b) : a = b – 3, b > 5},
then does element (5, 7) ∈ R?
4. If f : {1, 3} →{1, 2, 5} and g : {1, 2, 5} →{1, 2, 3, 4} be given by f = {(1, 2),
(3, 5)}, g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)},

write g of.
5. Let g, f :R→R be defined by
g(x) = , ( ) =3 − 2. write fog (x)
6. If f :R → R defined by
f (x) =
be an invertible function, write f –1(x).
7. If f( ) = log and ( )= . Find fog and gof, > 0.
8. Let * be a Binary operation defined on R, then if
(i) a * b = a + b + ab, write 3 * 2
( )
(ii) a* b = , write (2*3)*4.
9. If n(A) = n(B) = 3, then how many bijective functions from A to B can be

formed?
10. Is f :N → N given by f(x) = x2, one-one? Give reason.
11. If f : R→ A, given by
f(x) = x2 – 2x + 2 is onto function, find set A.
12. If f :A → B is bijective function such that n (A) = 10, then n (B) = ?
13. If f : R → R defined by f (x) = , find (fof) (x)
14. R = {(a, b) :a, b ∈ N, a ≠ b and a divides b}. Is R reflexive? Give

reason
15. Is f :R → R, given by f(x) = |x – 1| one-one? Give reason
16. f :R → B given by f(x) = sin x is onto function, then write set B.

17 If f(x) = log , show that f =2f (x).
18 If ‘*’ is a binary operation on set Q of rational numbers given by a *b =

then write the identity element in Q.
19 If * is Binary operation on N defined by a * b = a + ab ∀ a, b ∈ N, write the

identity element in N if it exists.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
20. Consider the binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,} defined by a * b
= HCF of a and b write the operation table for the operation *
21. Check the following functions for one-one and onto
f : R → R, f(x) =
2x – 3
(a)
7
(b) f : R → R, f(x) = |x + 1|
f : R – {2} → R, f(x) =
3x – 1
(c)
x–2
(d) f : R – {– 1, 1}, f(x) = sin2x.
22. If f, g : R → R be two functions defined by f(x) = |x| + x and g(x) = |x| – x,
find go f and fog.
23. If f : [1, ) → [2, ) is defined by f(x) = x + , find f–1(x)
1
x
24. Let A = {1, 2, 3,} and define R = {(a, b) : a – b = 12 }. Show that R is
empty relation on Set A.
25. Let A = {1, 2, 3,} and define R = {(a, b): a + b > o}. Show that R is a
universal relation on set A.
26. Let A = {a, b, c}. How may relation can be defined in the set? How may of
these are reflexive?
27. Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) = x2 + 1, find the pre image of 17 and –3
28. If f: R → R, g : R → R, giro by f (x) = [x], g (x) = |x|, then find fog  – 

 2
 3
 2
and gof  –  .
 3

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 4 MARKS)
29. Let f :R - → − be a function given by f (x) = .
Show that f is invertible with (x) =

30. Let R be the relation on set A = {x :x ∈ Z, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10} given by R = {(a,
b) : (a – b) is divisible by 4}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Also, write all elements related to 4.
31. Show that function f :A→B defined as f (x) = where A = R - , B
=R- is invertible and hence find f –1.
32. Let * be a binary operation on Q such that a * b = a + b – ab.
(i) Prove that * is commutative and associative.
(ii) Find identity element of * in Q (if it exists).
33. If * is a binary operation defined on R – {0} defined by a * b= then

check * for commutativity and associativity.
34. If A = N × N and binary operation * is defined on A as
(a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bd).
(i) Check * for commutativity and associativity.
(ii) Find the identity element for * in A (If it exists).
35. Show that the relation R defined by (a, b) R(c, d) ⟺ a + d = b + c on the

set N × N is an equivalence relation.
36. Let * be a binary operation on set Q defined by a * b = , show that
a. 4 is the identity element in Q.
(ii) Every non zero element of Q is invertible with
a-1= ,∀a ∈ Q - 0 .

37. Show that f :R+→ R+ defined by f (x) = is bijective, where R+ is the set of
all non-zero positive real numbers.
38. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ...., 12} and R be a relation in A × A defined by (a, b) R

(c, d) if ad = bc∀ (a, b), (c, d) ∈ A × A. Prove that R is an equivalence
relation. Also obtain the equivalence class [(3, 4)].
39. If ‘*’ is a binary operation on R defined by a * b = a + b + ab. Prove that

* is commutative and associative. Find the identify element. Also show
that every element of R is invertible except –1.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)
41 Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N
× N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc (a + d). Show that R is
an equivalence relation.
42 Let f : N→R be a function defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15.
Show that f : N → S, where S is the range of f, is invertible. Also find

the inverse of f. Hence find (31).
43 If the function f : R→ R be defined by f (x) = 2x – 3 and g : R→R byg (x) =

x + 5, then show that fog is invertible. Also find (fog) (x), hence find
(fog) (9).
44 Let A = Q×Q, where Q is the set of rational number, and * be a binary

operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, b + ad) ∀ (a, b), (c, d) ∈ A.
i. Is * commutative?
ii. Is * Associative?
iii. Find identity element of * in A.
iv. Find invertible element of A and hence write the inverse of (1,2)
and ( , – 5)
,
45. Test whether relation R defined in R as R = {(a, b) : a2 – 4ab + 3b2 = 0,

a, b R} is reflexive, summative and transitive

ANSWERS
1. R1 : is universal relation.
R2 : is empty relation.
R3 : is neither universal nor empty.
2. No, R is not reflexive.
3. (5, 7) ∉ R
4. gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1)}
5. (fog)(x) = x ∀x ∈ R
6. f -1 (x) =
7. gof(x) = x, fog, (x) =x
8. (i) 3 * 2 = 11 (ii)
9. 6
10. Yes, f is one-one ∀ x1, x2 ∈ N ⇨ x12 = x22 .
11. A = [1, ∞) because Rf = [1, ∞)
12. n(B) = 10
13. (fof) (x) =
14. No, R is not reflexive (a, a)∉R ∀a ∈ N
15. f is not one-one function
f (3) = f (–1) = 2
3 ≠– 1 i.e. distinct elements have same images.
16. B = [–1, 1]

18. e=5
19. Identity element does not exists.
20.
* 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 1 3 1 1
4 1 2 1 4 1
5 1 1 1 1 5
21. (a) Bijective (one-one, onto)
(b) Neither one-one nor onto
(c) One-one but not onto
(d) Neither one-one nor onto
22. gof ( x)  0  x  R
 0, x0
fog ( x)  
 4 x x0
x  x2  4
23. f 1 ( x) 
2
26. 512, 64
27. ± 4, pre image of – 3 does not exist.
 2  2
28. fog     0, gof     1
 3  3
30. Elements related to 4 are 0, 4, 8.

31. f -1(x)=
32. 0 is the identity element.
33. Neither commutative nor associative.
34. (i) Commutative and associative.
(ii) (1, 1) is identity in N × N
38. [(3, 4)]= {(3, 4) ,(6, 8), (9,12)}
39. 0 is the identity element.
40. (fog) (x) = x2 + x
(gof) (x) = x2 – x + 1
Clearly, they are unequal.
42. (y) = , (31) = 1
43. ( ) (x) = , ( ) (9) = 2
44. I. Not commutative
II. Associative
III. (1,0)
IV. Inverse of (a, b) = ( , ), Inverse of (1, 2) = (1,-2) and Inverse of
( , -5) = (3, 15)
45. Reflexive, not symmetric, not transitive

CHAPTER 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Function Domain Range
(Principal Value Branch)
sin–1x [–1, 1]
− ,
2 2
cos–1x [–1, 1] [0, ]
tan–1x R
− ,
2 2
cot–1x R (0, )
sec–1x R – (–1, 1)
[0, ]-
cosec–1x R – (–1, 1)
− , − 0
2 2
 If sinø = x, ø ∈ − , , hen ø = sin–1x
If cosø = x, ø ∈ [0, ], then ø = cos–1x
If tanø = x, ø ∈ − , , then ø = tan–1x
If cotø = x, ø ∈ (0, ), then ø = cot–1x
If secø = x, ø ∈ [0, ]- , then ø = sec–1x

If cosecø = x, ø ∈ − , - 0 , then find ø = cosec–1x
 sin–1 (sin x) = x ∀ x ∈ − ,
cos–1(cos x) = x ∀ x ∈[0, ]
tan–1 (tan x) = x ∀ x ∈ − ,
cot–1 (cot x) = x ∀ x ∈(0, )
sec–1 (sec x) = x ∀ x ∈ [0, ] −
cosec–1 (cosec x) = x ∀ x ∈ − , - 0
 sin (sin–1 x) = x ∀ x ∈ [-1, 1]
cos (cos–1 x) = x ∀ x ∈ [-1, 1]
tan (tan–1 x) = x ∀ x ∈ R
cot (cot–1 x) = x ∀ x ∈ R
sec (sec–1 x) = x ∀ x ∈ R – (-1, 1)
cosec (cosec–1 x) = x ∀ x ∈ R – (-1, 1)
 sin–1 x= cosec–1 ∀ x ∈ [-1,1]
tan–1x = cot–1 (1/x) ∀ x > 0
sec–1x = cos–1 (1/x), ∀ |x| ≥ 1
 sin–1(–x) = – sin–1 x ∀x∈ [–1, 1]
tan–1(–x) = – tan–1 x ∀ x∈ R
cosec–1(–x) = – cosec–1 x ∀ |x| ≥ 1
 cos–1 (–x) =  –cos–1 x ∀ × ∈ [–1, 1]
cot–1 (–x) =  – cot–1 x ∀ x ∈ R
sec–1 (–x) =  – sec–1 x ∀ |x| ≥ 1
 sin + cos = 2, ∈ [−1, 1]
tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ∀x ∈ R
sec–1 x + cosec–1x = ∀ |x| ≥ 1
tan <1
+ tan >1; >0
 tan x + tan y =
–1 –1
>0
− + tan >1; <0
<0
tan > −1
+ tan < −1 ; >0
 tan x - tan y=
–1 –1
<0
− + tan < −1 ; < 0
>0
 2tan–1 x= tan–1 ,
|x| < 1
2tan–1 x=sin-1 |x| ≤ 1,
, x ≥ 0.
2tan–1 x = cos-1

 sin–1x ± sin–1y = sin–1 (x 1− ± y√1 − )
cos-1x ± cos-1y = cos-1( xy∓√1 − 1− )
1. Write the principal value of
(i) sin–1 − 3⁄2 (ii) cos-1 √3/2
(iii) tan–1 − (iv) cosec–1 (-2)

√
(v) cot-1 (vi) sec–1 (– 2).

√
2. What is the value of the following functions (using principal value)
sin–1 −
√
(i) tan–1 −sec–1 (ii) − cos-1
√ √
(iii) tan–1 (1) − cot-1 (-1) (iv) cosec–1 √2 + sec–1 √2
(v) tan–1 (1) + cot–1 (1) + sin–1 (1).(vi) sin–1
(vii) tan–1 (viii) cosec–1
3. If tan–1 x + tan–1 y = , find cot-1 x + cot-1 y.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
4. Find the valne of the following

 3  1  1 
(i) sin–1  –  + cos–1  –  + tan–1  – 
 2   2   3
 2   4 
(ii) sin–1  Sin   cos –1  cos 
 3   3
  1 
(iii) sin  – sin –1  –  
 3  2 
 7   7 
(iv) tan–1  tan   cos –1  cos 
 6   6
5. Simplify
 sin x 
(i) tan–1  
 1  cos x 
 1 
(ii) cot–1  , x < – 1
 x2 – 1 
  – 3   
(iii) cos cos –1   
  2  6 
1  3 
(iv) tan  cos –1 
2  11  
 sin x  cos x   
6. Simplify : sin–1  , –  x 
 2  4 4
2 7 1
7. Prove that : tan–1  tan –1  tan –1 .
11 24 2
m  m – n 
8. Prove that : tan –1 – tan –1   . m, n  o
n  m  n  4
 a cos x – bsonm  –1  a 
9. Prove that : tan –1    tan   – x
 b cos x  a sin x  b
  1 
10. Evaluate : tan–1  2cos  2sin –1  
  2 

+ ; x ∈ [0,𝜋]
√ √
11. Show that: tan–1 =
√ √
12. Prove that :
x ∈ (0, 𝜋/2).
tan–1 −cot-1 =
√
13. Prove that tan–1 = sin–1 = cos–1 .
√
14. prove that:
cot-1 2 +tan–1 2 tan =

tan–1
Prove that:
15.
√ √ −1 2
tan–1 =
+
√ √
16. Solve:
cot-1 2x+ cot-1 3x =
17. Prove that:
√
tan + + tan − tan =
Solve for x, cos

−2
18. + tan =
1− 2
19. Prove that: tan + tan + tan + tan =
20. Solve for x, tan(cos ) = sin(tan 2) ; x > 0

21. If y = cot √cos − tan √cos , then prove that sin y =
22. Prove that:
cot tan + tan + cos (1 − 2 ) + cos (2 − 1) = , > 0
23. Prove that:
tan + tan + tan = 0 where a, b, c > 0
24. If tan + tan + tan = ,then
prove that a + b + c = abc
25. If cos + cos + cos = , prove that + + +2 =1
[Hint: Let cos =A, cos = , cos = then A + B + C = 𝜋 or A +B

= 𝜋-c take cos on both the sides].
26. If tan + tan + ⋯ + tan = tan ø

. . .( )
then find the value of ø.
27. If (tan ) + (cot ) = then find x.
28. If sin[cot ( + 1)] = cos(tan ), then find x.
29. Solve the following for x
(i) sin (6 ) + sin 6√3 =−
(ii) sin + sin (1 − ) = cos
(iii) sin + sin =
(iv) sin +cos =

30. If cos + cos = ,then prove that
9 -12xycos ∝ +4 = 36 sin ∝
3 sin 2∅ 1
31. Prove that: tan + tan tan ∅ =∅
5+3 cos 2∅ 4
cot cot sin + cos + cos =

√ √
32. Prove that:
√
33. Prove that: 2 tan tan = cos
Prove that: 2tan [tan ∝⁄2 tan ⁄2] = cos

∝
34.
ANSWERS
1. (i) − (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
2. (i) 0 (ii) (iii) − (iv)
(v) 𝜋 (vi) (vii) (Viii)
3. /5

4. (i) (ii)  (iii) 1 (iv) 
6
x 11 – 3
5. (i) (ii)  – sec–1 x (iii) –1 (iv)
2 2

6. x
4


9. 1 10. 12. tan = 2 − √3
4
√
14. 16. 1 18. tan = 2 – √3
5
20. 24. Hint: Let tan =
3
tan =
tan =
Then given, + + =
+ = −
Take tangent on both sides
tan( + ) = tan( − )
26. ∅= 27. X = –1
28. =−
1 1
29. (i) x=− (ii) x = 0,
12 2
(iii) x = 13 (iv) x=1

CHAPTER: 3 and 4
MATRICES And DETERMINANTS

Matrix: It is an ordered rectangular arrangement of numbers (or functions).
The numbers (or functions) are called the elements of the matrix.
Horizontal line of elements is row of matrix. Vertical line of
elements is column of matrix.
Numbers written in the horizontal line form a row of the matrix.

Number written in the vertical line form a column of the matrix.
Order of Matrix with ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns is m × n (read as m by n).
Types of Matrices
 A row matrix has only one row (order:1×n)
 A column matrix has only one column (order: m×1)
 A square matrix has number of rows equal to number of columns

(order: m × m or n × n.)
 A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all non-diagonal elements

equal to zero and diagonal elements not all zeroes.
 A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are

equal.
 An identity matrix is a scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is

1 (unity).
 A zero matrix or null matrix is the matrix having all elements zero.

 Equal matrices: two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [ ] m × n are equal if
(a) Both have same order
(b) = ∀ i and j
Operations on matrices
 Two matrices can be added or subtracted, if both have same order.
 If A= [ ] × and B =[ ] × , then
A±B=[ ± ] ×
 =[ ] × where λ is a scalar
 Two matrices A and B can be multiplied if number of columns in A is

equal to number of rows in B.
If = [ ] × and [ ] ×
 aijb jk
n
Then =[ ] × where cik =
j 1
Properties
 If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then
(i) A+B = B+A
(ii) (A+B)+C= A+(B+C)
(iii) A+O = O+A=A
(iv) A+(-A) = O
 If A, B and C are matrices and λ is any scalar, then
b. AB ≠ BA
c. (AB) C = A(BC)
d. A(B+C) = AB+AC
e. AB=O need not necessarily imply A=O or B=O
f. λ (AB)= (λA) B=A (λB)
Transpose of a Matrix: Let A be any matrix. Interchange rows and

columns of A. The new matrix so obtained is transpose of A donated
by / .
[order of A = m × n ⇨ order of = n × m]
Properties of transpose matrices A and B are:
(i) ( ) =
(ii) ( ) = (k= constant)
(iii) ( + ) = +
(iv) ( ) =
Symmetric Matrix and Skew-Symmetric matrix
 A square matrix A = [aij] is symmetric if = i.e. .aij = aji∀i and j
 A square matrix A= [aij] is skew-symmetric if = − i.e. aij = - aji∀ i and j

(All diagonal elements are zero in skew-symmetric matrix)
Determinant: to every square matrix A= [aij] of order n×n, we can associate a

number (real or complex). This is called determinant of A (det A or |A|).
Properties of Determinants
I) |AB| = |A| |B|
II) | | = |A|
III) If we interchange any two rows (or columns), sign of |A| changes.
IV) Value of |A| is zero, if any two rows or columns in A are identical (or
proportional).
+
V) = +
+
VI) → ± or → ± does not alter the value of |A|.
VII) | | × = | | × (k= scalar)
VIII) K |A| means multiplying only one row (or column) by k.
IX) Area of triangle with vertices( , ), ( , ) and( , )is:
1
1
∆= 1
2 1
The points( , ), ( , ), ( , )are collinear if area of triangle is zero
Minors and Cofactors
 Minor ( ) of in A is the determinant obtained by deleting row

and column.
 Cofactor of , = (−1)
Adjoint of a Square Matrix
adj A= transpose of the square matrix A whose elements have been replaced
by their cofactors.
Properties of adj A: For any square matrix A of order n:
(i) A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I
(ii) |adj A| = |A|n–1
(iii) adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A).
(iv) |k adj A| = kn |A|n– 1.
Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is singular if |A| = 0.
Inverse of a Matrix: An inverse of a square matrix exists if and only if it

is non-singular.
A = adj A
| |
Properties of Inverse matrix
(i) AA–1 = A–1A = I
(ii) (A–1)–1 = A
(iii) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
(iv) ( ) =( )
(v) | |= , |A| ≠ 0
| |
Solution of system of equations using matrices:
If AX = B is a matrix equation, then
AX=B ⇒ = A–1B ⇒ I X = A–1B ⇒X = A–1B gives the solution.
Criterion of consistency of system of liner equations
(i) If |A| ≠ 0, system is consistent and has a unique solution.

(ii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B≠ 0, then the system AX=B is inconsistent and
has no solution.
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0 then system is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1 3 2
1. If [1 1] 0 5 1 1 = 0,then What is the value of ?
0 3 2 −2
2. For what value of λ, the matrix A is a singular matrix where
1 3 +2
= 2 4 8
3 5 10
3. Find the value of , if
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
−1
4. If = and = , then find the value of ∝ .
5. If A is a square matrix such that = , then write the value of ( −

) + ( + ) − 7 A in simplest form.
6. Write the value of ∆,
+ + +
∆=
−3 −3 −3
− −1 4
7. If 2 − = ,find the value of x+y.
0 5

8. If A is a 3 × 3 matrix, | | ≠ 0 and |3 | = | |, then write the value of K.
4 +2
9. If = is a symmetric matrix, then write the value of x.
2 −3 +1
0 2 −2
10. Matrix = 3 1 3 is given to be symmetric, find the value ofa
3 3 −1
and b.
10 0
11. For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adjoint A) = , then find | |.
0 10
12. Find X, if A + X = , where
1 4 −1
= 3 4 7
5 1 6
3 2
13. If = [2 −3 4], = 2 ,X= [0 2 3] and = 2 , then find UV+XY.
1 4
2 −3 1 0 −4 −9
14. If =
6 5 2 3 16 15
write the equation after applying elementary column transformation

→ +2
2 0 0
15. If = 0 2 0 , then find the value of .
0 0 2
16. Find the value of + in the matrix
|2i − j| if i >
=[ ] where =
×
−i + 2j + 3 if i <
1 0 1
17. If = 0 0 0 , then find | |.
1 0 1
18. For what value of , is the matrix
0 1 −2
= −1 −3 a skew-symmetric matrix
2 3 0
19. If = sin 15° cos 15° , then evaluate | |.

− sin 75° cos 75°
20. If A is a square matrix, expressed as A= X + Y where X is symmetric

and Y is skew-symmetric, then write the values of X and Y.
21. Write a matrix of order 3 × 3 which is both symmetric and skew-

symmetric matrix.
22. What positive value of makes the following pair of determinants

equal?
2 3 16 3
,
5 5 2
5 3 8
23. ∆= 2 0 1 , find the value of 5 +3 +8 .
1 2 3
2 1
24. If = , find | ( )|
7 5
1 1 1
25. Find the minimum value of. 2 1 1 + 1
1 1 1+
26. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 and | | = 5 and | | = 3,

then find the value of |3 |.
3+2 −6
27. Evaluate ,i= –1
2 3−2
1
28. Without expanding, find the value of −1
42 40 2
29. Using determinants, find the equation of line passing through (0, 3) and
(1,1).

30. If A be any square matrix of order 3 × 3 and | | = 5, then find the value
of | ( )|
31. What is the number of all possible matrices of order 2 × 3 with each
entry 0,1 or 2.
32. Given a square matrix A of order 3 × 3 such that | |=12, find the value
of | |
2 −1
33. If = find |( ) |
3 4
3
34. If = [−1 2 3] and = −4 find | |
0
0 0
35. Find | ( )| and | |, if = 0 0
0 0
36. Construct a matrix of order 2 × 3, whose elements are given by
(i – 2 j ) 2 | –2i  j |
(a) aij = (b) aij =
2 3
37. If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) are vertices of on equilateral
triangle with each side equal to a units, than prove that
 x1 y1 2 
2
 
 x2 y2 2   3a
4
 x3 y3 2
38. Prose that the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are all
zero.
x 5  3 – 4 7 6
39. If 2   +   =  
7 y–3  1 2 15 14 

Find the valve of x – y
40. If A and B are skew symmetric matrices of the same order prove that AB +
BA is symmetric matrix.
o p – q p –r 

41. Without expending prove that  q – p o q –r   0
 r –p r –q o 
1! 2! 3! 
42. Evaluate  2! 3! 4!
3! 4! 5!
43. If = 0, then prove that + + =2
44. If a ≠ b ≠ c, find the value of x which satisfies the equation
0 − −
+ 0 − =0
+ + 0
45. Using properties of determinants, show that

+ +2
+2 + =0
+ +2
√13 + √3 2√5 √5
46. Find the value of √15 + √26 5 √10
3 + √65 √15 5
5 3
47. If = , show that − 12 − = 0. Hence find .
12 7
1 2 5 10
48. Find the matrix X so that =
5 3 2 0

1 2 2
49. If = 2 1 2 , verify that − 4 − 5 = 0.
2 2 1
50. Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the matrix
2 1
=
4 7
−2
51. If = and = , then find the value of .
3 7 −
2 −3
52. If = , find B, such that 4 + =
0 1
1 −1 1 4 2 2
53. If = 2 1 −3 , 10 = −5 0 ∝ and B= , then find the
1 1 1 1 −2 3
value of ∝.
2 0 1
54. Find the value of X, such that −5 +4 + = 0, if = 2 1 3
1 −1 0
1 −2 3
55. If = 0 −1 4 , find ( A ')–1
−2 2 1
56. The monthly incomes of Mohan and Sohan are in the ratio 3:4 and
their monthly expenditures are in the ratio 5:7. If each saves 15000/-
per month, find their monthly incomes and expenditures using
matrices.
4 0
0 −1 2
57. If = and = 1 3 , then verify that (AB) = BA
4 3 −4
2 6

0 − 0 1
58. If = , = = −1
0 1 0
Then show that ( + ) = +
0 1 0
59. Prove that + + = , if = 0 0 1
cos 2 sin 2
60. If = , then find .
− sin 2 cos 2
1 −1 1
61. If = , = and ( + ) = + +2 , find a and
2 1 −1
b.
0 2
62. If = − , then find the value of a, b and c. Such that
−
=
63. If = , then prove that = ( ) , for all n ∈ N.

0 1 0 1
1! 2! 3!
64. If = 2! 3! 4! , then find and hence prove that −4 −5 =
3! 4! 5!
0.
+ + +
65. Find the value of k, if: + + + =
+ + +
66. If x, y and z ∈R, and

+ + +
∆= 2 5 +2 7 +5 +2 = −16, then find value of x.
3 7 +3 9 +7 +3
1 1 1 1
67. Find the value of ‘k’ if 1 =
1
Using properties of determinants, prove the following (Ques.No.-68 to 76)
1 −
68. 1 − =0
1 −
1 +
69. 1 + = −( − )( − )( − )( + + )
1 +
3 − + − +
70. − + 3 − + = 3( + + )( + + )
− + − + 3
71. − − − = + + −3
+ + +
+
72. + =4
+
+ + +
73. + + + = 2(3 − − − )
+ + +

( + )
74. ( + ) =2 ( + + )
( + )
0 1
0 −1 2
75. Given = and = 1 0 . Find the product AB and also
2 −2 0
1 1
find ( )
78. Using properties of determinants, solve for x:

−2 2 −3 3 −4
− 4 2 − 9 3 − 16 = 0
− 8 2 − 27 3 − 64
+
79. If + = 0 and ≠ ≠ then find the value of x.
+
80. Express the following matrix as the sum of symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices and verify your result.
3 −2 −4
= 3 −2 −5
−1 1 2
2 3
81. If x = – 4 is a root of a ∆= 1 1 = 0, then find the other two roots.
3 2
− − −
82. Prove that − − − is divisible by (x + y + z) and
− − −
hence find the quotient.
83. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix
8 4 3
= 2 1 1
1 2 2
84. Using matrix method, solve the system of linear equations
− 2 = 10,2 − − = 8 and −2 + =7
0 1 1
85. Find if = 1 0 1 and show that =
1 1 0
3 2 −1 1 2 −1
86. Find the matrix x for which × =
7 5 −2 1 0 4
2 3
87. Let = and ( ) = − 4 + 7, then show that ( ) = 0,
−1 2
using this result find .
−
88. If + + = 0 and − = 0, then show that either
−
=0 or =± ( + + )
89. If + + = , then find the value of
sin( + + ) sin cos

− 0
cos( + ) − tan 0
( − 2) ( − 1)
90. If ∆= ( − 1) ( + 1) prove that ∆ is negative.
( + 1) ( + 2)
91. Using properties of determinants prove that:
– bc b2  bc c 2  bc
a 2  ac – ac c 2  ac  (ab  bc  ca )3
a 2  ab b 2  ab – ab
+ −
92. Prove that: − + =( + + )( + + )
+ −
93. If a, b, c are pth,qth and rth terms respectively of a G.P. Prove that
log 1
log 1 =0
log 1
1 1
94. Prove that (x-2) (x-1) is factor of +1 +1 + and hence find
3 +1 +2
the quotient.
95. Prove that:
− ( + − ) 2 2
2 − ( + − )
2 = ( + + )
2 2 − ( + − )
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
96. Determine the product −7 1 3 1 −2 −2
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
and use it to solve the system of equations:
− + = 4, − 2 − 2 = 9, 2 + +3 =1
1 −1 1
97. If = 2 1 −3 , find and use it to solve the system of linear
1 1 1
equations: + 2 + = 4, − + + =, −3 + =2
98. Solve given system of equations by matrix method:
2 3 4 5 4 6 3 2 2
+ + = –3, + – = 4, – – =6
a b c a b c a b c
99. To raise money for an orphanage, students of three schools A, B and

C organized an exhibition in their locality, where they sold paper bags,

scrap books and pastel sheets made by them using recycled paper, at
the rate of per unit respectively. School A sold 25
paper bags, 12 scrap books and 34 pastel sheets. School B sold 22
paper bags, 15 scrap books and 28 pastel sheets. While school C sold
26 paper bags, 18 scrap books and 36 pastel sheets. Using matrices,
find the total amount raised by each school. By such exhibition, which
values are inculcating in the students?
100. Two cricket teams honored their players for three values, excellent
batting, to the point bowling and unparalleled fielding by giving x, y
and z per player respectively. The first team paid respectively 2, 2
and 1 players for the above values with a total prize money of 11 lakhs,
while the second team paid respectively 1,2 and 2 players for these
values with a total prize money of 9 lakhs. If the total award money
for one person each for these values amount to 6 lakhs, then express
the above situation as a matrix equation and find award money per
person for each value.
For which of the above mentioned values, would you like more and
why?
ANSWERS
1. 8. K=27
9. X=5
2. =4
3. = 10. a= , =
4. = + , =2 11. | | = 10
5. A 0 −4 1
12. = −3 −3 −7
6. 0 −5 −1 −5
7. 3 13. [20]
2 −3 1 2 29. 3 – 2x
14. =
6 5 2 7
−4 −17
30. 625
16 47
8 0 0 31. 729
15. = 0 8 0
0 0 8 32. 1728
16. 11 33. 11
17. 0
34. –11
18. =0
35. ,
19. | |=1
 1 9 25 
36. (a)  2 2 2 
 
20. = ( + ), = ( − )  0 2 8 
0 0 0 1 1
21. 0 0 0 3 0 3
0 0 0 (b)  
 1 2 1
 3 3 
22. = 24
39. – y = –7
23. 0
41..............
24. 9
42. 4!
25. –1
44. x=0
26. 405
46. –5 3(5 – 6)
27. 1
28. 0  –7 3
47. A–1 = 
12 – 5

5 0 cos 8 sin 8
60.
48.  –6 4  − sin 8 cos 8
 
 7 7 
61. a = – 1, b = – 2
7 −1
50. 62. =± ; =± ;
−4 2 √ √
51. x=4 1
=±
√3
2 −15
52. =
0 −3 63. ..
64. ..
53. ∝= 5
65. K=2
1 1 3
54. = 1 3 10 66. =2
5 −4 −2
67. K =(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
−9 −8 −2
55. 8 7 2 1 2
−5 −4 −1 77. =
−2 2
56. Incomes: Rs 90,000/- and 2 −2

( ) =
2 −1
Rs 1,20,000/-
78. x=4
Expenditures: Rs 75,000/-
and Rs 10,5000/-
79. =
6 1 −5 0 −5 −3
80. = 1 −4 −4 + 5 0 −6
−5 −4 4 3 6 0
81. x = 1,3
82. ( + + )( + + − − − )
0 2⁄3 −1⁄3
83. = 1 −13⁄3 2⁄3
−1 4 0
−1 1 1
84. x = 0; y= -5; z = –3 85. = 1 −1 1
1 1 −1
−16 3 −118 −93
86. = 87.
24 −5 31 −118
89. 0
94. 96. Product = 8
= 3, y = -2, z = -1
4 2 2
97. = −5 0 5 = , = , =
1 −2 3
98. a = 1, b = – 1, c = – 2
99. School A = 850 100. Excellent batting: 3 lakhs
School B = 805 point bowling: 2 lakhs
School C = 970 fielding: 1lakh
CHAPTER 5
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

POINTS TO REMEMBER
 A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = cifflim (x) =f (c)

→
i.e., lim ( ) = lim ( )= ( )

→ →
 f(x) is continuous in (a, b)iff it is continuous at x =c ∀c∈ (a,b).
 f(x) is continuous in [a, b] iff
(i) f(x) is continuous in (a, b)
(ii) lim ( )= ( )
→
(iii) lim ( )= ( )
→
 Modulus functions is Continuous on R
 Trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains.
 Exponential function is continuous on R
 Every polynomial function is continuous on R.
 Greatest integer function is continuous on all non-integral real numbers
 If f (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions at x = a and if c ∈ R then
(i) f (x) ± g (x) are also continuous functions at x = a.
(ii) g (x) .f (x), f (x) + c, cf(x), | f (x)| are also continuous at x = a.

( )
(iii) ( )
is continuous at x = a provided g(a) ≠ 0.
 A function f (x) is derivable or differentiable at x = c in its domain iff

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
lim = lim , and is finite
→ →

The value of above limit is denoted by f ´(c) and is called the derivative
of f(x) at x = c.
d du dv
(u  v)  
dx dx dx
 (u. v) = u. + v. (Product Rule)

. .
= (Quotient Rule)
 If y= f(u) and u=g(t) then = × = f (u)g (t) (Chain Rule)
 If y =f(u), x=g(u) then,
( )
= × =
( )
 Rolle’s theorem:If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] derivable in (a, b) and f

(a) = f (b) then there exists at least one real number c ∈ (a, b) such that
´ (c) = 0.
 Mean Value Theorem:If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and derivable in(a,

b) then there exists at least one real number c ∈ (a, b) such that
( )− ( )
( )=
−
Every differentiable function is continuous but its converge is not true.
1. Let f(x) = sin x Cos x. write down the set of points of discontinuity of f (x).
2. Given f (x) = , write down the set of points of discontinuity of f (f(x)).
≠0
3. For what value(s) of n, the function f(x) = ,
0, =0

Is continuous at x = 0.
4. Write the set of points of continuity of
( ) = | − 1| + | + 1|
5. Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] in [3, 7].
6. If = ( )
, find .
7. If ( ) = ( ) (1) = 6, ( ) = 3, ℎ (1).
dy
8. If y = a sin t, x = a cos t then find
dx
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]
9. Differentiate sin (x2) w. r. t. esin x

dy
10. y = xy then find
dx
dy
11. If y = xx + x3 + 3x + 33, find
dx
d2y
12. If x = a cas3 , y = a sin3 , find
dx2
dy
13. If y = e [log (x + 1) – log (x)], find
dx
14. Differentiate Sin–1 [x x ] w. r. t. x.

15. Examine the continuity of the following functions at the indicated points.
cos ≠0
(I) ( )= at =0
0 =0
−[ ] ≠0
(II) ( )= at =1
0 =1

( )= ≠0
(III) at =0
=0
0
≠
( ) 1
(IV) ( )= ( ) √2
at =
=
1 √
√ √2
16. For what values of constant K, the following functions are continuous at
the indicated points.
√ √
<0
(I) ( )= at =0
>0
≠0
(II) ( )= ( ) at =0
=0
<0
(III) ( )= =0 at =0
√ >0
√
17. For what values a and b
+2
+
| + 2| < −2
( )= + = −2
+2 > −2
+2
| + 2|
Is continuous at = −2
18. Find the values of a, b and c for which the function

sin[( + 1) ] +
<0
( )= =0
√ + −√ >0
Is continuous at =0
[ ] + [− ] ≠0
19. ( )=
=0
Find the value of λ, f is continuous at =0?
; <
20. Let ( ) = ; =
( )
( ) ; >
If ( ) is continuous at = , find a and b.
+3 + ≤1
21. If ( ) =
+2 >1
Is everywhere differentiable, find the value of a and b.
22. For what value of p
( )= sin(1⁄x) ≠ 0
is derivable at =0
0 =0
√
23. Differentiate tan w.r.t cos 2 √1 − where ≠ 0.
24. If = , then find .
25. Differentiate ( cos ) + ( sin ) w.r.t. .

26. If ( + ) = . then prove that =
 dy 
27. If ( − ). = , prove that y  + x = 2y
 dx 
28. If = tan log then show that
d2y dy
(1  x 2 )  (2 x – a)  0
dx 2 dx
29. 29. If = log prove that = − .
Differentiate sin
.
30. w.r.t .
( )
31. If √1 − + 1− = ( − ), prove that
= , Where –1 < x < 1 and –1 < y < 1 [HINT: put x3 sin A and
y3 sin B]
+1
32. If ( ) = + 1, ( ) = 2 +1 and ℎ( ) = 2 − 3 find ℎ ( ) .
33. If sec − cos and = − , then prove that =
34. If + + = , then find the value of .
35. If = , = then find
= tan
√ √
36. If where0 < < find
√ √
37. If + = 1,then show that(1 − ) − − =0
38. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
( )= sin 2 0,
2
39. Verify mean value theorem for the function
( )=√ − 4[2,4]
40. If the Rolle’s theorem holds for the function
1
( )= + + + 5on [1,3] with = 2+
3
Fin the value of a and b.
41. If = +√ +1 , show that ( + 1) + − = 0.
3 +4 1− 2
42. Differentiatesin−1 w.r.t .
5
43. If = , prove that =

( )
44. If : [−5,5] → is a differentiable function and ( ) does not vanish

anywhere, then prove that (−5) ≠ (5).
ANSWERS

2 x cos( x 2 )
1. { } 9.
cos x esin x
y2
x 1– y log x 
2. R 10.
−5
3. −2, 11. xn [1 + log x] + 3x2 + 3x log 3
2
4.
5. Points of discontinuity of ( ) are 4,5,6,7
Note- At = 3, ( ) = [ ] is continuous because lim ( ) = 3 = (3)

→
1
6. 5 12. sec4  cosec 
3a
1
7. 15 13. –
x2
3 x
8. – cot 14.
2 1– x 3
15 (I) Continuous
(II) Discontinuous
(III) Not Continuous at =0
(IV) Continuous
16 (I) K = -1
(II) K =1 2
(III) K=8
17 = 0, = −1

18 = , = − 0, =
19 = −1
20 = , =4
21 = 3, =5
22 P>1
23 −
24 (1 + log ) log +
1+ − ( )
25 ( cos ) [1 − tan + (log cos )] + ( sin ) 2
30. log 6 [Hint: tan = 6 ]

( )
32.
√
( )
34. =
35. =
36. −1
2
40. = 11, = −6
42.
√

CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

 Rate of change: Let = ( ) be a function then the rate of change of y
with respect to is given by = ( ) where a quantity y varies with
another quantity .
 dy 
  ar (x1)represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. = .
dx x  x1
 Increasing and Decreasing Function
Let f be a real-valued function and let I be any interval in the domain of f.

Then f is said to be
a) Strictly increasing on I, if for all , ∈ , we have
< ⇒ ( )< ( )
b) Increasing on I, if for all , ∈ , we have
< ⇒ ( )≤ ( )
c) Strictly decreasing in I, if for all , ∈ , we have
< ⇒ ( )> ( )
d) Decreasing on I, if for all , ∈ , we have
< ⇒ ( )≥ ( )
 Derivative Test: Let f be a continuous function on [a, b] and

differentiable on (a, b). Then

a) is strictly increasing on [a, b] if ( ) > 0 for each ∈( , ).
b) is increasing on [a, b] if ( ) ≥ 0 for each ∈ ( , ).
c) is strictly decreasing on [a, b] if ( ) < 0 for each ∈ ( , ).
d) is decreasing on [a, b] if ( ) ≤ 0 for each ∈ ( , ).
e) is constant function on [a, b] if ( ) = 0 for each ∈ ( , ).
 Tangents and Normals
a) Equation of the tangent to the curve = ( ) at ( , ) is
dy
y−y = (x − x )
dx ( , )
b) Equation of the normal to the curve = ( ) at ( , ) is
−1
y−y = (x − x )
( , )
 Maxima and Minima
a) Let f be a function and c be a point in the domain of f such that either

f ‘(x)=0 or f ‘(x) does not exist are called critical points.
b) First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval

I. Let f be continuous at a critical point c in I. Then
i. f ´(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases

through c, then c is called the point of the local maxima.
ii. f ´(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases

through c, then c is a point of local minima.

iii. f ´(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is
neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima.
Such a point is called a point of inflexion.
c) Second Derivative Test : Let f be a function defined on an interval I

and let c ∈ I. Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then
i. x = c is a point of local maxima if f ´(c) = 0 and f ´´(c) < 0. The
value f (c) is local maximum value of f.
ii. x = c is a point of local minima if f ´(c) = 0 and f "(c) > 0. The

value f (c) is local minimum value of f.
iii. The test fails if f´(c) = 0 and f´´(c) = 0.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)
1. Find the angle , where 0< < , which increases twice as fast as its
sine.
2. Find the slope of the normal to the curve = cos and =

sin =
3. A balloon which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find

the rate at which its volume is increasing with respect to its radius
when the radius is 7cm.
4. Write the interval for which the function ( ) = ,0 ≤ ≤ 2 is

decreasing

5. For what values of is the rate of increasing of −5 + 5 + 8 is
twice the rate of increase of ?
6. Find the point on the curve = − 2 + 3 where the tangent is

parallel to x-axis.
7. Write the maximum value of ( )= ,if it exists.
8. Find the least value of ( ) = + , where a>0, b>0 and x>0.
9. Find the interval in which the function ( )= − +
tan( )increases.
10. For the curve = (2 + 1) find the rate of change of slope of the
tangent.
11. Find the value of for which the function ( ) = −2 + 6, > 0 is

strictly increasing.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
12. Find the co-ordinates of the point on the curie y2 = 3 – 4x, where
tangent is parallel to the line 2x + y –2 = 0
13. The sum of the two numbers is 8, what will be the maximum value of
the sum of their reciprocals.
14. Find the maximum value of f(x) = 2x3 – 24x + 107 in the internal [1, 3]
15. If the rate of change of Area of a circle is equal to the rate of change its
diameter. Find the radius of the circle.
16. The sides of on equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s.
Find the rate at which the area increases, when side is 10 cm.

Rate of Change (4 Mark Questions)
17. In a competition, a brave child tries to inflate a huge spherical balloon

bearing slogans against child labour at the rate of 900 of gas per
second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon is increasing,
when its radius is 15 cm. Why is child labour not good for society?
18. An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm and a base of radius 5 cm.

Water is poured into it at the rate of c.c. per minute. Find the rate at
which the level of water in the cone is rising when the depth is 4 cm.
19. The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate. Prove that the
increase in its surface area varies inversely as the length of an edge of
the cube.
20. A kite is moving horizontally at a height of 151.5 meters. If the speed of

the kite is 10m/sec, how fast is the string being let out when the kite is
250 m away from the boy who is flying the kite ? The height of the boy
is 1.5 m.
HINT: → A 10t K
= 150 + (10 )
150
Speed = 10 = = = 20
21. A swimming pool is to be drained for cleaning. If L represents the

number of litres of water in the pool t seconds after the pool has been

plugged off to drain and = 200(10 − ) . How fast is the water
running out at the end of 5 sec. and what is the average rate at which
the water flows out during the first 5 seconds?
22. A man 2m tall, walk at a uniform speed of 6km/h away from a lamp
post 6m high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow
increases.
23. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its
axis vertical and vertex lower most. Its semi- vertical angle is
tan (0.5). water is poured into it at a constant rate of5 /ℎ. Find the
rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant, when the
depth of Water in the tank is 4m.
24. A spherical ball of salt is dissolving in water in such a manner that the
rate of decrease of the volume at any instant is proportional to the
surface area. Prove that the radius is decreasing at a constant rate.
25. A conical vessel whose height is 10 meters and the radius of whose
base is half that of the height is being filled with a liquid at a uniform
rate of 1.5 / . find the rate at which the level of the water in the
vessel is rising when it is 3m below the top of the vessel.
26. Let be the sides of two squares such that = − . Find the
rate of change of area of the second square w.r.t. the area of the first
square.
27. The length of a rectangle is increasing at the rate of 3.5 cm/sec. and its
breadth is decreasing at the rate of 3 cm/sec. Find the rate of change
of the area of the rectangle when length is 12 cm and breadth is 8 cm.
28. If the areas of a circle increases at a uniform rate, then prove that the
perimeter various inversely as the radius.
Increasing and Decreasing [4 MARK QUESTIONS]
29. Show that ( ) = − 6 + 18 + 5 is an increasing function for

all ∈ . Find its value when the rate of increase of f(x) is least.

[Hint: Rate of increase is least when ( ) is least.]
30. Determine whether the following function is increasing or decreasing in

the given interval: ( ) = cos 2 + , ≤ ≤ .
31. Determine for which values of x, the function y= − is increasing

and for which it is decreasing.
32. Find the interval of increasing and decreasing of the function ( ) =
33. Find the interval of increasing and decreasing of the function ( ) =

sin − cos , 0 < < 2 .
34. Show that ( )= ,0 ≤ ≤ 2 is increasing in the indicated
interval.
35. Prove that the function = − is an increasing function of
in 0, .
36. Find the intervals in which the following functionis decreasing.
( )= −8 + 22 − 24 + 21
37. Find the interval in which the function ( )=5 −3 , , > 0 is

strictly decreasing.
38. Show that the function ( ) = tan (sin + cos ),is strictly increasing
the interval 0, .
39. Find the interval in which the function ( ) = cos is

increasing or decreasing.

40. Find the interval in which the function given by
3 4 36
( )= − −3 + + 11
10 5 5
(1) strictly increasing
(2) strictly decreasing
Tangent and Normal [4 MARK QUESTIONS]
41. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve − = 1at the point
(√2 , ).
42. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve = − 2 + 7 which is
(1) Parallel to the line 2 − +9 =0

(2) Perpendicular to the line 5 − 15 = 13
43. Find the co-ordinates of the point on the curve √ + = 4 at which

tangent is equally inclined to the axes.
44. Find a point on the parabola ( ) = ( − 3) where the tangent is

parallel to the chord joining the points (3,0) and (4,1).
45. Find the equation of the normal to the curve = + = 0.

also find the distance from origin to the line.
46. Show that the line + = 1 touches the curve = ⁄

at the point,
where the curve intersects the axis of y.
47. At what point on the circle + − 2 − 4 + 1 = 0 the tangent is

parallel to
(1) X – axis
(2) Y – axis

48. Show that the equation of the normal at any point ‘ ’ on the curve =
3 cos − , = 3 sin − is
4( − )=3 sin 4 .
49. Show that the curves = and + =2 touch each other.
50. For the curve = 5 − 2 , if x increases at the rate of 2 Units/sec.

then how fast is the slope of the curve changing when x=3?
51. Find the condition for the curve − = 1 and = to interest

orthogonally.
52. Show that the curves = and = , a > b > 0 intersect at an
angle of tan
53. Find the equation of the normal to the curve = at the point
( , ).
54. Find the equation of the normal at a point on the curve = 4 , which
passes through the point (1, 2). Also find the equation of the
corresponding tangent.
55. Find the point on the curve 9 = where the normal to the curve
makes equal intercepts with the axes.
56. Show that the tangents to the curve =2 − 3 at the point where x =
2 and x = -2 are parallel.
APPROXIMATION [4 MARK QUESTIONS]

Use differentials to find the approximate value of (Ques.57 to 62)
57. (66) 58. √401
59. √0.37 60. √25.3

61. (3.968) 62. (26.57)
63. Find the value of (10.1) given that e = 0.4343.
64. If the radius of a circle increases from 5 cm to 5.1 cm, find the increase
in area.
65. If the side of a cube be increased by 0.1%, find the corresponding

increase in the volume of the cube.
66. Find the approximate value of f(2.01) where ( ) = − 4 + 7.
67. Find the approximate value of .

, using differentials.
√
68. The radius of a sphere shrinks from 10 cm. to 9.8 cm. Find the
approximately decrease in its volume.
Maxima and Minima (4 Mark Questions)
69. Find the maximum and minimum values of ( ) = sin + cos 2 in

0, .
70. Find the absolute maximum value and absolute minimum value of the
following question ( ) = − + in [-2, 2.5]
71. Find the maximum and minimum values of ( )= − in the

interval [0, 1]
72. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum value of

( ) = ( − 2)√ − 1 in [1, 9]
73. Find the difference between the greatest and least values of the
function ( ) = sin 2 − on − , .
Maxima and Minima (6 Mark Question)

74. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle
of radius r can be inscribed is 6√3 .
75. If the sum of length of hypotenuse and a side of a right angled triangle
is given, show that area of triangle is maximum, when the angle
between them is .
76. Show that semi-vertical angle of a cone of maximum volume and given
slant height iscos .
√
77. The sum of the surface areas of cuboids with sides x, 2x and and a
sphere is given to be constant. Prove that the sum of their volumes is
minimum if x = 3 radius of the sphere. Also find the minimum value of
the sum of their volumes.
78. Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
sphere of radius R is of the volume of the sphere.
79. Show that the cone of the greatest volume which can be inscribed in a
given sphere has an altitude equal to of the diameter of the sphere.
80. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved
surface area which can be inscribed in a given cone is half of that of
the cone.
81. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in
a cone of height H and semi-vertical angle ℎ . Also
show that height of the cylinder is
82. Find the point on the curve = 4 which is nearest to the point (2,1).
83. Find the shortest distance between the line − = 1 and the curve =
.
84. A wire of length 36 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is
to be made into a square and the other into a circle. What should be
the length of the two pieces, so that the combined area of the square
and the circle is minimum?
85. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be
inscribed in a sphere of radius r is .
√
86. Find the area of greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse
+ = 1.
Answers
 11. a0
1.
3
1 
2. 1 12.  ,1
2
3. 196  cm 2 1
13.
2
4. [0,  ]
14. 89
1
5. 3, 1
3 15. units

6. (1,2)
16. 10 3 cm2 / s
1
7. 1
e 17. cm / s

8. 2 ab
3
18. cm / min
8
9. (– , 0)
20. 8 m/sec.
10. 0
21. 3000 L/s
22. 3 km/h 40. Strictly increasing
23. m/h [-2,1] U [3, ∞)
6 Strictly decreasing
25. m/min.
49
(-∞, -2] U [1, 3]
26. 1−3 +2
45. √2 − − =0
27. 72
29. 25 46. (1) − 2 − 3 = 0

30. Increasing
(2)36 + 12 − 227 = 0
31. Increasing for all ≥1
43. (4, 4)
Decreasing for all ≤1
44. ,
32. Increasing on [o, e]
Decreasing on [e, ∞) 45. 2 + − 2 = 0,

√
47. (1) (1, 0) and (1, 4)

33. Increasing on
(2) (3, 2) and (-1, 2)

[0, ] U [ ,2 ]
50. decrease 72 units/sec.

Decreasing on [ . ]
51. =
36. – ∞, 1 U[2, 3]
53. 2 +3 −3 −2 =
37. [1,∞] 0
39. increasing on [0, ∞) 54. + = 3, = −1
Decreasing (-∞, 0] 55. 4, ±

57. 4.042 70. ab. Max.= , ab. Min. =
58. 20.025
71. max.value=0,
59. 0.1924 /
min.value =
60. 5.03
61. 7.904 72. ab. Max = 14 at x = 9
62. 2.984 ab. Min.= / at =
63. 1.004343
73.
64. 77. 18 + (36)(27)
65. 0.3% 82. (1, 2)

√
66. 7.08 83.
67. 0.198 84. ,
86. 2ab sq. Units.

68. 80
69. max. value = , mim value =

CHAPTER 7
INTEGRALS
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Integration or anti derivative is the reverse process of Differentiation.
 Let F(x) = f(x) then we write f(x) dx = F(x) + c.
 These integrals are called indefinite integrals and c is called constant of

integration.
 From geometrical point of view, an indefinite integral is the collection of

family of curves each of which is obtained by translating one of the
curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards along y-axis.
STANDARD FORMULAE
+ c n ≠ −1
1. x dx =
log |x| + c n = −1
( )
+ c n ≠ −1
2. (ax + b) dx = ( )
log|ax + b| + c n = −1
3. sin x dx = −cos x + c.
4. cos x dx = sin x + c
5. tan x. dx = − log|cos x| + c = log|sec x| + c.
6. cot x dx = log|sin x| + c.
7. sec x dx = tan x + c

8. cosec x dx = − cot x + c
9. sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
10. cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + c
11. sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + c
x π
= log tan + +c
2 4
12. cosec x dx = log|cosec x − cot x| + c
x
= log tan +c
2
13. e dx = e + c
14. = +
15. = + ,| | < 1
√
= −cos x+c
16. dx = tan x+c
= −cot x+c
17. dx = sec x + c , |x| > 1

| |√
= −cosec x+c
18. dx = log +c

19. dx = log +c
20. dx = tan +c
21. dx = sin +c=− +

√
22. dx = log x + √a + x +c
√
23. dx = log x + √x − a +c
√
24. √a − x dx = √a − x + sin +c
25. √a + x dx = √a + x + log x + √a + x +c
26. √x − a dx = √x − a − log x + √x − a + c
RULES OF INTEGRATION
1. [(f (x) ± f (x)±. … … . ±f (x)] dx = f (x)dx ± f (x)dx±. . … . . ±
f (x)dx
2. k. f(x)dx = k f(x)dx.
3. e f(x) + f (x) dx = e f(x) + c
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
( )
1. dx = log|f(x)| + c
( )

[ ( )]
2. [f(x)] f (x)dx = +c
( ) ( ( ))
3. [ ( )]
dx = +c
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
 f (x ) g (x ) dx = f (x )  g (x ) dx –   f' (x )  g (x ) dx 
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
f(x)dx = F(b) − F(a) , where F(x) = f(x) dx
DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUMS.
f(x)dx = lim h [f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + ⋯ + f(a + n − 1h)]

→
ℎ ℎ= f(x)dx = lim [h ∑ f(a + rh)]

→
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
1. f (x) = − f (x )dx
2. f (x) dx = f (t) dt.
3. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
4. () f (x) dx = f (a + b − x) dx.

(ii) f (x) dx = f (a − x)dx
5. f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx, ( )
6. ( ) =0 ( )
7. ( ) = 2 ( ) , if f (2a − x) = f(x)
if f (2a − x) = −f (x)
0

Evaluate the following integrals:
1. sin √x + cos √x dx
2. e| | dx
3.
4. x cos x dx
5. ( )
dx
6. cos x log dx
7. e +e dx
8. dx
9. sin x dx

10. √10 − 4x + x dx
11. x |x| dx
12. dx
13. | |
14. e dx
15. dx

x
16. dx
x 1
17. ( )
dx
√
18. dx
√
19. cos α dx
20. dx
21. sec x log(sec x + tan x) dx
22. dx
( )
23. dx
24. dx
√
25. ( )
dx
26. dx
27. dx
28. dx
( )
29. (x + log x) dx
30. |cos x| dx
31. [x] dx ℎ [ ] .
32. dx
√
( )
33. ( ) ( )
dx
| |
34. dx
35. x |x| dx
36. x √x + 2 dx
37. f(x) dx + f (x) dx
38. dx
39. |sin x| dx
–
40. dx
41. dx
42. dx
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]
43.  e[log ( x  1) – log x]dx


1
44. dx
x 1  x  2
45.  sin x sin 2 xdx
  a  x  x
x a 
46. a
 a x  dx

  5  3sin x  dx
 5  3cos x 
2
47.
0
 c x dx
ax  bx
48.

 1 
2
49.  ax –  dx
ax 
50. e 2 dx
x x
Short Answer Type Questions (4 Marks)
51. (I)
√ √
(II)
√ √
(III) ( ) ( )
( )
(IV) ( )
(V) cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x dx
(VI) tan 2x tan 3x tan 5x dx

(VII) sin x cos x dx
(VIII) cot x cosec x dx
(IX) dx [Hint: Put a sin x + b cos x = t or t

√
(X) dx
( )
(XI) dx
(XII) dx
√
52. (i) dx
(ii) [ ( ) ]
dx
(iii) dx
(iv) dx
(v) dx
( )( )
(vi) dx
(vii) dx
(viii) dx
√

(ix) x √1 + x − x dx
(x) dx
(xi) √sec x − 1 dx [Hint: Multiply and divided by

√sec + 1]
53. (I) ( )
(II) dx
(III) dx
(iv)
( )( )
(v) ( )( )
dx
(vi)
( )( )
dx
(vii) ( )( )
(viii) dx
(ix) √tan x dx
(x)

54. Evaluate:
(I) x sin x dx
(II) sec x dx
(III) e cos(bx + c) dx
(IV) sin dx [Hint: Put 3 =tan θ]
(V) cos √x dx
(VI) x tan x dx
(VII) e dx
(VIII) −( )
dx
(IX) √2ax − x dx
(X) e ( )
dx
(XI) x sin dx
log x = t
(XII) log(log x) + ( dx [Hint: Put
) x=e]
(XIII) (6x + 5)√6 + x − x dx
(XIV) dx
(XV) tan dx
(XVI)
55. Evaluate the following definite integrals:
(i) dx
(ii) cos 2x log sin x dx
(iii) x dx
(iv) √
dx
( )
(v) dx
(vi) sin 2 tan dx
(vii) dx
(viii) x log 1 + dx
(ix) |x cos πx| dx
(x) (cos a x − sin b x) dx
56. Evaluate:
(i) [|x − 2| + |x − 3| + |x − 4|] dx

(ii) dx
(iii) e dx
(iv) dx
(v) [x ] dx
(vi) dx
(vii) dx [ : f(x)dx = f(a − x)dx
57. Evaluate the following integrals:
(i)
√
(ii) [sin|x| + cos|x|] dx
e
(iii) dx
e + e
x tan x
(iv) dx
sec x cosec x
a−x
(v) dx
a+x
58. Evaluate
sin √x − cos √x
() dx [0, 1]
sin √x + cos √x

1−√
( ) dx
1+√
x e
(iii) dx
(x + 2)
x
(iv) dx
(x sin x + cos x)
x
(v) sin dx
a+x
sin x + cos x
(vi) dx
√sin 2x
sin x
(vii) dx
sin 4x
(viii) |x sin πx| dx
sin(x − a)
(ix) dx
sin(x + a)
x
(x) dx
(x + 4)(x + 9)
cos 5x + cos 4x
(xi) dx
1 − 2 cos 3x

Long Answer Type Questions (6 Marks)
59. Evaluate the following integrals:
x +4
() dx
x −x
2e
(ii) dt
e − 6e + 11e − 6
2x
(iii) dx
(x + 1)(x − 3)
1 + sinx
(iv) dx
sin x (1 + cos x)
(v) √tan x + √cot x dx
1−x
(vi) x dx
1+x
cos x
(vii) dx
1 + cos x + sin x
60. Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums:
(i) (2x + 1) dx

(ii) (x + 3) dx
(iii) (3x − 2x + 4) dx
(iv) (3x + e ) dx
(v) e dx
(vi) (3x + 2x + 1) dx
61. Evaluate:
dx
(i)
(sin x − 2 cos x)(2 sin x + cos x)
log(1 + x)
(ii) dx
1+x
(iii) (2 log sin x − log sin 2x) dx
62. (tan )
63. log sin

1
64. ℎ tan−1 =2 tan−1
1− +
ℎ ℎ (1 − + ) .
65. sin cos

.
Answers
1. +c 12. tan x − cot x + c
2. 2e − 2 13. 3 log 2
3. tan +c
14. log|x| + c
4. 0
5. log|log|log || + c 15. +c
6. 0
2 3 1
16. ( x  1) 2 – 2( x  1) 2  c
3
7. + +c
8. tan x + c 17. log|x + 1| + +c
9. 0
18. 2e√ + c
( )√
10. + 19. xcos α + c
3 log (x − 2) +
| |
20. +c
√x − 4x + 10 + c
( | |)
11. 0 21. +c

| |
22. +c 33.
23. tan|log x| + c 34. –1
24. log e + √4 + e +c 35. 0
25. log|2 + 3 log x| + c 36. (x + 2) /

−
(x + 2) /
+c
26. log|x + cos x| + c
37. 0
27. 2 log sec +c
38. log|sec x + tan x| + c
28. log|x + e | + c
39. 2-√2
( )
29. +c
40. log|1 + sin x| + c
30. 0
41. x − sin x + c
31. 1
42. log|cos x + sin x| + c
32. sin +c
43. x + log x + c
 x  2 2 –  x  1 2   c
2
44.
3 3

3 
–1  sin3 x 
45.  – sin x   c
2  3 
1 x2 x a 1 ax
46.  a log | x |   c
a 2 a  1 log a

47. 0
 a  b
x x
   
c c
48.  c
a b
log log
c c
ax 2 log | x |
49.  – 2x  c
2 a
2x e x
50. c
log(2e)
51.
(I) log cosec(tan )− +c
(II) x − x√x − 1 + log x + √x − 1 + c
( )
(III)
( )
log ( )
+c
(IV) x cos 2a − sin 2a log|sec(x − a)| + c
(V) x − sin 2x + sin 4x + c
(VI) log|sec 5x| − log|sec 2x| − log|sec 3x| + c
(VII) 2x + sin 2x − sin 4x − sin 6x + c
(VIII) − + +c

(IX) √a sin x + b cos x + c
(X) −2cosec a √cos a − tan x sin a + c
(XI) tan x − cot x − 3x + c
(XII) sin [sin x − cos x] + c
52. (I) tan +c

√ √
(II) log +c
(III) + tan /
x+c
√
(IV) tan x− +c
√ √
(V) 2 log √x − a + √x − b + c
(VI) log|3x + 2x + 1| + tan +c

√ √
(VII) x − 3 log|x + 6x + 12| + 2√3 tan +c

√
(VIII) −√4x − x + 4 sin +c
(IX) − (1 + x − x ) /
+ (2x − 1)√1 + x − x + sin +c
√
(X) + +c

(XI) − log cos x + + √cos x + cos x + c
53. (I) log +c
(II) log − +c
(III) log|cos θ − 2| − log|1 + cos θ| + c
(IV) log ( )
+ tan +c
√ √
( )
(V) x + 4 log +c
(VI) x+ tan − 3 tan +c

√ √
(VII) log|2x + 1| − log|x + 4| + tan +c
(VIII) log +c
tan + log +c
√
(IX)
√ √ √ √
(IX) − log|cos x − 1| − log|cos x + 1| + log|1 − 2 cos x| + c
54. (i) [−x cos x + sin x ] + c
(ii) [sec x tan x + log|sec x + tan x|] + c

(iii) [a cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)] + c
(iv) 2x tan 3x − log |1 + 9x | +c
(v) 2 √x sin √x + cos √x + c
(vi) tan x− + +c
(vii) e tan x + c
(viii) +c
(ix) √2ax − x + sin +c
(x) e +c
(xi) sin + √x − 1 + c
(xii) x log|log x| − +c
(xiii) −2(6 + x + x ) + 8 √6 + x − x + sin +c
(xiv) log|x + 1| − log|x − x + 1| + tan +c

√ √
(xv) x tan x − log|1 + x | − x tan 5+c
(xvi) tan tan +c
55. (I) log 3
(II) −π
4
(III) −
(IV) − log 2
(V)
(VI) π
4
(VII) π
2
(VIII) + log
(IX) −
(X) 2π + sin 2aπ − sin 2bπ
56. (I)
(II) π
(III) e +e
(IV) π
(X) 5 − √3 − √2
(XI)
(XII)
57. (I)
(II) 2
(III)
(IV)
(V) aπ
( ) √
58. (I) sin √x + −x+c
(II) −2√1 − x + cos √x + √x − x + c
(III) e +c
(IV) +c
(V) (x + a) tan − √ax + c
2 sin
√
(VI)
log − log +c
√
(VII)
√ √
(XIII) +
(XIV) (cos 2a)(x + a) − (sin 2a) log|sin(x + a)| + c
(XV) − log|x + 4| + log|x + 9| + c
(XVI) − sin2 x + sin x + c
59. (I) x − 4 log|x| + log|x − 1| + log|x + 1| + log|x +
1| tan x+c
(II) log ( )
+c

(III) 2x − log|x + 1| + log|x − 3| − ( )
+c
(IV) log + ( )
+ tan + c
(V) π
2
(VI)
(I) − log 2
60. (I) 14
(II)
(III) 26
(IV) (127 + e )
(V) e −
(VI) 3
+c
tan
61. (I) log
tan
(II) log 2
(III) log
62. − + log 2
63. log 2
64. log 2
65. log √2 + 1
√

CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS
POINT TO REMEMBER
AREA OF BOUNDED REGION
 Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x axis and between the
ordinates, x = a and x = b is given by
Area   f ( x ) dx
b
 Area bounded by the curve x = f(y), the y-axis and between the abscissas, y
= c and y = d is given by
Area   f ( y )dy
d

 Area bounded by two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) such that 0≤g(x) ≤f(x)
for all x∈ [a, b] and between the ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
Y
y = f(x)
A B
y = g(x)
X
O a b
Area = [ ( ) − ( )]
 f ( x) dx   f ( x )dx
k b
 Area of the following shaded region =
a k
y = f(x)
A2
X
O A A1 B(k, 0) x = b
x=a
y
1
1. Find the area of the parabola =4 bounded by its Latus rectum.
2. Find the area of the region ( , ): ≤ ≤| |.
3. Find the area of region in the first quadrant enclosed by x–axis, the liney =
x and the circle x2 + y2 = 32.

4. Find the area of region {(x, y) :y2≤ 4x, 4x2 + 4y2≤ 9}
5. Prove that the curve y = x2and, x = y2 divide the square bounded by x =

0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 1 into three equal parts.
6. Find the area of the smaller region enclosed between ellipse +

= and the line bx + ay = ab.
7. Find the common area bounded by the circles x2 + y2 = 4 and(x – 2)2 +

y2 = 4.
8. Using integration, find the area of the triangle whose sides are given by
2 + = 4, 3 − 2 = 6 − 3 + 5 = 0.
9. Using integration, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (–1,
0), (1, 3) and (3, 2).
10. Find the area of the region {(x, y) :x2 + y2≤ 1 ≤x + y}.
11. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve = 4 and the line
= 4 − 2.
12. Find the area lying above x-axis and included between the circle x2 + y2
= 8x and inside the parabola y2 = 4x.
13. Using integration, find the area enclosed by the curve y= cos x, y= sin
x and x-axis in the interval [0, 𝜋/2].
14. Using integration, find the area of the following region:

( , ): | − 1| ≤ ≤ √5 −
15. Using integration, find the area of the triangle formed by positive x-axis
and tangent and normal to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at (1, √3).
16. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line x – y
+ 2 = 0, the curve x = and y-axis.
17. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves = , the y-axis
and the lines y = a and y = 2a.

18. Find the area bounded by x-axis, the curve =2 and tangent to the
curve at the point whose abscissa is 2.
19. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curve =
1 + | + 1| and lines = −3, = 3, = 0.
20. Find the area of the region ( , ): ≥6 , + ≤ 16
21. Find the area of the region enclosed between curves = | − 1| and =
3 − | |.
ANSWERS
1. sq. units 11. sq. units
12. (8 + 3 ) sq. units

2. sq. units
13. 2 − √2 sq. units

3. 4 sq. units
14. − sq. units

+ − sin
√
4. sq.
units 15. 2√3 sq. units
5. …. 16. sq. units
6. ab sq. units
17. (32) − 1 sq. units
7. − 2√3 sq. units

18. sq. units
8. 3.5 sq. units

19. 16 sq. units
9. 4 sq. units √
20. sq. units
10. − sq. units 21. 2 sq. units

CHAPTER–9
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Differential Equation: Equation containing derivatives of a dependant

variable with respect to an independent variable is called differential
equation.
 Order of a Differential Equation: The order of a differential equation

is defined to be the order of the highest order derivative occurring in
the differential equation.
 Degree of a Differential Equation: Highest power of highest order

derivative involved in the equation is called degree of differential
equation where equation is a polynomial equation in differential
coefficients.
 Formation of a Differential Equation: We differentiate the family of

curves as many times as the number of arbitrary constant in the given
family of curves. Now eliminate the arbitrary constants from these
equations.
After elimination, the equation obtained is differential equation.
 Solution of Differential Equation
(i) Variable Separable Method
= ( , ).
We Separate the variables and get
( ) = ( )
Then ( ) = ( ) + is the required solutions.

(ii) Homogeneous Differential Equation: A differential equation of the
( , )
form = ( , )
where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are both homogeneous
functions of the same degree in x and y i.e., of the form = is
called a homogeneous differential equation.
For solving this type of equations we substitute y = vx and then =

v+x . The equation can be solved by variables separable method.
dx  x
A homogeneous differential can be of the form  F 
dy  y
dx dv
To solve this equation, we substitute x = vy and them V  y
dy ax
then the equation can be solved by variable separate method.
(iii) Linear Differential Equation: An equation of the from + =
where P and Q are constant or functions of x only is called a linear

differential equation. For finding solution of this type of equations, we
find integrating factor (I.F.) = e
Solution is y (I.F.) = . (I. F. ) +
Similarly, differential equations of the type + = where P and Q
are constants or functions of y only can be solved.
Here, I.F. = e pdy and the solution is x (I.F.) =  Q × (I.F.) dy + C
1. Write the order and degree of the following differential equations.
(i) + cos y = 0
(ii) + 3 =4
(iii) + sin x =
(iv) + log =0
⁄
(v) 1+ =
⁄
(vi) 1+ =k
(vii) + = sin x
(viii) + tan =0
2. Write integrating factor differential equations :
(I) + y cos x = sin x
(II) + y sec x = sec x + tan x
(III) x +y =x
(IV) x + y log x = x + y
(V) x − 3y = x

(VI) + y tan x = sec x
(VII) + y = sin x
3. Write order of the differential equation of the family of following curves.
(I) = Ae + Be
(II) Ay = Bx
(III) (x − a) + (y − b) = 9
(IV) Ax+By = Bx − Ay
(V) − =0
(VI) y = a cos(a + b)
(VII) y=a+be
Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]
4. Write the general solution of the following differential equations.

dy 2
 x5  x 2 –
(i) dx x
e x
  
 e – x dy  e x – e – x dx
(ii)

dy
 x3  e x  x e
(iii) dx
dy
 5x y
(iv) dx
dy 1 – cos 2 x

(v) dx 1  cos 2 y
dy 1 – 2 y

(vi) dx 3x  1
5. (I) Show that = is a solution of
(1 − x ) −x −m y=0
(II) Show that y = sin (sin x) is a solution of differential equation
+ (tan x) + y cos x = 0
d2y dy
(III) Show that y = Ax + is a solution of x 2 x –y0
dx 2
dx
(IV) Show that y = a cos(log x) + b sin(log x) is a solution of
d y dy
x +x +y=0
dx dx
(V) Verify that y = log x + √x + a satisfies the differential
equation: (a + x ) +x =0
(VI) Find the differential equation of the family of curves

y = e (A cos x + B sin x), where A and B are arbitrary constants.
(VII) Find the differential equation of an ellipse with major and minor
axes 2a and 2b respectively.
(VIII) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves

(y − b) = 4(x − a).
6. Solve the following differential equations.
(I) (1 − x ) − xy = x , given that x = 0, y = 2
(II) x + 2y = x log x
(III) + y = cos x + , x>0
(IV) dy = cos x (2 − y cosec x)dx; given that x = , y = 2
(V) ydx + (x − y )dy = 0
(VI) ye dx = (y + 2xe )dy
7. Solve each of the following differential equations:
(I) y−x =2 y +
(II) cos y dx + (1 + 2e ) sin y dy = 0
(III) x 1 − y dx + y√1 − x dy = 0
(IV) (1 − x )(1 − y )dy + xy dx = 0
(V) (xy + x)dx + (yx + y)dy = 0; y(0) = 1
(VI) − y sin x cos x + xy e = 0
(VII) tan x tan y dx + sec x sec y dy = 0
(VIII) = x − 1 + xy − y
8. Solve the following differential equations:
(I) x y dx − (x + y ) dy = 0
(II) x = x + xy + y
(III) (x − y )dx + 2xy dy = 0, y(1) = 1
(IV) y sin dx = x sin − y dy
(V) = + tan
(VI) x = y (log y − log x + 1)
(VII) = e +x e
(VIII) =
(IX) (3xy + y )dx + (x + xy)dy = 0
9. (I) Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching

y-axis at (0, 0).
(II) Form the differential equation of family of parabolas having

vertex at (0,0) and axis along the (i) positive y-axis (ii) positive
x-axis.
(III) Form differential equation of family of circles passing through

origin and whose centres lie on x-axis.
(IV) Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first
quadrant and touching the coordinate axes.
10. Show that the differential equation = is homogeneous and solve it.
11. Show that the differential equation:
(x + 2xy − y )dx + (y + 2xy − x )dy = 0is homogeneous and solve it.
(I) − 2 = cos 3
(II) sin + cos =2 cos =1
(III) log = +
(I) (x + y ) dx = (x y + xy )dy
(II) x dy − y dx = x + y dx

(III) y x cos + y sin dx
−x y sin − x cos dy = 0
(IV) x dy + y(x + y) dx = 0 given that y=1 when x=1.
(V) xe − y + x = 0 if y (e) = 0
(VI) (x − 3xy ) dx = (y − 3x y)dy
(VII) − + cosec = 0 given that y = 0 when x = 1
(I) cos x = tan x − y
(II) x cos x + y (x sin x + cos x) = 1
(III) 1+e dx + e 1− dy = 0
(IV) (y − sin x) dx + tan x dy = 0, y(0) = 0
(I) (x dy − y dx)y sin = (y dx + x dy) x cos

(II) 3e tan y y dx + (1 − e )sec y dy = 0given that y = , when x = 1
(III) + y cot x = 2x + x cot x given that y(0) = 0.
16. Show that the differential equation
2y e dx + y − 2x e dy = 0 is homogenous. Find the particular

solution of this differential equation given that x = 0 when y = 1.
ANSWERS
1. (i) order = 1, degree is not defined
(ii) order = 2,degree = 1
(iii) order = 4,degree = 1
(iv) order = 5,degree is not defined.
(v) order = 2, degree = 2
(vi) order = 2,degree = 2
(viii) order = 3,degree = 2
(viii) order = 1,degree is not defined
2. (I) e (II) e
( )
(III) e ⁄
(IV) e
(V) (VI) sec x
(VII) e

3. (I) 2 (II) 1
(III) 2 (IV) 1
(V) 1 (VI) 2
(VII) 2
x 6 x3
4. (I) y  – 2log | x |  c (II) y  loge | e x  e x |  c
6 3
x4 x e1
(III) y  ex  c (IV) 5x + 5–y = c
4 e 1
(V) 2(y – x) + sin 2y + sin 2x = c
(VI) 2 log |3x + 1| + 3 log |1 – 2y| = c
5. (VI) −2 + 2y = 0
(VII) x + xy =y
(VIII) 2 + =0
√
6. (I) y√1 − x + = +2
( )
(II) y= +
(III) y = sin x + , x > 0
(IV) 2y sin x = 3 − cos 2x
(V) xy = +c
(VI) x = −y + cy
7. (I) cy = (x + 2)(1 − 2y)
(II) (e + 2) sec y = c
(III) √1 − x + 1 − y = c
(IV) log = √1 − x − 1 − y + c
(V) (x + 1)(y + 1) = 2
(VI) log y = − cos x + cos x + xe − e + c
1 cos 2x
= − cos 2x + (x − 1)e + c
16 3
(VII) log|tan y| − =c
(VIII) log|y + 1| = −x+c
8. (I) + 3 log|y| = c
(II) tan = log|x| + c
(III) x + y = 2x
(IV) y = ce ( ⁄ )
(V) sin = cx
(VI) log|y⁄x| = cx
(VII) −e =e + +c

(VIII) sin y = sin x+c
(IX) |y + 2xy| =
9. (I) x − y + 2xy =0
(II) 2y = x , y = 2x
(III) x − y + 2xy =0
(IV) (x − y) (1 + y ) = (x + yy )
10. log|x + xy + y | = 2√3 tan +c

√
11. = (x + y)
12. (I) y= − + Ce
(II) y = sin x + cosec x
(III) - e = e +c
13. (I) −y = x log c(x − y)
(II) cx = y + x + y
(III) xy cos =c

(IV) 3x y = y + 2x
(V) y = −x log(log|x|), x ≠ 0
(VI) c(x + y ) = x −y
(VII) cos = log|x| + 1
14. (I) y = tan x − 1 + ce
(II) y= +c
(III) x + ye = c
(IV) 2y = sin x
15. (I) = sec
(II) (1 − ) tan = (1 − )
(III) =
16. /
= − log| | + 1

CHAPTER–10
VECTORS
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector. It
is denoted by a directed line segment.
 Two or more vectors which are parallel to same line are called collinear
vectors.
 Position vector of a point P(a, b, c) w.r.t. origin (0, 0, 0) is denoted by

where OP = aı̂ + b ̂ + ck and = √a + b + c .
 If A(x , y , z ) and B(x , y , z ) be any two points in space, then
= (x − x )ı̂ + (y − y ) ̂ + (z − z )kand
= (x − x ) + (y − y ) + (z − z)
 Any vector ais called unit vector if|a| = 1 It is denoted by
 If two vectors and are represented in magnitude and direction by

the two sides of a triangle in order, then their sum + is represented
in magnitude and direction by third side of a triangle taken in opposite
order. This is called triangle law of addition of vectors.
 If is any vector and is a scalar, then λ is vector collinear with a

and |λ a| = |λ||a|.
 If a and b are two collinear vectors, then a = where λ is some

scalar.

 Any vector a can be written as a = |a|awhere is a unit vector in the
direction of a.
 If and be the position vectors of points A and B, and C is any point

which divides in ratio m:n internally then position vector of point C
is given as c = . if C divides in ratio m:n externally,
thenc = .
 The angles , made by r = aı̂ + b ̂ + ckwith positive direction

of x, y and z-axis are called angles and cosines of these angles are
called direction cosines of usually denoted as l  cos  , m  cos  ,
n  cos 
Also I=
| |
, m = | | , n = | | and I + m + n = 1
 The numbers a, b, c proportional to I, m, n are called direction ratios.
 Scalar product or dot product of two vectors a and b is denoted as
a . b and is defined as a. b = |a| b cos is the angle between
.(0 ≤ ≤ ).
 Dot product of two vectors is commutative i.e. . = .
 a . b = 0 ⟺ a = o, b = o or a ⊥ b.
 a . a = |a| , so ı̂ . I = ̂ . J = k. K = 1
 Ifa = a ı̂ + a ̂ + a k and b = b ı̂ + b ̂ + b k,then
a .b = a b + a b + a b .

a. b
 Projection of = and
b
.
Projection vector of a along b = b.
 Cross product or vector product of two vectorsaandbis denoted as a × b

and is defined as × =| | sin . were is the angle between
aandb .(0 ≤ ≤ ). And is a unit vector perpendicular to both

such that . from a right handed system.
 Cross product of two vectors is not commutative i.e., × b ≠ b × a,

but a × b = − b × a .
 a × b = 0 ⟺ a = 0, b = 0or a b.
 ı̂ × ı̂ = ̂ × ̂ = k × k = 0.
 ı̂ × ̂ = k, ̂ × k = ı̂, k × ı̂ = and ̂ × ı̂ = −k, k × ̂ = −ı, ı̂ × k = −
 If a = a ı̂ + a ̂ + a k and b = b ı̂ + b ̂ + b k,then
ı̂ ̂ k
a×b= a a a
b b b

×
Unit vector perpendicular to both a and b = ± .
×
 a × b is the area of parallelogram whose adjacent sides area and b
 a × b is the area of parallelogram where diagonals are a and b.
 If a, b and c form a triangle, then area of the triangle

 = a×b = b×c = |c × a|.
 Scalar triple product of three vectora, band cis defined as a. b × c and

is denotes as ab c
 Geometrically, absolute value of scalar triple product abc represents

volume of a parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are a b and c.
 a, b and care coplanar ⟺ ab c = 0
 abc = bca = cab
 If a = a ı̂ + a ̂ + a k, b = b ı̂ + b ̂ + b k and c = c ı̂ +
c ̂ + c k then
a a a
abc = b b b
c c c
 Then scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if any two of them are
same or collinear.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 MARK)
1. If AB = 3ı̂ + 2 ̂ − k and the coordinate of A are (4,1,1), then find the

coordinates of B.
2. Let a = −2ı̂ + ̂, b = ı̂ + 2 ̂ and c = 4ı̂ + 3 . Find the values of x
and y such that c = xa + yb.
3. Find a unit vector in the direction of the resultant of the vectors ı̂ − ̂ +
3k, 2ı̂ + ̂ − 2k and ı̂ + 2 ̂ − 2k.

4. Find a vector of magnitude of 5 units parallel to the resultant of vector
=2 ̂+3 ̂+ and = ( ̂–2 ̂– )
5. For what value of λ are the vector perpendicular to each other?
Where = ̂+2 ̂+ and =5 ̂−9 ̂+2
6. Write the value of p for which =3 ̂+2 ̂+9 and = ̂+ ̂+3

are parallel vectors.
7. For any two vectors write when + = − holds.
8. Find the value of p if 2 ̂ + 6 ̂ + 27 × ̂+3 ̂+ =0
9. Evaluate: ̂. ̂× + ̂× . ̂
10. If = 2 ̂ − 3 ̂, = ̂ + ̂ − , = 3 ̂ − , find
11. If =5 ̂−4 ̂+ , = −4 ̂ + 3 ̂ − 2 and = ̂ − 2 ̂ − 2 , then

evaluate . ( × )
12. Show that vector ̂ + 3 ̂ + , 2 ̂ − ̂ − , 7 ̂ + 3 are parallel to same

plane.
13. Find a vector of magnitude 6 which is perpendicular to both the vectors
2 ̂− ̂+2 and 4 ̂ − ̂ + 3 .
14. If . = 0, then what can you say about ?
15. If are two vectors such that × = . , then what is the
angle between ?

16. Find the area of a parallelogram having diagonals 3 ̂ + ̂ − 2 and ̂ −
3 ̂+4 .
17. If ̂, ̂ are three mutually perpendicular vectors, then find the
value of ̂. ( × ̂).
18. P and Q are two points with position vectors 3 − 2 and +

respectively. Write the position vector of a point R which divides the
segment PQ in the ratio 2:1 externally.
19. Find λ when scalar projection of = ̂ + ̂ + 4 on =2 ̂+6 ̂+3

is 4 units.
20. Find “a” so that the vectors =3 ̂−2 ̂ and =2 ̂+ ̂ be

orthogonal.
21. If = ̂ − ̂ + , =2 ̂+ ̂− and = ̂− ̂+ are coplanar,

find the value of λ.
22. What is the point of trisection of PQ nearer to P if positions of P and Q

are 3 ̂ + 3 ̂ − 4 and 9 ̂ + 8 ̂ − 10 respectively?
23. What is the angle between and , if . = 3 and × = 3√3.
Q.1. A vector r is inclined to x – axis at 45° and y-axis at 60° if | r | = 8 units.

 
find r .

Q.2. if | a  b | = 60, | a – b | = 40 and b = 46 find | a |

     
Q.3. Write the projection of b  c on a where

  
a  2i – 2 j  k , b  i  2 j – 2k and c  2i – j  4k

  

Q.4. If the points (–1, –1, 2), (2, m, 5) and (3, 11, 6) are collinear, find the
value of m.
Q.5. For any three vectors a, b and c write value of the following.
 
a  (b  c )  b  (c  a )  c  (a  b )
        
Q.6. If ( a  b) 2  ( a .b ) 2 find the value of | b |.

    
Q.7. If for any two vectors a and b ,

 
( a  b ) 2  ( a  b ) ( a ) 2  (b )  then write the value of  .

     
Q.8. if a, b are two vectors such that | ( a  b ) | = | a | then prove that 2 a + b is

     
perpendicular to b .

Q.9. Show that vectors a  3i – 2 j  k


b  iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ, c  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ form a right angle triangle.

 
Q.10. If a , b, c are three vectors such that a  b  c = 0 and | a | = 5, | b | = 12, | c |

        
= 13, then find a.b  b.c  c.a

    
Q.11. The two vectors i  j and 3i – j  4 k represents the two sides AB and AC
respectively of  ABC, find the length of median through A.
1. The points A,B and C with position vectors 3 ̂ − ̂+2 , 5 ̂− ̂+

3 ̂+3 ̂− are collinear. Find the values of x and y and also
the ratio in which the point B divides AC.
2. If sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of
their difference is √3.

3. Let =4 ̂+5 ̂− , = ̂−4 ̂+5 and =3 ̂+ ̂− . Find a
vector which is perpendicular to both and satisfying . = 21
4. If are unit vectors inclined at an angle then proved that
(i) cos = +
(ii) tan =
5. If a, b, c are three mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude.

  
Prove that a  b  c is equally in clined with vectors a, b and c . Also find

     
angles.
6. For any vector prove that | × ̂| + | × ̂| + × = 2| |
7. Show that × =| | − . = . .
. .
8. If , are the position vectors of vertices A,B,C of a ∆ ABC, show
that the area of triangle ABC is × + × + × . Deduce the
condition for points , to be collinear.
9. Let , be unit vectors such that . = . = 0 and the angle

between b and c is /6, prove that = ±2 × .
10. If , are three vectors such that + + =0, then prove that
× = × = × .
11. If = ̂ + ̂ + , = ̂ − are given vectors, then find a vector

satisfying the equations × = and . = 3.

12. Let , be three non zero vectors such that is a unit vector
perpendicular to both . if the angle between is /6,
prove that = | |
13. If the vectors = ̂+ ̂+ , = ̂+ ̂+ and = ̂+ ̂+ are

coplanar, then prove that + + = 1 where a≠ 1, ≠1 ≠1
14. Find the altitude of a parallelepiped determined by the vectors
, if the base is taken as parallelogram determined by
and if = ̂+ ̂+ , =2 ̂+4 ̂− and = ̂+ ̂+3 .
15. Show that four points whose position vectors are 6 ̂ − 7 ̂, 16 ̂ − 19 ̂ −
4 , 3 ̂ − 6 , 2 ̂ − 5 ̂ + 10 are coplanar.
16. If | | = 3, =4 | | = 5 such that each is perpendicular to
sum of the other two, find + +
17. Decompose the vector 6 ̂ − 3 ̂ − 6 into vectors which are parallel and
perpendicular to the vector ̂ + ̂ + .
18. If , are vectors such that . = . , × = × , a≠ 0,

then show that = .
19. If , are three non zero vectors such that × = and × = .

Prove that , are mutually at right angles and = 1 and| | =
| |
20. Simplify − , − , −
21. If = 2, find the volume of the parallelepiped whose co-terminus
edges are 2 + , 2 + , 2 + .
22. If , are three vectors such that + + = 0 and | | = 3,

= 5, | | = 7, find the angle between .
23. The magnitude of the vector product of the vector ̂ + ̂ + with a unit
vector along the sum of the vector 2 ̂ + 4 + 5 and λ ̂ + 2 ̂ + 3 is

equal to √2. Find the value of λ.
24. If × = × and × = × , prove that − is parallel to
− , where ≠ and ≠ .
25. Find a vector of magnitude √51 which makes equal angles with the
vector = ̂−2 +2 , = −4 ̂ − 3 and = ̂
26. If , are perpendicular to each other, then prove that =
27. If = 3 ̂ − ̂ and = 2 ̂ + ̂ + 3 then express in the form of =
+ , where is parallel to and is perpendicular to .
28. Find a unit vector perpendicular to plane ABC, when position vectors
of A,B,C are 3 − ̂ + 2 , ̂ − ̂ − 3 and 4 ̂ − 3 + respectively.
29. Find a unit vector in XY plane which makes an angle 45° with the
vector ̂ + ̂ at angle of 60° with the vector 3 ̂ − 4 ̂.

30. Suppose =λ ̂−7 ̂+3 , =λ ̂+ ̂+2 . If the angle between
and is greater than 90° , then prove that satisfies the inequality−7 <
< 1.
31. Let =2 + ̂− and = ̂ + 3 . If u is a unit vector, then find the

maximum value of he scalar triple products , , .
32. If = ̂− , = ̂ + ̂ + (1 − ) and = ̂+ ̂ + (1 + − )
then prove that depends upon neither x nor y.
33. A, b and c are distinct non negative numbers, if the vectors a ̂ + ̂+

, ̂ + and ̂+ ̂+ lie in a plane, then prove that c is the
geometric mean of a and b.
1+
34. If 1+ = 0 and vectors (1, , ), (1, , ) (1, , ) are
1+
non-coplanar, then find the value of abc. (Ans. = –1)
Answers
Very Short Answer
1. (7, 3, 0)
2. = −1, =2
3. 4 ̂+ 2 ̂−
√
5  
4. (3i  j )
2

16
5. 
5
6. 2
3
7. aand bareperperdicular
 
27
8.
2
9. 0
10. 4
11. –5
12. ...........
13. –2i  4 j  4k
14. Either a = 0 or b = 0 or a  b
   
15. 45°
16. 5 3 sq. Units
17. 1
18. –4
19. 5
20. A=3

21.  1
22.
 14 
 5, , –6
3
23. 
3
SHORT ANSWER TYPE [2 MARKS]
1. 4( 2 i  j  k )
2. 22
3. 2
4. m = 8
5. 0
6. 3
7.   2
8. —
9. —
10. –169
11. 34 / 2
Short Answer Type Answer
1. = 3, = 3, 1: 2
3. =7 ̂−7 ̂−7
5. cos
√
11. = ̂+ ̂+

14. units
√
16. 5√2
17. − ̂− ̂− + 7 ̂−2 ̂−5
20. 0
21. 18 cu. Units
22. 60°
23. =1
27. = ̂− ̂ + ̂+ ̂+3
28. 10 ̂ + 7 ̂ − 4
√
29. ̂+
31. 59
34. −1

CHAPTER–11
THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Distance Formula: Distance (d) between two points( , ,
)and( , , )
= ( − ) +( − ) +( − )
 Section Formula: line segment AB is divided by P (x, y, z) in ratio m:n
(a) Internally (b) Externally
+ + + − − −
, , , ,
+ + + − − −
 Direction ratio of a line through ( , , )and ( , , ) are −

, − , −
 Direction cosines of a line having direction ratios as a, b, c are:
l=± , =± , =±
√ √ √
 Equation of line in space:
Vector form Cartesian form
(i)Passing through point and (i) Passing through point

parallel to vector ; = + ( , , )and having
direction ratiosa,b,c;
= =

(ii)Passing through two points (ii) Passing through two points
and ; = + ( − ) ( , ) and ( , );
= =
 Angle between two lines:
Vector form Cartesian form
(i) For lines = + and =

1. (ii) For lines = = and
+ cos = 2
1 2
= =
cos
| + + 1 2|
=
1 2 1 2
+ + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
(iii) Lines are perpendicular if . =(ii) Lines are perpendicular if

0 + + =0
(iv) Lines are parallel if = ; (i) Lines are parallel if
≠0
= =
 Equation of plane:
If p is length of perpendicular from If p is length of perpendicular from

origin to plane and is unit vector origin to plane and l, m, n ared.c.s of
normal to plane . = normal to plane + + =
Passing through and is normal to Passing through ( , , ) and a, b, c

plane :( − ). =0 are d.r.s of normal to plane:
( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )=0
Passing through three non collinear Passing through three non collinear
points , , : points( , , )( , , )( , , ):
− − −
( − ). − ×( − ) =0 − − − =0
− − −
If a, b, c are intercepts on co- If , , are intercepts on coordinate
ordinate axes + + =1 axes + + =1
Plane passing through line of Plane passing through the line of

intersection of planes . = intersection of planes
and . = is
+ + + = 0 and
.( + )= + (λ=real
+ + + = 0 is
no.)
( + + + )
+ ( + +
+ )=0
 Angle between planes:
Angle θ between planes Angle θ between planes
. = and . = is + + = and
| . | + + = is
cos =
| || | cos
| + + |
=
+ + + +
Planes are perpendicular iff . = 0 Planes are perpendicular iff

+ + =0
Planes are parallel iff = ; λ≠ 0 Planes are parallel if
= =
 Angle between line and plane:
Angle θ between line = + Angle θ between line
and plane . = is sin =

= = and plane
cos(90° − )
. + + = is
=
| |
sin
+ +
− =
b
2
n
+ + + +
0
 Distance of a point from a plane
The perpendicular distance p from The perpendicular distance p from the

the point P with position vector to point P ( , , ) to the plane +
the plane . = is given by + + = 0 is given by
| . − | | + + + |
= =
| | √ + +
 Coplanarity

Two lines = + and Two lines = = and
= + are coplanar iff
( − ). × =0
= = are coplanar iff
− − −
=0
 Shortest distance between two skew lines
The shortest distance between lines The shortest distance between

= + and = + is
= = and
( − ). ×
= = = is
×
− − −
=
√
Where
= ( − ) +( − )
+( − )
1. What is the distance of point (a, b, c) from x-axis?
2. What is the angle between the lines 2 = 3 = − and 6 =– =

−4 ?

3. Write the equation of a line passing through (2, -3, 5) and parallel to
line = = .
4. Write the equation of a line through (1, 2, 3) and parallel to . ̂− ̂+

3 = 5.
5. What is the value of λ for which the lines = = and =
= are perpendicular to each other?
6. Write line = ( ̂ − ̂) + 2 ̂− into Cartesian form.
7. If the direction ratios of a line are 1, -2, 2 then what are the direction
cosines of the line?
8. Find the angle between the planes 2 − 3 + 6 = 9 and xy – plane.
9. Write equation of a line passing through (0, 1, 2) and equally inclined to

co-ordinate axes.
10. What is the perpendicular distance of plane 2 − + 3 = 10 from

origin?
11. What is the y-intercept of the plane − 5 + 7 = 10?
12. What is the distance between the planes 2 + 2 − + 2 = 0 and 4 +

4 − 2 + 5 = 0.
13. What is the equation of the plane which cuts off equal intercepts of unit
length on the coordinate axes?

14. Are the planes + −2 +4 =0 and 3 +3 −6 +5 = 0
intersecting?
15. What is the equation of the plane through the point (1, 4, -2) and
parallel to the plane−2 + −3 =7?
16. Write the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 8 units
from the origin and is normal to the vector 2 ̂ + ̂ + 2 .
17. What is equation of the plane if the foot of perpendicular from origin to
this plane is (2, 3, 4)?
18. Find the angles between the planes . ̂ − 2 ̂ − 2 = 1 and . 3 ̂ −
6 ̂+2 = 0.
19. If O is origin OP = 3 with direction ratios proportional to -1, 2, -2 then

what are the coordinates of P?
20. What is the distance between the line =2 ̂−2 ̂+3 + ̂+ ̂+4
from the plane . − ̂ + 5 ̂ − + 5 = 0.
21. Write the line 2 = 3 = 4 in vector form.
22. The line = = lies exactly in the plane 2 − 4 + = 7.
Find the value of k.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MAKS EACH)
x 1 2y –1 2 – z
Q.23. What is the angle between the line   and the plane 2x
3 4 –4
+ y – 2z + 4 = 0
Q.24. Find the equation of a line passing though (2, 0, 5) and which is parallel to
line 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z –2
Q.25. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (2, 3, –4) and
(1, –1, 3) and parallel to the x – axis.
Q.26. Find the distance between the planes 2x + 3y –4z + 5 = 0 and

r .(4i  6 j – 8 k )  11
Q.27. The equation of a line are 5x – 3 = 15y + 7 = 3 – 10 z. Write the direction

cosines of the line
Q.28. If a line makes angle  with Co-ordinate axis then what is the value of
sin2  + sin2  + sin2
Q.29. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2, 0, 1) and parallel
to the line whose equation is r  (2   3)i  (7  – 1) j  (–3  2) k

Q.30. The plane 2x – 3y + 6 z – 11 = 0 makes an angle sin–1  with x – axis. Find

the value of  .
Q.31. If 4x + 4y – cz = 0 is the equation of the plane passing through the origin

x5 y z –7
that contains the line   , then find the value of c.
2 3 4
Q.32. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (–2, 1, –3) and
making equal intercept on the coordinate axes.
Q.33. Write the sum of intercepts cut off by the plane r .(2i  j – k ) – 5  0 on the
three axis.

34. Find the equation of a plane containing the points (0, –1, –1), (–4, 4, 4)
and (4, 5, 1). Also show that (3, 9, 4) lies on that plane.
35. Find the equation of the plane which is perpendicular to the plane
. 5 ̂+3 ̂+6 + 8 = 0 and which is containing the line of intersection
of the planes . ̂ + 2 ̂ + 3 = 4 and . 2 ̂+ ̂− + 5 = 0.
36. Find the distance of the point (3, 4, 5) from the plane + + =2
measured parallel to the line 2 = = .
37. Find the distance of the point (–2, 3, –4) from the line = =
measured parallel to the plane 4 + 12 − 3 + 1 = 0.
38. Find vector and Cartesian equation of a line passing through a point
with position vector 2 ̂ − ̂ + and which is parallel to the line joining
the points with position vectors− ̂ + 4 ̂ + and ̂ + 2 ̂ + 2 .
39. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (3, 4, 2) and
(7, 0, 6) and is perpendicular to the plane 2 − 5 = 15.
40. Find equation of plane through line of intersection of planes . (2 ̂ +

6 ̂) + 12 = 0 and . 3 ̂ − ̂ + 4 = 0 which is at a unit distance from
origin.
41. Find the image of point (3, –2, 1) in the plane 3 − + 4 = 2.
42. Find image (reflection) of the point (7, 4, –3) in the line = =

43. Find equation of a plane passing through the points (2, –1, 0) and (3,–
4, 5) and parallel to the line 2 = 3 = 4 .
44. Find the distance of the point (–1, –5, –10) from the point of
intersection of line = = and the plane − + = 5.
45. Find the distance of the point (1, -2, 3) from the plane − + = 5,
measured parallel to the line = = .
46. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of two
plane 3 − 4 + 5 = 10, 2 + 2 − 3 = 4 and parallel to the line =
2 =3 .
47. Find the equation of the planes parallel to the plane −2 +2 −3 =

0 whose perpendicular distance from the point (1, 2, 3) is 1 unit.
48. Show that the lines line = = and line = =
intersect each other. Find the point of intersection.
49. Find the shortest distance between the lines:
= ̂+2 ̂+3 + 2 ̂+3 ̂+4 and
= 2 ̂+4 ̂+5 + 3 ̂+4 ̂+5 .
50. Find the distance of the point (-2, 3, -4) from the line = =
measured parallel to the plane 4 + 12 − 3 + 1 = 0.

51. Find the equation of plane passing through the point (-1, -1, 2) and
perpendicular to each of the plane
. 2 ̂+3 ̂−3 = 2 and . 5 ̂ − 4 ̂ + =6
52. Find the equation of a plane passing through (-1, 3, 2) and parallel to
each of the line = = and = =
53. Show that the plane . ̂−3 ̂+5 = 7 contains the line
= ̂+3 ̂+3 + (3 ̂ + ̂).
54. Check the co planarity of lines
= −3 ̂ + ̂ + 5 + −3 ̂ + ̂ + 5 .
= − ̂+2 ̂+5 + − ̂+2 ̂+5
If they are coplanar, find equation of the plane containing the lines.
55. Find shortest distance between the lines:
= = and = =
56. Find the shortest distance between the lines:
= (1 − ) ̂ + ( − 2) ̂ + (3 − 2 )
= ( + 1) ̂ + (2 − 1) ̂ − (2 + 1)

57. A variable plane is at a constant distance 3 p from the origin and meets
the coordinates axes in A, B and C. If the centroid of ∆ is ( , , ),
then show that + + =
58. A vector of magnitude 8 units is inclined to x-axis at 45°, y axis at 60°

and an acute angle with z-axis. If a plane passes through a point
√2, −1, 1 and is normal to , find its equation in vector form.
59. Find the foot of perpendicular from the point 2 ̂ − ̂ + 5 on the line =
11 ̂ − 2 ̂ − 8 + 10 ̂ − 4 ̂ − 11 . Also find the length of the
perpendicular.
60. A line makes angles , , , with the four diagonal of a cube. Prove
that + + + =
61. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of
planes 2 + 3 − = −1 and + − 2 + 3 = 0 and perpendicular to
the plane 3 − − 2 = 4. Also find the inclination of this plane with
xy-plane.
62. Find the length and the equations of the line of shortest distance
between the lines = = and = = .
63. Show that = = and = , = 2. do not intersect each
other.

ANSWERS
–3 DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 2 MARKS EAEH
Q.23. 0° (line is parallel to plane )
x–2 y z–5
Q.24.  
1 2 3
Q.25. 7y + 4z = 5
21
Q.26. units
2 29
6 2 –3
Q.27. , ,
7 7 7
Q.28. 2
Q.29. r  (2i  k )   (2 j  7 j – 3k )


2
Q.30. =
7
Q.31. C = 5
Q.32. x + y + z = –1
5
Q.33.
2

Answers
1. √ + 14. No
2. 90° 15. −2 + −3 =8
3. = = 16. . 2 ̂+ ̂+2 = 24
4. = ̂+2 ̂+3 + 17. 2 + 3 + 4 = 29
̂− ̂+3
18. cos
5. λ=2
19. (–1, 2,–2)
6. = =
20.
√
7. ± ,± ,±
21. =0+ 6 ̂+4 ̂+3 .

8. cos (6/7)
22. k=7
9. = = ,
34. 5 − 7 + 11 + 4 = 0
∈ − 0
35. . −51 ̂ − 15 ̂ + 50 = 173

10.
√
36. 6 units
11. −2
37. unit
12.
38. = 2 ̂− ̂+ + 2 ̂−2 ̂+
13. + + =1
and = =
39. 5 + 2 − 3 − 17 = 0 56.
√
40. . 2 ̂+ ̂+2 +3=0 or

. − ̂+2 ̂−2 +3=0
41. (0, -1, -3) 58. . √2 ̂ + ̂ + =2
42. − ,− , 59. (1, 2, 3), √14
43. 29 −27y–22z=85
44. 13
61. 7 + 13 + 4 =
45. 1 unit
9, cos
√
46. − 20 + 27 = 14
62. = 14 ,
47. −2 +2 =0 −2 +
2 =6 −5 −7 −3
= =
2 3 6
48. ,− ,−
49.
√
50. units
51. . 9 ̂ + 17 ̂ + 23 = 20
52. 2 − 7 + 4 + 15 = 0
54. −2 + = 0
55. 14 units

CHAPTER 12
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Linear programming is the process used to obtain minimum or maximum

value of the linear objectives function under known linear constraints.
 Objective Functions: Linear function z = ax + by where a and b are

constants, which has to be maximized or minimized is called a linear
objective function.
 Constraints: the linear inequalities or inequations or restrictions on the

variables of a linear programming problem.
 Feasible Region: It is defined as a set of points which satisfy all the

constraints.
 To Find Feasible Region: Draw the graph of all the linear in equations
and shade common region determined by all the constraints.
 Feasible Solutions: Points within and on the boundary of the feasible

region represents feasible solutions of the constraints.
 Optimal Feasible Solution: Feasible solution which optimizes the

objective function is called optimal feasible solution.
1. Solve the following L.P.P. graphically
Minimise and maximise =3 +9

Subject to the constraints + 3 ≤ 60
+ ≥ 10
≤
≥ 0, ≥0
2. Determine graphically the minimum value of the objective function =

−50 + 20 , subject to he constraints.
2 − ≥ −5
3 + ≥3
2 − 3 ≤ 12
≥ 0, ≥0
3. Two tailors A and B earn Rs. 150 and Rs. 200 per day respectively. A can
stitch 6 shirts and 4 pants per day, while B can stitch 10 shirts and 4 pants
per day. How many days shall each work if it is desired to produce atleast
60 shirts and 32 pants at a minimum labour cost? Solve the problem
graphically.
4. There are two types of fertilisers A and B. A consists of 10% nitrogen and
6% phosphoric acid and B consists of 5% nitrogen and 10% phosphoric
acid. After testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds that he needs at least
14 kg of nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphoric acid for his crop. If A costs Rs.
6 per kg and B costs Rs. 5 per kg, determine how much of each type of
fertiliser should be used so that nutrient requirements are met at minimum
cost. What is the minimum cost? What values are being promoted here?
5. A man has Rs. 1500 to purchase two types of shares of two different
companies and . Market price of one share of is Rs. 180 and is
Rs 120. He wishes to purchase a maximum of ten shares only. If one
share of type gives a yield of Rs. 11 and of type yields Rs. 8 then how
much shares of each type must be purchased to get maximum profit? And
what will be the maximum profit?
6. A company manufactures two types of lamps say A and B. Both lamps go

through a cutter and then a finisher. Lamp A requires 2 hours of the
cutter’s time and 1 hours of the finisher’s time. Lamp B requires 1 hour of
cutter’s and 2 hours of finisher’s time. The cutter has 100 hours and
finisher has 80 hours of time available each month. Profit on one lamp A
is Rs. 7.00 and on one lamp B is Rs. 13.00. Assuming that he can sell all
that he produces, how many of each type of lamps should be
manufactured to obtain maximum profit?
7. A dealer wishes to purchase a number of fans and sewing machines. He

has only Rs. 5760 to invest and has space for atmost 20 items. A fan and
sewing machine cost Rs. 360 and Rs. 240 respectively. He can sell a fan
at a profit of Rs. 22 and sewing machine at a profit of Rs. 18. Assuming
that he can sell whatever he buys, how should he invest his money to
maximise his profit?
8. If a young man rides his motorcycle at 25 km/h, he has to spend Rs. 2 per
km on petrol. If he rides at a faster speed of 40 km/h, the petrol cost
increase to Rs. 5 per km. He has Rs. 100 to spend on petrol and wishes
to cover the maximum distance within one hour. Express this as L.P.P.
and then solve it graphically.
9. A producer has 20 and 10 units of labour and capital respectively which he

can use to produce two kinds of goods X and Y. To produce one unit of X,

2 units of capital and 1 unit of labour is required. To produce one unit of Y,
3 units of labour and 1 unit of capital is required. If X and Y are priced at
Rs. 80 and Rs. 100 per unit respectively, how should the producer use his
resources to maximise the total revenue?
10. A factory owner purchases two types of machines A and B for his factory.
The requirements and limitations for the machines are as follows:
Machine Area Occupied Labour Force Daily Output(In units)
A 1000 12 men 50
B 1200 8 men 40
He has maximum area of 7600 available and 72 skilled labourers who

can operate both the machines. How many machines of each type should
he buy to maximise the daily output?
11. A manufacturer makes two types of cups A and B. Three machines are
required to manufacture the cups and the time in minutes required by each
in as given below:
Types of Cup Machines
I II III
A 12 18 6
B 6 0 9
Each machine is available for a maximum period of 6 hours per day. If the
profit on each cup A is 75 paisa and on B is 50 paisa, find how many cups
of each type should be manufactures to maximise the profit per day.

12. A company produces two types of belts A and B. Profits on these belts are
Rs. 2 and Rs. 1.50 per belt respectively. A belt of type A requires twice as
much time as belt of type B. The company can produce at most 1000
belts of type B per day. Material for 800 belts per day is available. At
most 400 buckles for belts of type A and 700 for type B are available per
day. How much belts of each type should the company produce so as to
maximize the profit?
13. An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs. 400
is made on each first class ticket and a profit of Rs. 300 is made on each
second class ticket. The airline reserves at a least 20 seats for first class.
However at least four times as many passengers prefer to travel by
second class than by first class. Determine how many tickets of each type
must be sold to maximize profit for the airline.
14. A diet for a sick person must contain at least 4000 units of vitamins, 50
units of minerals and 1400 units of calories. Two foods A and B are
available at a cost of Rs. 5 and Rs. 4 per unit respectively. One unit of
food A contains 200 units of vitamins, 1 unit of minerals and 40 units of
calories whereas one unit of food B contains 100 units of vitamins, 2 units
of minerals and 40 units of calories. Find what combination of the food A
and B should be used to have least cost but it must satisfy the
requirements of the sick person. What is balanced diet and what is the
importance of balanced diet in daily life?
15. Anil wants to invest at most Rs, 12000 in bonds A and B. According to the
rules, he has to invest at least Rs. 2000 in Bond A and at least Rs. 4000 in
bond B. If the rate of interest on bond A and B are 8% and 10% per

annum respectively, how should he invest this money for maximum
interest? Formulate the problem as L.P.P. and solve graphically.
Answers
1. Min z = 60 at x = 5, y = 5
Max z = 180 at the two corner points (0, 20) and (15, 5).
2. No minimum value
3. Minimum cost = Rs. 1350 at 5 days of A and 3 days of B.
4. 100 kg of fertiliser A and 80 kg of fertilisers B; minimum cost Rs. 1000.

Values promoted are keeping the productivity of the soil so that vegetables
and fruits are free from chemicals.
5. Maximum Profit = Rs. 95 with 5 shares of each type.
6. Lamps of type A = 40, Lamps of type B = 20.
7. Fan: 8; Sewing machine: 12, Maximum Profit = Rs. 392.
8. At 25 km/h he should travel 50/3 km, at 40 km/h, 40/3 km. Maximum

distance 30 km in 1 hr.
9. X: 2 units; Y: 6 units; Maximum revenue Rs. 760.
10. Type A: 4; Type B: 3
11. Cup A: 15; Cup B: 30
12. Maximum profit Rs. 1300, No. of belts of type A = 200 No. of belts of type B
= 600.
13. No. of first class ticket = 40, No. of second class ticket = 160.

14. Food A: 5 units, Food B: 30 units
A diet containing all the nutrients in appropriate quantity is called balanced

diet. It is important to have all the nutrients in our diet to keep the body
healthy.
15. Maximum interest is Rs. 1160 at (2000, 10000)

CHAPTER 13
PROBABILITY
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Conditional Probability: If A and B are two events associated with any
random experiment, then P(A/B) represents the probability of occurrence of
event A knowing that event B has already occurred.
( ∩ )
( / )= , ( )≠0
( )
P(B) ≠ 0, means that the event should not be impossible.
P(A ∩ B) = P(A and B) = P(B) × P(A/B)
 Similarly P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = = P(A) × P(B/A) × P(C/AB)
P (A/S) = P(A), P(A/A)= 1, P(S/A)= 1, P( /B)= 1-P (A/B)
 Multiplication Theorem on Probability: If the event A and B are associated

with any random experiment and the occurrence of one depends on the other,
then
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B/A) where P(A) ≠ 0
 When the occurrence of one does not depend on the other then these event
are said to be independent events.
Here P(A/B) = P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B)
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
 Theorem on total probability: If , , … . , be a partition of sample space

and , … . , all have non-zero probability. A be any event associated with
sample space S, which occurs with , ,…., , then

P(A) = P( ) . P(A/ ) + P( ) . P(A/ ) + ...... + P( ) . P(A/ )
If A & B are independent then (i) A ∩ , (ii) ∩ & (iii) ∩ are also
independent.
 Bayes’ theorem : Let S be the sample space and , … . , be n mutually

exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment. If A is
any event which occurs with , …., , then
( ) ( / )
( / )=
( ) ( / )
 Random variable : It is real valued function whose domain is the sample

space of random experiment.
 Probability distribution :It is a system of number of random variable (X),

such that
X: ….
P(X): ( ) ( ) ( )…. ( )
Where P( )> 0 and∑ ( )=1
 Mean or expectation of a random variables (X) is donated by E(X)
( )= = ( )
 Variance of X denoted by var(X) or and
( )= 2 = ( − )2 ( ) = 2
( )− 2
=0 =0

 The non-negative number = ( ) is called standard deviation of
random variable X.
 Bernoulli Trials: Trials of random experiment are called Bernoulli

trails if:
(xi) Number of trials is finite.
(xii) Trials are independent.
(xiii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes-either success or failure.
(xiv) Probability of success remain same in each trail.
 Binomial distribution:
P(X = r) = , , where r= 0, 1, 2, …n
P = Probability of Success
q = Probability of Failure
n = total number of trails
r = value of random variables.
Very Short Answer Type Question (1 Mark)

1. Find P (A/B) if P(A)= 0.4, P(B)= 0.8 and P (B/A)= 0.6
2. Find P (A ∩ ) if A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.6
and P (A ∪ ) = 0.8
3. A soldier fires three bullets on enemy: The probability that the enemy will
be killed by one bullet is 0.7. What is the probability that the enemy is still
alive?

4. If P(A)= , P(B)= and P (not A or not B)= . State whether A and B are
independent.
5. Three coins are tossed once. Find the probability of getting at least one
head.
6. The probability that a student is not a swimmer is . Find the probability

that out of 5 students, 4 are swimmers.
7. Find P(A/B), if P(B) = 0.5 and P(A ∩ ) = 0.32

8. If A and B are two events such that P(A)  0, then find P (B/A) if (i) A is a
subset of B (ii) A  B = 
9. A random variable X has the following probability distribution find K.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 1 K 15 K – 2 K 15 K –1 1
15 15 15 15
1 3
10. If P(A) = , P (A  B ) , and P(B) =q find the value of q if A and B are (i)
2 5
Mutually exclusive (ii) independent events.
3 2 3
11. If P (A) = , P (B) = and P (A  B) = , then find P (B/A) + P (A/B)
10 5 5
12. A die is rolled if the out come is an even number. What is the probability that it
is a prime.

1 1 1
13. If A and B are two-events such that P(A) = , P (B) = and P(A  B) = .
4 2 8
Find P (not A and not B).
14. A pair of die is rolled six times. Find the probability that a third sum of 7 is
observed in sixth throw.
15. Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10%
defective eggs. Find the probability that there is at least one defective egg.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 M ARKS)
16. A problem in mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving

it are , and . What is the probability that the problem is solved?
17. Two aeroplanes X and Y bomb a target in succession. There probabilities

to hit correctly are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The second plane will bomb
only if first miss the target. Find the probability that target is hit by Y plane.
18. A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots B three times in 4 shots and C twice in
3 shots. They fire a volley. What is the probability that at least two shots
hit?
19. Two dice are thrown once. Find the probability of getting an even number
on the first die or a total of 8.
20. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them throws a ‘6’ and wins the
game. Find their respective probabilities of winning, if A starts the game.
21. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backward with
probability 0.6. Find the probability that at the end of eleven steps he is
one step away from the starting point.

22. Two cards are drawn from a pack of well shuffled 52 cards one by one with
replacement. Getting an ace or a spade is considered a success. Find
the probability distribution for the number of successes.
23. In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and looses a rupee for any other
number when a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice
but to quit as and when he gets a six. Find the expected value of the
amount he wins/looses.
24. Suppose that 10% of men and 5% of women have grey hair. A grey
haired person is selected at random. What is the probability that the
selected person is male assuming that there are 60% males and 40%
females?
25. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the
pack, two cards are drawn. What is the probability that they both are
diamonds?
26. If A and B are two independent events such that P ∩ = ) and

P ∩ = then find P(A) and P(B).

27. In a hurdle race, a player has to cross 8hurdles. The probability that he
will clear a hurdle is , what is the probability that he will knock down in
fewer than 2 hurdles?
28. Bag A contains 4 red, 3 white and 2 black balls. Bag B contains 3 res, 2
white and 3 black balls. One ball is transferred from bag A to bag B and
then a ball is drawn from bag B. The ball so drawn is found to be red.
Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.

29. If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of getting.
(i) Exactly six heads,
(ii) at least six heads,
(iii) at most six heads.
30. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that
the probabilities that he will come by train, bus, scooter by other means of
transport are respectively , , .The probabilities that he will be
late are , if he comes by train, bus and scooter respectively but if
comes by other means of transport, then he will not be late. When he

arrives, he is late. What is the probability that he comes by train?
31. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and
reports that it is six. Find the probability that it is actually a six. What is
the importance of “Always Speak the Truth”?
32. An insurance company insured 2000 scoter drivers, 4000 car drivers and
6000 truck drivers. The probability of an accident is 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15
respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is
the probability that he is a scooter driver?
33. Three cards from a pack of 52 cards are lost. One card is drawn from the
remaining cards. If drawn card is heart, find the probability that the lost
cards were all hearts.
34. A box X contains 2 white and 3 red balls and a bag Y contains 4 white
and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is
found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag Y.
35. In answering a question on a multiple choice, a student either knows the
answer or guesses. Let be the probability that he knows the answer and

be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who
guesses at the answer will be incorrect with probability . What is the

probability that the student knows the answer, given that he answered
correctly?
36. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three
times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4 she tosses a
coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained
exactly one head. What is the probability that she throws 1, 2, 3 or 4 with
the die?
37. In a bolt factory machines, A, B and C manufacture bolts in the ratio 6:3:1.
2%, 5% and 10% of the bolts produced by them respectively are defective.
A bolt is picked up at random from the product and is found to be
defective. What is the probability that it has been manufactured by
machine A?
38. Two urns A and B contain 6 black and 4 white, 4 black and 6 white balls
respectively. Two balls are drawn from one of the urns. If both the balls
drawn are white, find the probability that the balls are drawn from urn B.
39. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean
and variance for the number of face cards obtained.
40. A letter is known to have come from TATA NAGAR or from CALCUTTA on
the envelope first two consecutive letters ‘TA’ are visible. What is the
probability that the letter come from TATA NAGAR?
41. Two groups are competing for the position on the Board of Directors of a
corporation. The probabilities that first and the second group will win are
0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further if the first group wins, the probability of
introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3 if
the second group wins. Find the probability that the new product
introduced was by the second group.

42. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from positive
integers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Let X denotes the larger of the two numbers
obtained. Find the mean and variance of the probability distribution of X.
43. An urn contains five balls. Two balls are drawn and are found to be white.
What is the probability that all the balls are white?
44. Find the probability distribution of the number of doublets in four throws of
a pair of dice. Also find the mean and S.D. of his distribution.
45. Three critics review a book. Odds in favour of the book are 5:2, 4:3 and
3:4 respectively for the three critics. Find the probability that the majority
are in favour of the book.
46. A box contains 2 Black, 4 White and 3 Red balls. One by one all balls are
drawn without replacement and arranged in sequence of drawing. Find
the probability that the drawn balls are in sequence of BBWWWRRR.
47. A bag contains 3 White, 3Black and 2 Red balls. 3 balls are successively
drawn without replacement. Find the probability that third ball is red.
Answers
1. 0.3
2.
3. (0.3)
4. No
5.
6.

16
7.
25
8. (i) 1 (ii) 0
4
9. K=
15
1 1
10. (i) (ii)
10 5
11. 7
12
12. 1
3
13. 3
8
 1
6
14. 1250 ×  
 6
 9
10
15. 1–  
 10 
16.
17.
18.
19.

20. ,
21. 0.3678 or 11 (0.4) (0.6)
22.
X 0 1 2
P(X) 81/169 72/169 16/169
23. −
24.
25.
26. ( ) = , ( ) = or ( ) = 5/6, P(B)= 4/5
27.
28.
29. () (ii) (iii)
30.
31. by speaking truth, integrity of character develops.

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. Mean = Variance=
40.
41.
42. Mean = Variance=
43.
√
44. Mean = 2/3 S.D.=
45.
46.

47.

MATHEMATICS 2017
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 100
General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Questions 1-4 in section A carry 1 mark each.
(iii) Question 5-12 in section B carry 2 marks each.
(iv) Question 13-22 in section C carry 4 marks each.
(v) Question 23-29 in section D carry 6 marks each.
(vi) Please write down the serial number of the question before attempting it.
SECTION – A
1. A is a square matrix of order 3 with |A| = 4. Find the value of

|A. (adj A)|.
2. The radius of a circle increases at a rate of 3 cm/sec. What is the rate of

increase of its area at the instant when radius of circle is 10 cm.

1
3. Evaluate ( x) | x | dx
–1
4. Write the equation of a line passing through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to

plane x – 3y + z =9.

SECTION – B
 2 3
5. If A =  , show that A2 – 4A + 7I = 0
 –1 2
6. Examine the continuity of the function f(x) = x –[x] at x = 2 [[x] = greatest

integer  x]
2
7. Differentiate esin x w.r.t. cos2x
Using differentials find approximate value of  8.1 3 .

1
8.
 x3  x dx
1
9. Evaluate
10. Form the differential equation of family of circles x2 + (y – a)2 = a2
11. Find a vector of magnitude 6 units which is perpendicular to both

a  i  j – k and b  j  5k .
 
12. Two balls are drawn at random from a bag containing 6 red and 4 green
balls, find the probability that both balls are of same colour.
SECTION – C
13. A trust invested some money in two type of bonds. The first bond pays
10% interest and second bond pays 12% interest. The trust received Rs
2800 as interest. However, if trust had inter changed money in bonds, they
would have got Rs 100 less as interest using matrix method, find the
amount invested in each bond by the trust. Interest received on this

amount will be given to Helpage India as donation. Which value is
reflected in the question.
d2y dy
14. If x = a cos  + b sin  , y = a sin  – b cos  , show that y 2 –x  y0
dx 2
dx
15. Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = sin x + cos x,0 < x < 2 is
strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
16. a , b and c are unit vectors such that aˆ.b  aˆ.cˆ = 0 and the angle between b


and c is prove that a  2(b  c )

6
OR
a, b and c are vectors such that a.b  a.c, a  b  a  c and a  o show that b  c
            
o 1  3cos2 xdx
 x sin x
17. Evaluate:
OR
 2 cos x
 2
Evaluate: dx
– 2 1  ex
18. Find :  tan x  cot x dx

x –1 y – 1 z  1 x – 4 y z 1
19. Show that   and   intersect. Find their point of
3 –1 o 2 0 3
intersection.
OR

Find the coordinates foot of perpendicular drawn from point (2, 3, 4) on the
 
plane r. 2i  j  3k  26

20. Five bad oranges are accidently mixed with 20 good ones. If four oranges are
draw one by one successively with replacement, then find the probability
distribution of getting bad oranges.
21. Two cards from a pack of 52 cords are lost from the remaining 50 cards, one
card is drawn. If the drawn card is a spade, what the probability that lost cards
were both spades.
xdy
22. Solve the differential equation.  y – x  xy cot x  0, x  0
dx
5 2
23. If (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1x)2 = , then find x
8
OR
If y = cot–1  
cos x – tan –1    x
cos x then prove that sin y = tan2   .
 2
Section – D
24. Consider a binary operations * on Q, defined as a * b = a + b – ab.

(i) Is * commutative?
(ii) Is * associative?
(iii) Find the identity element of * in Q.

(iv) Find the inverse of all a  Q, for which it exists.
25. Using properties of determinants, prove that
 ( ab bc  ca )3
– bc b 2  bc c 2  bc
a 2  ac – ac c 2  ac
a 2  ab b 2  ab – ab
26. Show that height of cylinder of greatest volume that can be inscribed in a cone
h
of height h, is .
3
OR
Find the area of greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse
x2 y2
 1
a2 b2
27. If a young man rides his motorcycle at a speed of 25 Km/hr, he has to spend ` 2
per Km on petrol. If he rides at a faster speed of 40 Km/hr the petrol cost in
creases to ` 5 per Km. He has ` 100 to spend on petrol and wished to cover the
maximum distance with in one hour. Express this as L.P.P. and then solve it
graphically.
28. Find the area of the region {( x , y ) : y 2  4 x , 4 x 2  4 y 2  9}
or
Find the area of the region  x –1 :| x –1| y  5 – x2 

29. Find the distance of the point (1, –2, 3) from the plane x – y + z = 5 measured
x y z
parallel to the line  
2 3 –6
Solution of Mathematics 2017
SECTION A
1. | A. (adj A)| = ||A|| I | = |A|3| I | = 43 ×1 = 64

dr dA dr
2. = 3 cm/sec ,  2r  60 cm2 / sec
dt dt dt
 x | x | dx =  –x dx  0 x dx
1 0
1 2
3. 2
–1 –1
–1 3 0 1
 x  –1   x3  0
1
=
3  3 
–1 1
=  0
3 3
x –1 y – 2 z – 3
4.  
2 –3 1
SECTION B
2 3  2 3  2 3  1 0
5. A2 – 4A + 7I =  –1    – 4   7
 2  –1 2  –1 2 0 1
1 12 8 12 7 0
=  –4 1  –  –4 8   0 7 
    
(1 – 8  7) (12 – 12  0
= (–4  4  0) (1 – 8  7) 
 

0 0
= 0
 0 
= 0
6. lim f(x) = lim f (2 – h)
x  2– h 0
= lim (2 – h) – [2 – h] = 1
= h  0
lim f(x) = lim f (2 + h) = lim (2 + h) – (2 + h] = 0
X  2+ h 0 h 0
 is discontinuous at x = 2
2x
7. Let y = esin and t = cos2 x
dy dt
 esin x. 2sin x cos x,  –2cos x sin x
2
dx dx
dy
  esin x
2
dt
1
8. Let f(x) = x3
As f' (x) x  f (x +  x) – f(x)
1 1
1
 2
.x  ( x  x) 3 – x 3
3x 3
Put x = 8 , x  0.1 x  x  8.1

1 1
1
 2
(0.1)  (8.1) 3 – 8 3
3(8) 3
 2   8.1 3
1 1

12

 8.1 2 
1
25

12
8.1 2  2.08
1
 x3  x dx
1
9.

1
= dx
3 1
x 1  2 
 x 
1
Put = 1 t
x2
–2
 dx  dt
x3
2 t
–1 dt
=
–1  1
= log  1  2   c
2  x 
10. x2 + (y – a)2 = a2
 x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0
 x  y  2a
2 2

x  2 x  2 yy1  – x 2  y 2 1 0
x 2
 2x2 + 2xy y1 – x2 – y2 = 0
dy
 2xy + x2 – y2 = 0
dx

 ab 
 
 
11. Required vector = 6  
 ab 
 
i j k 
 
| a  b | = 1 1 – 1   6i – 5 j  k
 
0 1 5 
 
| a  b | = 36  25  1  62
 
Required vector
6
 [6i – 5 j  k ]
62
12. P (Balls are of same Colour) = P (both red) + P (both green)

6 5 4 3
=   
10 9 10 9
30  12 42 7
=  
90 90 15
SECTION C
13. Let money incepted in first type of bond = Rs x

and money incepted in second type of bond = Rs y
10 x 12 y
  2800
100 100
12 x 10 y
  2700
100 100
 10 12 
100 100  x  2800
A=   , x   , B 
 12 12   y  2700
100 100 
X = A–1 B
 10 12 
10000  100 100   2800 10, 000
=       
44  12 10   2700 15,000 
 100 100 
 x = 10000, y = 15000
 investment in first bond = ` 10000 ;
And investment in second bond = ` 1500.
14. X = a cos  + b sin  , y = a sin  – b cos 
dx dy
= –a sin  + b cos  , = a cos  + b sin 
d d
dy a cos   b sin  – x
= 
d – a sin   b cos  y
 dy 
dy  y.1 – x dx 
= – 
dx  y2 
 
d2y dy
 y2 = –y + x
dx 2
dx
d2y dy
 y2 –x  y0
dx t
2
dx
15. f (x) = sin x + cos x 0 < x < 2
f’(x) = cos x – sin x
 5
f’ (x) = 0  x= ,
4 4

These points divide (0, 2  ) into three disjoint interval namely
     5   5  
 0,  ,  ,  &  ,2 where the function is strictly increasing or strictly
4 4 4 4
decreasing.
Intervals sign of f’(x) Nature of function
 
 0,  + ve Strictly increasing
4
  5 
 ,  – ve Strictly decreasing
4 4
 5 
 ,2   + ve Strictly increasing
4
   5    5 
 f is strictly increasing on  0,  U  2 , f is strictly decreasing an  , 
 4  4  4 4 
a. b  a. c  0  a  b and a  c
 
16.
 a || b  c
 a =  (b  c ) ,   R
 | a | = |  || (b  c ) |

 l = |  | | bˆ | | cˆ | sin
6
 1
 l = |  | (l) (I)  
 2
 || = 2  =  2
a =  (b  c )
OR
a.b = a.c  
a. b–c = 0 
    

  
a  b – c or b = c ............. (1)
    
ab= a c  
a × b–c = o
       
 a || b – c or b = c
    
...............(2)
From (1) & (2) we get b = c

 
 1  3cos2 x dx

x sin x
17. I =
0
 1  3cos2 ( – x) dx
( – x)sin( – x)

I =
0
 1  3cos2 x dx — I
 sin x

I =
0
 1  3cos2 x dx
 sin x

2I =
o
Put cos x = t
 – sin x dx = dt
x=0  t=1
x =   t = –1

– 
dt  1
= – . .  tan –1  3t 
–1 –1
2I =
1 1  3t 2
2 3 
–
I =  tan –1 (– 3) – tan –1 ( 3) 
2 3 
–   –   
= –
2 3  3 3 
–  –2
I = 
2 3 3
2
 I =
3 3
OR
– 22 1  e
 cos 2 x
I = x
dx .............(1)
   
cos 2  –  – x
– 22  –    dx
  2 2 
I =
1 e  – x
 2 2 
 2 cos x
 2
I = dx
21 e
– –x
 2 e cos x
 x 2
= dx ...............(2)
2 e 1
–
I
x

– 22 cos

(1) + (2)  2 I = 2
xdx
22
 1  cos 2 x
= dx
2

1 sin 2 x  2
I =  x
4 2  
2
1     – 
=    0 –   0 

4 2 2

I =
4
18. I =
 tan x  cot x dx 
 sin x cos x 
=   cos x

sin x 
dx

sin x  cos x
I = dx
sin x cos x
Consider (sin x – cos x)2 = 1–2 sin x cos x
1 – (sin x  cos x ) 2
 sin x cos x =
2
2
sin x  cos x
I = dx
1 – (sin x – cos x ) 2

Put sin x – cos x = t
 (cos x + sin x) dx = dt
2
dt
I =
1 – t2
I = 2 sin –1 (t )  c
I = 2 sin –1 (sin x – cos x )  c
x –1 y – 1 z  1
19.    1 (let ) ..........(1)
3 –1 0
x – 4 y z 1
    2 (let ) ..........(2)
2 0 3
Coordinates of general point on line (1) & (2) are (31 + 1, – 1 + 11 –1) and
 2  2  4, 0,3 2 – 1 respectively.
The line will intersect if (31 + 1, – 1 + 11 –1) =  2  2  4, 0,3 2 – 1
 31 + 1 = 22 + 4  31 – 2  2  3 ..............
– 1  1  0  1 = 1
–1  3 2 – 1  2  0
As ( 1, 2) = (1, 0) satisfy all three conditions

 lines intersect
Also point of intersection is (4, 0, –1)
Or
Equation of line through (2, 3, 4) and perpendicular to given plane is
r =  2i  3j  4k     2i  j  3k  .............(1)


Foot of  is point of intersection of line (1) & given plane
    
 2i  3 j  4k   2i  j  3k  . 2i  j  3k  26
  
(4 + 3 + 12) +  (4 + 1 + 9) = 26
14  = 26 – 19
7
 =  1
2
14
 Position vector of foot of  are
r =  2i  3j  4k   12  2i  j  3k 


7 11
 r = 3i  j  k

2 2
and coordinates of foot of  are 3, 7 11

2, 2  
20. Let x denotes number of bad oranges.
 Possible values of × are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
X P(X)
 1  4 
0 4
0 4
c0     = 256/625
 5  5 
 1  4 
1 3
1 4
c1     = 256/625
 5  5 
 1  4
2 2
2 4
c2     = 96/625
 5  5 
 1  4
3 1
3 4
c3     = 16/625
 5  5 
 1  4
4 0
4 4
c4     = 1/625
 5  5 
21 Let event A1 = Lost Cards are both spades
A2 = Los Cards are both non spades
A3 = Lost cards are one spade and one no spade
B = Cards drawn is a spade
13 12 39 38
P(A1) =  , P(A2) = 
52 51 52 51

39 39
P(A3) =  2
52 51
11 13
P(B/A1) = , P(B/A2) =
50 50
12
P(B/A3) =
50
P ( A1 ) P ( B / A1 )
P(A1/B) =
P ( A1 ) P ( B / A1 )  P ( A2 ) P ( B / A2 )  P ( A3 ) P ( B / A3 )
13 12 11
 
= 52 51 50
13 12 11 39 38 13 13 39 12
       2
52 51 50 52 51 50 52 51 50
12  11 22
= 
12  11  39  38  39  24 22  13  19  39  4
22 22
= 
22  247  156 425
dy
22. x  y – x  xy cot x  0, x = 0
dx
dy y
  –1  y cot x  0,
dx x
dy  1 
   cot x  y  1
dx  x 
  x  cot x dx
1 
= e = elog x  log sin x = elog x sin x = x sin x

General solution is
= y. x sin x =  1.x sin xdx  c
= xy sin x = – x cos x + sin x + c
5 2
23. (tan–1 x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 =
8
  5 2
2
(tan–1 x)2 +  – tan –1 x 

2  8
 2 5 2
2(tan–1 x)2 – tan–1 x + 
4 8
3 2
2(tan–1 x) –  tan–1 x =
8
 
2 tan –1 x –  tan –1 x 
3 2
2
 
16 tan –1 x – 8 tan –1 x  3 2
2
 
16 tan –1 x – 12 tan –1 x  4  tan –1 x – 3 2  0
2
 
 4 tan –1 x   4tan –1 x – 3  0 
– 3
 tan–1 x = or tan –1 x 
4 4
 –  3
 x  tan   or x  tan
 4 4
 x = –1
OR
y = cot –1 cos x – tan –1 cos x


 y = – 2 tan –1 cos x
2
  1 – cos x 
 y = – cos –1 
2  1  cos x 
 1 – cos x  
 cos –1   –y
 1  cos x  2
 
 tan 2  2  cos  – y 
2 
 tan 2  2  sin y
SECTION D
24. (i) a * b = a + b – ab
b * a = b + a – ba = a + b – ab = a * b
[‘+’ ‘&’ ‘×’ are commutative in Q]
= * is commutative.
(ii) a * (b * c) = a * (b + c – bc)
= a + b + c – ab – ac + abc
(a * b) * c = (a + b – ab) * c
= a + b – ab + c – ac – bc + abc
= a + b + c – ab – bc – ca + abc
 a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c
 * is associative
(iii) Let e e  Q be the identity element
 a*e=a=e*a  a Q
Consider a * e = a
 a + e – ae = a

 e = 0 or a = 1
Consider a = e * a
 a = e + a – ea
= e = 0 or a = 1
 O is the identity element of * in Q
(iv) Let b  Q be the inverse of a  Q
 a*b=o  b*a
Consider a * b = 0
 a + b – ab = 0
a
 b= , a 1
a –1
 a Q – 1
a
 a –1 
a –1
– bc b2  bc c 2  bc
25. L.H.S. = a 2  ac – ac c 2  ac
a 2  ab b 2  ab ab
Applying
– abc ab 2  bc ac 2  abc
1 R1  aR1
= ba 2  abc – abc bc 2  abc
abc 2 R2  bR2
ca  abc cb2  abc – abc
R3  cR3

R1  R1 + R2 + R3
ab  bc  ca ab  bc  ca ab  bc  ca
= ab  bc  ac bc  ab
ac  bc cb  ac  ab
 ab  bc  ca 3 1 1 1
= ab  bc – ac bc  ab
ac  bc cb  ac – ab C2  C2 – C1 , C3  C3 – C1
1 0 0
= (ab + bc + ca) ab  bc  (ac  bc  ca ) 0
ac  bc 0  ab  bc  ca
= (ab + bc + ca)3 = R.H.S.
26. Let radius and height of the cylinder be x units and y units respectively.
µ
B h
A x
y
In OAB
x
tan x =
h– y

Volume of cylinder
V = x2y
=  tan 2 (h  y)2 y
dv
=  tan 2   ( h  y ) 2  2(h  y )( 1) y 
dy
=  tan 2  (h  y )(h  3 y )
dV
= 0  y  h (rejected), y  h 3
dy
=  tan 2   ( h  y )( 3)  (h  3 y )( 1) 

d 2V
dy 2
h d 2V
aty  , < 0
3 dy 2
 V is maximum at y = h
3
OR
x2 y2
Let the rectangle ABCD inscribed in the ellipse  1
a 2 b2
y
D C (h1 k)
A B (h1 – k)
Let AB = 2h

BC = 2k
Then Area of rectangle A = 4hk
h2 k 2 b 2
Also  1  k a – h2
a2 b2 a
4b
 A = h a 2 – h2
a
A2 =
16b 2 2 2
a 2
h a – h2 
Let f(h) =
a2

16b 2 2 2
a h – h4 
f’(h) =
16b 2
a2

2 a 2 h – 4h 3 
a
f’(h) = 0  h=0 or h= .
2
f”(h) =
16b 2
a2

2a 2 – 12h 2 
a
at h = , f”(h) = –ve
2
a
 A is maximum at h = .
2
4b a a2
 Maximum area =  a2   2ab sq. units
a 2 2
27. Let distance covered with speed of 25 km/hr = x km

distance covered with speed 40 km/hr = y km
Max (z) = x + y
Subject to constraints

2x + 5y  100
x y
 1
25 40
x  , 0, y  0.
y
(0, 20)  50 40 
 , 
3 3
x
(0, 0) (25, 0)
Corner points of bounded feasible region are

 50 40 
(0, 0), (25, 0)  ,  & (0,20)
 3 3
50 40
Z=0 Z = 25 Z=  30
3 3
 50 40 
(0, 0) (25, 0)  , 
3 3
Z = 0 + 20 = 20
(0, 20)
Max (Z) = 30 when
50
Distance covered with speed 25 km / hr = km
3
40
& Distance covered with speed 40 km/hr = km
3
28. (x, y) : y2  4x, 4x2 + 4y2  9

Let y2 = 4x & 4x2 + 4y2 = 9
y
4x2 + 16x – 9 = 0
(2x + 9) (2x – 1) = 0
–9 1
X= or x 
2 2
 1 
Required area = 2   2 4 xdx   1 2
3 9
– x 2 dx 
 2 4 
0
  3 2  12 3 
 x x 9 9 1  2 x  2 
= 2 2     x  sin   
2
3  3 1
  2  0
2 4 8 2

8 1   9  1 9  1 
=    2  0  sin –1 1 –  2  sin– 1  
32 2   8  4 8  3 
2 2 9  2  9 1  1 
=    sin  
3 4 2 24  3
2 2 9  2 9 –1  1 
=   – – sin  
3 4 2 2 4  3
OR
 x, y  :| x –1| y  5 – x2 
y
x
O
y = |x – 1| &y= 5 – x2
 |x – 1| = 5 – x2
 2x2 – 2x – 4 = 0
 x2 – x – 2 = 0
 (x – 2) (x + 1) = 0
 x = –1, 2
Required area
–1 5 – x 2 dx –  (1 – x)dx –  ( x – 1)dx

1
2 2
=
1
–1
 x 5 1  x     (1  x)2   ( x  1) 2 
=  5  x   sin       
 5     2   2 
2
 2 2

 5 –1  2    –1 5 –1  –1  
1  2 sin    –  2  2  2 sin    +  0 – 2 –  2 – 0
1 
=
 5   5   
5  2  5  1 
= 1  sin –1   – 1  sin –1   – 2 – 1 2
2  5 2  5
5  –1  2   1  1
= sin   sin –1  –
2   5   5   2
–  sin –1
5  –1  1   1  1 2  1 
= cos    sin –1    cos –1 
2  5 
 5 2 5  5 
 5 –1
=   sq. units
4 2
29. Equation of the line through (1, –2, 3) & || to given line is
x –1 y  2 z – 3
  = [Let] ............(1)
2 3 –6
Co-ordinates of a general point on line are
 2  1,3 – 2, –6  3
For the point of intersection of line (1) and plane
 2  1 –  3 – 2    –6   3  5
2  1– 3  2 – 6  3  5
–7  6  5
1

7
2 3 –6 
Point of intersection is   1, – 2,  3
7 7 7 

 9 –11 15 
=  , ,
 7 7 7 
 9   –11   15 
2 2 2
Required distance =  – 1    2   – 3

 7 
7 7
4 9 36
=   = 1 unit
49 49 49

PRACTICE PAPER
TIME: ALLOWED: 3 HOURS

M.M. 100
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper contains 29 questions.
3. Question 1-4 in section A are very short answer type questions carrying 1
mark each.
4. Question 5-12 in section B are short answer type questions carrying 2 marks
each.
5. Question 13-23 in section C are long answer type questions carrying 4 marks
each.
6. Questions 24-29 in section D are long answer II type questions carrying 6
marks each.
SECTION A
Q.1. Let R = {a , a3) : a is a prime number less than 5} be a relation. Find the
range of R.
1
Q.2. The elements aij of a 3 × 3 matrix are given by aij = |– 3i + j|. Write the
2
value of elements a32.

Q.3. Find a vector in the direction of a = 2i – j  2 k . Which has magnitude 6
units.
Q.4. If f(x) = {4 – (x – 7)2}, the find f–1 (x).
SECTIONS B
  33  
Q.5. Find the value of sin–1 cos  .
  5 
Q.6. If the area of a triangle is 35 sq. units with vertices (2, – 6), (5, 4) and (K,
4), then find the values of K.
1 1 dy
Q.7. If x = t + , y = t – , then find .
t t dx
Q.8. Find the interval in which y  x 2–e x is increasing.

sin x  cos x
Q.9. dx
1  sin 2 x
Q.10. Find the differential equation of all non-horizontal lines in a plane.
Q.11. Find a vector of magnitude 9, which is perpendicular to both the vectors

4i – j  3k and – 2i  j – 2 k .
2 1 1
Q.12. Three events A, B and C have probabilities , and respectively. If P(A
5 3 2
1 1
 C) = and P(B  C) = , then find the values of P(C/B) and
5 4
P(A1  C1).
SECTION C
1 2 3 
Q.13. If A =  2 1 2  , then prove that A2 – 4A – 5I = O. Hence find A–1.
 2 2 1 
Q.14. Find the value of K for which
 1  Kx – 1 – Kx
 , if – 1  x  0
f(x) =  x
 2x  1 if 0  x  1
 x – 1
is continuous at x = 0
OR
Let f(x) = x|x|,  x  R. Discuss the differentiability of f(x) at x = 0
dy  3θ 
Q.15. If x = 2cos– cos2and y = 2 sin – sin2then prove that = tan   .
dx  2
Q.16. Find the equation of the normal at a point on the curve x 2 = 4y, which
passes through the point (1, 2). Also, find the equation of the
corresponding tangent.
OR
The money to be spent for the welfare of the employees of a firm is

proportional to the rate of change of its total revenue (in ) received from
the sale of x units of a product is given by
R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5, then find the marginal revenue, when x = 5 and write
which value does the equation indicate?
Q.17. If ex + ey = ex+y, then prove that
dy e x  e y –1
 0
dx e y  e x –1
 sin x  sin2x
dx
Q.18.
Q.19. Solve the following differential equation
 y  dy  y
x cos   = y cos   + x, x  0
 x  dx  x
OR
Solve the differential equation
dy
+ y cot x = 4 x cosec x, given that y = 0 when x = /2
dx

Q.20. If a, b and c are three mutually perpendicular vectors of the same
  
magnitude, then prove that a  b  c is equally inclined with the vectors a, b

    
and c .

Q.21. Find the equation of the perpendicular from point (3, –1, 11) to line
x y –2 z–3
  . Also find the coordinates of foot of perpendicular and
2 3 4
length of perpendicular.
Q.22. There is a group of 100 people who are patriotic out of which 70 believe in
non-violence. To persons are selected at random out of them, write the
probability distribution for the selected persons who are non-violent. Also
find the mean of the distribution. Explain the importance of non-violence in
patriotism.
Q.23 A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTION. On the
envelope just two consecutive letters ON are visible. what is the probability
that the letter has come from (j) LONDON (ii) CLIFTON.
SECTION D
Q.24. In the set of natural numbers N, define a relation R as follows: n, mN,
nRm, if on division by 5 each of the integers n and m leaves the remainder
less than 5. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Also obtain the pair
wise disjoint subset determined by R.
OR
Consider f: R +  (–9, µ) given by
f(x) = 5x2 + 6x – 9
Prove that f is invertible with
 54  5 y – 3 
f–1(y) =  
 5 
Where R+ is the set of all positive real number.

Q.25. If x + y + z = 0, then prove that
xa yb zc a b c
yc za xb = xyz c a b
zb xc ya b c a
OR
Find the value of satisfying
1 1 sin3θ
–4 3 cos2 = 0
7 –7 –2
Q.26. A farmer has a plot in the shape of a circle x2 + y2 = 4. He divides his

property among his son and daughter in such a way that son gets the area
interior to the parabola y2 = 3x and daughter gets interior to the parabola y2
= –3x. How much area his son got? Have both of them get equal share?
What is the value shown by the farmer?
x – x 

1
3 3
Q.27. Evaluate dx
1
1
3 x4
OR
Evaluate   2x 
 e x dx as limit of sum.
3
2
0
Q.28. Find the distance of the point (1, –2, 3) from the plane x – y + z = 5
x –1 y – 3 z  2
measured parallel to the line   .
2 3 –6
Q.29. If a young man rides his motorcycle at 25 km/h, had to spend of 2 per km
on petrol with very little pollution in the air. If he rides it at a faster speed of
40 km/h, the petrol cost increases to 5 per km and rate of pollution also
increases. He has 100 to spend on petrol and wishes to find what is the
maximum distance he can travel with in one hour? Express this problem as

LPP and solve it graphically to find the distance to be covered with different
speed.
ANSWERS
PRACTICE PAPER
1. Range = {8, 27}
7
2.
2
3. 4i – 2 j  4 k
4. 7 + (4 –x)1/3
–
5.
10
6. K = 12 and – 2
t2 1
7.
t2 – 1
8. [0, 2]
9. x+c
d 2y
10. =0
dx 2
11. –3 i  6 j  6 k
3 3
12. P(C/B) = , P(A1  C1) =
4 10

 –3 2 2 
1
13. A –1
= 2 – 3 2 
5
2 2 – 3 
14. K = – 1 OR Differentiable at x = 0
15. ___________
16. Equation of normal x + y = 3
Equation of tangent y = x – 1
OR
66, The question indicates the value of welfare, which is necessary for
each society.
17. ___________
1 1 –2
18. log |1– cos x| + log |1 + cos x| log |1 + 2 cos x| + c
6 2 3
 y – 2
19. Sin   = log |cx| OR y = 2x2 cosec x cosec x
 x 2
20. _________
x – 3 y  1 z – 11
21. Equation of perpendicular =  
–1 6 –4
Foot of perpendicular is (2, 5, 7)
Length of perpendicular is 53
22. x 0 1 2
29 140 161
P(x)
330 330 330

Mean value = 1.4
12 5
23. (i) (ii)
17 17
24. A0 = {5, 10, 15, 20, …}
A1 = {1, 6, 11, 16, …}
A2 = {2, 7, 12, 17, …} OR _________
A3 = {3, 8, 13, 18, …}
A4 = {4, 9, 14, 19, ….}
25. ________
 4 1 
26.  3   sq. units
 3
Both son and daughter get equal share value
27. 6 OR 17 + e3
28. 1 unit
50 40
29. Young man covers km at speed of 25 km/h and km at the speed of
3 3
40 km Distance 30 km.
CBSE
MATHEMATICS – 2017
(OUTSIDE DELHI)
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 100
SET 1
SECTION A
Questions number 1 to 4 carry one mark each.
8 0 
Q.1. If for any 2 × 2 square matrix A, A (adj A) =   , then write the value of
0 8 
|A|.
Q.2. Determine the value of ‘k’ for which the following function is continuous at x
=3:
 ( x  3)2 – 36
 ,x  3
f(x) =  x–3
 k ,x  3

 sin x cos x dx
sin2 x – cos2 x
Q.3. Find:
Q.4. Find the distance between the planes 2x – y + 2z = 5 and 5x – 2.5y + 5z =

20.
SECTIONS B
Questions number 5 to 12 carry 2 marks each.
Q.5. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then prove that det A = 0.
Q.6. Find the value of c in Rolle’s theorem for the function f(x) = x3 – 3x in
[– 3 ,0].
Q.7. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cm 3/s. How fast is its
surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm?
Q.8. Show that the function f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 100 is increasing on R.
Q.9. The x-coordinate of a point on the line joining the points P(2, 2, 1) and Q(5,
1, –2) is 4. Find its z-coordinate.

Q.10. A die, whose faces are marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green, is tossed.
Let A be the event “number obtained is even” and B be the event “number
obtained is red”. Find if A and B are independent events.
Q.11. Two tailors, A and B, earn 300 and 400 per day respectively. A can
stitch 6 shirts and 4 pairs of trousers while B can stitch 10 shirts and 4 pairs
of trousers per day. To find how many days should each of them work and
if it is desired to produce at least 60 shirts and 32 fairs of trousers at a
minimum labour cost, formulate this as an LPP.
 5 – 8x – x
dx
Q.12. Find : 2
SECTION C
x–3 x3 
Q.13. If tan–1 + tan–1  , then find the value of x.
x–4 x4 4
a 2  2a 2a  1 1
Q.14. Using properties of determinants, prove that 2a  1 a  2 1 = (a – 1)3
3 3 1
OR
 2 – 1  –1 – 8
Find matrix A such that  1 0  A   1 – 2 
   
 –3 4  9 22 
dy
Q.15. If xy + yx = ab, then find .
dx
Or
d 2 y  dy 
2
If ey(x + 1) = 1, then show that   .

dx 2  dx 

 (4 + sin θ)(5 – 4 cos θ) d.
cosθ
Q.16. Find : 2 2
 sec x  tan x dx.

x tan x

Q.17. Evaluate:
0
Or
Evaluate:  {|x – 1| + | x – 2 | + |x – 4|} dx.

4
Q.18. Solve the differential equation (tan–1 x – y) dx = (1 + x2) dy.
Q.19. Show than the points A, B, C with position vectors 2i – j  k , i – 3 j – 5k and
3i – 4 j – 4k respectively, are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. Hence
find the area of the triangle.
Q.20. Find the value of , if four points with position vectors

3i  6 j  9k , i  2 j  3k , 2i  3 j  k and 4i  6 j   k are coplanar.
Q.21. There are 4 cards numbered 1, 3, 5 and 7, one number on one card. Two
cards are drawn at random without replacement. Let X denote the sum of
the numbers on the two drawn cards. Find the mean and variance of X.
Q.22. Of the students in a school, it is known that 30% have 100% attendance
and 70% students are irregular. Previous year results report that 70% of all
students who have 100% attendance attain A grade and 10% irregular
students attain A grade in their annual examination. At the end of the year,
one student is chosen at random from the school and he was found to have
an A grade. What is the provability that the student has 100% attendance?
Is regularity required only in school? Justify your answer.
Q.23. Maximise Z = x + 2y
Subject to the constraints
X + 2y  100, 2x – y  0, 2x + y  200,
x, y,  0
Solve the above LPP graphically.
SECTION D
 –4 4 4  1 – 1 1
Q.24. 
Determine the product  –7 1 3  1 – 2 – 2  and use it to solve
 
 5 – 3 – 1  2 1 3 
the system of equations x – y + z = 4, x – 2y – 2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1.
 4 4 4x  3
Q.25. Consider f : R – R –  –   R–   given by f(x) = . Show that f is
 3 3  3x  4
bijective. Find the inverse of f and hence find f–1 (0) and x such that
f–1(x) = 2.
Or
Let A = Q × Q and let * be a binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d)
= (ac, b + ad) for (a, b), (c, d)  A. Determine, whether * is commutative
and associative. Then, with respect to * on A.
(i) Find the identity element in A.
(ii) Find the invertible elements of A.
Q.26. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given
volume is minimum, when it is a cube.
Q.27. Using the method of integration, find the area of the triangle ABC,
coordinates of whose vertices are A(4, 1), B(6, 6) and C(8, 4).
Or
Find the area enclosed between the parabola 4y = 3x2 and the straight line
3x – 2y + 12 = 0.
dy
Q.28. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (x – y) = (x + 2y),
dx
given that y = 0 when x = 1.
Q.29. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points
(3, –4, –5) and (2, –3, 1), crosses the plane determined by the points (1, 2,
3), (4, 2, –3) and (0, 4, 3).
Or

A variable plane which remains at a constant distance 3p from the origin
cuts the coordinate axes at A, B, C. Show that the locus of the centroid of
1 1 1 1
triangle ABC is 2  2  2  2 .
x y z p

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MATHEMATICS: CLASS XII

S. No. Name Designation School

SH. SANJEEV KUMAR VICE PRINCIPAL R.P.V.V. KISHAN GANJ,

1. MAMTA SINGH TANWAR LECT. MATHS S.K.V. No 1 SHAKTI NAGAR,

2. UDAI BIR SINGH LECT. MATHS RPVV B-1 VASANT KUNJ

3. PAWAN KUMAR LECT. MATHS RPVV KISHAN GANJ,

1 [Class XII : Maths]

Unit Topic Marks

I. Relations and Functions 10

IV. Vectors and 3-D Geometry 17

Unit I: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Relations and Functions

Types of Relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity

Operation on Matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3 matrices), properties of

Unit III : CALCULUS

1. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain

Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic

Applications of Derivatives : Rate of change of bodies, increasing/

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of

(Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental theorem of Calculus

4. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines,

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a

dy/dx + py= q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.

dx/dy + px= q, where p and q are functions of y or constants

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction

Unit V: LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1. Linear Programming: Introduction, related terminology such as

Conditional probability, Multiplication theorem on probability, independent

5 [Class XII : Maths]

Question Paper Design

S. Typology of VSA SA LA- I LA -II Marks Weightage

5 Evaluation – – 1(VBQ) 1 10 10%

Total 1× 4 = 2×8= 4 ×11 = 6 ×6 = 100 100%

6 [Class XII : Maths]

Type of Marks per Total Number Total

Questions Question of Questions Marks

1. No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters.

2. The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be

7 [Class XII : Maths]

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

 R = A × A is called universal relation.

 Reflexive Relation: Relation R defined on set A is said to be reflexive if

 Symmetric Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be symmetric

 Transitive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be transitive if

 Equivalence Relation: A relation defined on set A is said to be

 One-One Function :f : A → B is said to be one-one if distinct elements in

∀ x1, x2 ∈ A such that f (x1) = f(x2)

One-one function is also called injective function.

 Bijective Function : A function which is both injective and surjective is

Clearly gof is defined if Range of f is a subset of domain of g. Similarly fog

when Ix, Iyare identity functions.

18 If ‘’ is a binary operation on set Q of rational numbers given by a b =

39. If ‘’ is a binary operation on R defined by a b = a + b + ab. Prove that